东北师大附中理科学霸高中物理笔记_2014高考状元笔记
2014状元
2014北京理科状元：北师大二附中刘倩莹 719分[2]姓名：刘倩莹成绩：719分学校：北师大二附中刘倩莹以分数719分夺得北京高考理科第一名，其中，语文成绩为137分、数学为148分、英语为146分、理科综合成绩为288分。
学习经验：刘倩莹称学习“最重要的是跟着老师走”，不偷懒，从高一开始就要很认真，不能懈怠，多总结。
她认为，成绩优秀最重要的认真完成老师布置的作业，包括背诵等软性作业都要认真完成，不能懈怠；其次要认真听课，跟着老师的思路学习。
在一模二模中，刘倩莹在全年级位于前五名，程老师认为如果她再刻苦一点，可以取得更好的成绩。
对于刘倩莹夺得北京高考状元，程老师认为成为状元有偶然性因素，但是她的成绩一贯优秀，也为她成为高考理科状元奠定了必然性。
2014北京文科状元：清华附中孙一先704分[3]放弃出国读大学从小认定北大孙一先说：“从小我就认定了北大。
文化底蕴自不必说，我就觉得它的气质特别适合文科生。
”进入北大后孙一先将学习法律专业。
“其实我最感兴趣的科目是历史，因为我喜欢听故事。
不过在学术上我还是将选择法律，法律既实用又具有人文情怀。
”关于未来是否将继续深造，孙一先则表示现在还没有想得那么远，“等上了大学再慢慢考虑吧，不急！”英语能力拔尖注重梳理知识点孙一先的英语成绩非常突出。
她曾获2012年全国中学生英语能力竞赛高二组一等奖，并担任清华附中模拟联合国社团学术总监和英文会总负责人，多次获得最佳代表奖及最佳表现奖。
说起自己的独家学习方法，孙一先透露了一招：“我觉得最管用的窍门是梳理知识点。
一定要把重点内容进行整合和归纳.”音乐戏剧做慈善样样玩儿得转说起平时的爱好，小提琴、戏剧、写作、做公益……孙一先可谓文艺范儿十足。
从小学至今，孙一先已经拉了十几年小提琴，“在高三二模之前，每周我都会坚持练琴，这也是我自我放松的方式。
”在清华附中的校园杂志《风梓》上，她已发表多篇文章，还曾在原创诗歌大赛中获得三等奖。
四则运算复习
பைடு நூலகம்结
在没有括号的情况下 只有＋、－或只有×、÷
从左往右依次按顺序计算
＋、－、×、÷都有
先乘除、后加减
练一练
675-25×15 512÷16+107 1008+860÷43 679×21-54
文字题 35与16的积减去195与39的商， 列成算式是（ ），差是 （ ）。 7200与120的商加上305与7的积， 列成算式是（ ），和是 （ ）。
梯等式的格式
28+56-9 =84-9 =75
数字要对齐
28+56-9 =84-9 =75
计算
675×25÷15 512÷16×107 1008-860+43 679+21-54
这两个算式运算顺序相同吗？答案？
20- 6+3 20-(6+3)
17 11
一级运算 ：×和 ÷ 二级运算 ：+ 和 – 同级运算 从左往右依次按顺序计算
做完之后…..
做完之后就结束了吗？要仔细的验算 验算！ 验算 倒推法 28+56-9 =84-9 =75
把 75+9-56看看等不等于28！！
24点
从扑克中任意抽出四张（数字表示为1－13）， 用加、减、乘、除的方法使结果成为24，每张 牌只能用一次。
高一物理必修2同步检测6-6 经典力学的局限性
第6章第6节经典力学的局限性基础夯实1．(2011·南京六中高一检测)关于经典力学的局限性，下列说法正确的是()A．经典力学适用于宏观低速运动的物体B．由于经典力学有局限性，所以一般力学问题都用相对论力学来解决C．火车提速后，有关速度问题不能用经典力学来处理D．经典力学只适用于像地球和太阳那样大的宏观物体答案：A2．2005年被联合国定为“世界物理年”，以表彰爱因斯坦对科学的贡献．爱因斯坦对物理学的贡献有()A．创立“相对论”B．发现“X射线”C．提出“光子说”D．建立“原子核式模型”答案：AC解析：所列的选项中，发现“X射线”的是伦琴，建立“原子核式模型”的是卢瑟福．“相对论”由爱因斯坦创立，“光子说”由爱因斯坦提出．故选A、C.3．(广州高一检测)物理学的发展丰富了人类对物质世界的认识，推动了科学技术的创新和革命，促进了物质生产的繁荣与人类文明的进步，下列表述正确的是() A．牛顿发现了万有引力定律B．牛顿通过实验证实了万有引力定律C．相对论的创立表明经典力学已不再适用D．爱因斯坦建立了狭义相对论，把物理学推进到高速领域答案：AD解析：万有引力定律是牛顿发现的，但在实验室里加以验证是卡文迪许进行的，A对、B错．相对论并没有否定经典力学，经典力学对于低速、宏观运动仍适用，C错．狭义相对论的建立，是人类取得的重大成就，从而把物理学推到更高领域，D对．4．对于经典力学理论，下列说法中正确的是()A．经典力学是物理学和天文学的基础，也是现代工程技术的理论基础B．经典力学的理论体系是经过几代科学家长期的探索，历经曲折才建立起来的C．经典力学具有丰富的理论成果，也建立了验证科学的方法体系D．当物体运动速度很大(v→c)、引力很强、活动空间很小(微观)时，经典力学理论所得的结果与实验结果之间出现了较大的偏差答案：ABCD解析：经典力学理论的历程曲折、成果显著、但也存在一些局限性．5．以下说法正确的是()A．在经典力学中，物体的质量不随运动状态而改变，在狭义相对论中，物体的质量也不随运动状态而改变B．在经典力学中，物体的质量随物体运动速度增大而减小，在狭义相对论中，物体的质量随物体速度的增大而增大C．在经典力学中，物体的质量是不变的，在狭义相对论中，物体的质量随物体速度增大而增大D．上述说法都是错误的答案：C6．对于时空观的认识，下列说法正确的是()A．相对论给出了物体在高速运动时所遵循的规律B．相对论具有普遍性，经典物理学为它在低速运动时的特例C．经典物理学在自己的适用范围内还将继续发挥作用D．经典物理学建立在实验的基础上，它的结论又受到无数次实验的检验答案：ABCD解析：相对论给出了物体在高速运动时所遵循的规律，经典物理学为它在低速运动时的特例，在自己的适用范围内还将继续发挥作用．7．一条河流中的水以相对于河岸的速度v水岸流动，河中的船以相对于河水的速度v船水顺流而下．在经典力学中，船相对于岸的速度为v船岸＝________.答案：v船水＋v水岸8．如果观察者测出一个高速运动的电子质量为2m0，问电子速度为多大？(m0为电子的静止质量)答案：0.866c解析：将m＝2m0，代入m＝m01－(vc)2得v＝0.866c.能力提升1．(福建厦门六中高一检测)假设地面上有一火车以接近光速的速度运行，其内站立着一个中等身材的人，站在路旁的人观察车里的人，观察的结果是()A．这个人是一个矮胖子B．这个人是一个瘦高个子C．这个人矮但不胖D．这个人瘦但不高答案：D2．人类在探索自然规律的进程中总结了许多科学方法，如分析归纳法、演绎法、等效替代法、控制变量法、理想实验法等．在下列研究中，运用理想实验法进行研究的是() A．牛顿发现了万有引力定律B．伽利略得出力不是维持物体运动的原因C．爱因斯坦提出相对论D．普朗克提出量子论答案：B解析：“牛顿发现了万有引力定律、爱因斯坦提出相对论、普朗克提出量子论”都是可以通过科学实验验证的，所以ACD错；“伽利略得出力不是维持物体运动的原因”则无法通过科学实验验证，只有运用理想实验法来推导，正确答案为B.3．下列关于经典力学说法正确的是()A．按照经典力学，只要知道初始条件，就可以准确地确定体系已往和未来的运动状态B．按照经典力学，运动只存在一种方式，那就是连续变化C．能量可以不连续变化D．一切自然现象都服从力学原理，都只能按力学的规律以严格的确定性发生和演化答案：ABD解析：按照经典力学，能量一定连续变化的，所以C错，正确答案为ABD.4．下列关于经典力学说法正确的是()A．观察、实验、假说、验证等是物理学科的基本研究方法B．分析、综合、抽象、概括、归纳、演绎等是物理学科中常用的思维方法C．近代自然科学建立起实证科学的方法论传统，其主要特点是实验与数学结合：从实验事实出发，通过数学推演建立理论体系，然后，再用实验或观测去验证理论的正确性D．实证科学方法的建立，使人们判别真理的标准从盲目的信仰转向理性与实践，使科学在整个文化中的地位不断提高答案：ABCD解析：物理学科的基本研究方法是观察、实验、假说、验证等，物理学科常用的思维方法是分析、综合、抽象、概括、归纳、演绎等，实证科学方法的主要特点是实验与数学结合，改变了人们的世界观．5．通常我们把相对地面静止或匀速运动的参考系看成是惯性系，若以下列系统为参考系，则属于非惯性系的有()A．停在地面上的汽车B．绕地球做圆周运动的飞船C．在大海上匀速直线航行的轮船D．进站时减速行驶的火车答案：BD解析：“绕地球做匀速圆周运动的飞船”、“进站时减速行驶的火车”不属于静止或匀速直线运动．6．________和________把天体的运动与地上物体的运动统一起来，是人类对自然界认识的第一次大综合，是人类认识史上的一次重大飞跃．答案：牛顿运动定律 万有引力定律解析：在1687年出版的《自然哲学的数学原理》中，牛顿运动定律和万有引力定律把天体的运动和地上物体的运动统一起来，是人类对自然界认识的第一次大综合．7．微观粒子的速度很高，它的质量明显的大于静止质量．在研究制造回旋加速器时必须考虑相对论效应的影响．如图所示，1988年中国第一座高能粒子加速器——北京正负电子对撞机首次对撞成功．在粒子对撞中，有一个电子经过高压加速，速度达到光速的0.5倍．试求此时电子的质量变为静止时的多少倍？答案：1.155m 0解析：m ＝m 01－v2c 2得m ＝m 01－14＝m 034＝2m 03＝1.155m 0.8．如果真空中的光速为c ＝3.0×108m/s ，一个物体当其运动速度为v 1＝2.4×108m/s 时质量为3kg.当它的速度为v 2＝1.8×108m/s 时，质量为多少？答案：2.25kg解析：m 1＝m 01－(v 1c)2，m 2＝m 01－(v 2c )2 所以m 1m 2＝1－v 22c 21－v 12c 2＝4535＝43 所以m 2＝34m 1＝94kg ＝2.25kg。
高考状元笔记物理篇(2014版)
状元笔记--物理学好物理要记住：最基本的知识、方法才是最重要的。
秘诀：“想”学好物理重在理解．．．．．．．．（概念、规律的确切含义，能用不同的形式进行表达，理解其适用条件）A(成功)＝X(艰苦的劳动)十Y(正确的方法)十Z(少说空话多干实事)(最基础的概念,公式,定理,定律最重要)；每一题中要弄清楚(对象、条件、状态、过程)是解题关健物理学习的核心在于思维，只要同学们在平常的复习和做题时注意思考、注意总结、善于归纳整理，对于课堂上老师所讲的例题做到触类旁通，举一反三，把老师的知识和解题能力变成自己的知识和解题能力，并养成规范答题的习惯,这样，同学们一定就能笑傲考场，考出理想的成绩！对联: 概念、公式、定理、定律。
（学习物理必备基础知识）对象、条件、状态、过程。
（解答物理题必须明确的内容）力学问题中的“过程”、“状态”的分析和建立及应用物理模型在物理学习中是至关重要的。
说明：凡矢量式中用“+”号都为合成符号，把矢量运算转化为代数运算的前提是先规定正方向。
答题技巧：“基础题，全做对；一般题，一分不浪费；尽力冲击较难题，即使做错不后悔”。
“容易题不丢分，难题不得零分。
“该得的分一分不丢，难得的分每分必争”，“会做⇒做对⇒不扣分”在学习物理概念和规律时不能只记结论，还须弄清其中的道理，知道物理概念和规律的由来。
受力分析入手（即力的大小、方向、力的性质与特征，力的变化及做功情况等）。
再分析运动过程（即运动状态及形式，动量变化及能量变化等）。
最后分析做功过程及能量的转化过程；然后选择适当的力学基本规律进行定性或定量的讨论。
强调：用能量的观点、整体的方法(对象整体，过程整体)、等效的方法(如等效重力)等解决 Ⅱ运动分类：（各种运动产生的力学和运动学条件及运动规律．．．．．．．．．．．．．）是高中物理的重点、难点 高考中常出现多种运动形式的组合 追及(直线和圆)和碰撞、平抛、竖直上抛、匀速圆周运动等 ①匀速直线运动 F 合=0 a=0 V 0≠0 ②匀变速直线运动：初速为零或初速不为零，③匀变速直、曲线运动(决于F 合与V 0的方向关系) 但 F 合= 恒力④只受重力作用下的几种运动：自由落体，竖直下抛，竖直上抛，平抛，斜抛等⑤圆周运动：竖直平面内的圆周运动(最低点和最高点)；匀速圆周运动(关键搞清楚是什么力提供作向心力) ⑥简谐运动；单摆运动； ⑦波动及共振；⑧分子热运动；(与宏观的机械运动区别) ⑨类平抛运动；⑩带电粒在电场力作用下的运动情况；带电粒子在f 洛作用下的匀速圆周运动Ⅲ。
15-1、2相对论的诞生和时间和空间的相对性
设相对于静止的观察者认为杆的长度为l0，与杆有相对 运动的人认为杆的长度为l，杆相对于观察者的速度为v，则
l0
v 1－ c 2
l，l0，v的关系是：l＝
。
第十五章
第一节 第二节
成才之路 ·物理 ·人教版 · 选修3-4
3．时间间隔的相对性 (1)经典的时空观：某两个事件，在不同的惯性系中观 察，它们的时间间隔总是 相同的 。 (2)相对论的时间观：某两个事件，在不同的惯性参考系 中观察，它们的时间间隔是 不同 的。
第十五章
第一节 第二节
成才之路 ·物理 ·人教版 · 选修3-4
