(完整版)网络语言学

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语言学_网络语言

The Internet LanguageAs with the development of modern science and technology, computers are no longer a mystery to human beings. More and more people using computers, the Internet has become indispensable to the regular life, work and study of many people. The Internet exists everywhere. In the virtual world constructed by the Internet, people form into different habits of expressing their emotions and feelings. Therefore, one special language, the Internet language as well as the network language, comes into being.The Internet language is the production of the Internet and as its name goes, is one language which is applied on the Internet by the netizens. When surfing the internet or scanning different kinds of Bulletin Board System (BBS), either in China or in foreign countries, we are easy to find strange confusing words or marks made by people. Those words, such as “C U” which means “see you”, exactly belong to the Internet language.So popular the Internet language is that largely influences our life. We could not help thinking why it is produced and whether it is good to human beings or not. To find out the exact reasons why this language emerges, first of all, we should make it clear in what ways it exists.There are four forms of existence. Take Chinese Internet language for example.First, the pronunciations play an important role in the Internet language. That of the Internet language and what the words really should be read sound the same or alike. Usually we can see it happens in two ways, both numbers and Chinese characters. When some of the ten Arabic numbers are arranged into another new number, it does not refer to the size or bigness of something in the Internet language. According to the sound of each number, these numbers give voices to all kinds of meanings. “88”, which sounds like “bye-bye” is used to say good-bye, while the pronunciation of “9494” is the same as the Chinese characters jiushijiushi(就是就是)，showing the agreement on one’s opinions. Using the numbers to take place of sound-like Chinese characters, it saves efforts to type. After all, who would like to type “I love you forever” while you could just use “5201314”instead? Besides, we could as well use a Chinese phrase or word to replace another Chinese one which has the similar pronunciation. “Bamboo(斑竹)”and “webmaster（版主）” have the same pronunciation in Chinese (banzhu), so that people always type “bamboo” instead of “webmaster”. In the same way, people like to call a person “a prawn（大虾）”but not “a swordsman（大侠）” to describe that he is skilled at computers, involving the feeling of humor.Second, some Internet phrases or words are based on normal expressions, but are more than them. The Internet language changes the original meanings and develops into other meanings. For example, “guanshui（灌水）”is the action of pouring water into a container in the first place. However, on the Internet, people use this phrase to state the action of cautiously writing and expressing their opinions which are often nonsense in chat rooms or BBS. Also, the Internet language defines “upstairs” and “downstairs”a message that is answered closely before you or after you in BBS.Third, the Internet language used some of the punctuations, Arabic numbers and English letters to recompose different images in order to express emotions and feelings through them. These images look vividly like faces of mankind. For instance, there are a series of smiling “faces”. “:-D” describes the action of laugh widely with mouth open；“:-)” is just a smile; “8-)” is the way that a person who wears glasses smiles; “1-D” shows that people laugh happily. Similarly, fromthe image “:-(” we can see the sadness.The last common form of the Internet language is the abbreviation of English and Chinese phrases. These phrases are frequently used by people in regular life, such as “by the way”, “just a moment” and so on. Then on the Internet, “by the way” is abbreviated to “BTW”, “just a moment”to “JAM”, which is actually not correct in English. As the English phrases, based on pinyin, Chinese phrased is used in their short form, too , like “GG” is equal to “gege（哥哥）”.Having recognized these four common forms of the Internet language, it is much easier for us to understand the reasons why this language comes into being.In general, three elements all together contribute to it.Most importantly, the Internet language is created to meet the need of improving typing speed. As we know, the cost of surfing the Internet is basically measured by time. If one person types in a higher speed, it will save much more time for him. That means the faster your speed is, the less money you will spend. The Internet language is the result of changing and reforming numbers, punctuations, letters and English or Chinese words. It becomes faster and more convenient for people to type in when they have a general knowledge of this language. When under the same typing task, obviously, the Internet language will help you save time, and even money.The second reason is due to the use of Quanpin Input Method System in computers. Nowadays most people are always used to using Quanpin Input Method instead of Five Strop Input Method when playing computers. While in Quanpin Input Method, many Chinese words or phrases are not arranged in the order of frequency of utilization. Then those web users who are not patient do not want to bother themselves to choose the right words and directly use the leading homophones in place. Gradually, the homophones makes up into a new language. Just as the example I have mentioned above, when you type the full pinyin “banzhu”, the first Chinese phrase coming out through Quanpin Input Method is “bamboo（斑竹）”. After netizens use “bamboo” again and again, it spontaneously takes place of “webmaster（版主）”.In addition, the Internet language is partly resulting from the philosophy of netizens. The main users of the Internet language lie in the young university students, high school students and computer technicians. They are all well-educated, curious about new things and creative. The Internet language is just exactly to their needs. This language not only represents high efficiency, but also is full of the trend and willingness towards learning, breaking rules, changing and progressing. Besides, using unusual individual phrases and words helps to catch others’ attention. Thus, it easily becomes popular among young people.Though called the Internet language, in fact it is used not only on the Internet. In real life people are yet accustomed to communicating with each other using the new language. Just several days before, my friend found that I often spoke out the word “jiong（囧）”which refers to the expression of feeling sad or frustrated when going out with me. Yet checking the messages sent between two young men, we will simply discover the wide use of the Internet language. Our life, work and study are filled up with the Internet language and are greatly influenced by it..In some degree, it indeed enriches our life. The Internet language, as the crosstalk and the witty skits, is the reflection of the charm of language. Many novels or articles which contain a lot of Internet slang read refreshing and astounding. If the slang is changed into formal expressions, it will reduce the readability. The Internet language can make communication more visualized and interesting. People are able to understand each other’s feelings and emotions through the funny face images built by the Internet.However, every coin has two sides. Though the Internet language has brought positive impacts to us, we should not ignore its negative effects.First of all, the Internet language is a great challenge to Chinese teaching. Our traditional Chinese culture has a long history about five thousand years. It has its own grammar and all kinds of rules. While the Internet language has largely converted the original Chinese language, which turns out to be not normative at all in grammar to a great extent. As the main population using the Internet language includes students, who are the most likely to be effected by this language. Because they are curious about new things, yet in the best state of learning new things, they may unconsciously apply whatever they have learnt into studies. We are not overreacting: the reality proves our worry. With more attention paid to the Internet words, students have become less aware of our own traditional Chinese language, bringing difficulties to Chinese teaching. During recent years, we have found a great number of Internet slang written in students’ compositions. The slang, not ever in accordance with Chinese grammar or even the idea the students want to explain, often make teachers confused and the compositions wired. However, we do not mean that the Internet language is forbidden. It could be used, but with much care.Second, the Internet language widens the generation gap between children and their parents. The young generations like to speak the Internet language, while the parents are not familiar with Internet and seldom have ways to get the knowledge of the Internet language. When talking with children, the parents are not able to catch what they mean, which may result in the less communication between children and parents. What’s worse, it can also lead to the parents’virulent hostility towards the Internet and cause the reaction that the parents prevent the children from playing computers, surfing the Internet or using the Internet language any more. In that case, the curiosity of the children is not satisfied and the freedom is limited as well, arousing their ill-feeling to their parents. Thus, the Internet language makes the unstable relationship of the two generations much worse.The network language has both advantages and disadvantages. Then how should we deal with it?The Internet language is the corollary of the development of our society. As the society progresses, there are surely new words added into our language. We can not simply judge whether it is right or wrong to use the network language.This new language is a symbol of our developing culture. The wide use of those new strange words is not to be afraid of at all. On the contrary, if our language remains in its original state and never update with time, it will be more terrible. The language system, including only basic words, will only lead to its decadence. The Internet language is the practice of a new language. Since it can become popular among the young generation, it proves to be energetic. To accept it is better than to suppress it.The Internet language is a derivative of computers and the Internet and representation of the scientific progress. Though there are something incorrect and improper, we are not going to deny it. But in the process of using it, we should select the essence and discard the dross, especially in Chinese teaching. Because there does not exist normative network language yet, to make the youngsters clear how to use the Internet slang, teachers and parents play the major role. They ought to understand the language at first and advise the youngsters the proper occasions to use it.In conclusion, in spite of the fact that the Internet language has bad influences on our life, work and study, we should not ignore its advantages. We ought to see it in right perspective.。

