TOEFL写作题型

写作题型一、单一类：1.价值判断—利弊类Should，better，important, necessary etc【e.g.1】challenging plans rather than practical plansPros：challenging plan（1）、个人：improve skills；fulfill potential；persistence\perseverance\tenacity; strong will; （2）、他人、朋友: win more support from friends（3）、社会、国家:developmentCons:（1）、个人：greater chance of successConfidence；less pressure—sense of security；（2）、朋友：win support from friends（朋友认为是一个可靠负责的人）朋友是万能角度（3）、社会国家：development；accumulated efforts lead to great revolution.【e.g.2】选课类话题（history, basic science, art, economy, foreign languages, foreign culture etc.）此类题目统一说不选，不选的理由唯一：压力大（high pressure）；花钱多（expensive tuition）Firstly，the extra history courses put too much academic pressure on students. 【解释：majors，GPA，job competition，social activity，love relationship，sleeplessness，insomnia】【例子：medicine，lab，internship，w: cases, memorize rules, research, debating skills, social......】Secondly, the compulsory history courses lead to skyrocketing tuition fees.【e.g.3】高薪类话题统一选高薪：（1）、衣食住行：Money meets basic needs… luxury goods（2）、满足兴趣爱好（3）、帮助他人（4）、赢得尊重A low-paid job secure job is better than a job with a high salary but easy to lose.Money meets basic needs.衣With enough money, we can buy ourselves clothes of top quality and fashion, which make us a smarter and more successful look.食Eggs, meat and milk can be added to our daily diet, keeping us away from malnourishment.住: Spacious and bright houses will be available to us if we have a high-paid job. Instead, we will no longer need to suffer crowds in dark and small shelters.行:We can enjoy the rapidity and safety brought by the most modern and brand transportation rather than worry about missing the last bus all day long.奢侈品：In addition, some luxury goods, like Dior，LV，Chanel and Gucci will be affordable to us, helping us lead a more decent life.Money allows us to pursue individual interests like golf…Money enables us to help others in need.A high-paid job receives more respect. Roll out red carpet…二、复合类2、现象证明类－事实类复合类：条件、转折、因果【e.g.1】Challenging plans are better than practical plans.First，persistence，strong-willed.解释：difficulties，problems，troubles，例子：Edison，light bulbs，lampCarbonized paperBamboo（1）为什么challenging：laugh at，failures，discourage，（2）如何Persistence：Second, propel move forward.解释：greater contribution，profound例子：Wright Brothers；（1）发明飞机很challenging：limitation，.......（2）如何发展：Firstly, the challenging plans teach us the value of perseverance. It is because there are always more difficulties and troubles waiting for the challenging planners on their way to success. They must be strong-willed enough to conquer the troubles and achieve the goal. Edison, the world-famous inventor who brings light to us, serves as a good example. He decided to improve the lighting efficiency of lamps by seeking for the most suitable materials. However, he was misunderstood by his peers and suffered the mockery. Even his friends and family tried to persuaded him out of his plan. When failures repeated, Edison just clinged to his ambition and hope with a strong will. Finally, he successfully found the most material, bamboo, which greatly improve the efficiency of the lamp. His experience made him realize the importance of a strong will and perseverance. He was able to view every failure as a step towards success, which made him the greatest inventor of the time.Second, challenging plans propel the society to move forward. It is because ambitious planners usually bring greater contribution to society, which profoundly change our way of life. Take Wright Brothers, the inventor of the first plane, as an example. Flying like a bird in the sky had been the widest dream for people for thousands of years. But most of them just considered it as a joke. Wright Brothers took it seriously. Despite the material and technology limitations, they persisted in the experiments. No matter how many people misunderstood and laughed at them, they just kept on trying and never gave up. Thanks to their efforts, the distance between people has been largely shortened. It only took a couple of hours to have a transcontinental trip today instead of suffering fatigue and seasickness in a ship for several months.【e.g.2】Ads make the products seem better than they really are.找原因：(1)To attract consumers, make money(2)Art effect, technique, graphic processing software beautify the figures, instant noodles(3)Celebrities endorsement account for the exaggeration拆分：（1）Food ads: instant noodles, McDonald’s（2）Daily consuming: tooth paste, shampoo（3）Durable consuming goods: HP, Toyota (brake)（4）Drug: weight-losing, cold-fighting（5）Real estate开头结尾：In this day and age, we are bombarded by all kinds of advertisements. Some people argue that ads present objective information about products. I disagree. According to my observation, most ads exaggerate the products for following reasons.In conclusion, ads do make the products much better than they really are in order to attract consumers, achieve are effects, or through celebrities endorsement. As a result, consumers should be rational enough to prevent being lured by the exaggerated ads.【e.g.2】T echnology makes people’s lives simpler in turn to make people’s lives more complicated.