设Δτ表示相对事件发生地静止的惯性系中观测的时间 间隔，Δt表示相对事件发生地以v高速运动的参考系中观察 Δτ v2 1－ c 同样两事件的时间间隔，则它们的关系是：Δt＝ 。
第十五章
第一节 第二节
成才之路 ·物理 ·人教版 · 选修3-4
第十五章
第一节 第二节
成才之路 ·物理 ·人教版 · 选修3-4
2．怎样理解“动钟变慢”：时间间隔的相对性公式：Δt ＝ Δτ v2 1－ c ，Δτ是相对事件发生地静止的观察者测量同一地
点的两个事件发生的时间间隔，而Δt是相于事件发生地以 速度v运动的观察者测量同一地点的同样两个事件发生的时 间间隔。也就是说：在相对运动的参考系中观测，事件变化 过程的时间间隔变大了，这叫做狭义相对论中的时间膨胀。
第十五章
第一节 第二节
成才之路 ·物理 ·人教版 · 选修3-4
二、怎样理解“动尺变短”和“动钟变慢” 1．怎样理解“动尺变短”：狭义相对论中的长度公 式：l＝l0
v 1－ c 2
中，l0是相对于杆静止的观察者测出的杆
东北师大附中高三物理高考知识归纳教学资料(二)全国通用 (吉林)
高中物理知识归纳（二）----------------------------力学模型及方法1．连接体模型是指运动中几个物体叠放在一起、或并排在一起、或用细绳、细杆联系在一起的物体组。
解决这类问题的基本方法是整体法和隔离法。
整体法是指连接体内的物体间无相对运动时,可以把物体组作为整体，对整体用牛二定律列方程隔离法是指在需要求连接体内各部分间的相互作用(如求相互间的压力或相互间的摩擦力等)时，把某物体从连接体中隔离出来进行分析的方法。
2斜面模型 （搞清物体对斜面压力为零的临界条件）斜面固定：物体在斜面上情况由倾角和摩擦因素决定 =tg θ物体沿斜面匀速下滑或静止μ> tg θ物体静止于斜面μ< tg θ物体沿斜面加速下滑a=g(sin θ一μcos θ)3．轻绳、杆模型杆对球的作用力由运动情况决定只有θ=arctg(a )时才沿杆方向最高点时杆对球的作用力；最低点时的速度?，杆的拉力? 若小球带电呢？假设单B 下摆,最低点的速度VB=R 2g ⇐mgR=整体下摆2mgR=mg 2R +'2B '2A mv 21mv 21+'A 'B V 2V = ⇒ 'A V =gR 53 ； 'A 'B V 2V ==gR 256> VB=R 2g 所以AB 杆对B 做正功，AB 杆对A 做负功☆高☆考♂资♀源€网 若 V0<gR，运动情况为先平抛，绳拉直沿绳方向的速度消失即是有能量损失，绳拉紧后沿圆周下落机械能守恒。
而不能够整个过程用机械能守恒。
求水平初速及最低点时绳的拉力？换为绳时:先自由落体,在绳瞬间拉紧(沿绳方向的速度消失)有能量损失(即v1突然消失),再v2下摆机械能守恒例：摆球的质量为m ，从偏离水平方向30°的位置由静释放，设绳子为理想轻绳，求：小球运动到最低点A 时绳子受到的拉力是多少？4．超重失重模型 系统的重心在竖直方向上有向上或向下的加速度(或此方向的分量ay)向上超重(加速向上或减速向下)F=m(g+a)；向下失重(加速向下或减速上升)F=m(g-a) 难点：一个物体的运动导致系统重心的运动 1到2到3过程中 (1、3除外)超重状态 绳剪断后台称示数系统重心向下加速高§考§资§源§网斜面对地面的压力?地面对斜面摩擦力? 导致系统重心如何运铁木球的运动用同体积的水去补充5．碰撞模型：特点，①动量守恒；②碰后的动能不可能比碰前大； ③对追及碰撞，碰后后面物体的速度不可能大于前面物体的速度。
YW01.2014高考吉林理科状元语文笔记 115面 胶装
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2014高考吉林理科状元吴晨玮高中英语笔记
以下为赠送资源,您可以删除后打印28、不管发生什么事,都请安静且愉快地接受人生,勇敢地、大胆地,而且永远地微笑着 . - -卢森堡29、一个有信念者所开发出的力量,大于99个只有兴趣者 .30、知识给人重量,成就给人荣耀,大多数人只是看到了荣耀,而不去称量重量 .31、出门走好路,出口说好话,出手做好事 .32、未曾失败的人恐怕也未曾成功过 .33、忘掉失败,不过要牢记失败中的教训 .34、伟人所到达并保持着的高处,并不是一飞就到的,而是他们在同伴们都睡着的时候,一步步艰辛地向上攀爬的 .35、如果你希望成功,以恒心为良友,以经验为参谋,以小心为兄弟,以希望为哨兵 .36、人生伟业的建立,不在能知,乃在能行 .37、很多人不敢去追求成功,不是追求不到成功,而是因为他们的心里面也默认了一个"高度〞,这个高度常常暗示自己的潜意识：成功是不可能的,这是没有方法做到的 . "心理高度〞是人无法取得成就的根本原因之一 .38、信仰是伟大的情感,一种创造力量 . - -高尔基39、两粒种子,一片森林 .40、黄金诚然是珍贵的,但是生气蓬勃、勇敢的爱国者却比黄金更为珍贵 . - -林肯41、假设不给自己设限,那么人生中就没有限制你发挥的藩篱 .42、我们不得不饮食、睡眠、游玩、恋爱,也就是说,我们不得不接触生活中最||甜蜜的事情,不过我们必须不屈服于这些事物 . - -居里夫人43、世|界会向那些有目标和远见的人让路 .44、挫折其实就是迈向成功所应缴的学费 .45、智慧、勤劳和天才,高于显贵和富有 . - -贝多芬46、喷泉的高度不会超过它的源头；一个人的事业也是这样,他的成就绝||不会超过自己的信念 . - -林肯47、任何的限制,都是从自己的内心开始的 .48、人之所以能,是相信能 .49、以诚感人者,人亦诚而应 .50、与其临渊羡鱼,不如退而结网 .51、蚁穴虽小,溃之千里 .52、价值产生信心,信心产生热忱,而热忱那么征服世|界 . - -华特·H·柯亭姆53、许多时候,我们不是跌倒在自己的缺陷上,而是跌倒在自己的优势上,因为缺陷常常给我们以提醒,而。
20世纪最伟大的物理学家爱因斯坦创立狭义相对论与广义...
20世纪最伟大的物理学家爱因斯坦创立 狭义相对论与广义相对论. 狭义相对论:揭示了空间、时间、质量和 物质运动之间的联系。 广义相对论：空间、时间是随着物质分 布和运动速度的变化而变化的理论。
伽利略变换式 经典力学的相对 性原理
空间的量度是绝对的，与参考系无关。 时间的量度是绝对的，与参考系无关 。 在S与S′（ S′相对S作匀速运动）惯性系 中： 不同的惯性系中质点的速度是不同的。 不同的惯性系中质点的加速度是相同的。 符合宏观、低速的范围。
能量：最大能量从18Kev-2Mev。连续谱。 能量与速度对照表： 能量是2MeV时，速度是光速的97.91%. 应用：工业上厚度计仪表、气相色谱仪 中作为能源、医学上作为辐射源。 带负电荷的电子,运动速度快,对物质的穿 透力大于a粒子. a粒子是一种带正电荷的重粒子,穿透力弱.
γ射线能谱:
辅射源的选用：
放射源：微居、毫居的量级。 选择放射源：射线能量、强度、半衰期 三个物理特性。 放射源的包装：保护层（铝箔、塑）、 密封源 一头名叫格兰尼的老年与核辐射科学研 究故事.放射源与照相底片.
实验数据修正:
1.关于β粒子的动能损失修正： 探测器NaI(Tl)晶体的缺点是容易潮解， 200m的铝来密封， 此外20m的铝膜反射层； 铝对γ射线的能量没有影响 但却会衰减B射线的能量。 必须对多道所测B能量值给予修正。
Ek = EE0 = c p +m c m0c
2 2 2 4 0
2
1p Ek = , 2 m0 p2c2 对于电子Ek = MeV : 2×0.511
2
RES相对论实验谱仪
组成: 半圆聚集Β磁谱仪 放射源 γ闪烁谱仪 光电倍增管 多道分析仪 计算机 动量:P=eBR
质数和合数
质数和合数教学目的：准确地理解和掌握质数和合数的意义。
会判断一个数是质数还是合数，会把自然数按约数个数进行分类。
通过学习培养学生观察比较、抽象概括和判断推理的能力。
教学重点：质数、合数的意义的理解和应用。
教学难点：质数、合数与奇数、偶数的区别。
教具准备：多媒体课件。
教学过程：一、复习1.判断下面各数，哪些是偶数?哪些是奇数?奇数和偶数是根据什么来分的？2，3，4，9，14，15，101，187，235，740，927。
2.你自己的学号是偶数还是奇数？3.怎样求一个数的约数？求出自己学号的约数。
4.请1—13号学生说出1—13的所有约数。
（板书如下）1的约数有 2的约数有3的约数有 4的约数有5的约数有 6的约数有7的约数有 8的约数有9的约数有 10的约数有11的约数有 12的约数有13的约数有二、引入：我们已经学过按照能否被2整除对自然数进行分类。
除了这种分法还有没有另外的分法呢？这节课就研究这个问题。
三、新课1.质数、合数的意义。
学法指导：小组交流探索，师生共同总结。
（1）教师:请观察这些数和它们的约数个数，看一看约数的个数有几种情况？（有三种情况，约数个数是一个，两个，两个以上。
）（2）小组讨论，选人在黑板上分类。
并说出这样分类的原因。
（3）教师:请再举几个数，看一看它们的约数的情况是不是与这几种情况相符合？（4）教师:请观察只有两个约数的这些数和它们的约数，看看这些约数有什么共同的特点？（l和它本身。
）如上面这些数，都具有这个特点，我们把它们叫做质数(也叫做素数。
)板书:质数（4）教师:谁能说一说什么叫质数？（一个数，如果只有1和它本身两个约数，这样的数叫做质数(或素数)。
（5）教师:请观察有两个以上约数的这些数和它们的约数，有什么特点？（除了1和它本身还有别的约数。
）这样的数叫做合数。
板书:合数（6）教师:谁能说一说什么叫合数？（一个数，如果除了l和它本身还有别的约数，这样的数叫做合数。
2014高考宁夏理科状元罗政灵物理笔记
提供高中各科(语数英政物化生史地)全套视频辅导课程下载联系QQ：2929039796提供高中语文、数学、英语、政治、物理、化学、生物、历史、地理全套超清正版视频辅导课程下载本辅导课程全部为无密码、无加密的独立视频课件，您可以无任何限制的在电脑、手机、平板、高清电视上面顺畅观看。
最新版、新课标，全网最低价！最适合有一定基础，自学能力较强的同学！可以免费试看，马上联系我们吧！下载试听：【高中语文】【高中数学】【高中英语】【高中政治】【高中物理】【高中化学】【高中生物】【高中历史】【高中地理】学考易VIP下载服务的特点和优势1、内容-总容量高达数百G最齐全最完整的辅导视频课程，全部为最新版新课标；2、速度-所有更新课程均第一时间提供下载；3、服务-全程资料免费更新、提供论坛版块交流和答疑；专业客服随时在线，优质的售后服务为您解决后顾之忧；4、下载-所有视频辅导课件和其他复习资料均提供24小时批量高速下载服务。
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交易流程：咨询在线客服(或联系QQ：2929039796)→本站提供汇款账号→汇款→通知本站您已经汇款→本站确认后为您开通下载权限注：购买后即时开通VIP下载权限，马上可以下载到总容量高达数百G最齐全最完整的视频辅导课件！同学们，如果您想进一步了解我们的VIP下载服务；又或者您有其他任何问题，请立即联系我们吧^_^--------------------------------------------------------------【马上点击“在线咨询”和我们的客服联系吧】咨询QQ：2929039796联系邮箱：2929039796@--------------------------------------------------------------关于我们：【学考易】是一家专业提供各类考试应试辅导服务的网站。
致力于提供学历类，外语类，计算机类，财会类，资格类，工程类，医药类等考试最有效的应试助考服务。
风吹哪页读哪页
风吹哪页读哪页——浅谈古希腊戏剧史06级人类学曾文琪06313024当被爱琴海这只深蓝色的眼眸洞彻心扉，在被通透的白色建筑涤尽心里最后一丝羁绊后，希腊这座“天空之城”，孕育了它引以为豪的“爱子”——戏剧。
而这位母亲的无穷魅力，不但使整个欧洲无可救药的患上了恋母情节，更无意间成了全世界戏剧历史访祖寻根、顶礼膜拜的圣地。
如果借由这位“爱子”之笔，全凭对母亲的一片赤诚来为她撰写一部“传记”，毋庸置疑。
每一页都将成就经典。
剧种：存在感的见证古希腊的历史分为三类：悲剧、喜剧和萨提洛斯剧。
亚里士多德认为：“悲剧是从酒神颂的临时口占中发展出来的，戏剧是从法罗斯歌的历史口占中发展出来的。
”由此，或许我们不难一窥古希腊人对于神明的态度和自身认同的看法：假设最初的悲剧类似“祭祀仪式”，它就是人对于酒神的一种诠释，人们对其则既敬畏又好奇，悲剧的作用就好像酒精——麻醉神经，然后像萨满一样置换、通神、达灵，最后，天既可以和人一样，神也有平民一样的爱恨情仇。
这样一来，喜剧就是平民生活，代表人们对自己的态度。
最后，最令人振奋的剧种萨提洛斯剧的诞生：它是诗人不拉金创造的一种介乎于悲剧和喜剧之间的剧种，这也可能是最接近希腊人的对于“人间”、对于自己的认识，比如欧力庇得斯的《圆目巨人》。
带血的撕扯：悲剧之诉求鲁迅对悲剧发表过自己的见解：“悲剧就是把最美好的东西在你面前揉碎。
”恩格斯也曾经提出核心所在：“历史的必然要求和这个要求的实际上不可能实现之间的悲剧性冲突。
”因此，成功的悲剧似乎取决于美好与毁灭之间的落差，落差越大，越能表现冲突，赢得共鸣和眼泪。