网络语言学研究

网络语言学研究随着互联网和移动设备的普及，网络已成为人们交流的核心场所之一。

而其中，网络语言作为一种全新的语言形式，不断涌现并深入人心。

对于这种语言形式的研究，网络语言学便应运而生。

网络语言学主要研究网络语言产生的原因、发展的规律、表现形式等，并借助语言学的相关理论，进一步剖析这种全新的语言形式所带来的影响以及其在人类交流中的价值。

一、网络语言的特点网络语言与传统书面语言或口头语言有很大不同。

它不受时间、空间的限制，具有高速传输、大范围传播、个性化表达等特点。

与此同时，网络语言依靠网络平台传递的信息也具有一定的匿名性和实时性，因此在人与人之间的信息交流中扮演重要角色。

网络语言在语言形式上极具多样性，其中包括文字、表情、音频、视频等形式的表达。

这种表达方式更加能够直戳人心，且便于理解和接受，因此在网络传播中占据了重要地位。

二、网络语言的研究意义从人类交流的角度看，互联网和社交媒体等新媒体技术的的普及使得传统口头和书面交流的限制得到了很大的缓和。

网络语言作为这种新媒体交流的主要形式之一，它对人们的交流方式和行为进行了深刻的影响。

网络语言不仅扩展了现代人的语言功能和语言习惯，也促进了语言学研究范式的变革。

在研究语言交流的过程中，网络语言学为我们提供了全新的视角和理论基础。

同时，网络语言研究也为跨领域交流和合作提供了有利条件和基础。

三、网络语言的应用领域网络语言的运用已经超越了语言学的范畴，涉及到文化、经济、心理学、生态学等众多领域。

在许多领域中，网络语言被广泛地应用于营销、推广、信息传递等方面。

例如，近年来流行的新潮语汇、内涵图、手绘图等元素，都在网络语言中获得广泛的应用和推广。

在教育、心理学、医疗等领域，网络语言也得到了广泛应用。

例如，现在许多学校利用网络语言来传达学习资料和教学指南，提升学生成效；心理医生则利用网络语言与患者沟通，在咨询治疗中发挥了重要的作用。

四、网络语言的发展趋势网络语言在短短的几年时间里得到了广泛的普及和应用。

(完整版)语言学练习题及答案

练习1 1. There is no logical connection between meaning and sounds. A dog might be a pig if only the first person or group of persons had used it for a pig. This is one of the design features of language.A. duality B. arbitrariness C. productivity D. displacement2. Language is a system of two sets of structures, one of sounds and the other of meaning. This is . It makes people possible to talk everything within his knowledge.A. dualityB. arbitrarinessC. productivityD. displacement3. ___ refers to the ability to construct and understand an indefinitely large number of sentences in one’s native language, including those that he has never heard before, but that are appropriate to the speaking situation .A. duality B. arbitrariness C. productivity D. displacement4. __ __ refers to the fact that one can talk about things that are not present, as easily as he does things present. The dog couldn’t be bow-wowing sorrowfully for some lost love or a bone to be lost. A. duality B. arbitrariness C. productivity D. displacement5. ______ means language is not biologically transmitted from generation to generation, but the linguistic system must be learnt anew by each speaker.A. dualityB. ArbitrarinessC. interchangeabilityD. cultural transmission6. ______ means that any human being can be both a producer and a receiver of messages.A. dualityB. ArbitrarinessC. interchangeabilityD. cultural transmission7. To say “How are you.” “Hi” to your friends is the ____ __of language.A. directive functionB. informative functionC. phatic functionD. interrogative function8. “Tell me the result when you finish.” If you want to get your hearer to do something, y ou should use the _____ of language.A. directive functionB. informative functionC. phatic functionD. interrogative function9. A linguist regards the changes in language and language use as __ ___.A. unnaturalB. something to be fearedC. naturalD. abnormal10. A linguist is interested in ___A. speech sounds only B. all sounds C. vowels only11. Which of the following sounds is a voiceless bilabial stop? A. [t] B. [m] C. [b] D. [p12. Which of the following sounds is a voiced affricate? A. [y] B. [t∫] C. [z] D. [dЗ]13. Which of the following sounds is a central vowel? A. [ ə ] B. [ i ] C. [ou] D. [a: ]14. In the following sounds , ______ is a palatal fricative ? A. [ s ] B. [∫] C. [ l ] D. [θ]15. In the following sounds, _____ is a voiceless affricative? A. [dЗ] B. [v] C. [t∫] D. [θ]16. In English if a word begins with a [ l ] or [ r ],then the next sound must be a __ __.A. fricativeB. nasal soundC. semi-vowelD. vowel17. Of the “words” listed below___ is not an English wordA. [r∧b ]B. [ læ b ]C. [məsta:∫]D. [lmæp]18. ___ are produced when the obstruction created by the speech organs is total and audibly released. A. Back vowels B. Stops C. Fricatives D. Glides19. The International Phonetic Association devised the INTERNATIONAL PHONETIC ALPHABET in _____. A. 1965 B. 1957 C. 1888 D. 178820. ___ is a phonological unit , and it is a unit that is of distinctive value.A. PhoneB. PhonemeC. AllophoneD. Sound1. [ f ] is a dental consonant. F2. Phonology studies the characteristics of speech sounds and provides methods for their description, classification and transcription. F 7. The three / p / are allophones. T3. Phoneme is a phonological unit. T4. Phone is a phonetic unit. T5. When we study the different [ p ]’s in “[ pit ], [tip ], [spit ]” , they are similar phones which belong to phonetics. T6. But the three [ p ] belong to the different phoneme / p /. F8. ‘peak’is aspirated , phonetically transcribed as [ph]; ‘speak’ is unaspirated phonetically[ p=]. T9. [ph ], [p=] do not belong to the same phoneme / p /. F10. [p h] and [ p=] are two different phones, and are variants of the phoneme / p /, which is called ALLOPHONES of the same phoneme. T.语义学练习1._______ is not included in Leech’s associative meaning.A. Connotative meaningB. Social meaningC. Collocative meaningD. Thematic meaning2. Among Leech’s seven typ es of meaning is concerned with the relationship between a word and the thing it refers to _____. A. conceptual B. affective C. reflected D. thematic3. According to the referential theory, a word is not directly related to the thing it refers to. They are connected by ____. A. meaning B. reference C. concept D. sense4.”Big” and “Small” are a pair of __ opposites.A. complementaryB. gradableC. completeD. Converse5. The pair of words “same” and “different” are _____.A. gradable oppositesB.converse oppositesC. hyponymsD.contradictory6. A word with several meaning is called ______ word.A. a polysemousB. a synonymousC. an abnormalD. a multiple7. The semantic components of the word “gentleman” can be expressed as __.A. +animate, +male, +human, -adultB. +animate, +male, +human, +adultC. +animate, - male, +human, - adultD. +animate, - male, +human, +adult8. ______is the implied meaning, similar to “implication” and “implicature”. E.g. When we mention about “women”, we’ll think of her soft warm manner.A. DenotationB. Affective meaningC. Reflected meaningD. Connotation9. In the triangle advanced by Ogden and Richards, “thought or reference” is_ __A. word, sentenceB. the objectC. conceptD. symbol10. A linguistic is interested in ___A. What is said.B. What is right both in syntax and in semantics.C. What is grammaticalD. What ought to be said.11. The pair of words “lend”and “borrow” are ___A. gradable oppositesB. relational oppositesC. synonymsD. co-hyponyms12. Nouns, verbs, and adjectives can be classified as _____.A. Lexical wordsB. grammatical wordsC. function wordsD. form words13. What is the meaning relationship between the two words “flower/tulip” ?A. PolysemyB. HomonymyC. HyponymyD. Antonymy14. The words “railway” and “railroad” are ___A. synonyms differing in emotive meaningB. dialectal synonymsC. collocationally-restricted synonymsD. synomyms differing in styles15. The pair of words “wide/narrow” are called__A. gradable oppositesB. complementary antonymsC. co-hyponymsD. relational opposites16. Which of the following two-term sets shows the feature of complementaries?A. single/marriesB. lend/borrowC. hot/coldD. old/young17. The name of “Morning Star”, “Evening Star” and “Venus” is one of the example that different words or name may refer to the same ____A. denotation B. connotation C. reference D. sense18. When we analyze the words “thrifty, economical, stingy”they are synonyms but they have different______A. stylistic meaningB. denotative meaningC. affective meaningD. collocational meaning20. “Seeing those pictures reminds him of his childhood.” The und erlined part in the sentence is_A. agent caseB. object caseC. instrument caseD. benefactive case1. Is reference tied to a particular time and place? T2. Every word in a language can find at least one referent in the objective world. ? F3. Can different expressions have the same referent? T4. Can reference be applied to words such as “and” ,”very” in English? F1. Sense is regarded as a kind of intra-linguistic relationship. T2. In most cases, “sense” and “meaning” are different terms for the same thing. T3. Every word has its own sense. F4. A word may have several different senses and several words may have the same sense. T5. Extension, like denotation, is a kind of relation between elements and the objective world. T6. A: He married a blonde heiress. B: He married a blondeThe relation between these two sentences is entailment. F?7. The relation between extension and intension is the same as that between connotation and denotation. T8. People of different cultures may choose different prototype for the same predicate, e.g. ‘bus’. T9. All the words in a language can be used to refer , but only some have sense. F10. Two synonymous words must be identical in sense in every dimension. F11. There are very few perfect synonyms in a language. T12. Entailment is more inclusive than paraphrase. T13. Almost every word in a dictionary is polysemic. T14. Dry and wet are a pair of gradable antonyms. T15. Innocent and guilt are a pair of relative antonyms. F16. The relationship between the Argument and Predicate is Subject to predicate. FVI. Fill in the blanks in the following passage by choosing the appropriate word.Semantics is the study of ______(1) of language. It is one of the three components of _______(2) . According to Chomsky’s theory , it is at the _______(3) level of language. Semantics concentrates on the _______(4) between languages, rather than on the _______(5).1. A. grammar B. structure C. phonetics D. meaning2. A. linguistics B. grammar C. morphology D. syntax3. A. surface structure B. deep structure C. linguistic D. philosophical4. A. form B. similarity C. differences D. meaning5. A. substance B. difference C. similarities D. grammarMost language utterances（话语）depend for their interpretation upon the ________(6) in which they are used, and the vast majority of them have a ________(7) range of meanings than first come to mind. It may seem to you that meaning is so vague, insubstantial, and elusive that it is impossible to come to any clear, concrete, or tangible conclusions about it. Although many kinds of behavior can be described as _______(8), the range, diversity and complexity of meaning expressed in language is unmatched in any other human or non-human communicative behavior. And linguistic________(9)6. A. words B. sentences C. structure D. context7. A. wider B. narrower C. more accurate D. clearer8. A. productive B. effective C. informative D. communicative9. A. stylistics B. philosophy C. semantics D. grammar--the study of meaning in language was neglected very largely in the past because meaning was felt to be inherently ______(10) and at least temporarily beyond the scope of ______(11) investigation. Largely as a result of Chomsky’s theory of ______ (12) grammar, and the technical advances made in linguistics, in logic and philosophy of _______(13) , linguistic semantics is currently enjoying a very considerable revival of interest.10. A. stable B. unstable C. social D. arbitrary11. A. independent B. philosophical C. linguistic D. human12. A. traditional B. transformational C. structural D. systemic13. A. language B. semantics C. the world D. human mind.词汇练习1. The pair of words “lend” and “borrow” are ______.A. gradable oppositesB. relational oppositesC. SynonymsD. co-hyponyms2. The semantic components of the word “woman” can be expressed as ______.A. +animate, +human, +male, -adultB. +animate, +human, -male, -adultC. +animate, +human, +male, +adultD. +animate, +human, -male, +adult3. What is the meaning relationship between the two words “desk and furniture”?A. PolysemyB. HomonymyC. HyponymyD. Antonymy4. The words “dog” and “read” are called ______because they can occur unattached.A. derivational morphemesB. bound morphemesC. inflectional morphemesD. free morphemes?9. Some morphemes have more than one invariable form , such as “dog→dogs”, “cat→cats”“mouse→mice”,which are called_____.A. bound morphemeB. allomorphC. free morphemeD. minimal morpheme10. In English n. v. a. and adv. make up the largest part of the vocabulary. They are also called _____.A. closed class words B. conventional words C. open class words D. compounds11. ______ can be used independently without being combined with other morphemes.A. Free morphemesB. Bound morphemesC. AffixesD. Roots12. The word “bookish” contains two _____.A. phonemesB. morphsC. morphemesD. allomorphs13. ____ morpheme are those that cannot be used independently but have tobe combined with other morphemes, either free or bound, to form a word.A. FreeB. BoundC. RootD. Affix14. ______ modifies the meaning of the stem, but usually do not change the partof speech of the original word.A. PrefixesB. SufficesC. RootsD. Affixes15. The words “make, bus” are called ______.A. derived morphemesB. inflected morph.C. bound morphD. free morpheme16. Which is variable word?A. fromB. untilC. workD. and17. Which processes of lexical change does the Chinese word “国务院”experienced?A. BlendingB. AbbreviationC. BorrowingD. Back-formation18. Which word is created through the process of acronym?A. adB. editC. AIDSD. Bobo19. The word “math” is formed through ___.A. back formationB. clippingC. BlendingD. derivation20. ______ is the branch of grammar that studies the internal structure of