武汉大学攻读博士学位研究生入学考试英语试题
2017年武汉大学考博英语真题及答案
2017年武汉大学考博英语真题及答案注意：所有的答题内容必须写在答案纸上，凡写在试题或草稿纸上的一律无效。
Part I Reading Comprehension (2’×20 = 40 points)Directions: In this part of the test, there will be 5 passages for you to read. Each passage is followed by 4 questions or unfinished statements, and each question or unfinished statement is followed by four choices marked A, B, C and D. You are to decide on the best choice by blackening the corresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET.Passage OneMr Gordon is right that the second industrial revolution involved never-to-be-repeated changes. But that does not mean that driverless cars count for nothing. Messrs Erixon and Weigel are also right to worry about the West’s dismal recent record in producing new companies. But many old firms are not run by bureaucrats and have reinvented themselves many times over: General Electric must be on at least its ninth life. And the impact of giant new firms born in the past 20 years such as Uber, Google and Facebook should not be underestimated: they have all the Schumpeterian characteristics the authors admire.On the pessimists’ side the strongest argument relies not on closely watching corporate and investor behavior but rather on macro-level statistics on productivity. The figures from recent years are truly dismal. Karim Foda, of the Brookings Institution, calculates that labor productivity in the rich world is growing at its slowest rate since 1950. Total factor productivity (which tries to measure innovation) has grown at just 0.1% in advanced economies since 2004, well below its historical average.Optimists have two retorts. The first is that there must be something wrongwith the figures. One possibility is that they fail to count the huge consumer surplus given away free of charge on the internet. But this is unconvincing. The official figures may well be understating the impact of the internet revolution, just as they downplayed the impact of electricity and cars in the past, but they are not understating it enough to explain the recent decline in productivity growth.Another, second line of argument that the productivity revolution has only just begun is more persuasive. Over the past decade many IT companies may have focused on things that were more “fun than fundamental” in Paul Krugman’s phrase. But Silicon Valley’s best companies are certainly focusing on things that change the material world.Uber and Airbnb are bringing dramatic improvements to two large industries that have been more or less stuck for decades. Morgan Stanley estimates that driverless cars could result in $507 billion a year of productivity gains in America, mainly from people being able to stare at their laptops instead of at the road.1.What has led to the pessimistic opinion concerning the world’s economy?A.It is based on macro-level statistics on productivity.B.It is based on close observation on corporate and investor behavior.C.It is due to the fact that many old firms are not run by bureaucrats.D.It is due to the fact that not enough new firms have been created.2.The first argument on the optimists’side is unconvincing because theofficial figures.A.are both wrong and unconvincingB.downplay the internet revolutionC.fail to include the consumer surplusD.can’t explain the decline in productivity growth3.What is true about the IT companies in Silicon Valley??A.They have only focused on the fun part of life.B.They have made a difference in the real world.C.They have more persuasive productivity.D.They have only just begun to develop.4.How can driverless cars benefit American industries?A.Driverless cars have revived two large American industries.B.The sale of driverless cars can reach hundreds of billion dollars.C.Thanks to them people free from driving can do more creative work.D.Driverless cars have stimulated the development of Uber and Airbnb.Passage TwoWinston Churchill was one of the central statesmen of the 20th century and, almost 50 years after his death, remains a subject of enduring fascination. Part of the current interest in this venerable figure can be attributed to two superb biographies written in the 1980s by historian William Manchester: “The Last Lion: Visions of Glory” and “The Last Lion: Alone.” These two books examined the first two-thirds of Churchill’s life.Unfortunately, after completing the second volume, Manchester’s health declined and the rest of the project stalled. So great was public interest in the long-delayed final volume that it was the subject of a front page story in The New York Times.Eventually, in 2003, Manchester asked his friend Paul Reid to complete the trilogy. Now, nearly a decade later, Reid has published The Last Lion, the final piece of this monumental undertaking. Reid starts when Churchill was appointed prime minister in May 1940 andfollows him through his death in 1965. While most of this volume is appropriately devoted to World War II, it also includes the vast expansion of the British welfare state following the war, the start of the Cold War and the enormous dangers it carried, and the loss of the British Empire.Reid has written a thorough and complete analysis of these years, and it is a worthy finale to the first two volumes. Exhaustively researched and carefully written, it draws on a full range of primary and secondary materials. This book will be essential reading for those who enjoyed the first two volumes and those with a deep