化学专业英语化学专业英语课期末考试试卷含答案精编WORD版
(完整word版)有机化学专业英语
(完整word版)有机化学专业英语烷基Alkyl [ˈælkil ］芳基aryl ［ˈæril ］甲基methyl [ˈmeθil]亚甲基methylene [ˈmeθili：n ］乙基ethyl [ˈeθil，ˈeθəl]丙基propyl [ˈprəupil］异丙基isopropyl [ˌaisəuˈprəupil]丁基butyl ［ˈbju：til]戊基pentyl [ˈpentil]己基hexyl ［ˈheksil］庚基heptyl ［ˈheptil］辛基octyl [ˈɔktəl]壬基nonyl ［ˈnɔnil］奎基decyl ［’desəl］[di:’s i l]叔丁基tert-butyl异丁基iso-butyl环戊基cyclopentyl [］环己基cyclohexyl ［]甲氧基methoxyl ［’metɒksɪl］乙氧基ethoxyl ［eˈθɔksil］丁氧基butoxyl酰基 acyl ［ˈæsil］甲酰基formyl ［ˈfɔ：mil]乙酰基acetyl ［ˈæsitil]乙烯基vinyl [ˈvaɪnəl］或ethenyl丁烯基butenyl ［ˈbjutənil]己烯基hexenyl庚烯基heptenyl ［ˈheptəˌnil］烯丙基allyl ［ˈælil]乙炔基ethinyl [eˈθainil]或alkynyl硝基nitro [ˈnaitrəu]亚硝基nitroso [naiˈtrəusəu］氨基amino ［əˈmi：nəʊ，ˈæməˌnəʊ］ 二氨基diamino亚氨基imino [ˈiminəu,iˈmi：nəu］重氮基diazo ［daiˈæzəu］苯基phenyl ［ˈfenəl,ˈfi：nəl，ˈfi:nil］ 苄基benzyl ［ˈbenzil］或phenmethyl [ˌfinˈmeθil]苯乙基phenethyl ［fenˈeθəl］乙氧苯基ethoxyphenyl 苯胺基anilino [ˈænili：n]羰基carbonyl [ˈkɑ：bənil］羧基carboxyl [kɑ:ˈbɔksil］联苯基biphenyl [baiˈfenl]甲酰基formyl [ˈfɔ：mil]苯酰，苯甲酰benzoyl ［’benzəʊɪl］脒基guanyl ［il］羟基hydroxyl [haiˈdrɔksil]烷氧基alkoxy [ælˈkɔksi］或alkoxyl group芳基 aryl group二芳基diaryl group ［daiˈæril］吡啶基pyridyl [ˈpiridil］三苯甲基trityl[’traɪtl］二苯甲基benzhydryl [benaɪd’raɪl]氨基甲酰基carbamoyl［kɑ:'bæməɪl］三甲基硅基trimethylsilyl炔丙基propargyl ［prəʊ’pɑ：dʒɪl]丙酮基(乙酰甲基）acetonyl ['æsɪtənɪl]正n，normal异iso邻位ortho—［ˈɔ：θəu］间位meta- ［'mɛtə］对位para—[ˈpɑ:rə］伯Primary [’praimәri]仲Secondary [’sekәndәri]叔Tertiary ［'tә：ʃәri］ tert-季碳quaternary [kwəˈtə：nəri] carbon一，单mono-二di-,双bis ，bi（化学中只有碳酸氢根才用bi，如bicarbonate [baiˈkɑ：bənit]）三tri-，tris四tetra- 四quadric-五penta—五quinque—六hexa—七hepta—七septi八octa-九nona—十deca- ［’dɛkə］十一undeca ，hendeca-十二dodeca-十三trideca-十四tetradeca(完整word版)有机化学专业英语十五pentadeca-十六hexadeca—十七heptadeca-顺式，cis—同，共syn反式trans有机化合物类名Aliphatic compound 脂肪族化合物［]Hydrocarbon 碳氢化合物[ˌhaɪdr əˈkɑ:b ən ］Alkane 烷［］Wax 蜡［]Paraffin wax 石蜡arene 芳烃[]Alkene 烯［］Alkyne 炔［ˈælkain]Acetylide 炔化物[］Active hydrogen compounds 活泼氢化合物acid ［ˈæsid]Carbon acid 碳氢酸Super acid 超酸Diene 双烯[ˈdaii：n］Triene 三烯［ˈtraii:n ］Allene 丙二烯[ˈæli：n］Propylene丙烯［］cumulene 累积多烯[］Enyne 烯炔［eˈni：n]Diyne 二炔Alkyl halide 卤代烷［ˈælkil ˈhælaid］Alcohol 醇［]Homoallylic alcohol 高烯丙醇Ether 醚[ˈi:θə]Ester 酯[ˈestə］Ketone 酮Aldehyde 醛[ˈældihaid]Epoxide 环氧化物［eˈpɔksaid]Sulfone 砜［ˈs ʌlf əun］Sulfoxide 亚砜Sulfonic acid 磺酸Carboxylic acid 羧酸Cellosolve 溶纤剂Crown ether 冠醚Nitro compound 硝基化合物Amine 胺［］Quaternaryammonium compound 季铵化合物［］［］Amine oxide 氧化胺Diazoalkane 重氮烷[daɪ,æzəʊ’ælkeɪn］Mercaptan 硫醇[]Aldehyde hydrate 醛水合物Ketone hydrate 酮水合物Hemiacetal 半缩醛［ˌhemiˈæsitæl］Acetal 缩醛acetal ［化］乙缩醛, 乙缩醛二乙醇［ˈæsitæl] Ketal 缩酮［ˈki ：tæl]thiazole 噻唑［ˈθai əˌzəul]Dithiane 二噻烷[daiˈθai ən]Aminal 缩醛胺；动物imine 亚胺[]Aldimine 醛亚胺Oxime 肟[］nitroso compound 亚硝基化合物aldoxime 醛肟,乙醛肟［ælˈdɔksi:m］Hydrazone 腙［ˈhaidrəˌzəun]Azine 嗪[ˈæzi:n]Semicarbazone 缩氯基脲Cyanohydrin 羟腈, 氰醇［ˌsaiənəuˈhaidrin] Pinacol 频哪醇Enol 烯醇[ˈi:nɔl]Enol ether 烯醇醚Enol ester 烯醇酯［ˈi：nɔl］［ˈest ə] Enamine 烯胺［i ˈn æmin］Ynamine 炔胺Mannich base 曼尼希碱orthoester 原酸酯Acyl halide 酰卤[ˈæsil]Acyl fluoride 酰氟［] Acyl chloride 酰氯Acyl bromide 酰溴Acyl iodide 酰碘［ˈaiədaid］Carbobenzoxy chloride 苄氧甲酰氯Acyl tosylate 酰基对甲苯磺酸酐Ketene 乙烯酮［ˈki：ti:n］Peracid 过酸Perester 过酸酯Acyl peroxide 酰基过氧化物Nitrile 腈[ˈnaitrail](完整word版)有机化学专业英语acetonitrile 乙腈［ˌæsitəuˈnaitril］或met hyl cyanide [ˈsaɪəˌnaɪd]Nitrile oxide 氧化腈Isonitrile 异腈,异氰化物Amide 酰胺［ˈæmaid]Imide 二酰亚胺[ˈimaid]N—bromo compound N—溴化物Hydrazide 酰肼［］Azide 叠氮化物［ˈæzaid，ˈeizid]Acyl azide 酰基叠氮［ˈæsil］［ˈæzaid,ˈe izid]Amidine 脒[ˈæmiˌdi：n］Keto ester 酮酸酯Acyl cyanide 酰腈[ˈæsil］[ˈsaɪəˌnaɪd］Carbon suboxide 二氧化三碳Glycidic acid 环氧丙酸Carbammic acid 氨基甲酸Carbamate 氨基甲酸酯［ˈkɑ:bəmeit]Urea 脲，尿素［］Cyanamide 氨腈［saiˈænəmaid］Carbodiimide 碳二亚胺［,kɑ:bədai'imaid] Allophanate 脲基甲酸酯Thioester 硫代酸酯［ˌθaiəuˈestə］Thiol acid 硫羰酸[ˈθaiəu]Lactone 内酯[ˈlæktəun]Lactol 内半缩醛［ˈlæktəl]Macrolide 大环内酯［ˈmækrəlaid］Amino acid 氨基酸Zwitterion两性离子［ˈtsvitəraiən]Inner salt 内盐Betaine 甜菜碱[ˈbi:təi:n］Lactam 内酰胺[ˈlæktæm］Hydantoin 或glycolylurea 乙内酰脲［haiˈdæntəwin]Hydration水合，水合作用［haɪ'dreʃən] Peptide 肽[ˈpepˌtaɪd］Glycol 乙二醇[]Aldol 羟醛［ˈældəul]Acyloin 偶姻，酮醇［əˈsiləuin]acyloin condensation 酮醇缩合Carbohydrate 碳水化合物Aldose 醛糖[ˈældəus］Ketose 酮糖[ˈki：təus]Furanose 呋喃糖［ˈfjuərəˌnəus]Pyranose 吡喃糖［ˈpaiərənəus]Glycoside 糖苷[ˈɡlaikəˌsaid]Glucoside 葡[萄]糖苷Aglycon 苷元[əˈɡlaikɔn］Saccharide 糖类[ˈsækəraid］Oligosaccharide 寡糖[ˌɔliɡəuˈsækəraid] Polysaccharide 多糖[pɔliˈsækəraid］Alditol 糖醇[ˈælditɔl]Osazone 脎［ˈəusəˌzəun］Alicyclic compound 脂环化合物［æliˈsiklik］Cycloalkane 环烷Cycloalkene 环烯Spirane 螺烷[ˈspaiərein]Cage compound 笼型化合物Propellane 螺桨烷Rotazane 轮烷Catenane 索烃[ˈkætnein ］Fused ring 稠环［fju:zd riŋ]化学专业英语词汇常用前后缀—acetal 醛缩醇acetal—乙酰acid 酸-al 醛alcohol 醇-aldehyde 醛alkali- 碱allyl 丙烯基'alkoxy- 烷氧基Methoxy甲氧基的-amide 酰胺[］amino- 氨基的[əˈmi:nəʊ，ˈæməˌnəʊ］-amidine 脒［ˈæmiˌdi:n]—amine 胺—ane 烷anhydride 酐[ænˈhaidraid]anilino- 苯胺基［ˈænili：n］aquo—含水aqueous水的，水成的[ˈeikwiəs］-ase 酶—ate 含氧酸的盐、酯-atriyne 三炔azo- 偶氮[ˈæzəu]azoxy—氧化偶氮—N=N（O)—(完整word版)有机化学专业英语hydrazo—氢化偶氮 -NH-NH—benzene 苯［ˈbenˌzi：n, benˈzi:n] bi —在盐类前表示酸式盐bis- 双-borane 硼烷[ˈbəurein]bromo—溴butyl 丁基.—carbinol 甲醇carbonyl 羰基-caboxylic acid 羧酸centi- 10-2chloro—氯代cis—顺式condensed 缩合的、冷凝的cyclo- 环deca—十deci 10—1di二-dine 啶dodeca- 十二—ene 烯epi—表epoxy- 环氧［]-ester 酯—ether 醚ethoxy- 乙氧基［］ethyl 乙基fluoro—或fluor—氟代—form 仿—glycol 二醇hemi- 半hendeca—十一hepta- 七heptadeca- 十七hexa—六hexadeca—十六-hydrin 醇hydro—氢或水hydroxyl 羟基hypo—低级的，次-ic 酸的，高价金属-ide 无氧酸的盐，酰替胺,酐-il 偶酰—imine 亚胺/iodine 碘[] iodo—碘代iso—异,等,同-ite 亚酸盐keto—酮ketone 酮—lactone 内酯mega —106meta- 间，偏methoxy—甲氧基methyl 甲基micro—10-6milli- 10-3mono—( mon—) 一，单nano- 10-9nitro- 硝基nitroso—亚硝基nona- 九nonadeca—十九octa- 八octadeca —十八-oic 酸的-ol 醇9 a ＄f! Q, H: ［5 n& G—one 酮ortho—邻，正，原—ous 亚酸的，低价金属oxa- 氧杂—oxide 氧化合物-oxime 肟［]oxo- 酮[]oxy- 氧化［］-oyl 酰para—对位，仲penta- 五pentadeca- 十五per- 高，过petro- 石油phenol 苯酚［ˈfi：nəl］phenyl 苯基[］pico—10—12poly—聚,多(完整word版)有机化学专业英语quadri- 四quinque- 五semi- 半septi- 七sesqui 一个半sulfa—磺胺[]sym- 对称syn —顺式，同，共ter—三—tetra- 四tetradeca—十四tetrakis—四个thio- 硫代[］trans- 反式，超，跨tri- 三trans- 反式，超，跨tri- 三trideca- 十三tris- 三个undeca- 十一。
专业英语试题
衡阳师范学院化学与材料科学学院2015年下学期2011级高分子材料与工程和应用化学专业《专业英语》期末考试A 卷(开卷考试)一、选择一个最合适的答案填在下面表格中。
（共15小题，每小题3分，共45分）6.?The?octet?rule?simply?states?that?an?atom?tends?to?gain?or?lose?electrons?until?th ere?are??electrons?in?its?valent?shell.A.12?B.8??C.6??D.127.?When?water?combines?with?pure?CuSO4,?a?CuSO4 5H2O?forms.A.hydrogenate??B.hydrate??C.hydrocarbon??D.hydride?8.?InamoleculeofCH4,thehydrogenatomsarespatiallyorientedtowardthecentersofaregul ar.A.pyramidB.tetrahedronC.squareD.rectangle9.?Thesubstancesontheleftsideofachemicalequationareknownas.A.reactant(s)B.reactor(s)C.reductant(s)D.reaction(s)?10.?The?seawater?is?saline?solution.?To?desalinate?seawater?is?the?process?tosalt? component.A.?add??B.dilute?C.concentrate?D.remove11.?There?are(is)paired?electrons?in?hydrogen.A.1?B.2??C.3?D.4?12.?The?valent?electronic?configuration?for?fluorine?is.?A.1s2?B.2s2?C.2s22p5?D.2s22p4?13.?Whichofthefollowingbelongstothefamilyofnitrites?A.HNO3B.KNO2C.Mg3N2D.NH314.Whichofthefollowingreactionwilloccurwhenweblendanacidwithaalcohol?A.eliminationB.replacementC.esterificationD.neutralization15.?Which?of?the?following?belongs?to?transition?metal??A.?S?B.Na?C.He?D.V二、词汇题(将中文词组翻译成英文；对英文和缩写Array给出中文释义；共20分,每题2分)1.tetrahedron2.chiralmolecule5.benzyl6.过氧化物7.阴离子8.滴定(n.)9.滤液10.天平他科学家能够重复你的实验和证实你的实验结果。
化学化工专业英语(1)
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例如：
bio-
biochemistry; biotechnology; biocatalyst; biodegradable能生物降解的; bioengineering, etc.