古希腊的戏剧史在寻求悲剧效果的追求道路上与此不谋而合。
我主管的把古希腊的悲剧划分为三个阶段：神灵悲剧、命运悲剧和心理悲剧。
所谓神灵悲剧，不如说是赞美诗式的类宗教产物，由于希腊人缺乏一个世俗话的上帝来告诉他们什么是对，什么是错，应该如何做，所以，古希腊悲剧之父埃斯库罗斯适时站出来以“真理必须是高于一切”的宗旨为迷失的人们指点迷津。
2014年的高考状元
东北师大附中高三3班的考生刘梦非，以716分的好 成绩成为吉林理科状元。成为父母、亲属、老师和她 自己的骄傲。
东北师大附中袁一沣以679分(含5分加分)获得2014 年吉林省文科(汉语言类)第一名。吉林延边第一中学韩 艺华以687分(含10分加分)获得2014年吉林省文科(朝鲜 语类)第一名。
甘肃文理状元出炉 两人以687分并列理科第一。 理科状元以687分的成绩并列，分别是来自西北师大 [微博]附中的柴冰倩和来自庆阳一中的郭恒。西北师 大附中的丁月文以总分679分考取全省理工类第二， 兰州一中的李许源、师大附中的金瑜以678分并列全 省理科第三。
姓名：唐旭亦.总分：650分.学校：东辰中学. 绵阳东辰中学学生唐旭奕以总分650分的高分勇 夺全省文科桂冠。在她眼中，劳逸结合是取得成功 的关键，在学习的同时，她喜欢德国的足球，同时 也将德国足球队的严谨精神用于学习中。
2014重庆高考文科状元为来自南开中学的胡嘉，她的 总分数为685分，其中语文128分，数学146分，英语 142分，文综269分。胡嘉的老师说，听到她成为文科状 元的消息是感到十分激动，因为她最差时考三十多名。 胡嘉说，她想做一个学霸，虽然在同学眼中她是一个学 霸，但她觉得她自己还不是，因为她在心里有一个崇拜 同学，她认为同学才是真学霸。老师说，当时怀疑她有 早恋，但是害怕批评影响她的学习，直到今天分数出来 以后老师才说出来。 说起原因，胡嘉认为， 那位同学很有自制力，下 课的时候都能做到不跟其 他人说话，自己沉浸在学 习中，而她自己则没有同 桌那样的自制力。同时， 那位同学还是年级第一， 她认为这次同学没有她考 得好是因为运气的原因。
生活在农村，只有小学文化的父亲文小平、母亲申学娟，双 双外出务工挣钱，小学时，文秋林跟着同样只有小学文化的外公 一起生活，成为一名“留守儿童”。因为出身寒门，文秋林早早 明白了知识的重要性，勤奋学习。小学毕业后，成绩不错的文秋 林，考入务川三中远志班，住校就读。2011年，文秋林迎来人生 的第一场硬仗：中考。此时，父母仍在浙江打工。中考临近，文 秋林的生活费花完了，囊中羞涩的他，碍于情面不好意思找同学 开口，也不想远在外地的父母操心，中考最后一天，身无分文的 他，竟然饿着肚子，完成了当天的考试。
MSC.81_70 _Word7Ver11112002-P43
INTERNATIONAL MARITIME MSC.81(70)ORGANIZATION 24.01.2000Original: ENGLISH ASSEMBLY - 17th sessionAgenda item 10RESOLUTION MSC.81(70)adopted on 11 December 1998TESTING OF LIFE-SAVING APPLIANCESThis version also includes revisions adopted as follows:INTERNATIONAL MARITIME ORGANIZATION MSC/Circ.596 5 May 1992INTERNATIONAL MARITIME ORGANIZATION MSC/Circ.615 22 June 1993INTERNATIONAL MARITIME ORGANIZATION MSC.54(66) 30 May 1996INTERNATIONAL MARITIME ORGANIZATION MSC/Circ.809 30 June 1997INTERNATIONAL MARITIME ORGANIZATION MSC/Circ.810 30 June 1997DE 41/WP.8 and DE 41/WP.8/ADD.1 1998 UnderlinedREVISED RECOMMENDATIONON TESTING OF LIFE-SAVINGAPPLANCESTHE MARITIME SAFETY COMMITTEE,RECALLING Article 28(b) of the Convention on the International Maritime Organization concerning thefunctions of the Committee,RECALLING ALSO that the Assembly, when adopting resolution A.689(17) on Testing of lifesavingappliances, authorized the Committee to keep the Recommendation on testing of life-saving appliancesunder review and to adopt, when appropriate, amendments thereto,RECALLING FURTHER that, since the adoption of resolution A.689(17), the Committee has amendedthe Recommendation annexed thereto in four occasions, i.e. by resolution MSC.54(66), by circulars MSC/Circ.615 and MSC/Circ.809 and through the present resolution,NOTING that the 1995 SOLAS Conference, in adopting amendments to the 1974 SOLAS Conventionconcerning the safety of ro-ro passenger ships, also adopted Conference resolution 7 – Development ofrequirements, guidelines and performance standards, whereby the Committee was requested to developrelevant requirements, guidelines and performance standards to assist in the implementation of theamendments adopted by the Conference,NOTING that the requirements of the International Code for Life-Saving appliances (LSA Code) cameinto force on 1 July 1998 under the provisions of the new chapter III of the 1974 SOLAS ConventionRECOGNIZING the need to introduce more precise testing requirements in the testing of life-savingappliances,HAVING CONSIDERED the recommendation made by the Sub-Committee on Ship Design andEquipment at its forty-first session,1. ADOPTS the revised Recommendation on Testing of Life-Saving Appliances, set out in the annex tothe present resolution;2.RECOMMENDS Governments to ensure that life-saving appliances are subjected to:.1 the tests recommended in the Annex to the present resolution; or.2 such tests as the Administration is satisfied are substantially equivalent to thoserecommended in the Annex to the present resolution.ANNEXRECOMMENDATION ON TESTING OF LIFE-SAVING APPLIANCESCONTENTSINTRODUCTIONPART 1 – PROTOTYPE TESTS FOR LIFE-SAVING APPLIANCES1 LIFEBUOYS1.1 Lifebuoys specification1.2 Temperature cycling test1.3 Drop test1.4 Test for oil resistance1.5 Fire test1.6 Flotation test1.7 Strength test1.8 Test for operation with a light and smoke signal1.9 Lifebuoy self-activating smoke signal tests2 LIFEJACKETS2.1 Temperature cycling test2.2 Buoyancy test2.3 Fire test2.4 Test for oil resistance2.5 Tests for materials for cover, tapes and seams2.6 Strength tests2.7 Additional tests for lifejacket buoyancy material other than cork or kapok 2.8 Donning test2.9 Water performance tests2.10 Children’s lifejacket tests2.11 Tests for inflatable lifejackets3 IMMERSION SUITS ANTI-EXPOSURE SUITS ANDTHERMAL PROTECTIVE AIDS3.1 Tests common to non-insulated and insulatedimmersion suits3.2 Thermal protective testsSpecific tests for non-insulated immersion suitsSpecific tests for insulated immersion suitsSpecific test for anti-exposure suits3.3 Thermal protective aids for survival craft4 PYROTECHNICS – ROCKET PARACHUTE FLARES,HAND FLARES AND BUOYANT SMOKE SIGNALS4.1 General4.2 Temperature tests4.3 Water and corrosion resistance test4.4 Handling safety test4.5 Safety inspection4.6 Rocket parachute flares test4.7 Hand flares test4.8 Buoyant smoke signals test5 LIFERAFTS - RIGID AND INFLATABLE5.1 Drop test5.2 Jump test5.3 Weight test5.4 Towing test5.5 Mooring out tests5.6 Liferaft painter system test5.7 Loading and seating test5.8 Boarding test5.9 Stability test5.10 Manoeuvrability test5.11 Swamp test5.12 Canopy closure test5.13 Buoyancy of float-free liferafts5.14 Detailed inspection5.15 Weak link test5.16 Davit-launched liferafts - strength test of lifting components5.17 Additional tests applicable to inflatable liferafts only5.18 Liferaft light test5.19 Submergence test for