interest in understanding this seminal figure and his place in history.Reid does a wonderful job of capturing Churchill in all his complexity. He gives Churchill great praise for his personal courage and inspirational leadership during the dark days when Britain stood alone, but he is equally clear about Churchill’s poor strategic judgments, such as the efforts to defend Greece and Crete, the Allied assault on Anzio, and the decision to send the battleship Prince of Wales and battle cruiser Repulse to the South China Sea without adequate air cover where they were promptly sunk by the Japanese.He highlights Churchill’s naiveté in dealing with Soviet Premier Stalin in the early years of the war, but praises his prescience in anticipating Stalin’s land grab in Eastern Europe at the end of the conflict. Reid also gives welcome attention to aspects of the war ― such as Churchill’s fear that the United States might decide to put its primary emphasis on defeating Japan regardless of the “Germany first”understanding he shared with Roosevelt that have received little attention in other books.5.What can be known about the two biographies of Churchill?A.They were written in an interesting style.B.They were written prior to Churchill’s death.C.They are mainly written from a historical point of view.D.They have helped intrigue the readers over a long period.6.Why did the biography once become a front page story in The New York Times?A.People were looking forward to the publication of the final volume.B.Readers were angry with the author for the delay of the final volume.C.The publication of the final volume was then a heatedly discussed issue.D.Readers wanted to know who would be the new author of the final volume.7.Why does the third volume prove to be worthy?A.It is widely read and welcomed by readers.B.It involves enough details in Churchill’s life.C.It is based on thorough and reliable research.D.It offers a unique understanding of Churchill.8.What can we know about Churchill through the third volume?A.He is a man with complexity.B.He pulled Britain through WWII.C.He made many strategic mistakes.D.He is courageous and inspirational.Passage ThreeAsteroids and comets that repeatedly smashed into the early Earth covered the planet’s surface with molten rock during its earliest days, but still may have left oases of water that could have supported the evolution of life, scientists say. The new study reveals that during the planet’s infancy, the surface of the Earth was a hellish environment, but perhaps not as hellish as often thought, scientists added.Earth formed about 4.5 billion years ago. The first 500 million years of its life are known as the Hadean Eon. Although this time amounts to more than 10 percent of Earth’s history, little is known about it, since few rocks are known that are older than 3.8 billion years old.For much of the Hadean, Earth and its sister worlds in the inner solar system were pummeled with an extraordinary number of cosmic impacts. “It was thought that because of these asteroids and comets flying around colliding with Earth, conditions on early Earth may have been hellish,”said lead study author Simone Marchi, a planetary scientist at the Southwest Research Institute in Boulder, Colorado. This imagined hellishness gave the eon its name — Hadean comes from Hades, the lord of the underworld in Greek mythology.However, in the past dozen years or so, a radically different picture of the Hadean began to emerge. Analysis of minerals trapped within microscopic zircon crystals dating from this econ “suggested that there was liquid water on the surface of the Earth back then, clashing with the previous picture that the Hadean was hellish,” Marchi said. This could explain why the evidence of the earliest life on Earth appears during the Hadean — maybe the planet was less inhospitable during that eon than previously thought.The exact timing and magnitude of the impacts that smashed Earth during the Hadean are unknown. To get an idea of the effects of this bombardment, Machi and his colleagues looked at the moon, whose heavily cratered surface helped model the battering that its close neighbor Earth must have experienced back then.“We also looked at highly siderophile elements (elements that bind tightly to iron), such as gold, delivered to Earth as a result of these early collisions, and the amounts of these elements tells us the total mass accreted by Earth as the results of these collisions,” Marchi said. Prior research suggests these impacts probably contributed less than 0.5 percent of the Earth’s present-day mass.The researchers discovered that “the surface of the Earth during the Hadean was heavily affected by very large collisions, by impactors [ɪm'pæktə] larger than 100 kilometers (60 miles) or so — really, really big impactors,’ Marchi said. “When Earth has a collision with an object that big, that melts a large volume of the Earth’s crust and mantle, covering a large fraction of the surface,”Marchi added. These findings suggest that Earth’s surface was buried over and over again by large volumes of molten rock — enough to cover the surface of the Earth several times. This helps explain why so few rock survive from the Hadean, the researchers said.9.Why is little known about the Earth’s first 500 million years?A.Because it is an imagined period of time.B.Because this period is of little significance.C.Because it is impossible to know about this