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例句：
李商隐：“春蚕到死丝方尽” 科学翻译：Spring silkworm spins silk till
its death. 文学翻译：Spring silkworm till its death
spins silk from lovesick heart.
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科技英语泛指一切论及或谈及科学技术 的书面语及口语，其中包括：
科技著作、科技论文及报告、实验报告及方案；
各类科技情报及文字资料；
科技实用手册的结构描述和操作规程；
有关科技问题的会谈、会议；
有关科技的影片、录像及光盘等有声资料的解 说词等。
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科技英语要求其客观性、准确性及严密 性，注意叙事逻辑上的连贯及表达上的明晰、 畅达，避免行文晦涩。科技英语力求平易和 精确，避免使用旨在加强语言感染力和宣传 效果的各种修饰词，以免使读者产生行文浮 华，内容虚饰之感。
如： hexachlorocyclohexane 六氯环己烷
2.科技词汇来源于希腊语和拉丁语
据统计，1万个普通英语词汇中，约有46%源于 拉丁语，7.2%来源于希腊语，专业性越强，比率 就越高。
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3.广泛使用缩写词，并且缩写词的词义专 一，使用频率高。
《化学工程与工艺专业英语》整理完整版
Unit 1 Chemical Industry化学工业1．化学工业的起源尽管化学品的使用可以追溯到古代文明时代，我们所谓的现代化学工业的发展却是非常近代（才开始的）。
可以认为它起源于工业革命其间，大约在1800年，并发展成为为其它工业部门提供化学原料的产业。
比如制肥皂所用的碱，棉布生产所用的漂白粉，玻璃制造业所用的硅及Na2CO3. 我们会注意到所有这些都是无机物。
有机化学工业的开始是在十九世纪六十年代以William Henry Perkin 发现第一种合成染料—苯胺紫并加以开发利用为标志的。
20世纪初，德国花费大量资金用于实用化学方面的重点研究，到1914年，德国的化学工业在世界化学产品市场上占有75%的份额。
这要归因于新染料的发现以及硫酸的接触法生产和氨的哈伯生产工艺的发展。
而后者需要较大的技术突破使得化学反应第一次可以在非常高的压力条件下进行。
这方面所取得的成绩对德国很有帮助。
特别是由于1914年第一次世界大仗的爆发，对以氮为基础的化合物的需求飞速增长。
这种深刻的改变一直持续到战后（1918-1939）。
1940年以来，化学工业一直以引人注目的速度飞速发展。
尽管这种发展的速度近年来已大大减慢。
化学工业的发展由于1950年以来石油化学领域的研究和开发大部分在有机化学方面取得。
石油化工在60年代和70年代的迅猛发展主要是由于人们对于合成高聚物如聚乙烯、聚丙烯、尼龙、聚脂和环氧树脂的需求巨大增加。
今天的化学工业已经是制造业中有着许多分支的部门，并且在制造业中起着核心的作用。
它生产了数千种不同的化学产品，而人们通常只接触到终端产品或消费品。
这些产品被购买是因为他们具有某些性质适合（人们）的一些特别的用途，例如，用于盆的不粘涂层或一种杀虫剂。
这些化学产品归根到底是由于它们能产生的作用而被购买的。
2．化学工业的定义在本世纪初，要定义什么是化学工业是不太困难的，因为那时所生产的化学品是很有限的，而且是非常清楚的化学品，例如，烧碱，硫酸。
绍兴文理学院2021级大一化学专业英语上学期期末考试试卷附答案
2021级大一英语上学期期末考试试卷附答案Part II Reading Comprehension (30 %)Directions: There are four passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A), B), C) and D). You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center.Passage OneScience is not a set of unquestionable results but a way of understanding the world around us. Its real work is slow. The scientific method , as many of us learned in school, is a gradual process that begins with a purpose or problem or question to be answered. It includes a list of materials, a procedure to follow, a set of observations to make and, finally, conclusions to reach. In medicine, when a new drug is proposed that might cure or control a disease, it is first tested on a large random group of people, and their reactions are then compared with those of another random group not given the drug. All reactions in both groups are carefully recorded and compared, and the drug is evaluated. All of this takes time and patience.It’s the result of course, that makes the best news—not the years of quiet work that characterize the bulk of scientific inquiry. After anexperiment is concluded or an observation is made, the result continues to be examined critically. When it is submitted for publication, it goes to a group of the scientist’s colleagues, who review the work. Einstein was right when he said: “No amount of experimentation can ever prove me right, a single experiment can at any time prove me wrong.”In August 1996, NASA announced the discovery in Antarctica of a meteorite(流星) from Mars that might contain evidence of ancient life on another world. As President Clinton said that day, the possibility that life existed on Mars billions of years ago was potentially one of the great discoveries of our time.After the excitement wore down and initial papers were published, other researchers began looking at samples from the same meteorite. Some concluded that the “evidence of life”was mostly contamination from Antarctic ice or that there was nothing organic at all in the rock.Was this a failure of science, as some news reports trumpeted?No! It was a good example of the scientific method working the way it is supposed to. Scientists spend years on research, announce their findings, and these findings are examined by other scientists. That’s how we learn. Like climbing a mountain, we struggle up three feet and fall back two. It’s a process filled with disappointments and reverses, but somehow we keep moving ahead.21. The author’s main purpose in writing this passage is to state that ____________.A) most scientific discoveries are not reliableB) mass media is misleading because it looks at the research results onlyC) scientific research is a process filled with reverses and requires slow and patientworkD) repeated experiments are necessary before medicine can be used in patients22. Publication of a scientific finding signifies __________.A) a challenge to fellow scientists to prove it wrongB) the end of a processC) the beginning of a new scientific inquiryD) the soundness of the result23. Einstein’s words are used to show that he thought___________.A) experiments have proved him rightB) scientists do not need so many experimentsC) one experiment is not enough to prove him wrong.D) scientific ideas are never free from challenge24. NASA’s announcement of the discovery of evidence of ancient life on Mars shows _________.A) the way human beings learn about natureB) the failure of the scientific methodC) the fruitlessness of human search for life on another worldD) the excitement brought by scientific findings25. It can be inferred from the passage that the media is interested in __________.A) the process of scientific researchB) the results of scientific researchC) the scientists who do the researchD) the effects of scientific research on human lifePassage TwoNormally a student must attend a certain number of courses in order to graduate, and each course which he attends gives him a credit which he may count towards a degree. In many American universities the total work for a degree consists of thirty-six courses each lasting for one semester. A typical course consists of three classes per week for fifteen weeks; while attending a university a student will probably attend four or five courses during each semester. Normally a student would expect to take four years attending two semesters each year. It is possible to spread the period of work for the degree over a longer period. It is also possible for a student to move between one university and anotherduring his degree course, though this is not in fact done as a regular practice.For every course that he follows a student is given a grade, which is recorded, and the record is available for the student to show to prospective employers. All this imposes a constant pressure and strain of work, but in spite of this some students still find time for great activity in student affairs. Elections to positions in student organizations arouse much enthusiasm. The effective work of maintaining discipline is usually performed by students who advise the academic authorities. Any student who is thought to have broken the rules, for example, by cheating has to appear before a student court. With the enormous numbers of students, the operation of the system does involve a certain amount of activity. A student who has held one of these positions of authority is much respected and it will be of benefit to him later in his career.26. Normally a student would at least attend __________classes each week.A) 36B) 12C) 20D) 1527. According to the first paragraph an American student is allowed _______.A) to live in a different universityB) to take a particular course in a different universityC) to live at home and drive to classesD) to get two degrees from two different universities28. American university students are usually under pressure of work because_________.A) their academic performance will affect their future careersB) they are heavily involved in student affairsC) they have to observe university disciplineD) they want to run for positions of authority29.Some students are enthusiastic for positions in student organizations probably because_________.A) they hate the constant pressure and strain of their studyB) they will then be able to stay longer in the universityC) such positions help them get better jobsD) such positions are usually well paid30. The student organizations seem to be effective in _________.A) dealing with the academic affairs of the universityB) ensuring that the students observe university regulationsC) evaluating students’performance by bringing them before a courtD) keeping up the students’enthusiasm for social activitiesPassage ThreeDoreen Sykora is now a junior at Mcgill University. She had a difficult time when she first began college. She said, “I was always well prepared for my examinations. But I would go in to class to take the exam, and I would fall apart. I could not answer the questions correctly-----even though I knew the answers! I would just blank out because of nervousness and fear.”Hitoshi Sakamoto, an anthropology student at Temple University in Tokyo reports similar experiences.These two young students were experiencing something called test anxiety. Because a student worries and is stressed about a test, his or her mind does not work as well as it usually does. The student cannot write or think clearly because of the severe tension and nervousness.Now there are special university courses to help students. In these courses, advisors and psychologists try to help students by teaching them to manage test anxiety. Such a course helps students learn to live with stress and not fail because of it. First students take a practice test to measure their worry level. If the tests show that their stress level is high, the students can take a short course to manage the fear. These courses teach students how to relax their bodies. They get training to become calm in very tense situations. By controlling their nervousness, they can let their minds work more easily. Learned information then comes out without difficulty on a test.Doreen Sykora saw immediate results after taking such a course. She now has enthusiasm about the relaxation methods. “Mostly, what I do is imagine myself in a very calm place. Then I imagine myself picking up a pencil. I move slowly and carefully. I breathe easily and let all the tension out. With each breath, more worry leaves me. It really works too. My grades have improved greatly! I’m really doing well at McGill now. This relaxation method works not only on examinations, but it has improved the rest of my life as well.”For Hitoshi in Tokyo, the results were much the same. He is enjoying school a lot more and learning more.31. Doreen Sykora and Hitoshi Sakamoto were filled with nervousness and fear during examinations because they were__________.A) not ready and unaware of the answersB) physically so weak that they fell apartC) subject to test anxietyD) unable to write or think clearly32. The higher the students’worry level is, __________.A) the less calm and relaxing they areB) the more difficult they will be trained to manage fearC) the more stressed and tense they areD) the longer courses they will take to manage fear33. What’s the purpose of some special university student-help courses?A) To help students to reduce test anxiety.B) To show a stress level experienced by students.C) To learn more knowledge about test anxiety.D) To have a better understanding of test anxiety.34. What’s the meaning of “blank out”in paragraph one?A) To be like a blanket.B) To be sure of an answer.C) To be relaxed.D) To be unable to think clearly.35.Which of the following best sums up the organization of the passage?A) Examples----theories----ideas.B) Problem----strategy----examples----results.C) General statement----examples----result.D) Strategy----experiment----examples.Part III Vocabulary and Structure (15 %)Directions: There are 30 incomplete sentences in this part. For each sentence there are four choices marked A), B), C) and D). Choose the ONE that best completes the sentence. Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center.36. The president made a _______ speech at the opening ceremony of the sports meeting, which encouraged the sportsmen greatly.A) vigorousB) tediousC) flatD) harsh37. It is not easy to learn English well but if you _______, you will succeed in the end.A) hang upB) hang aboutC) hang onD) hang onto38. Remember that customers don’t _______ about prices in that city.A) debateB) bargainC) disputeD) consult39. The newcomers found it impossible to _______ themselves to the climate sufficiently to make permanent homes in the new country.A) suitB) adaptC) regulateD) coordinate40. A _______ to this problem is expected to be found before long.A) resultB) functionC) settlementD) solution41. You have nothing to _______ by refusing to listen to our advice.A) gainB) graspC) seizeD) earn42. One day I _______ a newspaper article about the retirement of an English professor at a nearby state college.A) came acrossB) came aboutC) came afterD) came at43. A peculiarly pointed chin is his memorable facial _______.A) markB) featureC) traceD) appearance44. I hope that you’ll be more careful in typing the letter. Don’t _______ anything.A) omitB) leakC) lackD) withdraw45. Our new house is very _______ for me as I can get to the office in five minutes.A) adaptableB) convenientC) availableD) comfortable46. Those gifts of rare books that were given to us were deeply_______.A) appreciatedB) approvedC) appealedD) applied47. The sale usually takes place outside the house, with the audience _______ on benches, chairs or boxes.A) having seatedB) seatingC) seatedD) having been seated48. He is _______ about his chances of winning a gold medal in the Olympics next year.A) optimisticB) optionalC) outstandingD) obvious49. The clothes a person wears may express his _______or social position.A) curiosityB) statusC) determinationD) significance50. I don’t know the word. I had to _______ a dictionary.A) throw upB) make outC) refer toD) take over51. Look at these beautiful Japanese stamps. Roger gave them to me in _____ for two sets of 1988 British special issue.A) exchangeC) shiftD) switch52. It is rather _____ that the research team as a whole still has little idea