words, and the rules by which words are formed. A. Affix B. Inflection C. Allomorph D. Morphologysyntax练习1. When we say that we can change the second word in the sentence “He is waiting outside” with “was”. We are taking about ____inside the sentence.A. Syntactic relationsB. paradigmatic relationsC. Linear relationsD. Government2. The part of the grammar that represents a speaker’s knowledge of the structure of phrases and sentences is called______ .A. Lexicon B. morphology C. Syntax D. semantics3. What does ‘IC’ stands for as a syntactic notion and analytical technique ?A. Inferential ConnectiveB. Inflectional ComponentC. Immediate ConstituentD. Implicative Communication4. If we are to use the technique of IC analysis to analyze the sentence “She broke the window with a stone yesterday”, where is the first cut?Draw a tree diagram of this sentence.A. between stone and yesterdayB. between she and brokeC. between broke and the windowD. between window and with5. ____ is the defining properties of units like noun (number, gender, case) and verb (tense, aspect, etc.).A. Phonology B. Word classes C. Grammatical categories D. Functions of words6. Which of the following items is not one of the grammatical categories of English ?A. genderB. numberC. caseD. voice7. ____ is a relationship in which a word of a certain class determines the form of others in terms of certain categories.A. ConcordB. Immediate constituentC. Syntagmatic relationsD. Government8. ____ proposed to define sentence as the maximum free form.A. BloomfieldB. ChomskyC. HallidayD. Sussure9. The phrase “boys and girls ” is a(n) _____.A. subordinate endocentric constructionB. coordinate endocentric constructionC. subordinate exocentric constructionD. coordinate exocentric construction10. Chomsky holds that the major task of linguistics is to _____.A. study real ‘facts’ in daily settingsB. tells people how to speak appropriatelyC. tell people what is right in language useD. Look for ‘the universal grammar’11. What is the full form of LAD? B. Language acquisition device12. A speaker’s actual utterance in Chomsky’s terminology is called _____.A. deep structureB. linguistic universalsC. universal grammarD. surface structure13. Chomsky studies language from a psychological point of view, holding that language is a form of ____; while Halliday focuses on the social aspect of language, regarding language as a form of ____. A. knowing, doing B. knowing, thinking C. thinking, doing D. doing, knowing 14．F. de Saussure is a(n) _____ linguist .C. Swiss15. What is the construction of the sentence “The boy smiled”?A. ExocentricB. EndocentricC. CoordinateD. Subordinate16. “You sit down” is transformed into “Sit down”. Which transformational rule is used according to TG Grammar ? A. Copying B. Addition C. Reordering D. Deletion17. L. Bloomfield is a famous _____ structural linguist.C. American18. In ______ , Noam Chomsky published his famous book “Syntactic Structure”.B.195719. “A fish is swimming in the pond” is transformed into “There is a fish swimming in the pond”. Which transformational rule is used. A. Copying B. Reordering C. Addition D. Deletion20.The phrase “the man about whom I’ve been talking.” belong to the ______Construction.A. predicateB. endocentricC. subordinateD. exocentric1．Traditional grammar involves a great deal of gender, number and case. T2. “I’m a teacher.” “He studies English.” describe the form of gov ernment.3. “Langue” is much more stable than “parole”. T4. When we mentioned about the usage of a “树”，it is signified; and the sound /shu:/ is signifier, the relationship among them is arbitrary. T5. The sentence “ If the weather is nice, we’ll go out.” is settled at the base paradigmatic relation.F6. Sassure proposed the linguistic study considered in itself. T7. Rheme contributes much more great than theme. F8. IC analysis is used to analyze the semantic feature of the sentence. F12. “He came back very late last night.” The underlying structure is endocentric one. T13. Wh en we mention about “phonetic”and “lexicon components”, they belong to deep structure category. F14. The abstract meaning and ambiguity of the sentence can be analyzed by deep structure. T15. Systemic – functional grammar wanted to link the function with structure of the language.16.By synchrony we mean to study language change and development. F17. The open-class words include prepositions. F18. “The boy smiled” has an exocen tric structure. T19. The IC Analysis is not able to analyze split verbs like “do sb. in”. T20. Langue is relatively stable and systematic while parole is subject to personal and situational constraints.21. Phonology is a branch of linguistics which studies the sentence patterns of a language. F6语用练习1. According to C.Morris and R. Carnap, _____ studies the relationship between symbols and their interpreters of a listener.A. SyntaxB. SemanticsC. PragmaticsD. Sociolinguistics2. There are ______deixis in the sentence “ she has sold it here yesterday. ”.A. 3B. 4C. 5D. 63. We can do things with words ---- this is the main idea of ______.A. the Speech Act TheoryB. the Co-operative principlesC. the Polite principlesD. pragmatics4. _____refers to the utterance of a sentence with determinate sense and reference.A. Locutionary actB. Illocutionary actC. Perlocutionary actD. Speech act5. _____ may be used as an example of indirect speech act.A. “I’ll declare Mr. Williams election tomorrow.”B. “Good morning!”C. “could you open the window?”D. “I command you to report at 6 in the morning tomorrow. ”6. A: Let’s get something to kids. B: Okey , but not I-C-E C-R-E-A-M-S.In the conversation B violets the _____.A: Quantity Maxim B. Quality Maxim C. Relevance Maxim D. Clarity Maxim 7. A: I really like the dinner. B: I’m vegetarian. There is a _____ violation in the conversation.A. QuantityB. QualityC. RelevanceD. Clarity8. A: How are you? B: I’m dead. There is a _____ violation in the conversation.A. QuantityB. QualityC. RelevanceD. Clarity9. A: Would you like a cocktail? It’s my own invention.B: Well, m mm uh it’s not that we don’t drink. There is a _____ violation in the conversation.A. QuantityB. QualityC. RelevanceD. Clarity10. A: Are you going to Steve’s barbecue?B: A barbecue is an outdoor party.There is a _____ violation in the conversation.A. QuantityB. QualityC. RelevanceD. Clarity11. Pragmatics differs from traditional semantics in that it studies meaningnot in isolation, but in _____.A. relationshipB. dependenceC. sentenceD. context12. To analyze the following sentences ______ is Performative.A. You congratulate me.B. I envy you.C. I command you to put out that cigarette.D. I warned you not to go.13. _____ act expresses the intention of the speaker.A. LocutionaryB. IllocutionaryC. PerlocutionaryD. Speech act14. A: Do you know where Mr. Brown is? B: Somewhere in the suburbs of the city.Speaker B violates the maxim of _______.A. quantityB. qualityC. RelevanceD. Clarity15. A: The hostess is an awful bore. Do you think?B: The roses in the garden are beautiful, aren’t they? Speaker B violates the maxim of _____.A. qualityB. quantityC. RelevanceD. Clarity16. A: This bag is a little bit heavy. B: Let me help you. What is the illocutionary act of speaker A?A. This bag is heavy.B. I don’t want to carry it away.C. Could you help me with this bag?D. I’m very happy about it.17. A: The dress she is wearing is beautiful, isn’t it? B: The pattern is nice.What cooperative maxim does speaker B observe?A. QualityB. QuantityC. RelevanceD. Clarity18. Speech Act Theory was proposed by _____ in the late 50’s of the 20th century. A. John Austin19. One of the contributions ____ has made is his classification of illocutionary acts. John Austin20. Cooperative principle was found by _____. A. Paul Grice21. According to Austin’s Speech Act theory, the actual uttering of a sentence with a particular meaning is called ___ A. Perlocutionary B. locutionary C. illocutionary D. indirect speech. 22. A(n )”_____” means that some sentences, in the utterance and the seeming performance of a speech act, perform a certain illocutionary act indirectly.A. direct speech actB. indirect speech actC. illocutionary actD. utterance23. The _____ provided great philosophical insight into the nature of linguistic communication.A. speech act theoryB. CP theory.C. communicative competenceD. linguistic competence24. According to Austin, Speech Acts fall into ______ general categories.A. fourB. twoC. threeD. five25. _____ resulted mainly from the expansion of the study of linguistics, especially that of semantics. A. Pragmatics B. pragmatism C. phonology D. Practicalism26. Once the notion of _______ was taken into consideration, semantics spilled into pragmatics.A. meaningB. contentC. formD. context27. ____ act theory is an important in the pragmatic study of language.A. SpeakingB. SpokenC. SoundD. Speech28. All the utterances that can be made to serve the same purpose may vary in their _____ form.A. syntacticB. semanticC. grammaticalD. pragmatic29. Of the three acts, Pragmatists are more interested in the _______.A. locutionary actB. perlocutionary actC. illocutionary actD. none of the above30. The maxim of quality requires, do not say what you believe to be _____.A. falseB. trueC. briefD. orderly31. Most of the violations of the maxims of the CP give rise to _____.A. utterance meaningB. speech act theoryC. conversational implicaturesD. all of the above32. Pragmatics is a study ofA. language learningB. language acquisitionC. language planningD. language in use33. The significance of Grice’s CP lies in the fact that it explains how it is possible for the speaker to convey ______ that which is literally said.A. more thanB. less thanC. the same asD. none of the above34. If a sentence is regarded as what people actually utter in the course of communication, it becomes ______.A. a sentenceB. an actC. a unitD. an utterance35. The part of the response to the speech acted by the hearer is _____.A. LocutionB. IllocutionC. PerlocutionD. Direct action36. _____ may perform an act but lay stress on describing the action.A. Speech Act TheoryB. PerlocutionC. PerformativeD. Constative37. A: Good luck to you! B: Thank you. What politeness principle does speaker A observe?A. Generosity maximB. Tact maximC. Modesty maximD. Agreement maxim38. “What a marvelous dinner you cooked!”What politeness maxim does the speaker of the utterance observe?A. Sympathy maximB. Approbation maximC. Modesty maximD. Agreement maxim39. “I swear I have never seen the man before.” This sentence is a ____.A. performativeB. ConstativeC. indirect speechD. procedure40. Conversational Implicature can be___.A. CalculabilityB. CancellabilityC. Non-ConventionalityD. all of above1. Speech act theory was proposed by Austin and has been developed by Grice. F2. Searle suggests 5 basic categories of illocutionary acts as follows: assertives, commissives, expressives, directive and declaratives. T3. “We can do things with words” ----this is the main idea of the Speech Act Theory. T4. “I hereby declare war ” is the typical utterance of “speech act theory”. T5. At first , Austin classifies utterances into two types: constatives and performatives. T6. “Locution” means the speaker’s intention. F7. “Perlocution” is used to bring effects on the hearer. T8. “Can you pass me the salt, please? ” is a question, but it is a direct speech act. F9. In a certain sense pragmatics studies how words influence the interpretation of utterances. T10. “Pragmatics “ is the study of meaning that is not accounted for in semantics. T11. “In Semantics” the sentence meaning should be studied. T12.“ In pragmatics ” the utterance meaning should be studied. T13. The CP Principle, put forward by P. Grice, has four maxims, for writing as well as speaking. F14. Deixis is a technical term for one of the most basic things we do with utterances. T15. “What’s that?” that is a location deixis. FPragmatics is concerned with the study of _16____ as communicated by a speaker and interpreted by a listener. It has consequently __17___ to do with the analysis of what people mean by their utterances than what the words or phrases in those utterances might mean by __18__. __19___ is the study of speaker meaning.16. A. speech B. meaning C. utterance D. communication17. A. less B. impossible C. possible D. more18. A. itself B. himself C. themselves D. yourself19. A. Semantics B. Context C. Syntax D. PragmaticsIf semantics is the study of __1D__that comes from ‘purely linguistic knowledge’ pragmatics concerns all the ‘__2A__of meaning that cannot be predicted by linguistic knowledge alone and takes into account knowledge about the physical and __3_C_world’. So pragmatics is the study of meaning that is not accounted for in__4_B_.a) aspects b) semantics c) social d) meaningSemantics and __1_C_are complementary to__2A__ —hence ‘complementarism’. According to Morris’s trichotomy , __3__ is the study of ‘the formal relation of signs to one another’, __4__ is the study of ‘the relation of signs to the objects to which the signs are applicable ’,and pragmatics is the study of ‘the relation of signs to__D5__’.a) Each other b) Pragmatics c) semantics d) interpreters e) syntax。