拆分：transportation, Internet, nuclear, drug【e.g.3】Movies and TVs have more negative effects than positive effects on young people.Neg.:（1）Physical：eyesight, overweight（2）Mental: violence, pornographic information（3）Social: harm social ties（4）Distracted: study efficiencyPos.:（1）Relax（2）Make friends（3）Intellectual stimulation, broaden horizon, exercise imagination3、今昔对比＋预测类可找原因的方面：（1）科技发展：scientific and technological development（2）环境污染：environmental pollution（3）观念扭转：opinion、thought、idea、ideology（4）社会福利发展：social welfare【e.g.1】In twenty years, there will be few er cares in use than in today.同意：（1）New means of transportation（2）Protect the environment（3）No longer consider cars as the symbol of wealth and social status（4）Free public transportation反对：（1）Advanced economic cars（2）New source of energy（3）Consider the cars of the symbol of wealth（4）People have spare money to buy cars【e.g.2】People are now easier to become educated than in the past.（1）科技：Internet & distant learning, study efficiency: computer-based teaching system, smart board, projector—concentrated and focused（2）观念：平等Girls who are not knowledgeable are considered as with great virtues;serve husband and children;（3）社会福利：tuition fees，Nine-year compulsory education system in China，Hope elementary school开头结尾：Education plays an increasing important role in national prosperity and individual development. Some people argue that it is more difficult for us to receive education nowadays than in the past due to higher tuition fees and lower admission rate. I disagree. According to my observation, people nowadays are much easier to be educated for following reasons.In conclusion, receiving education has become much easier for people in modern society 【because of the progresses in technology, traditional concepts and social welfare. It is foreseeable that in the future people all around the word will be able to access the best education freely.】中间段落：Firstly，the rapid development of science and technology greatly facilitates the education.【supporting】The reasons are twofold. For one thing, the popularity of Internet diversifies the way of learning. Children in distant places and adults who passed the school age are able to attend classes through Internet. For example, Harvard and Yale Universities recently promoted open courses online. With a click of mouse, people can enjoy the wonderful lectures given by professors in top universities at home. For another thing, advanced teaching and learning facility improves studying efficiency. In the past, most classrooms were only equipped with blackboards and chalks. Students had to suffer the nagging dust and tedious lectures which easily distracted them from their task. Nowadays, the smart boards, projectors and computer-based teaching system provide both audio and visual stimulation to students, greatly arousing their interests and enlightening them with higher efficiency. 【例子】… …Secondly, the progresses in traditional ideas make it possible for easier education. In ancient time, girls were prohibited to go to schools because of the traditional prejudice that girls who are not knowledgeable are considered as with great virtues. As a result, women were limited to their roles in serving husband and children and doing the housework. As the development of feminist movement, females have been gradually liberated from the heavy workload. They are entitled with the equal right to attend classes as boys. Nowadays it is not uncommon to see that so many girls are encouraged to study hard and apply for the world-renowned universities in pursuit of their own dreams.Finally, more people are able to receive education thanks to the development of social welfare. According to a survey conducted by China Education Research Center (CERC), poling illiterate people aged from 30 to 70, 85% respondents confessed that it is poverty that deprived them of the opportunity to receive education. Nevertheless, poor students and schools can receive more government subsidies nowadays. For example, Beijing started a program called “Never lose a student” recently, announcing that students whose family annual revenue is below the average can be exempted from paying tuition fees. My brother, xx benefited a lot from the policy. After leaving schools for more than 3 years, he was able to return to his classes.4、政府投资类Government should误区：which one is more important?支持段写法：角度一：A更符合民众的需求（需要A的人更多，其好处更显著），是政府职责所在（serve the public）角度二：A花费巨大，只能由政府承担角度三：承认B也需要钱也被人们需要，但是B的钱可以不由政府出（企业、个人、团体……）【e.g.1】The government should spend more money on environment protection than on economic growth.（1）Public healthFirstly，environmental protection is closely related to public health.Global warming——Carbon dioxide——the emission of wasted car gases——melting ice cap；Desertification——deforestation——sand storm\drought\floodEco-balance\ecological balanceSustainable developmentChemical industry; pour exhaust;Sewage disposable systemIt is the responsibility\obligation to provide healthy living environment for people.Secondly, both the government and public will benefit enormously from environmental protection. 【sustainable development；reputation；】（2）环保事业花费大Trees, labor force, technology, research fund, publicizing, nationwide issue（3）让步段可以由如alumni等人出钱【e.g.2】The Gov. should focus its budget more on art museums and concert halls than on recreational facilities such as swimming pools and playground.