about the cause of that fatal disease.A) rewardingB) demandingC) embarrassingD) requiring53. The people of African interior began to _____ gold in exchange for the goods they needed from abroad.A) desireB) affordC) offerD) receive54. We should not blame her for what happened yesterday, because that was outside her _____of responsibility.A) fieldB) limitC) extentD) range55. The students put forward some suggestions _____ consideration.B) worthyC) worthD) worthy of56. The author of the report is well _____ with the problem in the hospital because he has been working there for many years.A) acquaintedB) informedC) enlightenedD) advised57. After years of hard work, he finally gained ______ to the university which he longed for many years.A) accessB) commitmentC) opportunityD) reward58. _____ you have passed the driving test successfully, you can drive on your own.A) By nowB) Now and againC) Now thenD) Now that59. Within first seven seconds of meeting, people will form their opinion about others through unspoken communication like _____, postures and attitudes.A) signsB) gesturesC) symptomsD) symbols60. It had never _____ to me that our football team won the game.A) struckB) occurredC) hitD) meant61. The students ______ in cleaning the classroom according to the arrangement.A) alternateB) adaptC) adoptD) admit62. Have you any ______plans about how to deal with these difficulties? We need to be practical-minded.A) abstractB) consistentC) concreteD) contrary63. The professor was afraid that unless the train speeded up he would miss his _______ to New York.A) junctionB) connectionC) seatD) carriage64. When writing about controversial topics, some authors try to be _______ without favoring either side.A) reflectiveB) persuasiveC) impressiveD) objective65. Many factors such as too much stress, bad living habits can lead to poor ______ and ill health.A) experienceB) appearanceC) performanceD) competencePart IV Cloze (10 %)Directions: There are 20 blanks in the following passage. For each blank there are four choices marked A), B), C) and D). You should choose the ONE answer that best fits into the passage. Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center.Language is a signaling system which operates with symbolic vocal sounds (语声), and which is used by a group of people for the purpose of communication.Let’s look at this 66______ in more detail, because it is language, more than anything else, 67_____ distinguishes man from the rest of the 68_____ world.Other animals, it is true, communicate with one another by 69_____ of cries: for example, many birds utter (发声) 70_____calls at the approach of danger; monkeys utter 71_____ cries, such as expressions of anger, fear and pleasure. 72_____ these various means of communication differ in important ways 73_____ human language. For instance, animals’cries do not 74_____ thought and feelings clearly. This means, basically, that they lack structure. They lack the kind of structure that 75_____ us to divide a human utterance (发声) into 76_____.We can change an utterance by 77_____ one word in it with 78_____: a good illustration of this is a soldier who can say, e.g., “tanks approaching from the north”, 79_____ who can change one word and say “aircraftapproaching from the north”or “tanks approaching from the west”; but a bird has a single alarm cry, 80_____ means “danger!”This is why the number of 81_____ that an animal can make is very limited: the great tit (山雀) is a case 82_____ point; it has about twenty different calls, 83_____ in human language the number of possible utterances is 84_____. It also explains why animal cries are very 85_____ in meaning.66. A) recognitionB) function67. A) itB) that68. A) nativeB) animal69. A) waysB) methods70. A) datingB) exciting71. A) identicalB) different72. A) ButB) Therefore73. A) fromB) about74. A) inferB) explain75. A) encouragesB) enforces76. A) soundsB) words77. A) spellingB) saying78. A) oursB) another79. A) soB) but80. A) thisB) that81. A) signsB) signals82. A) inB) at83. A) sinceB) while84. A) limitless85. A) ordinaryB) alikeC) classificationD) definitionC) asD) whatC) humanD) physicalC) meansD) approachesC) warningD) boringC) similarD) unfamiliarC) AfterwardsD) FurthermoreC) withD) inC) interpretD) express C) enablesC) voicesD) speechesC) replacingD) pronouncingC) theirsD) othersC) orD) andC) whichD) itC) gesturesD) marksC) ofD) forC) anyhowD) somehowC) changeableD) ceaselessC) commonD) generalPart V Writing (15%)Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic My View on Online Self-access Learning. You should write at least 120 words. And you should base your composition on the outline (given in Chinese) below:1. 一些人认为上机自主学习方式好;2. 也有一些人认为传统的授课方式好;3. 我的看法。
化学工程与工艺专业英语课后答案（1）
Key to Exercise Unit 1 Chemical Industries1.the Industrial Revolutionanic chemicals3.the contact process4.the Haber process5.synthetic polymers6.intermediates7.artificial fertilizers 8.pesticides9.synthetic fibers10.pharmaceutical11.research and development12.petrochemicalputers14.capital intensiveSome Chemicals Used In Our Daily LifeFood artificial fertilizers, pesticide, veterinary products Health antibiotics, β-blockersClothing synthetic fibers (e.g. polyesters, polyamides),synthetic dyesShelter synthetic polymers (e.g. urea-formaldehyde,polyurethanes),plasticsLeisure plastics and polymers (e.g. nylon)Transport additives (e.g. anti-oxidants, viscosity indeximpovements),polymers, plasticsUnit 2 Research and Development1.R&D2.ideas and knowledge3.process and products4.fundamental5.applied6.product development7.existing product8.pilot plant9. a emerging case10.environmental impact11.energy cost 12.technical support13.process improvement14.effluent treatment15.pharmaceutical16.sufficiently pure17.Reaction18.unreacted material19.by-products20.the product specification21.Product storageUnit 3 Typical Activities of Chemical Engineers1.Mechanical2.electrical3.civil4.scale-upmercial-size6.reactors7.distillation columns8.pumps9.control and instrumentation10.mathematics11.industry12.academia13.steam14.cooling water 15.an economical16.to improve17.P&I Drawings18.Equipment Specification Sheets19.Construction20.capacity and performance21.bottlenecks22.Technical Sales23.new or improved24.engineering methods25.configurationsUnit 4 Sources of Chemicals1.inorganic chemicals2.derive from3.petrochemical processes4.Metallic ores5.extraction process6.non-renewable resource7.renewable sources8.energy source9.fermentation process10.selective 11.raw material12.separation and purification13.food industry14.to be wetted15.Key to success16.Crushing and grinding17.Sieving18.Stirring and bubbling19.Surface active agents20.OverflowingUnit 5 Basic Chemicals1.Ethylene2.acetic acid3.Polymerization4.Polyvinyl acetate5.Emulsion paintHigh-volume sector Low-volume sectorProduction scale tens to hundreds of thousandstons per yeartens to a few thousands tonsper yearProducts / a plant single product multi-products Operation manner continuous batch Price or profit fairly cheap very profitable Usage intermediates end-productsChallengesreduced demand, environment pollutionProducts in the sectorsulphuric acid,phosphorus-containingcompounds,nitrogen-containingcompounds,chlor-alkali,petrochemicals,commodity polymersagrochemicals,dyestuffs,pharmaceuticals,speciality polymersUnit 6 Chlor-Alkali and Related Processes1.Ammonia2.ammonia absorber3.NaCl & NH4OH4.Carbon dioxide5.NH4Cl6.Rotary drier7.Light Na2CO38.WaterProduct Raw materialMajor steps orPrincipal reactionsUsesSoda-ashbrine,limestoneammoniating,carbonating,precipitating,filtering,drying,calciningraw material forglassmaking,sodium silicate;as an alkaliChlorine brine2Na+ + 2Cl - +2H2O →NaOH +Cl2 +H2as water purification, bleaching of wood pulp;production of vinyl chloride, solvents, inorganic chlorine-containing productsCaustic soda brine2Na+ + 2Cl - +2H2O →NaOH +Cl2 +H2for paper-making, manufacture of inorganicchemicals, syntheses of organicchemicals, production of aluminaand soapSulfuric acid elemental sulphurS +O2→ SO2SO2 + O2→ SO3SO3 + H2O → H2SO4feedstock for fertilizers;production of ethanol,hydrofluoric acid,aluminum sulphatesUnit 10 What Is Chemical EngineeringMicroscale (≤10-3m)●Atomic and molecular studies of catalysts●Chemical processing in the manufacture of integrated circuits●Studies of the dynamics of suspensions and microstructured fluidsMesoscale (10-3－102m)●Improving the rate and capacity of separations equipment●Design of injection molding equipment to produce car bumpers madefrom polymers●Designing feedback control systems for bioreactorsMacroscale (>10m)●Operability analysis and control system synthesis for an entire chemicalplant●Mathematical modeling of transport and chemical reactions ofcombustion-generated air pollutants●Manipulating a petroleum reservoir during enhanced oil recoverythrough remote sensing of process data, development and use of dynamicmodels of underground interactions, and selective injection of chemicalsto improve efficiency of recoveryCourse Course contentScience and Math.Chemistry, Physics, Biology, Material Science, Mathematics,Computer InstructionChemical EngineeringThermodynamics, Kinetics, Catalysis,Rector Design and Analysis, Unit Operations, Process Control, Chemical Engineering Laboratories, Design / EconomicsOther Engineering Electrical Engineering, Mechanics, Engineering DrawingHumanities and SocialScience Understand the origins of one’s own culture as well as that ofothersUnit 21 Chemical Industry and Environment1.Atmospheric chemistry2.stratospheric ozone depletion3.acid rain4.environmentally friendly products5.biodegradable6.harmful by-product7.efficiently8.power plant emissions9.different plastics10.recycled or disposed11.acidic waste solutions anic components13.membrane technology14.biotechnology15.microorganismsFrontier Research activities or problems facedIn-site processingField tests; Uncertainties of the process, Adverse environment impactsProcess solidsImprove solids fracture processes,Research on the mechanics of pneumatic and slurry transport, Understand the chemical reaction processes,Equipment design and scale-upSeparation processResearch on:membrane separations, chemical selective separation agents, shape-selective porous solids,traditional separation methodsMaterialsFind construction materials, Develop new process-related materials, Develop less energy intensive materialsDesign and scale-up Complexity, Lack of basic data,。
化学专业英语第五版
化学专业英语第五版英文回答：Introduction.Chemistry is the study of matter and its properties, as well as the changes that matter undergoes. It is a vast and complex field that encompasses many different branches, including inorganic chemistry, organic chemistry, physical chemistry, analytical chemistry, and biochemistry.Chemistry is essential to our understanding of theworld around us. It plays a role in everything from thefood we eat to the clothes we wear to the medicines we take. Chemistry is also used in a wide variety of industries, including manufacturing, agriculture, and energy production.Importance of Chemistry.Chemistry is important for a number of reasons. First,it helps us to understand the world around us. By studying chemistry, we can learn about the composition of matter, the properties of different elements and compounds, and the changes that matter undergoes. This knowledge can help us to make informed decisions about the products we use and the activities we engage in.Second, chemistry is essential for the development of new technologies. Many of the technologies that we rely on today, such as computers, cell phones, and medical devices, would not be possible without chemistry. Chemistry is also used to develop new materials, such as plastics, ceramics, and composites. These materials are used in a wide variety of applications, from construction to transportation to medicine.Third, chemistry is important for the environment. Chemistry can help us to understand the impact of human activities on the environment and develop ways to reduce our impact. Chemistry is also used to develop new technologies that can help us to clean up pollution and protect the environment.Challenges in Chemistry.Chemistry is a challenging field, but it is also a rewarding one. There are many challenges that chemists face, including:The complexity of matter. Matter is made up of atoms and molecules, which are themselves made up of even smaller particles. Understanding the structure and properties of matter is a complex task.The vastness of chemistry. Chemistry is a vast field that encompasses many different branches. It is impossible for any one person to know everything about chemistry.The rapid pace of change. Chemistry is a rapidly changing field. New discoveries are being made all the time. Chemists must be able to keep up with the latest advancesin order to stay current in their field.Despite the challenges, chemistry is a fascinating andrewarding field. It is a field that is constantly evolving, and there is always something new to learn.中文回答：导言。
化工化学类专业英语