网络语言学

网络语言学21世纪是一个网络时代。

互联网的飞速发展，导致了独特的网络语言现象的产生。

而网民的迅速增长，使网络语言的使用频率大大提升。

对于网络语言的定义，语言学界可谓仁者见仁智者见智。

最常见的广义的网络语言大体上可分为三类：一是it(informationtechnology)领域的专业术语，二是与网络有关的特别用语，三是人们在网络这种特殊环境中作为交际工具使用的语言符号系统，通俗的话就是网民在聊天室里或是e-mail上常用的语言。

本文所指的网络语言主要是指第三类网络语言。

其本质上来说是现代汉语的一种社会变导，是伴随网民这一群体的出现而产生的社会语言现象，一种新兴的语言变体。

在使用网络语言的人群中，从目前调查资料来看，以青少年居多。

网络语言采用存有积极主动与消极双重影响。

一方面，网络语言就是新生事物，有著生动的生命力，其时尚个性化的独有语言系统引起青少年的广为高度关注。

由于标新立异的基本点，青少年看见开朗而又荒诞，风趣又富于哲理的.语言缔造被广泛应用，可以唤起其技术创新精神，有利于青少年充分发挥想象力和创造力。

而网络语言本身的丰富性、创新性、多样性也可以并使呆板的书面语言显得生动活泼，多样语言的信息内涵。

另一方面，个性张扬的网络语言占有着青少年绝大部分的语言世界。

网络错别字的大量发生和采用必将引致对传统语言的体悟能力和运用能力的有利影响。

对青少年规范采用语言文字产生有利影响。

而随着网络语言步入青少年的自学生活，对学生汉语规范化文学创作也产生冲击，如今学生在作文中采用网络语言的例子屡见不鲜。

但网络语言随意性弱，错别字较多，有些用语不无实际意义，轻微阻碍了写作，减少了文学创作质量。

对于网络语言，我们要辩证否定的看待，既肯定其好的一面，又否定其不利的一面，既克服它对规范传统语言表达中不好的影响，又保留其利于青少年发挥想象力与创造力的一面。

网络语言学测试题及答案

网络语言学测试题及答案一、选择题（每题2分，共10分）1. 网络语言学研究的主要对象是什么？A. 网络技术的发展B. 网络语言的演变C. 网络文化的传播D. 网络经济的影响答案：B2. 下列哪个选项不是网络语言的特点？A. 简洁性B. 形象性C. 正式性D. 创造性答案：C3. 网络语言中的“666”是什么意思？A. 表示数字B. 表示赞同C. 表示惊讶D. 表示疑问答案：B4. 在网络语言学中，“梗”指的是什么？A. 网络用语B. 网络笑话C. 网络故事D. 网络流行语答案：D5. “表情包”在网络语言中的作用是什么？A. 增加文本的可读性B. 丰富语言的表达方式C. 减少网络的流量D. 提高网络的安全性答案：B二、填空题（每题2分，共10分）1. 网络语言中的“打call”通常用来表示________。

答案：支持或鼓励2. “弹幕”是指在视频播放时，观众可以实时发送的________。

答案：评论3. “种草”一词在网络语言中通常用来形容________。

答案：推荐或引起兴趣4. “躺枪”在网络语言中表示________。

答案：无辜受牵连5. “神回复”指的是在网络对话中出现的________。

答案：非常机智或幽默的回答三、简答题（每题5分，共20分）1. 请简述网络语言学的研究意义。

答案：网络语言学的研究意义在于帮助我们更好地理解网络语言的产生、发展和变化，以及它在现代社会交流中的作用和影响。

2. 网络语言和传统语言有哪些主要区别？答案：网络语言与传统语言的主要区别在于网络语言的表达方式更加简洁、形象和创造性，同时它也具有更强的互动性和即时性。

3. 网络语言的流行对青少年语言能力的发展有何影响？答案：网络语言的流行可能会影响青少年对传统语言的学习和使用，但同时也可能激发他们的语言创造力和表达能力。

4. 如何正确看待和使用网络语言？答案：正确看待和使用网络语言，需要认识到网络语言的积极作用，同时也要注意其可能带来的负面影响，合理地将其融入日常交流中。

从语言学角度看网络语言[终稿]

从语言学角度看网络语言网络语言是伴随着网络的发展而新兴的一种有别于传统平面媒介的语言形式。

它以简洁生动的形式甫一诞生就得到了广大网友的偏爱，发展神速。

目前正在广泛使用的网络语言版本是“浮云水版”。

网络语言包括拼音或者英文字母的缩写.含有某种特定意义的数字以及形象生动的网络动画和图片，起初主要是网虫们为了提高网上聊天的效率或某种特定的需要而采取的方式，久而久之就形成特定语言了。