period.D.Because no rocks are available as research evidence.10.Why is the early Earth imagined to be hellish?A.Because it was often smashed by asteroids and comets.B.Because back then Hades, the lord of Hell, resigned.C.Because it was so according to Greek mythology.D.Because back then there was no life.11.Why was the early Earth in fact less inhospitable than often thought?A.Because minerals of the Hadean have been found suggesting the existenceof life.B.Because the clashing brought by asteroids and comets was not completelydamaging.C.Because during the Hadean there already existed the evidence of life.D.Because there had already been liquid water on the Earth back then.12.How can the moon help with the understanding of the impacts that smashed theEarth?A.The moon once smashed into the Earth too.B.The moon was battered earlier than the Earth.C.The moon, as a close neighbor, is easier to observe.D.The moon’s surface is heavily cratered as the Earth’s.Passage FourFrom beach balls, pool toys, and jump houses, inflatable technology takes a big step forward for its next frontier: space station. A new kind of tech will be aboard Space X’s eighth supply mission to the International Space Station (ISS). A compressed living module will be delivered and attached to the station where, in the void of space, it will expand into a new habitat for astronauts.Designed by Bigelow Aerospace, the inflatable space habitat is one area NASAis exploring for potential deep space habitats and other advanced space missions.“The ‘Bigelow Expandable Activity Module,’or the BEAM, is an expandable habitat that will be used to investigate technology and understand the potential benefits of such habitats for human missions to deep space,” NASA Administrator Charles Bolden wrote in a blog post.The habitats could be a way to “dramatically increase” the space available for astronauts while also offering added protection from the dangers of space, like radiation and space debris, the NASA press release says.But how is an inflatable space station supposed to be a viable means of housing for space travelers? BEAMs are far more than balloon-like rooms where astronauts can take asylum. Technically, the modules don’t inflate ―they expand, according to the company. And beyond just air, the habitats are reinforced with an internal metal structure. The outside is composed of multiple layers of material including things like rubber and kevlar to protect from any speeding debris.Inside SpaceX’s Dragon spacecraft on the way to the ISS, the BEAM will be approximately 8 feet in diameter. It will expand once deployed in space to offer 565 cubic feet of space for astronauts. “It’ll be the first time human beings will actually step inside this expandable habitat in space,”former astronaut George Zamka, who has worked for Bigelow Aerospace, told USA Today. “There won’t be this sense of it being like a balloon.”But astronauts won’t be getting inside the module for some time yet. The BEAM will be attached to the Tranquility Node and deployed. Inside the module are a series of tools that will help the crew of the ISS monitor different aspects of the expandable area to see how it acts in space. The crew will watch heat, radiation, orbital debris, and provide information about the viability of using similar modules in the future.The testing is scheduled to go on for a two-year time period, after which the module will be released and burn up in the atmosphere. NASA’s partnership with Bigelow fits Mr. Bolden’s desire to help grow a robustprivate sector industry to commercialize aspects of space ― a process he sees as vital if humans want to reach farther cosmic destinations. “The world of low Earth orbit belongs to industry,”Bolden said at a press conference in January 2015.13.What is special about the new living module on SpaceX’s eighth mission toISS?A)It is expandable. C) It is going to deep space.B)It looks like a toy. D) It will not return to Earth.14.What is the purpose of designing the inflatable space habitat?.A.It is to find out its potential capacity.B.It is to give a try on a new technology.C.It is to save time and money in production.D.It is to see if it can be applied in deep space.15.What does the underlined sentence in Paragraph 5 mean?A.The habitat will not be a balloon-like room.B.The habitat will not feel like a balloon.C.The habitat will be like a senseless balloon.D.The habitat will be a different kind of balloon.16.Why does NASA intend to commercialize aspects of space?A.It can save NASA time and energy.B.It is necessary for a robust industry.C.It is crucial for further space explorations.D.It meets both NASA’s and Bigelow’s needs.Passage FiveOf all the people on my holiday shopping list, there was one little boy for whom buying a gift had become increasingly difficult. He’s a wonderful child, adorable and loving, and he’s not fussy or irritable or spoiled. Though he lives across the country from me, I receive regular updates and photos, and he likes all the things that the boys his age want to play with. Shopping for him should be easy, but I find it hard to summon up any enthusiasm, because in all the years I’ve given him presents, he never once sent me a thank-you note.