automatically self-righting and canopied reversible liferafts 5.20 Wind velocity test5.21 Test for self-draining of floors of canopied reversible liferafts and automatically self-righting liferafts5.22 Liferaft light tests6 LIFEBOATS6.1 Definitions and general conditions6.2 Lifeboat material tests6.3 Lifeboat overload test6.4 Davit-launched lifeboat impact and drop test6.5 Free-fall lifeboat free-fall test6.6 Lifeboat seating strength test6.7 Lifeboat seating space test6.8 Lifeboat freeboard and stability tests6.9 Release mechanism test6.10 Lifeboat operational test6.11 Lifeboat towing and painter release test6.12 Lifeboat light tests6.13 Canopy erection test6.14 Additional tests for totally enclosed lifeboats6.15 Air supply test for lifeboats with a self-contained air support system6.16 Additional tests for fire-protected lifeboats6.17 Measuring and evaluating acceleration forces7 RESCUE BOATS7.1 Rigid rescue boats7.2 Inflated rescue boats7.3 Rigid/inflated rescue boats7.4 Rigid fast rescue boats7.5 Inflated fast rescue boats7.6 Rigid/inflated fast rescue boats7.7 Outboard motors for rescue boats8 LAUNCHING AND EMBARKATION APPLIANCES8.1 Testing of davits and launching appliances8.2 Davit-launched liferaft automatic releasehook test9 LINE-THROWING APPLIANCES9.1 Tests for pyrotechnics9.2 Function test9.3 Line tensile test9.4 Visual examination9.5 Temperature test10 POSITION-INDICATING LIGHTS FOR LIFE-SAVINGAPPLIANCES10.1 Survival craft and rescue boats light test10.2 Lifebuoy self-igniting light tests10.3 Lifejacket light tests10.4 Common tests for all position-indicating lights(additional lightsare required to carry out the environmental tests11 HYDROSTATIC RELEASE UNITS11.1 Visual and dimensional examination11.2 Technical tests11.3 Performance test12 MARINE EVACUATION SYSTEMS12.1 Materials12.2 Marine Evacuation System Container12.3 Marine Evacuation Passage12.4 Marine Evacuation Platform, if fitted12.5 Associated Inflatable Liferafts12.6 Performance13 SEARCHLIGHTS FOR LIFEBOATS AND RESCUE BOATS 13.1 Visual examination13.2 Durability and resistance to environmentalconditions13.3 Operational controls13.4 Light tests14 MEANS OF RESCUEPART 2 - PRODUCTION AND INSTALLATION TESTS1 GENERAL2 INDIVIDUAL BUOYANCY EQUIPMENT2.1 Lifejackets2.2 Immersion suit and anti-exposure suits3 PORTABLE BUOYANCY EQUIPMENT3.1 Lifebuoys4 PYROTECHNICS5 SURVIVAL CRAFT5.1 Liferaft operational inflation test5.2 Davit-launched liferaft and inflated rescue boat test5.3 Lifeboat and rescue boat test5.4 Launch test6 LAUNCHING AND STOWAGE ARRANGEMENTS6.1 Launching appliances using falls and winches6.2 Installation tests of liferaft launching appliances7 MARINE EVACUATION SYSTEMS7.1 Installation testsINTRODUCTIONThe tests in this Recommendation have been developed on the basis of the requirements of the IMO Life-Saving Appliances (LSA) Code.Life-saving appliances which are installed on board on or after 1 July 1999 should meet the applicable requirements of this Recommendation or substantially equivalent ones, as may be specified by the Administration. Where there has been a substantial change in the equipment performance requirements or the test procedures in this recommendation, an item of equipment previously tested to resolution A.521(13), or previous versions of resolution A.689(17), need only be subjected to tests affected by such changes.Life-saving appliances which are were installed on board before 1 July 1999 may meet the applicable requirements of the Recommendation on Testing of Life-saving Appliances adopted by resolution A.521(13), previous versions of resolution A.689(17), or substantially equivalent ones, as may be specified by the Administration and may continue in use on the ship on which they are presently installed, as long as they remain suitable for service.Tests for requirements referred to in the LSA Code, which are not included in this Recommendation, should be to the satisfaction of the Administration.It should be verified that life-saving appliances not covered by tests referred to in this Recommendation meet the applicable requirements of the LSA Code.1PART 1PROTOTYPE TESTS FOR LIFE-SAVING APPLIANCES LIFEBUOYS1.1 Lifebuoys specificationIt should be established by measurement, weighing and inspection that:.1 the lifebuoy has an outer diameter of not more than 800 mm and an inner diameter ofnot less than 400 mm;.2 the lifebuoy has a mass of not less than 2.5 kg;.3 if it is intended to operate the quick-release arrangement provided for a self-activatedsmoke signal and self-igniting light, the lifebuoy has a mass sufficient to operate suchquick-release arrangement or 4 kg, whichever is greater (see 1.8); and.4 the lifebuoy is fitted with a grabline of not less than 9.5 mm in diameter and of not lessthan four times the outside diameter of the body of the buoy in length and secured in fourequal loops.1.2 Temperature cycling testThe following test should be carried out on two lifebuoys.1.2.1 The lifebuoys should be alternately subjected to surrounding temperatures of -30°C and+65°C. These alternating cycles need not follow immediately after each other and the following procedure, repeated for a total of 10 cycles, is acceptable:.1 an 8 h cycle at +65°C to be completed in one day; and.2 the specimens removed from the warm chamber that same day and left exposed underordinary room conditions until the next day;.3 an 8 h cycle at -30°C to be completed the next day; and.4 the specimens removed from the cold chamber that same day and left exposed underordinary room conditions until the next day.1.2.2 The lifebuoys should show no sign of loss of rigidity