网络上冒出的新词汇主要取决于它自身的生命力，如果那些充满活力的网络语言能够经得起时间的考验，约定俗成后我们就可以接受。

词素的组成是以字词为主，越来越多的英文字母和数字还有少量图形加入其中。

除了汉语中原有的词语外，大量的新兴字词参与其中。

同时网络也演变了一些词义，或扩大或转移，或变化其情感色彩。

这些词语都是新兴网络语言中的重要生力军，若不懂得这些词语，那就成了网络中的文盲——网盲了。

如“这样子”被说成“酱紫”，不说“版主”说“斑竹”；“555”是哭的意思，“886”代表再见(拜拜喽)，这些大多都是与汉语的发音相似引申而来的；还有BBS、BLOG、PK（VS的升级版,即player killing）等大量的英文缩写或音译词；除此之外还有用：-）表示微笑，用*（）*表示脸红等。

这类语言的出现与传播主要寄生于网络人群，还有为数不少的手机用户。

Chat里经常能出现“恐龙、美眉、霉女、青蛙、菌男、东东”等网络语言，BBS里也常从他们的帖子里冒出些“隔壁、楼上、楼下、楼主、潜水、灌水”等“专业”词汇。

QQ聊天中有丰富生动的表情图表，如一个挥动的手代表“再见”，冒气的杯子表示“喝茶”；手机短信中也越来越多的使用“近方言词”，如“冷松”（西北方言，音lěngsóng，意为“竭尽”），等等。

网络语言是伴随着网络发展而新兴的一种有别于传统语言的语言形式。

由于网友偏爱、传播高速和其充满时尚、新潮、个性、另类等意味，一段时间就会诞生一些众多网民认同的网络流行语。

(完整版)语言学练习题(含答案)

判断题1.Interlanguage is neither the native language nor the second language.(T)2.Krashen assumed that there were two independent means or routesof second language learning: acquisition and learning. (T)3.There are two interacting factors in determining language transfer insecond language learning. (F)4.Three important characteristics of interlanguage: systemacticity ,permeability and fossilization. (T)5.Intrinsic motivation:learners learn a second language for externalpurposes. (F)6.Neurolinguistics is the study of two related areas: language disordersand the relationship between the brain and language. (T)7.The brain is divided two sections: the higher section called the brainstem and the lower section called the cerebrum. (F)8.An interesting fact about these two hemispheres is that eachhemisphere controls the opposite half of the body in terms of muscle movement and sensation. (T)9.Most right-handed individuals are said to be right lateralized forlanguage. (F)10.C T scanning uses a narrow beam of X-ray to create brain images thattake the form of a series of brain slices. (T)11.1 Right hear advantage shows the right hemisphere is not superior forprocessing all sounds, but only for those that are linguistic in nature, thus providing evidence in support of view that the left side of the brain is specialized for language and that's where language centers reside. （f）12.2 Evidence in support of lateralization for language in left hemispherecomes from researches in Dichotic listening tasks（t）13.3interpersonal communications is the process of using languagewithin the individual to facilitate one’s own thought and aid the formulation and manipulation of concepts. （t）14.4 Linguistic lateralization is hemispheric specialization or dominancefor language. （t）15.5 Dichotic Listening is a research technique which has been used tostudy how the brain controls hearing and language, with which subjects wear earphones and simultaneously receive different sounds in the right or left ear, and are then asked to repeat what they hear.（f）16.6 Dichotic Listening is a research technique which has been used tostudy how the brain controls hearing and language, with which subjects wear earphones and simultaneously receive different soundsin the right and left ear, and are then asked to repeat what they hear.（t）17.7 Input refers to the language which a learner bears and receives andfrom which he or she can learn. （f）18.8 Fossilization ，a process that sometimes occurs in language learningin which incorrect linguistic features (such as the accent of a grammatical pattern) become a permanent part of the way a person speaks or writes in the target language.（f）19.9 The different languages have a similar level of complexity anddetail, and reflect general abstract properties of the common linguistic system is called Universal Grammar . （t）20.10 Acculturation a process of adapting to the culture and valuesystem of the second language community.（t）21.I n socialinguistic studies,speakers are not regarded as members ofsocial groups (F)22.n ew words maybe coined from already existing words by substractingan affix thought to be part of the old world (T)23.a ll languages make a distinction between the subject and directobject,which can be illustrated in word order (T)24.I t has been noticed that in many communities be language used bythe older generation differs from that used by the elder generation in certain ways (F)25.A pidgin is a special language variety that mixes or blends languagesand it isn’t used by people who speak different languages for restricted purposes such as trading(F)26.I t is interesting to know that the language used by men and womenhave some special features of others (F)27.I t is an obvious facts that people who claim to be speakers of thesame language don’t speak the language in the different manner (T)28.A regional dialect is a linguistic variety used by people living (T)29.F usion refers to this type of grammatication in which words developinto affixes (T)30.H istorical linguistics,as a branch of linguistics is mainly coverned withboth the description and explanation of language changes that occurred over time (T)选择题Chapter 71.Which one is not right about Blenging?(b)A:disco-discotheque B:brunch-breakfast+luchC:B2B-Business-to-Business D:videophone-video+cellphone2.Semantic changes contains three processes ,which one is ture?(a)A:namely widening ,narrowing and shift in meaningB:semantic broadening ,narrowing and semantic dispearingC:semantic shift ,narrowing and semantic lossingD:namely widening ,narrowing and not shift in meaning3.Science and technology influence English language in these aspects(d) A:space travelB:compnter and internet languageC:ecdogyD:above of allnguage changes can be found at different linguistic levels,such as in the<D>A:phonology and morphologyB:syntax and lexiconC:semantic component of the grammarD:ABC5,Morphological and syntactic change contian<D>A:addition or loss of affixesB:change of word ordenC:change in regation ruleD:abrove of allChapter 81.Which is not Halliday's social variables that determine the register? (D) A:field of discourseB:tenor of discourseC:mode of discouseD:ethnic dialect2.Which is not dialectal varieties?(C)A:regional dialect and idiolectB:language and genderC:registerD:ethnic dialect3.To some extent,language especially the structure of its lexicon,refects___of a sociey.(C)A:physical B:social environmentC:both AandB D:social phenomenon4.____,refers to the linguistic variety characteristic of a particular social class.(D)A:Social-class dialect B:sociolectC:A andB D:A or B5.Two languages are used side by side with each having a ____role to play;and language switching occurs when the situation ____.(A)A:different,changesB:similar,changesC:different,unchangingD:similar,unchangingChapter 91.which is not the component of culture ?<D>nguageB.ideasC.beliefD.soil2.in a word,language express<D>A.factsB.events which represent similar world knowledge by its peopleC.peoples' attitudes.beliefsD.cultural reality3.any linguistic sign may simultaneously have a <D>A.denotativeB.connotativeC.iconicD.denotative,connotative,or iconic kind of meanings4.what's the meaning of"a lucky dog"in english?<B>A.a clever boyB.a smart ladC.a lucky personD.a silent person5.traditionally,curture contact consists of three forms.which is wrong below<A>A.acquisitionB.acculturationC.assimilationD.amalgamation Chapter 101.The interavtionist view holds that language as a result of the complex interplay between the___A__of a child and the __A__in which he grows .A: human chracteristics environmentB: chracteristics environmentC: language acquisition placeD: gift place2.The atypical language development includes__A___A: hearing impairment mental retardationB: autism stutteringC: aphasia dyslexia dysgraphiaD: Both A ,B and C3.Children's language learning is not complete by the time when they enter school at the age of _C__A: 3 or 4 B: 4 or 5C: 5 or 6 D: 6or 7Chapter 111.A distinction was made between ( ) and ( ).The former would facilitate target language learning,the later would interfere. < A >A positive transfer negative transferB negative transfer positive transferC contrastive analysis error analysisD error analysis contrastive analysis2.( ) are learners' consious,goal-oriented and problem-solving based efforts to cahieve desierable learning efficiency. < A >A Learning strategiesB Cognitive strategiesC Metacognitive strategiesD Affect strategiesnguage acquisition device(LAD) came from( ). < D >A John B.WatsonB B.F. SkinnerC S.D. KrashenD ChomskyChapter 121.____is the study of two related areas:language disorders and the relationship between the brainand language.A.neurolinguisticsB.linguisticsC.neuronsD.modern linguistics2.Psycholingusitics is the study of _____and mental activity associated with the use of languageA.psychobiologyB.psychological statesC.physical statesD.biological states3._____uses a narrow beam of X-ray to create brain images that the form of a series of brainslices.A.PETB.MRIC.CT scanningD.fMRI4.The brain is divided into two sections:the lower section called the____and the higher sectioncalled____.A.brain stem,cerebrumB.brain stem,neuronsC.cerebrum,brain stemD.cerebrum,neurons5.Damage to parts of the left cortex behind the central sulcus results in a type of aphasia called_____.A.Wernicke's aphasiaB.Broca'saphasiaC.Acquires dyslexiaD.fluent aphasia填空题第七章1.In addition to the borrowed affixes,some lexical forms become grammaticalized over time,this process is called ______________2.Generally speaking,there are mainly two possible ways of lexical changes: ________and ________,which often reflects the introduction of new objects and notions in social practices.3.New words may be coined from already existing words by "subtracting"an affix thought t be part of the old word ,such words are thus called____________.4.Over the time many words remain in use,but their meanings have changed,three mainly processes of semantic change,___________,____________, ____________.5.While the "_________"and "__________ "do seem to account for some linguistic changes,it may not be explanatory enough to account for other changes.KEYS:1.grammaticalization2.the addition and loss of words3.back-formation4.widening, narrowing, shift5.theory of least effort, economy of memory第八章1·-------is the sub-field of linguistics that studies the relation between language and society,between the uses of language and the social structures in which the users of language live. 答案Sociolinguistics 2·The social group that is singled out for any special study is called th e ----------.答案speech community3A------------is a linguistic variety used by people living in the same geographical region.答案regional dialect4he Ttype of language which is selected as appropriate to the type of situation is a---------.答案register5A-------is a special language variety thatmixes or blends languages ang it is used by people who speak different languages for restricted purposes such as trading.答案pidgin第九章1. anguage and culture,intrinsically interdependent on each other,have_through history (evolved together)2. ulture reflects a total way of life of a people in a_(community)3.in a word,_expreses culture reality (language)4.culture differences are also evident in the way_ and compliments are expressed (gratitude)nguage as the_of culture is tightly intertwined with culture (keystone)第十章1 ( ) refers to a child’s acquisition of his mother tongue.2 Generally speaking, there are mainly three different theories concerning how language is learned,namely the behaviorist,the interactionist ,( ) views.3 All child language acquisition theories talk about the roles of twofactors to different degrees the age ang ( ).4 Lexical contrast and ( ) theories are also proposed to explain how children acquire their vocabulary or lexicon.5 The atypical language development includes hearing impairment,mental retardation, autism,stuttering,( ),dyslexia,dysgraphia.答案：nguage acquisition2.the innatist3.the linguistic environment4.prototype5.aphasia第十一章1.（）refers to the systematic study of how one person acquiresa second language subsequent to his native language (NL or L1) .2.Contrastive analysis compares the ( ) cross these twolanguages to locate the mismatches or differences so that people can predict the possible learning difficulty learners may encounter .3.In addition, because of its association with an outdated modellanguage description (structuralism) and the increasingly discredited learning theory (behaviorism) , the once predominant contrastive analysis was gradually replaced by ( ).4.The interlingual errors mainly result from （）interferenceat different levels such as phonological , lexical , grammatical ordiscoursal , etc .5.Krashen assumed that there were two independent means or routesof second language learning : acquisition and （）。