Safety in the laboratoryEveryday, all over the world people work in laboratories are injured and expensive damages are caused by accidents that could have been avoided if the people would have followed safe working practices. This video wants to give advice on how to work safely in a laboratory environment, so that you can avoid unnecessary risks to yourself and others. The work area has to be kept neat and tidy. No eating or drinking is allowed in laboratories. No running, no bags are admitted on the laboratory floors or in corridors.ProtectionChemicals should always be treated with respect. Do your best to avoid unnecessary contact. Ta protect yourself from chemicals, protect clothing is required. Safety goggles and laboratory coat has to be worn at all time in a laboratory. Wear proper footwear. Shoes must have a solid sole and must close the entire foot. When working with hazards chemicals, in addition, gloves have to be worn. Malce sure that material of the gloves is suitable for the chemicals you are handling, as some chemicals can penetrate unsuitable glove materials easily.Chemical Hazards: Many chemicals have dangerous characteristics. They may be flammable, explosive, oxidizing, irritant, toxic, corrosive, damaging to the environment. In addition, they may be cancerogenic, mutagenic(诱导突变)，and teratogenic(产生畸形)‘Before you use chemicals, always inform yourself about possible dangers. Besides the name and the hazards symbol, you can find the information about the specific dangers of the chemicals, and also precautions on the labels of the bottle. Many labels contain besides the direct safety information, additional information izz risk phrases (R phrases), and safety phrases {S phrases). Books and information materials of the labor associations provide more detailed information about the specific hazards of chemical. Safety posters attached in the laboratory provide quick access to safety information and precaution measures of often used chemicals. Material safety data sheets are provided by the supplier of your chemicals and the detail information about the chemical and hazard properties of respective chemical also in English language. MSDS and safety guide lines are also available on CD-Rom and online on the Internet. It is important to label any glass or flask you fill, as many hazardous solutions Took just Iike water.Accidents: Most accidents occur because there is a breakdown in safe work procedures and administrated control. Glassware is sharp when broken. Chemicals can be corrosive or toxic, even a wet floor can cause an accident. Even small accidents can lead to a major disaster. It is therefore important to report all accidents immediately. Cleaning a minor accident immediately avoid any danger for a later accident.Working with chemicals: To make a laboratory a safe place, safe working practices have to be followed. When heating a liquid in a test-tube, always point the test-tube away from other people. Never fill a pipette with your mouth, use a pipette filler instead. Always fill a burette beloweye-level. If gases have to be smelled, wave them toward your nose. Gas cylinders have to be transported In proper trolleys. Make sure that the safety cap is always firnlly attached when you transport gas cylinders. If a cylinder is too heavy far you to be handled alone, get a 2nd person to assist you. In the laboratory, gas cylinders have to be secured against toggling with a chain. Heavy bottles that have to be handled with both hands may not be stored over head height. Large bottles should be carried in a carrier. If no carrier is available, a plastic baggage may do the job. Experiments that may produce hazardous gases have to be carried out in a fume cupboard. Make sure that hood is closed properly, and sure that the hood is functioning properly. Spills ofchemicals on the bench or the floor have to be cleaned down immediately to avoid accidental contact with a skin. Diluted acids can be further diluted with water. Concentrated acids must be neutralized with NaHC03 before disposing them down the sink. For concentrated bases, neutralize with diluted acid first. Every chemical experiment leaves laboratory waste. Some of these wastes are incompatible to each other, and may leave to vigorous reactions or development toxic fumes. Always inform yourself about the proper way of disposing your chemical wastes. Some waste cannot be disposed to the waste water system. Inform yourself what waste can be disposed down the sink and which ones cannot. Never dispose solvents down to the sink. To reduce the risk of incompatible reactions of waste and to allow easier to dispose waste, waste should be separated already in the laboratory.Fire Hazards: There are several possible sources for a laboratory fire. The most probable sources are flammable liquids. Flammable&highly flammable liquid can easily be ignited when there is a source of ignition like an open flame, or sparks, or heat sources, and even electrostafiic charges. Sparks may also occur when you plug in electrical devices or turn electrical devices on or ofF Highly volatile solvents evaporate quickly. If the vapors are exposed fio an ignition source, a fire will result, even this source is not near the solvent. So if you work with flammable solvent, make sure there is no source of ignition close by. To avoid the build-up of any flammable vapors, when working with highly flammable solvent, work in the fume cupboard. To heat a flammable liquid, use either a water bath, a steam bath, and oil bath or a heating mantle. In some cases, even very simple measures may be sufficient to avoid a big fre. Before working in a chemical laboratory, make sure you know the location of the nearest fire extinguisher, fire blanket, and emergency exit. Also a bucket of sand can efficiently extinguish a fire. If the fire is too large or beyond contral, ring the f re alarm to warn others. In the case of fire alarm, stop all of your ongoing work, turn off gas and electric devices. Follow the orders of safety personnel and loud speaker messages and leave the laboratory quickly and orderly through the nearest safety exit. In the case of fire alarm, never use electric elevators, use the stairway insfiead. After leaving the building, assemble afi your designated point and wait for further instructions. By this way, it can be verified that every person has left the building. Don't flee the area without authorization.Safety measures in the case of fire: Clearly mark the emergency exits. Emergency exits may never be locked. Ensure that emergency exists are always kept free from bags and stored equiprnenfi. Attach emergency plans at central locations in the laboratory. Practice correct evacuation procedures in fire growth.First aid: accidents involving injuries can happen in the laboratory at any time. A first aid box like this is useless. Appropriate first aid boxes contain bandage, sterile dressing in variaus sizes, antiseptic solution, disposable gloves, a pair of scissors and a record book. All accidents have to be recorded in the book. When a cut occurs, first rinse it with plenty of running water. Then clean with antiseptic solution, dry the wound and surrounding skin and cover it with a sterile dressing. If you get burned, rinse it immediately with plenty of water. You should rinse at least for IOmin. If the wound is deep or blistered, consult the doctor. If a liquid gets into your eyes, the eye should be washed immediately with clean running water for at least lOmin. Move the eyeballs so that all chemicals are washed out. The eyes should then be checked by a doctor. Note the nanr}e of the chemical and give it to the doctor. This information will help him to choose the correct treatment. Ifchemical spill over your cloth, remove the contaminated cloth immediately and use the nearestemergency shower, wash chemicals off carefully. To ensure that the water in emergency shower and the eye wash fountain is always clean, the shower and fountain have to be open at regular intervals to remove the old water from the system. Otherwise, bacterial may grow in the pipes and cause damage to the injuries. A chemical laboratory can be a dangerous place. It is in your hands to make it a safer working environment by following the rules and regulations on safe working practices.。
最新化学化工专业英语长句完整版答案
化学化工专业英语答案第九章长句练习课后习题答案•1、The two pairs of electrons of oxygen may be shared with, one carbon alone forming a double bond,or withtwo separate carbons, or with one carbon and onehydrogen forming only single bonds.–译文：氧上的两对电子可与一个碳共用而形成双键，也可与两个不直接相连的碳原子共用形成单键，也可与一个碳原子和氢原子分别形成单键。
（相当于三个并列句，顺译法）•2、[Although] organic chemistry is more than 150 years old, its progress is faster than ever,[ as the result of new theoretical concepts and experimental techniques from other areas of science.]•译文：尽管有机化学的历史已超过150年，但由于其它领域内不断涌现出新的理论与实验技术，有机化学的发展速度比以往任何时候都要快。
（倒译法，把as引导的状语从句提前）•3、The synthesis of organic compounds involves conversion of available substances of known structure, through a sequence of particular, controlled chemicalreactions, into other compounds bearing a desiredmolecular structure.–译文：有机化合物的合成是将已知结构的物质，通过特定的、可控制的化学反应，转化为含有目标分子结构的其它化合物。
化学专业英语化学专业英语课期末考试试卷含答案
化学专业英语试卷学号：姓名：成绩: 一：把下列单词或词组译成英文本题共 30 分,每小题 1 分1. NiClO42 nickel perchlorate3. FeCl2 iron2chloride5. AlNO33 aluminum nitrate7. MnO2 manganese dioxide9. N2O3 dinatrogen trioxide11. NaClO sodium hypochloride13. P2O5 diphosphorous pentaoxide15. KMnO4 patassium permangate17. 盐酸hydrochloric acid19. KCN patassium cyanide21. 5-甲基-4-丙基壬烷5-methyl-4-propylnonaane23. 四氯化碳carbon tetrachloride25. 中和neutralize27. 比热容specific heat capacity29. 酸酐anhytride 2. CuSO4 copper sulfate4. CoCO3 cobalt carbate6. CaC2H3O22 calcium acetate8. H2SO410. 六氰合铁Ⅱ酸钾12. Ag2SO3 sliver sulfite14. 草酸铅 lead cyanate16. ZnOH2 zinc hydroxide18. 磷酸根 phosphate20. 2,3-二甲基戊烷2,3-dimethylpentane22. 2,3,7-三甲基-5-乙基辛烷2,3,7-trimethyl-5-ethyloct ane24. 石蕊试纸litmus paper 26. 滴定titration28. 非电解质electrolyte 30. 配位化合物complex compound三. 把下列短文译成汉语本题共 40 分,每小题 10 分1. Without chemistry our lives would be unrecognisable, for chemistry is at work all around us. Think what life would be like without chemistry - there would be no plastics, no electricity and no protective paints for our homes. There would be no synthetic fibres to clothe us and no fertilisers to help us produce enough food. We wouldn’t be able to travel because there would be no metal, rubber or fuel for cars, ships and aeroplane. Our lives would be changed considerably without telephones, radio, television or computers, all of which depend on chemistry for the manufacture of their parts. Life expectancy would be much lower, too, as there would be no drugs to fight disease.没有化学反应我们的生活将会大变样,化学就在我们周围;没有化学生活会是什么样子——没有塑料,,家里没有电,也没有防护漆;不会给我们合成纤维,没有化肥帮助我们生产足够的食物;我们不能旅行,因为不会有金属、橡胶或燃料汽车、船只和飞机;我们的生活将会大大改变了没有电话、收音机、电视或电脑,所有这些依赖化学生产的部分;没有药物来抵抗疾病,预期寿命将低得多;2． The first and second laws of thermodynamics and the meaning of entropy will be discussed. and expanded upon in this lesson. It will be shown that energy transformations on a macroscopic scale — that is, between large aggregates of atoms and/or molecules —can be understood in terms of a set of logical principles. Thus thermodynamics provides a model of the behavior of matter in bulk. The power of such a model is that it does not depend on atomic or molecular structure. Furthermore, conclusions about a given process .based on this model, do not require details of how the process is carried out.探讨热力学第一和第二定律和熵的意义.和扩展在这个知识;也就是说它将表明能源在宏观上的转换,根据一组逻辑原则可以理解能量在大量的原子或分子内的转换;因此热力学定理提供了一个物质体积变化的模型;这样一个模型的能力在于它不依赖于原子或分子结构;此外,给定进程的结论依托于这种模式,不需要的详细说明过程是如何进行的3．Preparation of Cuen2cdaH2O: H2cda 4-羟基-2,6 吡啶二酸 g, mmol was dissolvedin water 10 mL and the pH value of the solution was adjusted to 7~8 with aqueous NaOH solution molL-1, then adding it dropwise to a methanol solution 10mL ofCuClO42·6H2O , and ethylenediamine mmol under stirring at room temperature.After the resulting small quantity of precipitates was filtered off, dark blue crystals suitable for X-ray structure analysis were obtained by slow evaporation of the filtrate at room temperature.制备CUen2cdaH2O:使克,的4 -羟基2、6吡啶二酸溶解在10ml水中加入氢氧化钠水溶液调整到pH值7 ~ 8,然后将它一滴一滴地添加到CuClO42·6H2O,的乙醇溶液和乙二胺,在室温下搅拌;在室温下,缓慢蒸发滤液,得到深蓝色晶体,用x射线分析它的结构4. Measure 50 ml of vinegar with a pipette and pour into a 250-ml beaker. Add 2 drops of phenolphthalein indicator. Fill a burette with a 1 N solution of sodium hydroxide NaOH and draw out the excess as described above. From the burette add NaOH to the beaker of vinegar until 1 drop of NaOH produces a pale pink color in the solution. Maintain constant stirring. The appearance of pink tells you that the acid has been neutralized by the base and there is now 1 drop of excess base which has turned the indicator. Read the burette and record this reading as the volume of base used to neutralize the acid. One molecule of NaOH neutralizes one molecule of acetic acid, or one gram-molecular weight of NaOH neutralizes one gram-molecular weight of acetic acid. Calculate the amount of acetic acid present in the vinegar. Report this amount as the percentage of acetic acid. 用移液管吸取50ml醋加入到250毫升烧杯,加2滴酚酞指示剂;在滴定管中加入1M的氢氧化钠溶液,去除刻度线以上的溶液,将氢氧化钠溶液加入到醋中,并不断震荡,至到加入一滴氢氧化钠溶液变成粉红色;出现粉红色的颜色,表示酸中和了碱,而且多余的一滴碱使指示剂变色;阅读并纪律中和酸消耗碱的体积;一个分子的氢氧化钠中和一个分子的醋酸,或一个分子重量的氢氧化钠中和一个分子重量的醋酸反应;计算醋酸在醋的量;报告醋酸的百分比;。
化学专业英语