under high temperatures and, after the tests, should show no sign of damage such as shrinking, cracking, swelling, dissolution or change of mechanical qualities.21.3 Drop testThe two lifebuoys should be dropped into the water from the height at which they are intended to be stowed on ships in their lightest seagoing condition, or 30 m, whichever is the greater, without suffering damage. In addition, one lifebuoy should be dropped three times from a height of 2 m on toa concrete floor.1.4 Test for oil resistanceOne of the lifebuoys should be immersed horizontally for a period of 24 h under a 100 mm head of diesel oil at normal room temperature. After this test the lifebuoy should show no sign of damage such as shrinking, cracking, swelling, dissolution or change of mechanical qualities.1.5 Fire testThe other lifebuoy should be subjected to a fire test. A test pan 30 x 35 x 6 cm should be placed in an essentially draught-free area. Water should be put in the bottom of the test pan to a depth of 1 cm followed by enough petrol to make a minimum total depth of 4 cm. The petrol should then be ignited and allowed to burn freely for 30 s. The lifebuoy should then be moved through flames in an upright, forward, free-hanging position, with the bottom of the lifebuoy 25 cm above the top edge of the test pan so that the duration of exposure to the flames is 2 s. The lifebuoy should not sustain burning or continue melting after being removed from the flares.1.6 Flotation testThe two lifebuoys subjected to the above tests should be floated in fresh water with not less than 14.5 kg of iron suspended from each of them and should remain floating for a period of 24 h.1.7 Strength testA lifebuoy body should be suspended by a 50 mm wide strap. A similar strap should be passed around the opposite side of the body with a 90 kg mass suspended from it. After 30 min, the lifebuoy body should be examined. There should be no breaks, cracks or permanent deformation.1.8 Test for operation with a light and smoke signalA lifebuoy intended for quick release with a light and smoke signal should be given this test. The lifebuoy should be arranged in a manner simulating its installation on a ship for release from the navigating bridge. A lifebuoy light and smoke signal should be attached to the lifebuoy in the manner recommended by the manufacturers. The lifebuoy should be released and should activate both the light and the smoke signal.1.9 Lifebuoy self-activating smoke signal tests1.9.1 Nine self-activating smoke signals should be subjected to temperature cycling as prescribed in 1.2.1. and after the tests, should show no sign of damage such as shrinking, cracking, swelling dissolution or change of mechanical qualities.31.9.2 After at least ten complete temperature cycles, the first three smoke signals should be taken from a stowage temperature of -30o C for at least 48 hours, then taken from this stowage temperature and be activated and operated in seawater at a temperature of -1o C and the next three should be taken from a stowage temperature of +65o C for at least 48 hours then taken from this stowage temperature and be activated and operated in seawater at a temperature of +30o C. After the smoke signals have been emitting smoke for 7 min the smoke-emitting ends of the smoke signals should be immersed to a depth of 25 mm for 10 s. On being released the smoke signals should continue operating for a total period of smoke emission of not less than 15 minutes. The signals should not ignite explosively or ina manner dangerous to persons close by.1.9.3 The last three smoke signals taken from ordinary room conditions and attached by a line to a lifebuoy should undergo the drop test into water prescribed in 1.3. The lifebuoy should be dropped from a quick-release fitting. The smoke signals should not be damaged, and should function for a period of at least 15 min.1.9.4 Smoke signals should also be subjected to the tests and examinations prescribed in 4.2.4, 4.3.1,4.3.3, 4.5.5, 4.5.6, 4.8.2 and 4.8.3.1.9.5 A smoke signal should be tested in waves at least 300 mm high. The signal should function effectively and for not less than 15 minutes.2 LIFEJACKETS2.1 Temperature cycling testA lifejacket should be subjected to the temperature cycling as prescribed in 1.2.1 and should then be externally examined. If the buoyancy material has not been subjected to the tests prescribed in 2.7, the lifejacket should also be examined internally. The lifejacket materials should show no sign of damage such as shrinking, cracking, swelling, dissolution or change of mechanical qualities.2.2 Buoyancy testThe buoyancy of the lifejacket should be measured before and after 24 h complete submersion to just below the surface in fresh water. The difference between the initial buoyancy and the final buoyancy should not exceed 5% of the initial buoyancy.2.3 Fire testA lifejacket should be subjected to the fire test prescribed in 1.5. The lifejacket should not sustain burning or continue melting after being removed from the flames.2.4 Test for oil resistance2.4.1 The lifejacket should be tested for oil resistance as prescribed in 1.4.2.4.2 If the buoyancy material has not been subjected to the tests prescribed in 2.7, the lifejacket should also be examined internally and the effect determined. The material must show no sign of damage such as shrinking, cracking, swelling, dissolution or change of mechanical qualities.42.5 Tests of materials for cover, tapes and seamsThe materials used for the cover, tapes, seams and additional equipment should be tested to the satisfaction of the Administration to