[网络语言,特点,以及,其他论文文档]论网络语言特点以及网络语言学的诞生

论网络语言特点以及网络语言学的诞生论网络语言特点以及网络语言学的诞生网络上冒出的新词汇主要取决于它自身的生命力，如果那些充满活力的网络语言能够经得起时间的考验，约定俗成后我们就可以接受。

一、网络语言的特点1、形式上的特点符号化，在电脑上输出文字时，习惯上会带有相关的符号语言。

例如：^0^（微笑的象形），o（∩_∩）o…^_^ （表示高兴的心情0，（╭∩╮（︶^︶）╭∩╮）表示鄙视你，（/ □ ＼）表示囧等。

数字化，运用数字及其谐音可以更好的表达自己的想法。

例如55（呜呜的谐音，表示哭的声音），88（拜拜，英语单词Bye-bye的谐音），520（我爱你的谐音）等等。

字母化，类似于数字的运用，字母也有表情达意的功效。

如：BT（变态拼音的缩写），PLMM（漂亮妹妹），PMP（拍马屁），BF（boy firend的缩写，即男朋友）等等。

2、内容上的特点新词新意层出不穷，像网络新词酱紫（这样子）、表（不要）、杯具（悲剧）等等，它们是同音替代或合音替代。

一些旧词有了新的意思，可爱（可怜没人爱）、恐龙（丑女或者是褒义词）、天生丽质（贬义词）。

超越常规的语法。

网络语言已经不在拘泥于传统的词语构成语法，各种汉字、数字、英语或简写混杂在一起，怎么方便怎么用，语序也不受限，倒装句时有出现。

如：“······先”、“······都”、“·······的说”，千奇百怪。

口语化的表达网络交际语言用于网上交流，在表达上更偏向口语化、通俗化、事件化和时事化。

二、网络语言的诞生这类语言的出现与传播主要依存于网络人群，还有为数不少的手机用户。

聊天室里经常能出现“恐龙、美眉、霉女、青蛙、菌男、东东”等网络语言。

BBS里也常从他们的帖子里冒出些“隔壁、楼上、楼下、楼主、潜水、灌水”等词汇。

网络语言的语言学研究

网络语言的语言学研究网络语言是指在互联网上广泛应用的特殊语言形式，它包含着丰富多样的表达方式，独特的文化内涵和语言特点。

与传统书面语言相比，网络语言通常更加简洁、实用和具有强烈的个性化特点。

近年来，对于网络语言的语言学研究也越来越受到学术界的关注。

首先，网络语言的语言学研究可以分析它的形态和结构。

在网络世界中，人们经常使用缩写、拼音、表情符号等特殊的符号来表达自己的情感和思想。

这些符号的使用方式和规律值得研究者去深入思考。

例如，网络流行语“zz”和“666”代表着称赞、赞同的意思，这种创新的语言形式反映出了当代年轻人对于表达需求的变化，这也是语言变异和发展的一种形式。

其次，网络语言的语言学研究可以揭示其语义和语用特点。

人们在网络上交流时常常使用各种各样的网络词汇，这些词汇的意义经常是被重新解构和创造的。

例如，“口口气气”、“幸存者”等词汇都是通过网络共同创造和传播的，因此其意义和用法往往与传统词汇有所不同。

通过对网络语言的语义和语用特点进行分析，可以深入了解现代人们的价值观、思维方式和文化表达形式。

此外，网络语言的语言学研究还可以探讨其与社会文化的关系。

网络语言不仅仅是一种语言形式，更是一种文化符号的体现。

例如，“奥利给”一词在网络上的广泛传播，不仅仅是因为它满足了网络用户的表达需求，更是因为它传递了一种积极向上、励志向前的文化价值观。

通过对网络语言与社会文化的关系进行研究，可以从语言学的角度深入了解当代社会和文化的发展。

最后，网络语言的语言学研究对于语言教育和传播也具有重要意义。

网络语言是现代年轻人的主要交流方式之一，它的流行和发展对于语言学习和语言教育提出了新的挑战和机遇。

研究者可以通过对网络语言的分析和理解，指导语言教育的和创新。

同时，可以通过网络语言的传播研究，促进跨文化交流和理解。

总之，网络语言的语言学研究是一项重要的学术课题，通过对网络语言的形态、结构、语义、语用和与社会文化的关系的研究，我们可以更好地理解当代社会和文化的发展，也可以为语言教育和传播提供更好的理论基础。