化学专业英语**Title: Introduction to Key Concepts in Chemistry**Chemistry, often referred to as the central science, is a multifaceted field that delves into the composition, structure, properties, and changes of matter. Understanding its key concepts is fundamental for students and professionals alike. This document aims to provide a comprehensive overview of essential terminology andprinciples in chemistry.**1. Matter and Its Properties**Matter, anything that occupies space and has mass, exists in various states—solid, liquid, gas, and plasma. Each state exhibits unique properties such as density, volume, and compressibility. Additionally, matter undergoes physical and chemical changes, altering its composition or structure.**2. Atoms and Elements**Atoms, the building blocks of matter, consist of a nucleus containing protons and neutrons, surrounded by electrons. Elements, substances composed of a single type of atom, are organized in the periodic table based on atomic number and chemical properties. Understanding atomicstructure is crucial for comprehending chemical bonding and reactions.**3. Chemical Bonds and Molecular Structure**Chemical bonds, forces that hold atoms together in compounds, include covalent, ionic, and metallic bonds. Covalent bonds involve the sharing of electrons, while ionicbonds result from the transfer of electrons between atoms. Molecular structure refers to the arrangement of atoms in a molecule, influencing its properties and behavior.**4. Chemical Reactions and Stoichiometry**Chemical reactions involve the rearrangement of atoms to form new substances with different properties. Reactants undergo transformation into products, following principles of conservation of mass and energy. Stoichiometry quantitatively describes the relationships between reactants and products in a chemical reaction, crucial for determining reaction yields and compositions.**5. Acids, Bases, and pH**Acids are substances that donate protons (H⁺ ions) in aqueous solutions, while bases accept protons or donate hydroxide ions (OH⁻). The pH scale measures the acidity or alkalinity of a solution, ranging from 0 to 14, with 7 considered neutral. Understanding acid-base properties is essential in various chemical processes, from industrial applications to biological systems.**6. Thermodynamics and Kinetics**Thermodynamics explores the energy changes accompanying chemical reactions and phase transitions. Concepts such as enthalpy, entropy, and Gibbs free energy govern reaction spontaneity and equilibrium. Kinetics, on the other hand, studies the rates of chemical reactions and factors influencing reaction rates, crucial for optimizing reaction conditions.**7. Organic Chemistry and Functional Groups**Organic chemistry focuses on the study of carbon-containing compounds, including hydrocarbons, alcohols, acids, and carbohydrates. Functional groups, specific arrangementsof atoms within molecules, impart characteristic properties and chemical reactivity to organic compounds. Understanding organic chemistry is vital for fields such as pharmaceuticals, materials science, and biochemistry.**8. Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy**Analytical chemistry involves the identification and quantification of chemical substances in various samples. Spectroscopic techniques, including UV-Vis, IR, NMR, and mass spectrometry, provide valuable information about molecular structures and compositions. Analytical methods play crucial roles in fields such as environmental monitoring, forensic analysis, and quality control.**Conclusion**Chemistry encompasses a vast array of concepts and principles essential for understanding the natural world and advancing technology. From the microscopic realm of atoms to the macroscopic world of materials and reactions, chemistry provides insights into the fundamental processes shaping our universe. By mastering its key concepts, individuals can unravel the mysteries of matter and contribute to scientific innovation and discovery.。
山东省聊城市阳谷县重点名校2024-2025学年全国卷Ⅰ英语试题中考模拟题解析(精编版)含答案
山东省聊城市阳谷县重点名校2024-2025学年全国卷Ⅰ英语试题中考模拟题解析（精编版）注意事项1．考生要认真填写考场号和座位序号。
2．试题所有答案必须填涂或书写在答题卡上，在试卷上作答无效。
第一部分必须用2B 铅笔作答；第二部分必须用黑色字迹的签字笔作答。
3．考试结束后，考生须将试卷和答题卡放在桌面上，待监考员收回。
Ⅰ. 单项选择1、---Shall I l show you______________?---No, thanks. I think I can find it.A．what does it mean B．how can you get thereC．where the hotel is D．whether the shop has a sale2、—Jim, I passed the English exam.—Did you? ________________.A．Good idea B．Congratulations C．Best wishes D．With pleasure3、--Dad, I had a quarrel with my deskmate yesterday. Could you tell me_________ to ask for forgiveness from him?--Of course. You can say sorry to him first.A．what I should do B．how can I speakC．where I can find himD．when I could come back4、The woman lost her bag. _____, there was ____ in it.A．Lucky; nothing important B．Unluckily; important nothingC．Luckily; anything important D．Luckily; nothing important5、—I really want to watch Avengers Endgame（《复仇者联盟4》）. Could you tell me____?—Sure. It'll be on show at the Capital Cinema.A．when will it be on show B．when it will be on showC．where will it be on show D．where it will be on show6、“One Belt, One Road” (一带一路) will serve to __ markets for China as well as other countries.A．put up B．open up C．take up D．look up7、—Here are the jobs for you, young man.—Thank you. Could I choose ?A．what I like to do most B．what I liked to do mostC．what do I like to do most D．what did I like to do most8、Every night at 7.00, the garbage man appears on the streets to_______ the garbage that people take out of their houses.A．pick B．hide C．drop D．collect9、---Excuse me, would you mind helping me with the math problem?---I’m sorry. _______, I’m in a hurry.A．In general B．In fact C．In all D．In detail10、-- Do you love the poems by Li Qingzhao?-- Yes, a little. But I prefer those by Du Fu because can cheer me up.A．it B．he C．she D．theyⅡ. 完形填空11、Some students cheat because they’re busy or lazy and they want to get good grades without 1 the time studying. Other students might feel that they can’t 2 the test without cheating. Even when there seems to be a “good reason” for cheating,it isn’t a good idea..A student who thinks cheating is the only way to pass a test 3 to talk with the teacher and his or her parents so they can find some better ways together.Talking about these problems and 4 them out will help feel better than cheating.If a student gets caught cheating, the teacher may give a “zero” on the test, send him or her to the head teacher’s 5 , and call his or her parents. Worse than the 6 grade may be the feeling of having disappointed those people,like parents and teachers. A parent may worry that you are not an 7 person and a teacher might watch you more closely the next time you’re taking a test.There are plenty of reasons why a kid shouldn’t cheat, but some students have already cheated. If that’s you, it’s8 too late to stop cheating. Cheating can become a 9 , but a student is always able to act better and make better 10 . It might help to talk the problem over with a parent, teacher, or friend.1．A．taking B．spending C．costing D．using2．A．write B．exercise C．pass D．expect3．A．decides B．hopes C．refuses D．needs4．A．breaking B．dreaming C．missing D．working5．A．office B．school C．seat D．conversation6．A．natural B．dangerous C．anxious D．bad7．A．outside B．boring C．interesting D．honest8．A．always B．never C．once D．neither9．A．menu B．medicine C．habit D．match10．A．education B．decisions C．challenges D．risksⅢ. 语法填空12、I knew we neede d to find that shoe, for our mother couldn’t afford new shoes. I had to go back to find it, so I told my sister to wait right1．.A man heard it and stopped me just2．I walked off. He asked me, “You are leaving your sister here to find the shoe? Whatwould y ou do if she is not here when you return?” I didn’t know how to answer that question. He3．, “It’s OK if you can’t find the shoe, but it is not OK to lose your sister.” Then he sent us to mum’s workplace by taxi.During my whole life I have depended on the kindness of many strangers, I feel sorry that I can’t find them and say ‘thank you’.I do not even remember what their faces4．, but they taught me a lesson --- people are more important than things.Ⅳ. 阅读理解A13、People often think of the North Pole and the South Pole as similar frozen wastelands. They are both places with very cold temperatures and few people live there. However, the North and South Poles are not much alike as people may imagine.The North Pole has no land, only thick ice. Temperatures seldom go above 32 F, at which water turns into ice. Most of the time, it stays below zero. In winter temperatures are usually as low as -30 F.Although conditions were very poor, people tried for many centuries to reach the North Pole. About 100 years ago, two men, Robert Peary and Mathew Henson, were able to get to this environment full of troubles and difficulties. They reached the North Pole on March 8th, 1909. It was really a hard trip for them.There are few things more dangerous than crossing the Arctic(北极圈)on foot. People who stayed there may face many problems: very cold temperatures, sudden storms, and even hunger. Most of the area is uninhabited(无人居住的). Few people can live in such a difficult place.People might think that with such low temperatures for most of the year, the ice would be thick and hard. However, this is not true in the Arctic. The movement of the ocean water under the ice may often cause many different changes on the surface. Sometimes the ice breaks into two opening lanes of water(水道)called "leads". Anyone who falls into a lead can be frozen to death in a few minutes.1．This passage is probably from .A．a book review B．a science bookC．a school report D．a computer magazine2．According to the passage what happened about 100 years ago?A．The North Pole changed into thick ice because of the temperatures.B．Temperatures in the North Pole went above 32 F.C．The environment in the North Pole suddenly became worse.D．Two men succeeded in getting to the North Pole.3．What does this passage mainly talk about?A．The thick ice in the North Pole.B．A difficult trip to the North Pole.C．The real situation in the North Pole.D．The differences between the North Pole and the South Pole.B14、Anyone who has had a long-term illness knows that recovering at home can be lonely. This is can be especially true of children. They may feel isolated（孤立的）from their friends and classmates. Now, a small robot may help children who are recovering from a long-term illness in the hospital or at home. The robot takes their place at school. Through the robot, the children can hear their teachers and friends. They can also take part in classroom activities from wherever they are recovering –whether at home or from a hospital bed.The robot is called A V1.It is c reated by a company called “No Isolation”. A V1 goes to school for a child who is at home while recovering from a long-term illness. And the child’s school friends must help. They carry the robot between classes and place the robot on the child’s desk.Dolva, one co-funder （创始人）of No Isolation.explains how the robot A V1 works. She says, “the robot sits at the child's desk in the classroom and the child at home uses a tablet（平板电脑）or a phone to start it, control its movement with touch, and talk through it. S o the robot becomes the eyes, the ears and the voice of the child at school.” The robot is equipped with speakers, microphones and cameras that make communicating easy. Moreover，The A VI was designed to be tough. It iswater-resistant(防水) and can take a fall from a desk without damage. Inside A V1 is a small computer connected to a 4G network. A V1 is large and looks like a human for a reason. Dolva thinks this is important because the robot is expected to be a friend to the children.The robot just became available to the public. Hopefully A V1 will help some children feel less lonely while they are absent from class.1．Where can we most probably read this passage?A．In a health report B．In a science magazineC．In a travel guide D．In a science fiction2．What can children do with the help of the robot?A．They can recover from a long-term illness very soonB．They can see their teachers and friends at any timeC．They can do classroom activities at home or at a hospital bedD．They can ask the robot to do homework for them3．What does “it” in “the robot sits at... a phone to start it”mean?A．the teacher B．the tablet C．the robot D．the phone4．A V1 has all the features (特点) except _________.A．It has speakers, microphones and camerasB．It has the same eyes, ears and voice as childrenC．It is large and looks like humanD．It has a computer connected to 4G network5．Which one is the best title for this passage?.A．Robot helps sick children feel less lonelyB．Recovering from a long-term illnessC．A V1, a great robotD．Robot helps students at schoolC15、根据材料内容选择最佳答案，将其标号填入题前括号内。
(完整版)化学专业英语
(完整版)化学专业英语一、基础词汇篇1. 原子与分子Atom（原子）：物质的基本单位，由质子、中子和电子组成。
2. 化学反应Reactant（反应物）：参与化学反应的物质。
Product（物）：化学反应后的物质。
Catalyst（催化剂）：能改变化学反应速率而本身不发生永久变化的物质。
3. 物质状态Solid（固体）：具有一定形状和体积的物质。
Liquid（液体）：具有一定体积，无固定形状的物质。
Gas（气体）：无固定形状和体积的物质。
4. 酸碱盐Acid（酸）：在水溶液中能电离出氢离子的物质。
Base（碱）：在水溶液中能电离出氢氧根离子的物质。
Salt（盐）：由酸的阴离子和碱的阳离子组成的化合物。
5. 溶液与浓度Solution（溶液）：由溶剂和溶质组成的均匀混合物。
Solvent（溶剂）：能溶解其他物质的物质。
Solute（溶质）：被溶解的物质。
Concentration（浓度）：溶液中溶质含量的度量。
二、专业术语篇1. 有机化学Organic Chemistry（有机化学）：研究碳化合物及其衍生物的化学分支。
Functional Group（官能团）：决定有机化合物化学性质的原子或原子团。
Polymer（聚合物）：由许多重复单元组成的大分子化合物。
2. 无机化学Inorganic Chemistry（无机化学）：研究不含碳的化合物及其性质的化学分支。
Crystal（晶体）：具有规则排列的原子、离子或分子的固体。
OxidationReduction Reaction（氧化还原反应）：涉及电子转移的化学反应。
3. 物理化学Physical Chemistry（物理化学）：研究化学现象与物理现象之间关系的化学分支。
Chemical Bond（化学键）：原子间相互作用力，使原子结合成分子。
Thermodynamics（热力学）：研究能量转换和物质性质的科学。
4. 分析化学Analytical Chemistry（分析化学）：研究物质的组成、结构和性质的科学。
化学专业英语试卷B
2012—2013学年度第一学期 应用化学专业《专业英语》课程试卷（B ） 注意事项：1. 考生务必将自己姓名、学号、专业名称写在指定位置； 2. 密封线和装订线内不准答题。
一、词汇填空 （写出下列每个词汇对应的英汉单词）（共20小题，每空1分，共20分） 1. 原子 （ ） 2. 镍 （ ） 3. 氦 （ ） 4. 元素 （ ） 5. 阴离子 （ ）6. 钴 （ ）7. 丙酮 （ ）8. 碘 （ ）9. 乙醚 （ ） 10. 钾 （ ） 11. 甲烷 （ ） 12. 乙醇 （ ） 13. chlorine ( ） 14. nickel （ ） 15. phosphorus （ ） 16. potassium （ ） 17. arsenic （ ） 18. sulfur （ ）19. butane （ ）20. aluminum （ ）二、给下列无极化合物的英语名称（共10小题, 每小题2分，共20分） 1.HCl 2.HBr 3.CuSO 4 4.H 2SO 4 5.NaCl 6.Na 2S 7.KF 8.Al 2O 3 9.KMnO 4 10. FeCl 3二、给下列有机化合物的英语名称（共5小题, 每小题4分，共20分） 1. CH 3CH(CH 3)CH 2CH(CH 2CH 3)CH 2CH 32. (CH 3)2C ＝CHCH 33. CH 2(OH)CH 2CH(CH 2OH)CH 2OH4. 3，4-二甲基苯酚5.甲乙醚三、英译汉（共10小题, 每小题4分，共40分）1.The study of the properties of substances constitutes an important part of chemistry,because their properties determine the uses to which they can be put.2.The cleavage of the different crystals of salt is the same; when crushed, the crystalsalways break along planes parallel to the original faces, producing smaller crystals similar to the larger ones.3.It is customary to say that under the same external conditions all specimens of aparticular substance have the same physical properties (density, hardness, color, melting point, crystalline form, etc).4.Sodium chloride has the properties of changing into a soft metal, sodium, and agreenish-yellow gas, chlorine, when it is decomposed by passage of an electric current through it.5.When biscuits are made with use of sour milk and baking soda there is a chemicalreaction between the baking soda and a substance in the sour milk, lactic acid, to produce the gas carbon dioxide, which leavens the dough by forming small bubblesin it.6.When an acid, base, or salt is dissolved in water the resulting solution is a conductorof the electric current and is termed an electrolyte. If no conduction of current occurs, the compound is known as a nonelectrolyte.7.Green chemistry is the chemistry that aims to reduce the amount of hazardoussubstance coming out in the process of producing chemical materials and to reduce the amount of resource and energy consumed in that process.8.Nonbenzenoid compounds containing rings of carbon atoms are called alicyclic.These are carbocyclic compounds which resemble aliphatic compounds in many ways.9.The second group is composed of compounds derived from or related to benzene,C6H6. Because the first known derivatives of benzene were natural products extracted from balsams and impressed the discoverers because of their fragrant aromas, the group as a whole came to be known as aromatic compounds.10.Heterocyclic compounds are cyclic compounds with the ring containing carbon andother elements, the commonest being oxygen, nitrogen and sulfur. There are a number of heterocyclic rings which are easily opened and do not posses any aromatic properties, e. g. , ethylene oxide, γ- and δ-lactones.。