establish that they are rot-proof, colour-fast and resistant to deterioration from exposure to sunlight and that they are not unduly affected by seawater, oil or fungal attack.2.6 Strength testsBody or lifting loop strength tests2.6.1 The lifejacket should be immersed in water for a period of 2 min. It should then be removed from the water and closed in the same manner as when it is worn by a person. A force of not less than 3,200 N (2,400 N in the case of a child-size lifejacket) should be applied for 30 min to the part of the lifejacket that secures it to the body of the wearer (see figure 1) or to the lifting loop of the lifejacket. The lifejacket should not be damaged as a result of this test.Shoulder strength test2.6.2 The lifejacket should be immersed in water for a period of 2 min. It should then be removed from the water and closed in the same manner as when it is worn by a person. A force of not less than 900 N (700 N in the case of a child-size lifejacket) should be applied for 30 min to the shoulder section of the lifejacket2.7 Additional tests for lifejacket buoyancy material other than cork or kapokThe following tests should be carried out on eight specimens of lifejacket buoyancy materials other than cork or kapok.Test for stability under temperature cycling2.7.1 Six specimens should be alternately subjected for 8 h to surrounding temperatures of -30o C and +65o C. These alternating cycles need not follow immediately after each other and the following procedure, repeated for 10 cycles, is acceptable:.1 an 8 h cycle at +65ºC to be completed in one day; and.2 the specimens removed from the warm chamber that same day and left exposed underordinary room conditions until the next day;.3 an 8 h cycle at -30ºC to be completed the next day; and.4 the specimens removed from the cold chamber that same day and left exposed underordinary room conditions until the next day.2.7.2 The dimensions of the specimens should be recorded at the end of the 10 cycle period. The specimens should be carefully examined and should not show any sign of external change of structure or of mechanical qualities.2.7.3 Two of the specimens should be cut open and should not show any sign of internal change of structure.62.7.4 Four of the specimens should be used for water absorption tests, two of which should be so tested after they have also been subjected to the diesel oil test as prescribed in 1.4.Tests for water absorption2.7.5 The tests should be carried out in fresh water and the specimens should be immersed for a period of seven days under a 1.25 m head of water.2.7.6 The tests should be carried out:.1 on two specimens as supplied;.2 on two specimens which have been subjected to the temperature cycling as prescribed in2.7.1; and.3 on two specimens which have been subjected to the temperature cycling as prescribed in2.7.1 followed by the diesel oil test as prescribed in 2.4.2.7.7 The specimens should be at least 300 mm square and be of the same thickness as used in the lifejacket. Alternatively, the entire lifejacket may be subjected to the test. The dimensions should be recorded at the beginning and end of these tests.2.7.8 The results should state the mass in kilograms which each specimen could support out of the water after one and seven days immersion (the selection of a test method suitable for obtaining this result directly or indirectly is left to the discretion of the testing authority). The reduction of buoyancy should not exceed 16% for specimens which have been exposed to the diesel oil conditioning and must not exceed 5% for all other specimens. The specimens should show no sign of damage such as shrinking, cracking, swelling, dissolution or change of mechanical qualities.2.8 Donning test2.8.1 As lifejackets will be used by uninitiated persons, often in adverse conditions, it is essential that risk of incorrect donning be minimized. Ties and fastenings necessary for proper performance should be few and simple. Lifejackets should readily fit various sizes of adults, both lightly and heavily clad. Lifejackets should be capable of being worn inside-out, or clearly in only one way.Test subjects2.8.2 These tests should be carried out with at least six able-bodied persons of the following heights and weights:Height Weight1.40 m - 1.60 m 1 person under 60 kg1 person over 60 kg1.60 m - 1.80 m 1 person under 70 kg1 person over 70 kgover 1.80 m 1 person under 80 kg1 person over 80 kg.1 at least one and not more than two of the persons should be females with not more than one female in the same height range;.2 for the approval of the lifejackets, the test results obtained from each of the participating subjects should be acceptable except as provided otherwise.7Clothing2.8.3 Each test subject should be tested wearing normal clothing. The test should be repeated with the test subject wearing heavy-weather clothing.Test2.8.4 After demonstration, the test subjects should correctly don lifejackets withina period of 1 min, without assistance.Assessment2.8.5 The observer should note:.1 ease and speed of donning; and.2 proper fit and adjustment.2.9 Water performance tests2.9.1 This portion of the test is intended to determine the ability of the lifejacket to assist a helpless person or one in an exhausted or unconscious state and to show that the lifejacket does not unduly restrict movement. All tests should be carried out in fresh water under still conditions.Test subjects2.9.2 These tests should be carried out with at least six persons as described in 2.8.2. Only good swimmers should be used, since the ability to relax in the water is rarely otherwise