(完整版)语言学Chapter4Exercises含答案.docx

Chapter 4From Word to TextI. Decide whether each of the following statements is true or false:1.Grammatical sentences are formed following a set ofsyntactic rules.2.The syntactic rules of any language are finite in number, but thereis no limit to the number of sentences native speakers ofthat language are able to produce and comprehend.3.An endocentric construction is also known as headed constructionbecause it has just one head4.Constituents that can be substituted for one another without lossof grammaticality belong to the same syntactic category.5.In English syntactic analysis, four phrasal categories arecommonly recognized and discussed, namely, noun phrase,verb phrase, infinitive phrase, and auxiliary phrase.6.Number and gender are categories of noun and pronoun.7.Word order plays an important role in the organization ofEnglish sentences.8.Like English, modern Chinese is a SVO language.9.In English the subject usually precedes the verb and thedirect object usually follows the verb.10. A noun phrase must contain a noun, but other elements are optional.( 1-5 TTFTF6-10 TTTTT)II.Fill in each of the following blanks with one word which begins with the letter given:1 A s________ is a structurally in dependent unit that usuallycomprises a number of words to form a complete statement,question or command2.A clause that takes a subject and a finite verb, and at the sametime structurally alone is known as an f__________ clause 3.The part of a sentence which comprises a finite verb or a verbphrase and which says something about the subject isgrammatically called p_________.4. A c_________ sentence contains two, or more, clauses, oneof which is incorporated into the other.5.In the complex sentence, the incorporated or subordinate clauseis normally called an e_______ clause.6.Major lexical categories are o___ categories in the sensethat new words are constantly added.7.G_________ relations refer to the structural and logicalfunctional relations between every noun phrase and sentence 8. A a__________ sentence consists of a single clause which contains a subject and a predicate and stands alone as its own sentence.9. A s__________ is a structurally independent unit that usually comprises a number of words to form a complete statement, question or command.10. A s__________ may be a noun or a noun phrase in a sentence that usually precedes the predicate.Answers:1.sentence2. finite3.predicate4. complex5. embedded6.open7. grammatical8.simple9. sentence10. subjectIII.There are four given choices for each statement below.Mark the choice that can best complete the statement :1The head of the phrase“ the city Rome” is__________A the cityB RomeC cityD the city and Rome2. A __________ in the embedded clause refers to the introductory word that introduces the embedded clause.A. coordinatorB. particleC.PrepositionD. subordinator3Phrase structure rules have ____ properties.A. recursiveB. grammaticalC. socialD. functional4.Phrase structure rules allow us to better understand_____________.A.how words and phrases form sentences.B.what constitutes the grammaticality of strings of wordsC.how people produce and recognize possible sentencesD.All of the above.5The phrase “ on the halfA endocentric B” belongs to ________construction exocentric C subordinate Dcoordinate6. The theory of case condition accounts for the fact that __________.A.noun phrases appear only in subject and object positions.B.noun phrases can be used to modify another nounphraseC.noun phrase can be used in adverbial positionsD.noun phrase can be moved to any place if necessary.7The sentence structure is ________.A. only linearB. Only hierarchicalC. compelD. both linear and hierarchical8.The syntactic rules of any language are ____ in number.A. largeB. smallC. finiteD. infinite9.The ________ rules are the rules that group words and phrasesto form grammatical sentences.A. lexicalB. morphologicalC. linguisticD. combinational10The sentence “ They were wanted to remain quiet and not to expose themselves ” is a____________sentenceA simpleB coordinateC compound DcomplexAnswers:1 D2 D 3. A 4 D 5 B 6 A 7 D 8 C 9 D10 AIV . Explain the following terms, using examples.1.Syntax2.IC analysis3.Hierarchical structureAnswers :1.Syntax: Syntax refers to the rules governing the way words arecombined to form sentences in a language, or simply, the study of the formation of sentences.2.IC analysis: Immediate constituent analysis, IC analysis for short,refers to the analysis of a sentence in terms of its immediateconstituents –word groups (phrases), which are in turn analyzed into the immediate constituents of their own, and the process goes on until the ultimate sake of convenience.3.Hierarchical structure: It is the sentence structure that groupswords into structural constituents and shows the syntacticcategory of each structural constituent, such as NP, VP and PP.V.Answer the following questions:1.What are the major types of sentences? Illustrate themwith examples.2.What are endocentric construction and exocentric construction?3.Draw a tree diagram according to the PS rules to show the deep structure of the sentence:The child asked for a new book4.What are the major types of sentences according to traditional approach? Illustrate them with examples ？Answers :1. Traditionally, there are three major types of sentences. They are simple sentence, coordinate( compound) sentence, and complex sentence. A simple sentence consists of a single clause which contains a subject and a predicate and stands alone as its own sentence, for example: John reads extensively. A coordinate sentence contains two clauses joined by a linking word that is called coordinating conjunction, such as "and", "but", "or". For example: John is reading a linguistic book, and Mary is preparing for her history exam. A complex sentence contains two, or more, clauses, one of which is incorporated into the other. The two clauses in a complex sentence do not have equal status, one is subordinate to the other. For example: Before John gave her a lecture, Mary showed no interest in linguistics.2.An endocentric construction is one whose distribution is functionally equivalent, or approaching equivalence, to one of its constituents, which serves as the center, or head, of the whole.A typical example is the three small children with children as its head. The exocentric construction, opposite to the first type, is defined negatively as a construction whose distribution is not functionally equivalent to any of itsconstituents. Prepositional phrasal like on the shelf are typical examples of this type.3.略4.Traditionally, there are three major types of sentences. They aresimple sentence, coordinate( compound) sentence, and complex sentence. A simple sentence consists of a single clause which contains a subject and a predicate and stands alone as its own sentence, for example: John reads extensively. A coordinatesentence contains two clauses joined by a linking word that iscalled coordinating conjunction, such as "and","but", "or". For example: John is reading a linguistic book, and Mary is preparing for her history exam. A complex sentence contains two, or more, clauses, one of which is incorporated into the other. The two clauses in a complex sentence do not have equal status, one is subordinate to the other. For example: Before John gave her a lecture, Mary showed no interest in linguistics.。

一门崭新的语言学科——网络语言学

一门崭新的语言学科——网络语言学
海中
【期刊名称】《科学》
【年(卷),期】2000(000)009
【摘要】世纪之交，人类社会已经进入一个以数字化、网络化为特征的信息化时代。

在这个时代，网络交流已日益成为现代人生活中的一部分。

随着网络交流的普及以及网络文化的勃兴，一门崭新的语言学科——网络语言学(Weblinguistics)就应运而生了。

【总页数】1页(P62)
【作者】海中
【作者单位】无
【正文语种】中文
【中图分类】H109.4
【相关文献】
1.浅析基于网络的语言学科平台在大学英语教学中的应用 [J], 郭磊;李云;宋迎
2.语言学科建设也要与时俱进——“语言学科建设高级专家座谈会”纪要 [J], 伯慧
3.基于网络自主学习平台的大学英语教师监控——以蓝鸽校园网语言学科平台为例[J], 程福干
4.一门新兴的语言学科——社会语言学 [J], 倪明亮
5.一门新兴的独立的语言学科——应用语言学 [J], 龚千炎
因版权原因，仅展示原文概要，查看原文内容请购买。

语言学层面的网络流行语解读

品南宋词人乱世心
李清照的《如梦令》中，“常记溪亭日暮，沉醉不知归路。”这是她对过去生活的怀念，对战争的无奈。她的词中充满了哀怨与渴望。她怀念过去的生活，但面对现实，她只能无奈地感叹。
品南宋词人乱世心
南宋词人，他们的词表达了他们的心声，他们的情感。他们的词中充满了对生活的热爱，对国家的忠诚，对未来的希望。他们的词是他们的情感的真实反映，是他们对生活的独特见解。他们的词是他们生活的写照，是他们心灵的印记。
内容摘要
此外，网络流行语的传播也受到地域和文化因素的影响，例如南方地区的流行语往往带有幽默和趣味性，而北方地区的流行语则更加注重实效性和功能性。
内容摘要
总之，传播语言学层面的网络流行语研究为我们理解互联网时代的语言发展趋势和社会文化现象提供了一个全新的视角。通过对网络流行语的构成要素、特点、传播机制以及语言学层面的研究方法等方面的探讨，我们可以更好地理解和分析当代社会的语言现象和文化内涵。未来，随着互联网技术和语言学的不断发展，我们相信这一领域的研究将会取得更加丰硕的成果。
结论
结论
社会语言学视域下网络流行语“emo”的使用与解读具有重要的研究价值。从社会文化因素、社交媒体的影响、语境的影响、心理认同和社会符号系统等方面进行探讨，可以更深入地理解“emo”作为一种网络流行语背后的社会文化内涵和语言学特征。随着网络流行语的不断发展，“emo”在未来可能会继续演变和流行，值得进一步和研究。
从社会语言学的角度看“emo”
4、心理认同：“emo”作为网络流行语，往往与年轻人追求个性和独特性的心理认同有关。通过使用“emo”，年轻人可以展示自己的独特性和个性化风格，寻求自我认同和社会认同。
从社会语言学的角度看“emo”

【全文】语言学概论-(完整版)-PPT

语言、说话、说出来的话是不同的事情：语言是说话和表达思想、交流思想的工具，而说话是运用语言进行思想交流的行为，说出来的话则是人们运用语言工具生产出来的"产品"。
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二、为什么说语言是人类社会最重要的交际工具？
语言之外,人类还运用其他的交际工具,如: 文字、旗语、灯语、数字、电码、手势、动作、表情等。但这些交际工具的作用远远不及语言。
3.作为思想的表现形式→与文学、文化学关系密切（英汉比较：称谓→年龄、血缘）
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六、语言学的功用
1.提高文化水平，掌握科学技术的基础：研究本族语的结构规律→指导语文教学实践
2.指导我们学习语言、运用语言和研究语言：方言、本族语和外语
3.有利于各项语文政策的制定和推行：扫除文盲、汉字改革、推广普通话、语言规范化
（1）社会语言学：结合社会学和语言学，把语言结构和运用的各方面与社会环境结合。
（2）心理语言学：重点观察语言与个人的关系，通过语言了解人的心理认知活动；研究人类大脑的语言机制，人类怎样运用语言；研究儿童语言习得、语言得接受和发生过程、语法的心理实现。
（3）神经语言学：研究语言和大脑结构的关系，通过神经控制系统研究言语的产生；中心问题是大脑如何生成语言。（4）统计语言学；数理语言学；实验语音学；计算语言学；语言病理学。
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三个主要的结构主义学派：
（1）布拉格学派（结构—功能学派）：1926年成立学会，强调语言是一个功能体系，认为句子能从语法角度分析，也能从功能角度分析，用主位和述位来分析句子。代表人物及著作：马泰修斯《捷克语与普通语言学》、雅科布逊《论俄语音
系的演变》《儿童语言，失语症与语音共性》。

网络语言学概论试题及答案

网络语言学概论试题及答案一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. 网络语言学是研究什么的学科？A. 网络技术的发展B. 网络环境下的语言使用C. 网络安全D. 网络文化答案：B2. 下列哪项不是网络语言学的研究内容？A. 网络新词的产生B. 网络语言的传播机制C. 网络语言的语法结构D. 网络硬件的维护答案：D3. “网络热词”通常指的是什么？A. 网络上流行的词汇B. 网络上的热门话题C. 网络上的热门游戏D. 网络上的热门电影答案：A4. 网络语言学中的“模因”（Meme）是指什么？A. 网络病毒B. 网络语言的传播单位C. 网络流行语D. 网络表情符号答案：B5. 网络语言的特点不包括以下哪项？A. 简洁性B. 创新性C. 规范性D. 多样性答案：C6. 在网络语言学中，“LOL”这个缩写通常表示什么？A. Laughing Out Loud（笑出声）B. Lots of Love（许多爱）C. Little Old Lady（老妇人）D. Listen Online Live（在线收听直播）答案：A7. 网络语言学研究的“网络语境”主要包括哪些方面？A. 文字信息B. 图片信息C. 视频信息D. 所有以上选项答案：D8. 下列哪项不是网络语言的发展趋势？A. 语言的简化B. 语言的规范化C. 语言的创新D. 语言的多样化答案：B9. “网络语言暴力”通常指的是什么？A. 网络上的语言攻击B. 网络上的语言游戏C. 网络上的语言教学D. 网络上的语言艺术答案：A10. 网络语言学的研究对于以下哪个领域最有价值？A. 语言学B. 信息学C. 心理学D. 社会学答案：A二、填空题（每题2分，共20分）11. 网络语言学中的“表情符号”通常指的是_________，它通过字符的组合来表达情感。