化学专业英语常用词汇定稿版
化学专业英语常用词汇精编W O R D版IBM system office room 【A0816H-A0912AAAHH-GX8Q8-GNTHHJ8】《专业英语》☆Elements of 1-36☆常用： ppm: parts per million ppb: parts per billionpH: potential of hydrogen1. 化合物的命名：规则：金属(或某些非金属)元素+阴离子名称 (1)MgCl2 magnesium [m?ɡ’ni:zjm] chloride (2)NaNO2 sodium nitrite [‘naitrait] (3)KNO3 potassium[p’t?sim] nitrate [‘naitreit](4)硝酸 nitric acid (5)NaHCO3 sodium hydrogen carbonate练习：FeBr2 (NH4)2SO4 NH4H2PO4Hydrogen [‘haidr?dn] n.氢 Helium [‘hi:lj?m] n.〈化〉氦 Lithium [‘liθi?m] n.锂Beryllium [b’riljm] n.铍(Be)Boron [‘b:rn] n. 硼 Carbon [‘kɑ:b?n] n. 碳 Diamonds are pure carbon.钻石是纯净的碳。
Nitrogen 氮Scandium [‘kndim]钪(Sc)Titanium [tai’teini?m]钛Vanadium [v’neidim]钒,Chromium [‘krumjm]铬Manganese [‘m?ɡni:z]锰 Iron [‘ai?n]铁 Cobalt [k’b:lt, ’k?ub:lt] 钴(Co) Nickel [‘nik?l] 镍KMnO4亚硫酸sulfurous acidH2SNO2 有机物命名Hydrocarbon{Aliphatic hydrocarbon; Aromatic Hydrocarbon}Aliphatic hydrocarbon (脂肪烃){Alkane (烷); Alkene(烯); Alkyne(炔)}Alcohol 醇Aldehyde 醛Ketone [‘ki:tun] 酮Carboxylic acid 羧酸Aromatic hydrocarbon(芳香烃){benzene (苯) hydroxybenzene(酚) quinone(醌)无机物中关于数字的写法mono-, di-, tri-, tetra-, penta- hexa-, hepta-, octa-, nona-, deca-一，二，三，四，五，六，七，八，九，十有机物中关于数字的写法meth-, eth-, prop-, but-, pent-, hex-,甲乙丙丁戊已hept-, oct-, non-, dec-, cyclo-, poly-庚辛壬葵环聚练习甲烷乙炔丙酮丁醇戊烷己烯庚醛辛烷2-甲基壬酸 3,5-二乙基癸醇Lesson 1Lithium [‘liθim] n.锂Beryllium [b’riljm] n.铍(Be)Sodium [‘sudim] n.钠Potassium [p’tsim] 钾Rubidium [ru:’bidim] 铷Caesium [‘si:zim] 铯Nucleus[‘nju:klis] 原子核，是nuclear的复数Halogen[‘hldn] 卤素general chemistry 普通化学positive[‘pztiv] ion 阳离子orbital electron 轨道电子effective nuclear charge 有效核电荷atomic radius 原子半径，raddi的复数ionic radius 离子半径negative ion 阴离子electron cloud 电子云Van der Waals non-bounded radius单质分子晶体中相邻分子间两个非键合原子核间距离的一半称为范德华半径metallic [mi’tlik] character[‘krikt] 金属特性electropositive [I’lektru’pztiv] a.带正电的Ionization [‘ainai’zein] energy 电离能carbon 碳 germanium[d:’meinim] 锗tin [tin] 锡 lead [led] 铅sodium[‘sudim] 钠 magnesium[mɡ’ni:zjm] 镁silicon [‘silikn] 硅 chlorine [’kl:ri:n] 氯nonmetallic [‘nnmi’tlik]adj.n.非金属的，非金属Electronegativity 电负性Metallic oxide 金属氧化物Metallic hydroxide [hai’drksaid] 金属氢氧化物Hydroxyl [hai‘drksil] ions 氢氧根离子insoluble[in’sljubl] 不溶解的Ionic [ai‘nik] adj. 离子的Transition element 过渡元素Basicity [b’sisiti] n. 碱性，碱度Oxyacid [,ksi’sid] 含氧酸Carbonate [‘kɑ:bneit] 碳酸盐Nitrate [‘naitreit] 硝酸盐Sulphate [‘slfeit] 硫酸盐 = sulfate Amphoteric [,mf’terik] adj.两性的Acid [‘sid] n. adj.alkali [‘lklai] n.adj.Hydration [hai’drein] 水合作用Hydrolyze [‘haidrlaiz] vi. 水解Oxysalt [‘ksis:lt] 含氧酸盐Complex 络合物，复合物句子理解1)Metals are electropositive and have a tendency to loss electrons, ifsupplied with energy: M M+ + e. 金属是电正性的，如果供给能量，有失去电子的趋势。
化学化工专业英语长句完整版答案
化学化工专业英语答案化学化工专业英语答案第九章 长句练习课后习题答案•1、The two pairs of electrons of oxygen may be shared with, one carbon alone forming a double bond,or with two separate carbons, or with one carbon and one hydrogen forming only single bonds.– 译文：氧上的两对电子可与一个碳共用而形成双键，也可与两个不直接相连的碳原子共用形成单键，也可与一个碳原子和氢原子分别形成单键。
（相当于三个并列句，（相当于三个并列句，顺译顺译法）•2、[Although] organic chemistry is more than 150 years old, its progress is faster than ever,[ as the result of new theoretical concepts and experimental techniques from other areas of science.]• 译文：尽管有机化学的历史已超过150年，但由于其它领域内不断涌现出新的理论与实验技术，有机化学的发展速度比以往任何时候都要快。
（倒译法，把as 引导的状语从句提前） •3、The synthesis of organic compounds involves conversion of available substances of known structure, through a sequence of particular, controlled chemical reactions, into other compounds bearing a desired molecular structure.– 译文：有机化合物的合成是将已知结构的物质，通过特定的、可控制的化学反应，转化为含有目标分子结构的其它化合物。
化学化工专业英语
1 CHEMISTRY AND CHEMISTWithout chemistry our lives would beunrecognisable, for chemistry is at work all aroundus. Think what life would be like without chemistry- there would be no plastics, no electricity and noprotective paints for our homes. There would be no synthetic fibres to clothe us and no fertilisers to help us produce enough food. We wouldn‟t be able to travel because there would be no metal, rubber or fuel for cars, ships and aeroplane. Our lives would be changed considerably without telephones, radio, television or computers, all of which depend on chemistry for the manufacture of their parts. Life expectancy would be much lower, too, as there would be no drugs to fight disease.Chemistry is at the forefront of scientific adventure, and you could make your own contribution to the rapidly expanding technology we are enjoying. Take some of the recent academic research: computer graphics allow us to predict whether small molecules will fit into or react with larger ones - this could lead to a whole new generation of drugs to control disease; chemists are also studying the use of chemicals to trap the sun‟s energy and to purify sea water; they are also investigating the possibility of using new ceramic materials to replace metals which can corrode.Biotechnology is helping us to develop new sources of food and new ways of producing fuel, as well as producing new remedies for the sick. As the computer helps us to predict and interpret results from the test tube, the speed, accuracy and quality of results is rapidly increasing - all to the benefit of product development.It is the job of chemists to provide us with new materials to take us into the next century, and by pursuing the subject, you could make your positive contribution to society.Here are some good reasons for choosing chemistry as a career.Firstly, if you have an interest in the chemical sciences, you can probably imagine taking some responsibility for the development of new technology. New ideas and materials are constantly being used in technology to improve the society in which we live. You could work in a field where research and innovation are of primary importance to standards of living, so you could see the practical results of your work in every day use.Secondly, chemistry offers many career opportunities, whether working in a public service such as a water treatment plant, or high level research and development in industry. Your chemistry-based skills and experience can be used, not only in many different areas within the chemical industry, but also as the basis for a more general career in business.1 As a qualification, chemistry is highly regarded as a sound basis for employment.You should remember that, as the society we live in becomes more technically advanced, the need for suitably qualified chemists will also increase. Although chemistry stands as a subject in its own right, it acts as the bond between physics and biology. Thus, by entering the world of chemistry you will be equipping yourself to play a leading role in the complex world of tomorrow.Chemistry gives you an excellent training for many jobs, both scientific and non-scientific. To be successful in the subject you need to be able to think logically, and be creative, numerate, and analytical. These skills are much sought after in many walks of life, and would enable you to pursue a career in, say, computing and finance, as well as careers which use your chemistry directly.Here is a brief outline of some of the fields chemists work in:Many are employed in the wealth-creating manufacturing industries - not just oil, chemical and mining companies, but also in ceramics, electronics and fibres. Many others are in consumer based industries such as food, paper and brewing; or in service industriessuch as transport, health and water treatment.In manufacturing and service industries, chemists work in Research and Development to improve and develop new products, or in Quality Control, where they make sure that the public receives products of a consistently high standard.Chemists in the public sector deal with matters of public concern such as food preservation, pollution control, defence, and nuclear energy. The National Health Service also needs chemists, as do the teaching profess ion and the Government‟s research and advisory establishments.Nowadays, chemists are also found in such diverse areas as finance, law and politics, retailing, computing and purchasing. Chemists make good managers, and they can put their specialist knowledge to work as consultants or technical authors. Agricultural scientist, conservationist, doctor, geologist, meteorologist, pharmacist, vet ... the list of jobs where a qualification in chemistry is considered essential is endless. So even if you are unsure about what career you want to follow eventually, you can still study chemistry and know that you‟re keeping your options open.What Do Chemistry Graduates Do?Demand for chemists is high, and over the last decade opportunities for chemistry graduates have been increasing. This is a trend that is likely to continue. Chemistry graduates are increasingly sought after to work in pharmaceutical, oil, chemical, engineering, textile and metal companies, but the range of opportunities also spans the food industry, nuclear fuels, glass and ceramics, optical and photographic industries, hospitals and the automotive industry. Many graduates begin in scientific research, development and design, but over the years, about half change, into fields such as sales, quality control, management, or consultancy. Within the commercial world it is recognised that, because of the general training implicit in a chemistry course, chemistry graduates are particularly adaptable and analytical - making them attractive to a very broad spectrum of employers. There has been a growth of opportunity for good chemistry graduates to move into the financial world, particularly in accountancy, retail stores, and computer software houses.（Summarized from: A brief of the Royal Society of Chemistry,1992）2 NOMENCLATURE OF INORGANICCOMPOUNDSNaming elementsThe term element refers to a pure substance with atoms all of a single kind. At present 107 chemical elements are known. For most elements the symbol is simply the abbreviated form of the English name consisting of one or two letters, for example:oxygen = O nitrogen = N magnesium = MgSome elements, which have been known for a long time, have symbols based on their Latin names, for example:iron = Fe (ferrum) copper = Cu (cuprum) lead = Pb (Plumbum)A few elements have symbols based on the Latin name of one of their compounds, the elements themselves having been discovered only in relatively recent times1, for example: sodium = Na (natrium = sodium carbonate)potassium = K (kalium = potassium carbonate)A listing of some common elements may be found in Table 1.Naming Metal Oxides, Bases and SaltsA compound is a combination of positive and negative ions in the proper ratio to give a balanced charge and the name of the compound follows from names of the ions, for example, NaCl, is sodium chloride; Al(OH)3is aluminium hydroxide; FeBr2is iron (II) bromide or ferrous bromide; Ca(OAc)2is calcium acetate; Cr2(SO4)3is chromium (III) sulphate or chromic sulphate, and so on. Table 3 gives some examples of the naming of metal compounds. The name of the negative ion will need to be obtained from Table 2.Negative ions, anions, may be monatomic or polyatomic. All monatomic anions have names ending with -ide. Two polyatomic anions which also have names ending with -ide are the hydroxide ion, OH-, and the cyanide ion, CN-.Many polyatomic anions contain oxygen in addition to another element. The number of oxygen atoms in such oxyanions is denoted by the use of the suffixes -ite and -ate, meaning fewer and more oxygen atoms, respectively. In cases where it is necessary to denote more than two oxyanions of the same element, the prefixes hypo- and per-, meaning still fewer and still more oxygen atoms, respectively, may be used, for example,hypochlorite ClO-Chlorite ClO2-chlorate ClO3-perchlorate ClO4-Naming Nonmetal OxidesThe older system of naming and one still widely used employs Greek prefixes for both the number of oxygen atoms and that of the other element in the compound 2. The prefixes used are (1) mono-, sometimes reduced to mon-, (2) di-, (3) tri-, (4) tetra-, (5) penta-, (6) hexa-, (7) hepta-, (8) octa-, (9) nona- and (10) deca-. Generally the letter a is omitted from the prefix (from tetra on ) when naming a nonmetal oxide and often mono- is omitted from the name altogether.The Stock system is also used with nonmetal oxides. Here the Roman numeral refers to the oxidation state of the element other than oxygen.In either system, the element other than oxygen is named first, the full name being used, followed by oxide 3. Table 4 shows some examples.Naming AcidsAcid names may be obtained directly from a knowledge of Table 2 by changing the name of the acid ion (the negative ion ) in the Table 2 as follows:The Ion in Table 2Corresponding Acid-ate-ic-ite-ous-ide-icExamples are:Acid Ion Acidacetate acetic acidperchlorate perchloric acidbromide hydrobromic acidcyanide hydrocyanic acidThere are a few cases where the name of the acid is changed slightly from that of the acid radical; for example, H2SO4 is sulphuric acid rather than