“Sending thank-you notes is becoming a lost art,”mourns Mary Mitchell, a syndicated columnist known as “Ms. Demeanor”and author of six etiquette books. In her view, each generation, compared with the one before, is losing a sense of consideration for other people. “Without respect,” she says, “you have conflict.”Ms. Demeanor would be proud of me: I have figured out a way to ensure that my children always send thank-you notes. And such a gesture is important, says Ms. Demeanor, because “a grateful attitude is a tremendous life skill, an efficient and inexpensive way to set ourselves apart in the work force and in our adult lives. Teach your children that the habit of manners comes from inside ― it’s an attitude based on respecting other people.”A few years ago, as my children descended like piranhas on their presents under the Christmas tree, the only attitude I could see was greed. Where was the appreciation of time and effort?A thank-you note should contain three things: an acknowledgement of the gift (Love the tie with the picture of a hose on it); a recognition of the time and effort spent to select it (You must have shopped all over the state to find such a unique item!); a prediction of how you will use your gift or the way ithas enhanced your life (I’ll be sure to wear it to the next Mr. Ed convention!).So, five years ago, in one of my rare flashes of parental insight, I decided that the most appropriate time to teach this basic courtesy is while the tinsel is hot. To the horror of my children, I announced that henceforth every gift received will be an occasion for a thank-you note written immediately, on the spot. I have explained to my kids how I have reacted to not hearing from the little boy ― how it made me fell unappreciated and unmotivated to repeat the process next year.I have reluctantly given my kids the green light to send e-mail thank-you notes; though hand-lettered ones (at least to me) still seem friendlier. But pretty much any thank-you makes the gift giver feel special ―just as, we hope, the recipient feels. It’s a gesture that perfectly captures the spirit of the holidays.17.The author felt unmotivated when buying a gift for the little boy because he.A.purposely intended not to show gratitude for her kindness andconsiderationB.had never expressed appreciation of the gifts he received in previousyears.C.had no idea how thoughtful she was in choosing a gift for himD.didn’t like any of the gift she had given him18.According to Ms. Demeanor, showing appreciation has the benefit of .A.forming the habit of good mannersB.regaining the lost art of expressing thanksC.motivating the gift giver to buy more giftsD.distinguishing oneself from others in work and life19.In a thank-you note, “The book will be my good companion when I am alone”serves as.A. a recognition of the time and effort spent to select itB.an announcement of how it has enhanced your lifeC. a prediction of how you will use your giftD.an acknowledgement of the gift20.What does the author mean by “while the tinsel is hot (Line 2, Para. 6)?A.The moment her kids receive a gift.B.The moment she starts choosing gifts for each kid.C.When the art of sending thank-you notes isn’t lost yet.D.When her kids still remember who bought the gifts for them.Part II English-Chinese Translation (5’×4 = 20 points)Directions: Read the following passage, and then translate the underlined parts numbered from (1) to (4), from English into Chinese. Please write your answer on the ANSWER SHEET.Economics is no different. Supply, demand, elasticity, comparative advantage, consumer surplus, deadweight loss--these terms are part of the economist’slanguage. In the coming chapters, you will encounter many new terms and some familiar words that economists use in specialized ways.(1)At first, this new language may seem needlessly arcane. But, as you will see, its value lies in itsability to provide you a new and useful way of thinking about the world in which you live.Economists try to address their subject with a scientist’s objectivity. They approach the study of the economy in much the same way as a physicist approaches the study of matter and a biologist approaches the study of life: (2)They devise theories, collect data, and then analyze thesedata in an attempt to verify or refute their theories.To beginners, it can seem odd to claim that economics is a science. After all, economists do not work with test tubes or telescopes. (3)The essence of science, however, is the scientificmethods--the dispassionate development and testing of theories about how the world works.This method of inquiry is as applicable to studying a nation’s economy asit is to studying the earth’s gravity or a species’ evolution. (4)As Albert Einstein once put it, “The whole of science isnothing more than the refinement of everyday thinking.”(225words)Part II Chinese-English Translation (20 points)Directions: Translate the following paragraph from Chinese into English. Please write youranswer on the ANSWER SHEET.为了寻找实验室试验的替代品，经济学家十分关注历史所提供的自然实验。
博士研究生入学考试英语试题及详解