艺术的作用：Character education\mold and shape our character\teach us values and virtues Enhance\benefit\promote cultural environment艺术相关词汇：Vienna--Austria; concert hall;The enigmatic smile of Mona LisaStarry Night; Vincent V an GoghPicassoMozart——Magic FluteBeethovenBachThe 5th symphony：Immersed in beautiful melody of the 5th symphony written by Beethoven; The Louvre Palace, Paris5、幸福类Maslow需求金字塔：Basic needs->sense of security->emotionalneeds->respect/approval->self-actualization【e.g.1】People who do not work because they have enough money are rarely happy.【背景扯淡】The sense of happiness has become a luxury for people in modern society.【对方观点】Some people argue that it is the heavy workload and fiscal burden deprive them of their happiness, considering rich men who are free from the work as the happiest group in the world.【我方观点】I disagree.【给快乐下定义】In my opinion, happiness is highly related to basic needs, sense of security and emotional needs. (respect from others\self-actualization). We cannot achieve satisfaction in all three facts with money.Admittedly，money does meet basic needs. A large amount of money exempts us from worrying about mortgage, rent and tuition fees. W e can dress ourselves in clothes of top quality and fashion, eat organic food, drive brand cars and live in spacious and bright houses. Moreover, some luxury goods, such as Dior, Chanel and Gucci will also be available to us. However, happiness means much more than the satisfaction of basic needs. It is superficial to equate wealth to happiness…In conclusion, 【总结主论点】people who do not work because they have enough money can hardly happy ( 【总结分论点】due to a lack of security and love.)【提出建议】As a result, people, especially the young, are strongly suggested to engage themselves in hardworking in pursuit of true happiness.【e.g.2】People today will be happier if they have few er possessions.Firstly，money cannot bring us sense of security. 【supporting sentence】安全感是什么？钱如何破坏安全感？We have a desire to feel safe at home, in the workplace, and in society. We want to know we are secure now and will continue to be in the future. However, sometimes such desires may be frustrated because of the uncertainty brought by money. It is not uncommon to see that so many millionaires suffer anxiety because they have to be alert to everyone, even their family and friends, to prevent greedy eyes on their assets.【例子】According to survey conducted by China Social Psychology Research Institute (CSPRI), polling entrepreneurs aged from 35 to 75, 63% respondents confessed that they suffered some psychological diseases, such as melancholia and mania, caused by a lack of security.Secondly，love cannot be bought directly with money. Love has nothing to do with wealth. Sometimes money even taint\rein\destroy\defile our love. Nowadays some girls tend to follow the rich men, which casts doubt on their seemingly genuine love that whether the hidden motive is actually money.【举例子】My friend, xx, serves as a good example. He used to have a gorgeous girlfriend who claimed to love him wholeheartedly. Everyone admired the couple until the bankruptcy of xx’s family. Ironically, instead of helping and comforting xx, the girl left him without a single word. xx desperately found out that what he lost was not only money, but also love. The incident struck him tremendously and made him realize that money may obstruct his way to true love.We cannot obtain respect and approval from society through money. 【解释句】In modern society, those accomplished people who work hard with strong determination are admired by the public. In contrast, rich people who do not work are considered as parasites and despised for they reap a lot without sowing.【举例】Take concubines in China as a good example. In this day and age, the compulsion of rich businessmen and jumped-up officials to prove their wealth and power by the number and gorgeousness of their mistresses is a majorfactor in the growth of corruption in China. Though the life of these mistresses is decorated with luxury goods, brand cars and luxurious villa. They can rarely receive any respect. In contrast, they are looked down upon by the public and criticized for breaking families and misleading young girls.Self-actualization cannot be achieved with money. According to Abraham Maslow, we all have the inborn desire to become whatever we are capable of becoming. People need to fulfill their potential and be recognized by the society. People who are free from work are deprived of the opportunity to explore their capabilities and make a difference. For example, Rich Second Generation is Chinese man born into rich families after the 1980s. These men tend to be eligible to inherit lots of money and assets from their parents. Nevertheless, few of them feel really happy for each step of their life has been well designed and arranged by their parents. They cannot be independent from their parents and choose their own life. In this way, the desire for self-actualization is seriously suppressed. Some of them are forced to give up personal interests and take the place of their parents, ending up with insomnia, melancholia or even suicide.6、成功类（1）、找原因影响成功因素：persistence, tolerance, team spirit, ability to focus on details, knowledge, friends, opportunities, experience（2）、拆分举例Businessman: Bill Gates, Henry Ford (assembly line of mass production)Politician: Obama, LincolnArtist: Beethoven, PicassoScientists: Wright Brothers, EdisonSportsman: Yao7、包含绝对词（best, most important, only, all, every, never）写法：坚决反对，程度让步（承认题设的合理性，批驳绝对性）Best：（1）指出该事物有弊端（2）指出别的事物更好Only：指出别的符合条件选项Important：找到equal的Never，every：找例外【e.g.1】The best way to improve the quality of education is to increase teachers’ salary.Admittedl y, increasing teachers’ salary is an effective way to improve the quality of education…(Attract more qualified teachers to join the group, encourage, devote) However, it is an overstatement to claim that a higher salary will guarantee the improvement in education.Firstly, tuition fees↑, drop outSecondly, provide more training to teachers, hire highly qualified teachers, and update the teaching and learning equipment.【e.g.2】Advertising is the only cause of unhealthy eating habits.Admittedly, advertisements influence our eating habits more or less (responsible to,partly explain).(Junk food: McDonald’s, KFC, alluring, tempting, you can get a 50%discount on the second piece.)However, it is an overstatement to claim that advertising is the only cause of the unhealthy eating habits.Firstly, it is the delicious taste of junk food that attracts people, rather than advertisements.Secondly, the living pace in modern society…Others: lower price, eating tradition (The traditional...snack, may contain too much fat and oil from frying.)【e.g.3】Only movies that can teach people something about real lif e are w orth watching.Admittedly, movies recording real life are worth watching. 【It is because we can always learn important lessons about real life from such movies.】【T ake Homeless to Harvard as an example. The movie tells us the true story of a girl named Liz, who lived in homelessness and clinged to hope and determination, finally fought her way up to Harvard. I was so moved by Liz’s experience and realized that the final success will come just after the last try and we should persist in our dreams.】However, it is an overstatement to claim that only such movies deserve the attention of audience.Firstly, fictional movies are also worth watching.【Fictions provide the audience with intellectual stimulation, help them exercise their imagination and expand understanding of the world.】【The world-renowned fiction Up is a good example. The film centers on an elderly widower named Carl and an earnest young Wilderness Explorer named Russell. By tying thousands of balloons to his home, 78-year-old Carl sets out to fulfill his lifelong dream to see the wilds of South America and to complete a promise made to his lifelong love. The vivid scenarios and unexpected plots impressed me a lot, serving me with a fantastic visual banquet. It greatly challenged the limits of my imagination, aroused my interests in exploring the wilds and imaginative world. Besides, I also learned lessons about love and friendship from the moving story. 】Secondly，we should not ignore the values of comedy.【People watch movies for entertainment rather than education. Comedies relax audience, which in turn contribute to their working efficiency.】【For example, Mr Bean is a story centers on the weird experience of an English Gentleman which always makes me feel relaxed. His exaggerated facial expression, awkward body movements and quirky experience always amused me. The Big Bang Theory is another example. The movie centers on life story of four scientists in America. Their wisdom, funny conversations and social awkward always make me laugh out loudly. Whenever I felt tired, I immerse myself in these comedies and forget the troubles in real life temporarily, after which I can feel relieved and refreshed to deal with all the real challenges. 】(animation; romance; seek for comfort : love has been tainted by money and power, the innocent story in the animation will help us rebuild our faith towards love and life....................... )开头：背景（关键词）In modern society, many people would like to spend their leisure time in movie theatre by watching a comedy or fiction. 对方观点:Some people argue that only movies related to real life are worth watching. 个人观点I disagree. I consider it unwise to ignore the values of comedies and fictions.结尾：总结主论点In conclusion, to say that only movies about real life are worth watching is too exaggerated. 简要总结分论点Comedies and fictions are also valuable and should not be ignored.提出建议、畅想未来Therefore, the publishers, directors and audience are suggested to pay equal importance to all categories of films to ensure the diversity of art forms.8、包含因果／条件关系写法：因果关系：（1）反对：反驳原因；承认原因成立，反驳因果关系；（2）支持：证明原因成立；证明因果关系成立条件关系：无需论述条件部分是否成立，直接论述条件关系是否成立如果A，那么B（1）从A的角度：A无法达成B，而是达成-B（2）从B的角度：B和A无关，而是由C、D、E 导致的【e.g.1】People today can solve many important problems so they don’t need help from the government.反驳原因：Firstly，people cannot solve so many problems. Military issuesEnvironmental pollutionEconomic developmentMedical care反驳因果关系Even if sometimes civilians can deal with important problems by themselves, the involvement of government is necessary.It is the governments’ responsibility to eliminate problems and anxieties for the people......... Sometimes the interference of government will contribute to the efficiency of solving problems.。