sulphic acid. Similarly, H3PO4 is phosphoric acid rather than phosphic acid.Naming Acid and Basic Salt and Mixed SaltsA salt containing acidic hydrogen is termed an acid salt.A way of naming these salts is to call Na 2HPO4disodiumhydrogen phosphate and NaH2PO4sodium dihydrogenphosphate. Historically, the prefix bi- has been used innaming some acid salts; in industry, for example, NaHCO3 iscalled sodium bicarbonate and Ca(HSO3)2 calcium bisulphite.Bi(OH)2NO3, a basic salt, would be called bismuthdihydroxynitrate. NaKSO4, a mixed salt, would be calledsodium potassium sulphate.3 NOMENCLATURE OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDSA complete discussion of definitive rules of organic nomenclature would require more space than can be allotted in this text. We will survey some of the more common nomenclature rules, both IUPAC and trivial.AlkanesThe names for the first twenty continuous-chain alkanes are listed in Table 1.Alkenes and AlkynesUnbranched hydrocarbons having one double bond are named in the IUPAC system by replacing the ending -ane of the alkane name with -ene. If there are two or more double bonds, the ending is -adiene, -atriene, etc.Unbranched hydrocarbons having one triple bond are named by replacing the ending -ane of the alkane name with -yne. If there are two or more triple bonds, the ending is -adiyne, -atriyne etc. Table 2 shows names for some alkyl groups, alkanes, alkenes and alkynes.The PrefixesIn the IUPAC system, alkyl and aryl substituents and many functional groups are named as prefixes on the parent (for example, iodomethane). Some common functional groups named as prefixes are listed in Table 3.In simple compounds, the prefixes di-, tri-, tetra-, penta-, hexa-, etc. are used to indicate the number of times a substituent is found in the structure: e.g., dimethylamine for (CH3)2NH or dichloromethane for CH2Cl2.In complex structures, the prefixes bis-, tris-, and tetrakis- are used: bis- means two of a kind; tris-, three of a kind; and tetrakis-, four of a kind. [(CH3)2N]2is bis(dimethylamino) and not di(dimethylamino).Nomenclature Priority of Functional GroupsIn naming a compound, the longest chain containing principal functional group is considered the parent. The parent is numbered from the principal functional group to the other end, the direction being chosen to give the lowest numbers to the substituents. The entire name of the structure is then composed of (1) the numbers of the positions of the substituts (and of the principal functional group, if necessary); (2) the names of the substituts;(3) the name of the parent.The various functional groups are ranked in priority as to which receives the suffix name and the lowest position number1.A list of these priorities is given in Table 4.*-CKetonesIn the systematic names for ketones, the -e of the parent alkane name is dropped and -one is added. A prefix number is used if necessary.In a complex structure, a ketone group my be named in IUPAC system with the prefix oxo-. (The prefix keto- is also sometimes encountered.)AlcoholsThe names of alcohols may be: (1) IUPAC; (2) trivial; or, occasionally, (3) conjunctive. IUPAC names are taken from the name of the alkane with the final -e changed to -ol. In the case of polyols, the prefix di-, tri- etc. is placed just before -ol, with the position numbers placed at the start of the name, if possible, such as, 1,4-cyclohexandiol. Names for some alkyl halides, ketones and alcohols are listed in Table 5.EthersEthers are usually named by using the names of attached alkyl or aryl groups followed by the word ether. (These are trivial names.) For example, diethyl ether.In more complex ethers, an alkoxy- prefix may be used. This is the IUPAC preference, such as 3-methoxyhexane. Sometimes the prefix- oxa- is used.AminesAmines are named in two principal ways: with -amine as the ending and with amino- as a prefix. Names for some ethers and amines can be found in Table 6.Carboxylic AcidsThere are four principal types of names for carboxylic acids: (1) IUPAC; (2)trivial;(3)carboxylic acid; and (4)conjunctive. Trivial names are commonly used.AldehydesAldehydes may be named by the IUPAC system or by trivial aldehyde names. In the IUPAC system, the -oic acid ending of the corresponding carboxylic acid is changed to -al, such as hexanal. In trivial names, the -ic or -oic ending is changed to -aldehyde, such as benzaldehyde. Table 7 gives a list of commonly encountered names for carboxylic acids and aldehydes.Esters and Salts of Carboxylic AcidsEsters and salts of carboxylic acids are named as two words in both systematic and trivial names. The first word of the name is the name of the substituent on the oxygen. The second word of the name is derived from the name of the parent carboxylic acid with the ending changed from -ic acid to -ate.AmidesIn both the IUPAC and trivial systems, an amide is named by dropping the -ic or -oic ending of the corresponding acid name and adding -amide, such as hexanamide (IUPAC) and acetamide (trivial).Acid AnhydridesAcid anhydrides are named from the names of the component acid or acids with the word acid dropped and the word anhydride added, such as benzoic anhydride.The names for some esters, amides and anhydrides are shown in Table 8.Acid HalidesAcid halides are named by changing the ending of the carboxylic acid name from -ic acid to -yl plus the name of the halide, such as acetyl chloride.Some names of aryl compounds and aryls are as follows:benzenephenylbenzylarylbenzoic acid4. Introduction to Chemistry Department of FloridaUniversityProgram of StudyThe Department of Chemistry offers programs of study leading to the M.S. and Ph.D. degrees. Students may elect studies in analytical, inorganic, organic, and physical chemistry. Specialty disciplines, such as chemical physics and quantum, bioorganic, polymer, radiation, and nuclear chemistry, are available within the four major areas.The M.S. and Ph.D. degree requirements include a course of study, attendance at and presentation of a series of seminars, and completion and defense of a research topic worthy of publication1. Candidates for the Ph.D. degree must also demonstrate a reading ability of at least one foreign language and show satisfactory performance on a qualifying examination. The M.S. degree is not a prerequisite for the Ph.D. degree. A nonthesisdegree program leading to the M.S.T. degree is offered for teachers.Students are encouraged to begin their research shortly afterselecting a research director, who is the chairman of the supervisorycommittee that guides the student through a graduate career.Research FacilitiesThe chemistry department occupies 111,000 square feet of space in four buildings: Leigh Hall, the Chemical Research Building, Bryant Hall, and the Nuclear Science Building. Plans for a 65,000-square-foot addition to Leigh Hall are being prepared. A new central science library is located near the chemistry facilities. The University library system holds more than 2.2 million volumes.The major instrumentation includes ultraviolet-visible, infrared, fluorescence, Roman, nuclear magnetic resonance, electron spin resonance, X-ray, ESCA, and mass spectrometers. Many are equipped with temperature-control and Fourier-transform attachments, and some have laser sources. Data-storage and data-acquiring minicomputers are interfaced to some of the instruments, such as the recently constructed quadrupole resonance mass spectrometer. The chemistry department has V AX-11/780 and V AX-11/750 computers as well as multiple terminals connected to IBM machines in the main computer centre on campus.The departmental technical services include two well-equipped stockrooms and glassblowing, electronics, and machine shops to assist in equipment design, fabrication, and maintenance.Financial AidMost graduate students are given financial support in the form of teachingand research assistantships. Stipends range from $9400 - 11,000 for the1986-87 calendar year. State residents and assistantship holders pay in-statefees of about $1400 per calendar year. A limited number of full orsupplemental fellowships are available for superior candidates.Cost of StudyIn 1985-86, in-state students paid a registration fee of $48.62, per credit hour for each semester, out-of-state students paid an additional $ 94.50 ($ 143.12 per credit hour each semester). A small increase in fees is expected for 1986-87.5 ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTIONWith the coming of the Industrial Revolution the environmentalpollution increased alarmingly. Pollution can be defined as an undesirablechange in the physical, chemical, or biological characteristics of the air, water,or land that can harmfully affect health, survival, or activities of humans orother living organisms. There are four major forms of pollution - waste onland, water pollution (both the sea and inland waters), pollution of the atmosphere and pollution by noise.Land can be polluted by many materials. There are two major types of pollutants: degradable and nondegradable. Examples of degradable pollutantsare DDT and radioactive materials. DDT can decompose slowly buteventually are either broken down completely or reduced to harmless levels. For example, it typically takes about 4 years for DDT in soil to be decomposed to 25 percent of the original level applied. Some radioactive materials that give off harmful radiation, such as iodine-131, decay to harmless pollutants. Others, such as plutonium-239 produced by nuclear power plants, remains at harmful levels for thousands to hundreds of thousands of years.Nondegradable pollutants are not broken down by natural processes. Examples of nondegradable pollutants are mercury, lead and some of their compounds and some plastics. Nondegradable pollutants must be either prevented from entering the air, water, and soil or kept below harmful levels by removal from the environment.Water pollution is found in many forms. It is contamination of water with city sewage and factory wastes; the runoff of fertiliser and manure from farms and feed lots; sudsy streams; sediment washed from the land as a result of storms, farming, construction and mining; radioactive discharge from nuclear power plants; heated water from power and industrial plants; plastic globules floating in the world‟s oceans; and female sex hormones entering water supplies through the urine of women taking birth control pills.Even though scientists have developed highly sensitive measuringinstruments, determining water quality is very difficult. There are a largenumber of interacting chemicals in water, many of them only in trace amounts.About 30,000 chemicals are now in commercial production, and each yearabout 1,000 new chemicals are added. Sooner or later most chemicals end up in rivers, lakes, and oceans. In addition, different organisms have different ranges of tolerance and threshold levels for various pollutants. To complicate matters even further, while some pollutants are either diluted to harmless levels in water or broken down to harmless forms by decomposers and natural processes, others (such as DDT, some radioactive materials, and some mercury compounds) are biologically concentrated in various organisms1.Air pollution is normally defined as air that contains one or more chemicals in high enough concentrations to harm humans, other animals, vegetation, or materials. There are two major types of air pollutants. A primary air pollutant is a chemical added directly to the air that occurs in a harmful concentration. It can be a natural air component, such as carbon dioxide, that rises above its normal concentration, or something not usually found in the air,such as a lead compound. A secondary air pollutant is a harmful chemical formed in the atmosphere through a chemical reaction among air components.We normally associate air pollution with smokestacks and cars, but volcanoes, forest fires, dust storms, marshes, oceans, and plants also add to the air chemicals we consider pollutants. Since these natural inputs are usually widely dispersed throughout the world, they normally don‟t build up to harmful levels. And when they do, as in the case of volcanic eruptions, they are usually taken care of by natural weather and chemical cycles2.As more people live closer together, and as they use machines to produce leisure, they find that their leisure, and even their working hours, become spoilt by a byproduct of their machines – namely, noise,The technical difficulties to control noise often arise from the subjective-objective nature of the problem. You can define the excessive speed of a motor-car in terms of a pointer reading on a speedometer. But can you define excessive noise in the same way? You find that with any existing simple “noise-meter”, vehicles which are judged to be equally noisy may show considerable difference on the meter.Though the ideal cure for noise is to stop it at its source, thismay in many cases be impossible. The next remedy is to absorb iton its way to the ear. It is true that the overwhelming majority ofnoise problems are best resolved by effecting a reduction in thesound pressure level at the receiver. Soft taped music in restaurantstends to mask the clatter of crockery and the conversation at thenext table. Fan noise has been used in telephone booths to maskspeech interference from adjacent booths. Usually, the problem is how to reduce the sound pressure level, either at source or on the transmission path.6 ANALYTICAL INSTRUMENT MARKETThe market for analytical instruments is showing a strength only dreamed about as little as five years ago. Driven by the need for greater chemicalanalysis coming from quality control and government regulation, arobust export market, and new and increasingly sophisticatedtechniques, sales are increasing rapidly1.The analytical instrument business' worldwides sales arenearly double their value of five years ago, reaching $ 