obtained. Clothing2.9.3 Subjects should wear only swimming costumes.Preparation for water performance tests2.9.4 The test subjects should be made familiar with each of the tests set out below, particularly the requirement regarding relaxing and exhaling in the face-down position. The test subject should don the lifejacket, unassisted using only the instructions provided by the manufacturer. The observer should note the points prescribed in 2.8.5.Righting tests2.9.5 The test subject should swim at least three gentle strokes (breast stroke) and then with minimum headway relax, with the head down and the lungs partially filled, simulating a state of utter exhaustion.The period of time should be recorded starting from the completion of the last stroke until the mouth of the test subject comes clear of the water. The above test should be repeated after the test subject has exhaled. The time should again be ascertained as above. The freeboard from the water surface to the mouth should be recorded with the test subject at rest.8Drop test2.9.6 Without readjusting the lifejacket, the test subject should jump vertically into the water, feet first, from a height of at least 4.5 m. When jumping into the water, the test subject should be allowed to hold on to the lifejacket during water entry to avoid possible injury. The freeboard to the mouth should be recorded after the test subject comes to rest.Assessment2.9.7 After each of the water tests described above, the test subject should come to rest with the mouth clear of the water by at least 120 mm. The average of all subjects' trunk angles should be at least 30o back of vertical, and each individual subject's angle should be at least 20o back of vertical. The average of all subjects. faceplane (head) angles should be at least 40o above horizontal, and each individual subject's angle should be at least 30o above horizontal. In the righting test, the mouth should be clear of the water in not more than 5 s. The lifejacket should not become dislodged or cause harm to the test subject.2.9.8 When evaluating the results of a test in accordance with 2.9.5, 2.9.7 and 2.9.8. the Administration may, in exceptional circumstances, disregard the results ofa test on a subject if the results show a very slight deviation from the specified criteria, provided the Administration is satisfied that the deviation can be attributed to the unusual size and stature characteristics of the test subject and the results of tests on other subjects, chosen in accordance with 2.9.2, show the satisfactory performance of the lifejacket.Swimming and water emergence test2.9.9 All test subjects, without wearing the lifejacket, should attempt to swim 25 m and board a liferaft or a rigid platform with its surface 300 mm above the water surface. All test subjects who successfully complete this task should perform it again wearing the lifejacket. At least two thirds of the test subjects who can accomplish the task without the lifejacket should also be able to perform it with the lifejacket.2.10 Children's lifejacket testsAs far as possible, similar tests should be applied for approval of lifejackets suitable for children.2.10.1 When conducting water performance tests under 2.9, child-size lifejackets should meet the following requirements for their critical flotation stability characteristics. The range of sizes for child-size lifejackets should be considered based on the test results. Devices should be sized by height or by height and weight.2.10.2 Test subjects should be selected to fully represent the range of sizes for which the device is to be approved. Devices for smaller children should be tested on children as small as approximately 760 mm tall and 9 kg mass.At least six test subjects should be used for each 380 mm and 16 kg of size range:.1 Turning time. Each individual subject must turn face-up in not more than 5 s..2 Freeboard. The combined results for clearance of the mouth above the water for all subjects should average at least 90 mm; each individual subject under 1.270 mm and 23kg should have at least 50 mm clearance, and each individual subject over 1,270 mm9and 23 kg should have at least 75 mm clearance.3 Trunk angle. The average of all subjects' results should be at least 40o back of vertical, and each individual subject's result should be at least 20o back or vertical..4 Faceplane (head) angle. The average of all subjects' results should be at least 35o above horizontal, and each individual subject's result should be at least 20o above horizontal..5 Mobility. Mobility of the subject both in and out of the water should be given consideration in determining the acceptability of a device for approval.2.11 Tests for inflatable lifejackets2.11.1Two inflatable lifejackets should be subjected to the temperature cycling test prescribed inparagraph 1.2.1 in the uninflated condition and should then be externally examined. Theinflatable lifejackets materials should show no sign of damage such as shrinking, cracking, swelling, dissolution or change of mechanical qualities. The automatic and manual inflation systems shall each be tested immediately after each temperature cycling test as follows:.1 after the high temperature cycle(test in paragraph 1.2.1.1) the two inflatablelifejackets take from a stowage temperature of + 65°C, one should be activated usingthe automatic inflation system by placing it in seawater at a temperature of + 30°C andthe other should be activated using the manual inflation system; and.2 after the low temperature cycle(test in paragraph 1.2.1.3 the two inflatablelifejackets take from a stowage temperature