答案：Emoticons12. 网络语言学中的“网络实名制”是指在网络环境下，用户必须使用_________进行注册和交流。

2024版年度语言学概论(完整版)ppt课件

contents •语言学基本概念与原理•语音学与音系学•词汇学与语义学•句法学与语用学•历史比较语言学与类型学•心理语言学与神经语言学目录语言定义及功能语言定义语言功能语言在社会生活中具有信息传递、人际互动、文化传承、思维表达等多重功能。

语言学研究对象与方法研究对象研究方法语音词汇语法030201语音、词汇、语法三要素语言与社会文化关系语言与社会语言与文化语言接触与演变语音学基本概念及原理语音学定义研究人类语言声音的科学，包括语音的产生、传播、感知和变化等方面。

语音单位音素、音节、音步等，以及它们之间的关系和组合规律。

语音四要素音质、音高、音强和音长，它们在语音中的表现和作用。

音系学理论与方法音位理论音系学定义研究音位及其变体、音位组合和音位配列等，揭示语音系统的本质和规律。

语音实验方法发音器官与发音过程分析发音器官01发音过程02发音差异与语音变化03语音变化规律及方言差异语音变化规律研究语音在历史演变中的规律性和例外情况，如元音高化、辅音弱化等。

方言差异分析不同方言在语音上的差异，如声母、韵母和声调的不同表现。

语音对应与语音借贷探讨不同语言或方言间语音的对应关系，以及语音借贷现象和规律。

词汇的分类与内容根据词汇的语义特点和语法功能，可分为实词和虚词两大类。

实词包括名词、动词、形容词等，虚词包括介词、连词、助词等。

词汇的定义与特点词汇是语言的基本单位，具有音、形、义三要素，是语言交际的基础。

词汇的构成与变化词汇的构成方式包括派生、复合、转化等。

词汇的变化包括词义扩大、缩小、转移等。

词汇学基本概念及原理语义学理论与方法语义学的定义与研究对象语义学的基本理论语义分析的方法词汇构成与分类研究词义关系及变化规律词义关系类型包括同义关系、反义关系、上下义关系、整体与部分关系等。

同义关系是指两个或多个词具有相同或相近的意义；反义关系是指两个词具有相反的意义；上下义关系是指一个词的意义包含另一个词的意义；整体与部分关系是指一个词的意义是另一个词意义的组成部分。

(完整版)语言学纲要课后练习题与答案

课后习题以及答案导论一：填空。

1、语言学的三大发源地是（）、( ）和（）。

2、语言学是( ）世纪成为独立的学科的，其标志是（）。

3、现代语言学的标志性著作是瑞士语言学家（）的（）。

4、语言交际过程可分为（）———（）—----（）—-——（）————-( )五个阶段.5、印度最早的经典所使用的语言是（）。

6、（）、（ )、（）是中国“小学”的主要研究内容。

二：判断正误。

1、语文学主要是研究古代的口语和书面语。

2、语言有自身结构的独立性，与系统之外的社会环境没有关系。

3、理论语言学是研究语言一般规律的，不受具体语言研究影响。

4、语言形式和内容的关系是语言研究的根本问题。

三：思考题.1、语言与人类社会生活有哪些密切联系？2、语文学研究有哪些特征？3、语言学学科内部都有哪些研究分类？如何看待它们之间的答案一、填空1、古希腊、古印度、古代中国2、19、历史比较语言学的出现3、索绪尔、《普通语言学教程》4、编码、发送、传递、接收、解码5、梵语6、音韵学、文字学、训诂学二、判断正误1、×。

语文学主要是研究古代的书面语，因为语文学研究所关注的，首先是反映在古代书面文献中的古代思想观念、政治制度等的，其直接目的大多是解读古典文献，而不是自觉地探索语言自身的规律，对当时的口语研究不是很关注。

2、×.语言有自身结构的独立性,也与系统之外的社会环境密切联系.语言学除了关注语言本体的结构性质和发展规律，同时也要探究语言系统与人、与社会之间错综复杂的关系。

而且语言一直在随着社会的发展而变化,会受到社会环境的影响。

3、×.一般把研究某种具体语言的语言学称为汉语语言学或英语语言学等等，把侧重理论探讨的称为理论语言学。

理论语言学一般注重考察人类语言的共同规律和普遍特征，而不是学习研究某一门具体语言。

它所研究的是从具体的语言现象中总结、归纳出普遍的系统的理论和规律，并用这个理论指导各个具体语言的学习研究。

(完整版)语言学考试试题及其答案

一、填空１５%1、语言中最单纯、最常用、最原始和最能产的词是根词。

2、语言是人类最重要的交际工具，文字是最重要的辅助•••交际工具。

3、我国古代学者为读懂古书而建立的训诂学、文字学、音韵学组成了我国的语文学，通称为“小学”。

4、英语属于印欧语系的日耳曼语族的西部语支。

5、语音可以从生理角度分析它的产生方式，从物理•角度分析它的表现形式（传递过程），从社会功能角度分析它的功能作用。

6、是否能够独立（自由）运用，是区分词和语素的根本特点。

7、现代大多数国家的拼音文字的字母，大多直接来源于拉丁字母。

8、具有不同功能的三种最基本的语法单位是语素、词、句子。

9、语言发展的主要特点是渐变性和不平衡性。

10、我国宪法（１９８２年）第１９条明确规定“国家推广全国通用的普通话”。

二、单项选择题（本大题共26小题，每题1分）1、下列关于“语言”和“言语”的表述中，不正确的一项是【】A.语言是社会的，言语是个人的B.语言是主要的，言语是从属的C.语言是抽象的，言语是具体的D.语言是书面的，言语是口头的答案：D2、下列关于一般语汇总体特点的表述中，正确的一项是【】A.构词能力强B.使用范围窄C.产生历史长D. 大多很稳定答案：B 解析：根据词在语汇系统中的重要程度，可以分为基本语汇和非基本语汇（一般语汇）两大类。

ACD三项都属于基本语汇的特点。

3、区分“单纯词”和“合成词”所依据的是【】A.词的音节数量B.词的语素数量C.词的音形关系D.词的地位用途4、语法规则的“系统性”是指【】A.对语言的结构和成分进行类的概括B.相同规则可在一个结构里重复使用C.语法规则之间可以相互推导和解释D.语法规则的发展变化过程十分缓慢答案：C 解析：ABD三项分别对应的是语法规则的“抽象性”、“递归性”、“稳定性”。

5、语音的四个物理要素中，区别不同的意义起着最为重要的作用的是【】A、音高B、音强C、音长D、音色6、元音和辅音本质区别是【】A、元音的发音可以延长，辅音不可以B、元音发音响亮，辅音不响亮C、元音发音时气流不受阻，辅音一定受阻D、发元音时，发音器官的各个部分均衡紧张；辅音则不然7、[ε]的发音特征是【】A、舌面前高不圆唇B、舌面后高不圆唇C、舌面前半高不圆唇D、舌面前半低不圆唇8、下列关于语义民族性的表述中，正确的一项是【】A.词义上的民族特点并不明显B.词的多义化不受民族特点的制约C.不同的民族语言在词的理性意义上并无差异D.不同的民族语言在词的非理性意义上会有所不同答案：D解析：不同民族对客观事物的认识不同，因而语义的民族特点也不同，词的多义化也会受制约，非理性意义也会有所不同，比如汉语中“狗”字常含贬义，像“走狗”；可在英语里，“dog”常含褒义，像“a lucky dog”（幸运儿）。

网络语言

2018年9月，北京市多个区近期出台了各自的2018年政务公开工作要点，各区要求对政务“两微一端”加强管理，不得发布与政府职能没有直接关联的信息，善于使用网言网语。
名词诠释
网络语言网络语言有两种含义：一是指跟互联网及计算机技术与应用有关的术语和词汇；二是人们利用计算机互联网媒介进行交际与表达活动时所使用的语言。
开放的网络环境使新词汇迅速普及，几乎每一年都有相当多的网络流行词语出现，例如2013年流行新词就达 1350个之多。而“当代汉语中每年大概出现1000个左右的语文性新词语”。
网络语言追求简约、创新、生动和表达清晰，不会去迎合传统语言的规范，这就为它的任意发挥消除了障碍，构成的词组或句子也就充满了与传统语法相悖之处，如：“喜大普奔”——喜闻乐见、大快人心、普天同庆、奔走相告这四个成语的缩略用法，“人艰不拆”——人生已经如此艰难，就不要拆穿了吧等。这些网络“成语”都有一个共同的特点，就是把一个相对完整的长句子缩略为四个字，而这四个字在句中并非唯一的支撑点，构成的新词也不符合汉语词组的模式，当然，它的流行是否能决定其生命力的长久，仍需经过时间考验。除此之外，还有一种由文字拆分构成的新词，如走召弓虽（超强），这也是一种非标准的网络用词，相对于上述那种浓缩为四个字的句子来说，它的特征和意义都较为明显。
电脑及手机等网络聊天设备不具有面对面交流时的情感同步功能，仅凭字符表达网民的情绪，难以达到完美的效果，利用键盘上的特殊符号组合形成有趣的人物表情，则较好地弥补了这一缺憾，如：“(^_^) ”——微笑、 “(╯ ^╰) ”——愁眉苦脸、“: D”——张嘴大笑等。据调查，网络上比较流行的表情符号有近200个，都是网民模拟现实交流中的语境情态创造出来的，它形象、生动，对受者的视觉刺激强烈而有效，理所当然地受到众多网民的追捧。