4.1 billion in1987. Such growth is in stark contrast to the doldrums of severalyears ago when economic recession held back sales growth to littleor nothing. In recent years, the instrumentation market hasrecovered, growing at nearly 9% per year, and it‟s expected t o continue at this rate at least until the 1990. With sales increases exceeding inflation, the industry has seen the real growth demonstrating the important role of chemical instrumentation in areas such as research and development, manufacturing, defense, and the environment in a technologically advancingworld2.Chromatography is the fastest-growing area, comprising 40%, or $ 1.5billion, in 1987 world sales. Chromatographic methods are used extensively inindustrial labs, which purchase about 70% of the devices made, for separation,purification, and analysis. One of the biggest words in all forms of chromatography is “biocompatibility.” Biocompatible instruments are designed to have chemically inert, corrosion-resistant surfaces in contact with the biological samples.Gas Chromatography sales are growing at about the same rate as the instrument market.Some of the newest innovations in GC technology are the production of more instruments with high-efficiency, high-resolution capillaries and supercritical fluid capability.Despite having only a 3% share of the GC market, supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC) has attracted a great deal of attention since its introduction around 1985 and production of the first commercial instrument around 1986. SFC, which operates using asupercritical fluid as the mobile phase, bridgesthe gap between GC and HPLC. The use ofthese mobile phases allows for higherdiffusion rates and lower viscosities thanliquids, and a greater solvating powerthan gases.Another area showing tremendous growth is ion chromatography (IC). From growth levels of 30% per year in the U.S. and similar levels worldwide, the rate is expected to drop slightly but remain high at 25%. The popularity of IC has been enhanced through extending its applicability from inorganic systems to amino acids and other biological systems by the introduction of biocompatible instruments.Mass spectrometry (MS) sales have been growing about 12% annually. Sales have always been high, especially since MS is the principal detector in a number of hyphenated techniques such as GC-MS, MS-MS, LC-MS, and GC-MS accounts for about 60% of MS sales since it is used widely in drug and environmental testing. Innovations in interface technology such as inductively coupled plasma/MS, SFC/MS, and thermospray or particle beam interfaces for LC-MS have both advanced the technology and expanded the interest in applications. Recent MS instruments with automated sampling and computerized data analysis have added to the attractiveness of the technique for first time users.Spectroscopy accounts for half of all instrument sales and is the largest overall category of instruments, as the Alpert & Suftcliffe study shows. It can be broken down evenly into optical methods and electromagnetic, or nonoptical, spectroscopies. These categories include many individual high-cost items such as MS, nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometers, X-ray equipment, and electron microscopy and spectroscopy setups. Sales of spectroscopic instruments that are growing at or above the market rate include Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), Raman, plasma emission, and energy dispersive X-ray spectrometers. Others have matured and slowed down in growth, but may still hold a large share of the market.The future of analytical instrumentation does not appear to be without its new stars as there continue to be innovations and developments in existing technology. Among these are the introduction of FT Raman, IR dichroism, IR microscopy, and NMR imaging spectrometers. Hyphenated and automated apparatus are also appearing on the market more frequently. New analytical techniques like capillary electrophoresis, gel capillary electrophoresis, scanning tunneling microscopy for the imaging of conducting systems, atomic force microscopy for the imaging of biological systems, and other techniques for surface and materials analysis are already, or may soon be, appearing as commercialized instruments. And, if the chemical industry continues to do well in the next few years, so too will the sales of analytical instrumentation.The effect of alcohol have both medical and medicolegal implications. The estimationof alcohol in the blood or urine is relevant when the physician needs toknow whether it is responsible for the condition of the patient. From themedicolegal standpoint the alcohol level is relevant in cases of suddendeath, accidents while driving, and in cases when drunkenness is thedefense plea. The various factors in determining the time after ingestion showing maximum concentration and the quality of the alcohol are the weight of the subject,。
应用化学专业英语第二版课后练习题含答案
应用化学专业英语第二版课后练习题含答案Chapter OneMultiple Choice Questions1.The scientific method of problem solving consists of___________. A. observation, experimentation, hypotheses, theory B.experimentation, observation, theory, hypotheses C. observation, hypotheses, theory, experimentation D. hypothesis, theory,experimentation, observationAnswer: A2.Which of the following is NOT one of the key steps involvedin the scientific method? A. Formulating hypotheses B. Building experiments C. Rejecting hypotheses D. Proving hypothesesAnswer: D3.Which of the following is a physical property? A. Density B.Flammability C. Reaction with acid D. RustingAnswer: A4.Which subatomic particle carries a positive charge? A.Proton B. Neutron C. Electron D. AtomAnswer: A5.Which of the following is NOT a chemical change? A. Burningof wood B. Digestion of food C. Melting of ice D. Rusting of ironAnswer: CShort Answer Questions1.What is the difference between a chemical and physicalchange? Answer: A physical change is a change in the physicalproperties of a substance, whereas a chemical change is a change in the chemical properties or composition of a substance.2.What is an atom? Answer: An atom is the smallest particle ofmatter that retns the chemical properties of an element.3.What is a molecule? Answer: A molecule is a group of two ormore atoms that are chemically bonded together.4.What is an element? Answer: An element is a pure substancethat cannot be broken down into simpler substances by chemical means.5.What is a compound? Answer: A compound is a pure substancemade up of two or more elements that are chemically bondedtogether.Essay Questions1.What is the scientific method and how is it used to solveproblems in science? Answer: The scientific method is a logical and systematic approach to problem solving in science. It consists of several key steps including observation, hypotheses,experimentation, and theory. Scientists use the scientific method to answer questions and solve problems by gathering data through observation and experimentation, forming hypotheses based on that data, testing those hypotheses through experimentation, andfinally developing theories to expln the results of those experiments.2.Describe the properties of matter and how they are used to differentiate between substances. Answer: Properties of matter can be either physical or chemical. Physical properties include mass, volume, density, color, melting point, boiling point, and solubility. These properties can be used to differentiate between substances by comparing their physical properties. Chemical properties include reactivity, flammability, and toxicity. These properties are used to differentiate between substances based on their chemical behavior under certn conditions.3.Describe the structure of an atom and the role that subatomic particles play in determining chemical behavior. Answer: Atoms have a central nucleus that contns protons and neutrons. Electrons orbit around the nucleus in shells or orbitals. Protons carry a positive charge, electrons carry a negative charge, and neutrons carry no charge. The number of protons in the nucleus determines the element to which the atom belongs, while the number of electrons in the outermost shell determines the chemical behavior of the atom.4.Expln the difference between a mixture and a pure substance. Give examples of each. Answer: A mixture is a combination of two or more substances that are not chemically bonded together. Mixtures can be either homogeneous or heterogeneous. A homogeneous mixture is a uniform mixture where the composition is the same throughout, such as saltwater. A heterogeneous mixture is a non-uniform mixture where the composition varies, such as oil and water. A pure substance is a substance that cannot be broken down into simpler substances by chemical means. Examples of pure substances include elements such as gold and silver, and compounds such as water and carbon dioxide.5.Expln the difference between a physical change and a chemical change. Give examples of each. Answer: A physical change is a change in the physical properties of a substance, such as shape, size, or state of matter, without changing its chemical composition. Examples of physical changes include melting ice, boiling water, and cutting paper. A chemical change is a change in the chemical properties or composition of a substance, resulting in the formation of a new substance or substances. Examples of chemical changes include burning of wood, digestion of food, and rusting of iron.。
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化学专业英语化学专业英语课期末考试试卷含答案精编W O R D版 IBM system office room 【A0816H-A0912AAAHH-GX8Q8-GNTHHJ8】化学专业英语试卷学号：姓名：成绩: 一：把下列单词或词组译成英文（本题共 30 分，每小题 1 分）1. Ni(ClO4)2 nickel perchlorate3. FeCl2 iron(2)chloride5. Al(NO3)3 aluminum nitrate7. MnO2 manganese dioxide9. N2O3 dinatrogen trioxide11. NaClO sodium hypochloride13. P2O5 diphosphorous pentaoxide15. KMnO4 patassium permangate17. 盐酸hydrochloric acid19. KCN patassium cyanide21. 5-甲基-4-丙基壬烷5-methyl-4-propylnonaane23. 四氯化碳carbon tetrachloride 2. CuSO4 copper sulfate4. CoCO3 cobalt carbate6. Ca(C2H3O2)2 calcium acetate8. H2SO410. 六氰合铁（Ⅱ）酸钾12. Ag2SO3 sliver sulfite14. 草酸铅 lead cyanate16. Zn(OH)2 zinc hydroxide18. 磷酸根 phosphate20. 2,3-二甲基戊烷2,3-dimethylpentane22. 2,3,7-三甲基-5-乙基辛烷2,3,7-trimethyl-5-ethyloctane25. 中和neutralize27. 比热容specific heat capacity 29. 酸酐anhytride 24. 石蕊试纸litmus paper 26. 滴定titration28. 非电解质electrolyte 30. 配位化合物complex compound三. 把下列短文译成汉语（本题共 40 分，每小题 10 分）1. Without chemistry our lives would be unrecognisable, for chemistry is at work all around us. Think what life would be like without chemistry - there would be no plastics, no electricity and no protective paints for our homes. There would be no synthetic fibres to clothe us and no fertilisers to help us produce enough food. We wouldn’t be able to travel because there would be no metal, rubber or fuel for cars, ships and aeroplane. Our lives would be changed considerably without telephones, radio, television or computers, all of which depend on chemistry for the manufacture of their parts. Life expectancy would be much lower, too, as there would be no drugs to fight disease.没有化学反应我们的生活将会大变样,化学就在我们周围。
没有化学生活会是什么样子——没有塑料,,家里没有电,也没有防护漆。
不会给我们合成纤维,没有化肥帮助我们生产足够的食物。
我们不能旅行,因为不会有金属、橡胶或燃料汽车、船只和飞机。
我们的生活将会大大改变了没有电话、收音机、电视或电脑,所有这些依赖化学生产的部分。
没有药物来抵抗疾病，预期寿命将低得多。
2． The first and second laws of thermodynamics and the meaning of entropywill be discussed. and expanded upon in this lesson. It will be shown that energy transformations on a macroscopic scale — that is, between large aggregates of atoms and/or molecules — can be understood in terms of a set of logical principles. Thus thermodynamics provides a model of the behavior of matter in bulk. The power of such a model is that it does not depend on atomic or molecular structure. Furthermore, conclusions about a given process .based on this model, do not require details of how the process is carried out.探讨热力学第一和第二定律和熵的意义.和扩展在这个知识。
也就是说它将表明能源在宏观上的转换,根据一组逻辑原则可以理解能量在大量的原子或分子内的转换。
因此热力学定理提供了一个物质体积变化的模型。
这样一个模型的能力在于它不依赖于原子或分子结构。
此外,给定进程的结论依托于这种模式，不需要的详细说明过程是如何进行的3．Preparation of [Cu(en)2(cda)H2O]: H2cda （4-羟基-2,6 吡啶二酸）(0.020 g, 0.1mmol) was dissolved in water (10 mL) and the pH value of the solution was adjusted to 7~8 with aqueous NaOH solution (0.1 mol?L-1), then adding itdropwise to a methanol solution (10mL) of Cu(ClO4)2·6H2O (0.037g, 0.1mmol) andethylenediamine (0.2 mmol) under stirring at room temperature. After the resulting small quantity of precipitates was filtered off, dark blue crystals suitable for X-ray structure analysis were obtained by slow evaporation of the filtrate at room temperature.制备[CU(en)2(cda)H2O]:使0.020克,0.1mmol的4 -羟基2、6吡啶二酸溶解在10ml水中加入0.1M氢氧化钠水溶液调整到pH值7 ~ 8,然后将它一滴一滴地添加到Cu(ClO 4)2·6H 2O (0.037g,0.037mmol)的乙醇溶液和乙二胺(0.2mmol)，在室温下搅拌。
在室温下，缓慢蒸发滤液，得到深蓝色晶体，用x 射线分析它的结构4. Measure 50 ml of vinegar with a pipette and pour into a 250-ml beaker. Add 2 drops of phenolphthalein indicator. Fill a burette with a 1 N solution of sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and draw out the excess as described above. From the burette add NaOH to the beaker of vinegar until 1 drop of NaOH produces a pale pink color in the solution. Maintain constant stirring. The appearance of pink tells you that the acid has been neutralized by the base and there is now 1 drop of excess base which has turned the indicator. Read the burette and record this reading as the volume of base used to neutralize the acid. One molecule of NaOH neutralizes one molecule of acetic acid, or one gram-molecular weight of NaOH neutralizes one gram-molecular weight of acetic acid. Calculate the amount of acetic acid present in the vinegar. Report this amount as the percentage of acetic acid.用移液管吸取50ml 醋加入到250毫升烧杯,加2滴酚酞指示剂。
在滴定管中加入1M 的氢氧化钠溶液，去除刻度线以上的溶液，将氢氧化钠溶液加入到醋中，并不断震荡，至到加入一滴氢氧化钠溶液变成粉红色。
出现粉红色的颜色,表示酸中和了碱，而且多余的一滴碱使指示剂变色。
阅读并纪律中和酸消耗碱的体积。
一个分子的氢氧化钠中和一个分子的醋酸,或一个分子重量的氢氧化钠中和一个分子重量的醋酸反应。
计算醋酸在醋的量。
报告醋酸的百分比。