of -30°C, one should be activated using theautomatic inflation system by placing it in seawater at a temperature of- 1°C and theother should be activated using the manual inflation system.2.11.2 The test in 2.8 should be conducted using lifejackets both in the inflated and uninflated conditions.2.11.3 The tests in 2.9 should be conducted using lifejackets that have been inflated both automatically and manually, and also with one of the compartments uninflated. The tests with one of the compartments uninflated should be repeated as many times as necessary to perform the test once with each compartment in the uninflated condition.2.11.4 Tests of materials for inflatable bladders, inflation systems and componentsThe material used for the inflatable bladder, inflation system and components should be tested to establish that they are rot-proof, colour fast and resistant to deterioration from exposure to sunlight and that they are not duly affected by seawater, oil or fungal attack.2.11.4.1 Material testsResistance to rot and illumination tested according to AATCC Method 30:1981 and (ISO 105-B04:1988 Illumination should take place to Class 4-5).Following exposure to rot or illumination tests above the tensile strength should be measured using。
教科版物理选修3-4：第4章4.5知能演练轻松闯关
1.光从空气射入水中，当入射角变化时，则( ) A ．反射角和折射角都发生变化 B ．反射角和折射角都不变C ．反射角发生变化，折射角不变D ．折射角变化，反射角始终不变解析：选A.由光的反射定律知，入射角和反射角相等，所以入射角变化时，反射角也发生变化；由光的折射定律知，入射角的正弦和折射角的正弦成正比，所以入射角变化时，折射角也发生变化，A 正确． 2.一束光从某种介质射入空气中时，入射角i ＝30°，折射角r ＝60°，折射光路如图所示，则下列说法正确的是( ) A ．此介质折射率为33B ．此介质折射率为 3C ．光在介质中速度比在空气中小D ．光在介质中速度比在空气中大解析：选BC.由折射定律及入射角、折射角的含义知n ＝sin rsin i ＝3，则此介质比空气折射率大，又由n ＝cv 知，C 正确，D 错误．3.用“插针法”测定透明半圆柱玻璃砖的折射率，O 为玻璃砖截面的圆心，使入射光线跟玻璃砖的平面垂直，如图所示的四个图中P 1、P 2、P 3和P 4是四个学生实验插针的结果．(1)在这四个图中肯定把针插错了的是________；(2)在这四个图中可以比较准确地测出折射率的是____________，计算玻璃砖的折射率的公式是________．解析：(1)垂直射入半圆柱玻璃砖平面的光线，经玻璃砖折射后，折射光线不能与入射光线平行(除过圆心的光线)，A 错．(2)测量较准确的是图D ，因B 图的入射光线经过圆心，出射光线没有发生折射，C 图的入射光线离圆心太近，射到圆界面上时，入射角太小不易测量，会产生较大的误差．测量出入射角与折射角后，由折射定律求出折射率n ＝sin isin r .答案：(1)A (2)D n ＝sin isin r4.有人在游泳池岸边“竖直”向下观察池水的深度，看上去池水的视深为h ，已知水的折射率为43，那么池水的实际深度H ＝________．解析：由池底某点P 发出的光线，在水中和空气中的光路如图所示．由于观察者在岸边“竖直”向下观看，所以光线在水面处的入射角θ1和折射角θ2都很小，根据数学知识可知： sin θ1≈tan θ1＝aH ，①sin θ2≈tan θ2＝ah .②根据折射定律有1n ＝sin θ1sin θ2.③将①②两式代入③式得1n ＝a /Ha /h ，解得池水实际深度为H ＝nh ＝43h .答案：43h一、选择题1.如果光以同一入射角从真空射入不同介质，则折射率越大的介质( ) A ．折射角越大，表示这种介质对光线的偏折角度越大 B ．折射角越大，表示这种介质对光线的偏折角度越小 C ．折射角越小，表示这种介质对光线的偏折角度越大 D ．折射角越小，表示这种介质对光线的偏折角度越小解析：选C.根据光的折射定律sin θ1sin θ2＝n 知sin θ2＝sin θ1n ，光从真空以相等的入射角θ1射入介质时，sin θ1一定，n 越大，sin θ2越小，θ2就越小，说明光偏离原来的角度就越大，所以选项C 正确． 2.(2012·济南高二检测)光从某种玻璃中射向空气，入射角i 从零开始增大到某一值的过程中，折射角r 也随之增大，则下列说法正确的是( ) A ．比值i /r 不变B ．比值sin i /sin r 是一个大于1的常数C ．比值sin i /sin r 不变D ．比值sin i /sin r 是一个小于1的常数解析：选CD.光从玻璃射向空气时，玻璃的折射率n ＝sin rsin i >1，且不变，因此C 、D 正确．3.一束光从空气射入某种透明液体，入射角为40°，在界面上光的一部分被反射，另一部分被折射，则反射光线与折射光线的夹角是( ) A ．小于40° B ．在40°与50°之间 C ．大于140° D ．在100°与140°之间解析：选D.因为入射角为40°，反射角也为40°，根据折射定律折射角小于40°，所以反射光线与折射光线的夹角在100°与140°之间．4.如图所示，落山的太阳看上去正好在地平线上，但实际上太阳已处于地平线以下，观察者的视觉误差大小取决于当地大气的状况．造成这种现象的原因是( )A ．光的反射B ．光的折射C ．光的直线传播D ．小孔成像解析：选B.光经过大气层，空气分布不均匀，而折射率不同，光发生折射现象使光传播方向发生改变所致．5.某同学做测定玻璃折射率实验时，用他测得的多组入射角i 与折射角r ，作出sin i －sin r 图像如图所示，下列判断中正确的是( ) A ．他做实验时，光线是由空气射入玻璃的 B ．玻璃的折射率为0.67 C ．玻璃的折射率约为1.5D ．玻璃临界角的正弦值为0.67解析：选ACD.由题图可知入射角大于折射角，光线是由光疏介质射入光密介质，故选项A 正确；任何介质的折射率都大于1，故B 项错；由折射率公式n ＝sin i sin r ，可得n ＝10.67＝1.5，故C 项正确；由临界角的定义公式：sin C ＝1n ，可知D 项正确．6.(2012·四川高二检测)如图所示，一束单色光射入一玻璃球体，入射角为60°，已知光线在玻璃球内经一次反射后，再次折射回到空气中时与入射光线平行．此玻璃的折射率为( ) A.2 B ．1.5 C. 3D ．2解析：选C.绘出光在玻璃球体内的光路图，如图所示，由几何关系可知，第一次折射时，折射角为30°，则n ＝sin60°sin30°＝3，C 正确．6.(2012·汉中高二检测)为了观察门外情况，有人在门上开一小圆孔，将一块圆柱形玻璃嵌入其中，圆柱体轴线与门面垂直，如图所示，从圆柱底面中心看出去，可以看到门外入射光线与轴线间的最大夹角称为视场角，已知该玻璃的折射率为n ，圆柱体长为l ，底面半径为r ，则视场角为( )A ．arcsin nlr 2＋l 2B ．arcsinnrr 2＋l 2 C ．arcsin rn r 2＋l 2D ．arcsin ln r 2＋l 2解析：选B.画出以最大入射角(θ1)的入射光线(边界光线)在圆柱形玻璃中折射后的光路图，如图所示，由几何关系和折射定律，有sin θ2＝rr 2＋l 2，n ＝sin θ1sin θ2，联立以上两式解得：sin θ1＝nrr 2＋l2θ1＝arcsin nrr 2＋l 2，选项B 正确．8.在用两面平行的玻璃砖测定玻璃折射率的实验中，其实验光路如图所示，对实验中的一些具体问题，下列意见正确的是( )A ．为了减少作图误差，P 3和P 4的距离应适当取大些B ．为减少测量误差，P 1、P 2的连线与玻璃砖界面的夹角应取大些C ．若P 1、P 2的距离较大时，通过玻璃砖会看不到P 1、P 2的像D ．若P 1、P 2连线与法线NN ′夹角较大时，有可能在bb ′面发生全反射，所以在bb ′一侧就看不到P 1、P 2的像解析：选A.P 3和P 4的距离应适当取大些，是为了画直线OB 时更接近原光线，能减少误差，选项A 正确．在玻璃中的光线OO ′的入射角达不到临界角，不会发生全反射． 9.在测定玻璃的折射率实验中，已画好玻璃砖界面两直线aa ′与bb ′后，不小心误将玻璃砖向上稍平移了一点，如图所示，若其他操作正确，则测得的折射率将( ) A ．变大 B ．变小C ．不变D ．变大、变小均有可能 解析：选C.设P 1、P 2、P 3、P 4是正确操作所得到的四枚大头针的位置，画出光路图后可知，即使玻璃砖向上平移一些，如图所示，实际的入射角没有改变．实际的折射光线是O 1O 1′，而现在误把O 2O 2′作为折射光线，由于O 1O 1′平行于O 2O 2′，所以折射角没有改变，因此折射率不变． 10.如图所示，空气中有一块横截面呈扇形的玻璃砖，折射率为 2.现有一细光束，垂直射到AO 面上，经玻璃砖反射、折射后，经OB 面平行返回，∠AOB 为135°，圆的半径为r ，则入射点P 点距圆心O 的距离为( ) A.14r B.12r C ．r sin7.5° D ．r sin15°解析：选C.如图过D 点作法线，光线在D 点折射时，由于∠AOB ＝135°，可知折射角为45°，由光的折射定律sin45°sin i＝n ，i ＝30°.又由几何关系知∠PCD ＝15°，连接OC ，由光的反射定律知∠PCO ＝7.5°，PO ＝r sin7.5°. 二、非选择题11.光线以60°的入射角从空气射入玻璃中，折射光线与反射光线恰好垂直．(真空中光速c ＝3.0×108 m/s)(1)画出折射光路图．(2)求出玻璃的折射率和光在玻璃中的传播速度． (3)当入射角变为45°时，折射角为多大？(4)当入射角增大或减小时，玻璃的折射率是否变化？说明理由．解析：先画出玻璃与空气的界面，再过入射点作出界面的垂线即为法线，作入射光线，然后根据光的反射定律和折射定律作出反射光线和折射光线，求出折射角θ2后，根据n ＝sin θ1sin θ2求出n ，再根据n ＝cv 求出光在玻璃中的传播速度v ，当入射角变化时，比值sin θ1sin θ2保持不变，即玻璃的折射率并不改变，据此可求出相应的折射角．(1)由题意知入射角θ1＝60°，反射角θ3＝60°，折射角θ2＝90°－60°＝30°，折射光路图如图所示．(2)n ＝sin θ1sin θ2＝sin60°sin30°＝3，根据n ＝c v 得v ＝c n ＝3.0×1083m/s.故v ≈1.7×108 m/s.(3)由n ＝sin θ1sin θ2得sin θ2＝sin θ1n ，将sin θ1＝sin45°＝22及n ＝3代入上式， 可求得sin θ2＝66，θ2＝arcsin 66. (4)折射率不会变化，折射率由介质和入射光的频率决定，而跟入射角的大小无关．答案：见解析 12.一个圆柱形筒，直径12 cm ，高16 cm.人眼在筒侧上方某处观察，所见筒侧的深度为9 cm ，当筒中装满液体时，则恰能看到筒侧的最低点，求： (1)此液体的折射率；(2)光在此液体中的传播速度．解析：根据题中的“恰能看到”，可作出符合题意的光路图(如图所示)．(1)由图可知：sin θ2＝d d 2＋H 2，sin θ1＝sin i ＝dd 2＋h 2 折射率：n ＝sin θ1sin θ2＝d 2＋H 2d 2＋h 2＝122＋162122＋92＝43.(2)传播速度：v ＝c n ＝3.0×10843m/s ＝2.25×108 m/s.答案：(1)43 (2)2.25×108 m/s。