博士研究生入学考试英语试题及详解Doctoral Entrance Examination in EnglishPart I: Reading Comprehension (40 points)Directions: In this section, there are four passages followed by questions or incomplete statements. Read the passages carefully and choose the best answer to each question or complete each statement.Passage 1:Climate Change and Global WarmingClimate change refers to long-term changes in average weather patterns in a specific region or globally. Global warming, on the other hand, specifically refers to the increase in Earth's average surface temperature due to human activities. While some argue that global warming is a natural phenomenon, the overwhelming majority of scientists agree that human activities, such as the burning of fossil fuels and deforestation, are the primary causes of climate change.1. According to the passage, what is the main cause of global warming?A. Natural phenomenaB. Human activitiesC. Average weather patternsD. Long-term changes in climateAnswer: B. Human activities2. What is the difference between climate change and global warming?A. Climate change is caused by human activities, while global warming is natural.B. Global warming refers specifically to changes in average weather patterns.C. Climate change refers to long-term changes in climate, while global warming is due to human activities.D. Global warming specifically refers to the increase in Earth's average surface temperature due to human activities.Answer: D. Global warming specifically refers to the increase in Earth's average surface temperature due to human activities.Passage 2:The Importance of BiodiversityBiodiversity refers to the variety of plant and animal species within a certain ecosystem. It plays a crucial role in maintaining the balance of the environment and supporting the overall health of ecosystems. Loss of biodiversity is a significant concern as it can lead to negative impacts on food security, climate stability, and overall ecosystem function.3. What is biodiversity?A. The variety of plant and animal species within a certain ecosystem.B. The balance of the environment.C. The health of ecosystems.D. The stability of climate.Answer: A. The variety of plant and animal species within a certain ecosystem.4. Why is loss of biodiversity a concern?A. It leads to an increase in food security.B. It has no impact on climate stability.C. It can negatively affect food security, climate stability, and ecosystem function.D. It supports overall ecosystem function.Answer: C. It can negatively affect food security, climate stability, and ecosystem function.Part II: Writing (60 points)Directions: In this section, write an essay on one of the following topics. Your essay should be approximately 400 words in length.1. The Impact of Technology on Society2. Education in the Digital Age3. The Importance of Cross-Cultural Communication4. Sustainable Development and Environmental ConservationPart III: Speaking (60 points)Directions: In this section, you will be asked to discuss one of the following topics. You will have five minutes to prepare your response and three minutes to present it.1. The Advantages and Disadvantages of Online Learning2. The Influence of Social Media on Relationships3. Effective Strategies for Time Management4. The Role of Government in Promoting Renewable EnergyDetailed explanations and model answers for Part II and Part III will be provided during the examination.Good luck with your doctoral entrance examination in English!。
武汉大学博士英语试题
武汉大学2012Part I Documental Analysis 15%Attention: Analyze the following paragraph according to the requirements of perspective, method and skill, and questions.But as the Grand Narrative of Progress came to dominate other values and views, it cast a malignant shadow. The invention of the automobile was the quintessence of progress, but it left overcrowded highways, air pollution, and deforestation in its wake. Fertilizers increased crop production but also increased the growth of algae in lakes and canals. The discovery of powerful insecticides--first greeted with enthusiasm and a Nobel Prize--was followed by the unintentional poisoning of fish, birds, and animals. Nuclear power plants increased available energy but led to storage problems, life-threatening contamination, and at least one accident with worldwide repercussions. The waste products of technological living began to choke great cities and foul once-pristine lands. Although Western housing, clothing, and religion were brought to aboriginal people, and the rate of infectious disease went down, the rate of alcoholism, drug addiction, suicide, and spouse and child abuse went up.Part II Article Analysis 15%Attention:Fill the chart according to the requirements based on your understanding of the following article.1. We live in times that are harsh but exciting, where everyone agrees that we are moving to a new level of civilization. Principles, values, ways of life, will no longer be the same; but as yet we are not really ready for these changes; we are faced with inventing the future and also bringing it into operation, progressively; we make experiments and we frequently make mistakes; but we are beginning to know what we want when we talk of justice, freedom and democracy. The scientific and technological community is directly involved in the questions that arise. Following those of our generation, the demands of your generation will continue until these aims have been at least partially achieved.2. The closeness of scientific problems to political problems is such that scientific workers are not, far from it, protected from socio-economic vicissitudes. So much so that they sometimes express the same needs as all other workers and join them in this context; but they also call for specific measures. Like everyone else we need freedom but we especially need freedom of expression for our scientific and technological ideas; we need this even if it is only to put them forward for criticism. We don't ask for any particular privilege but we would like the efforts made to be evaluated at their actual worth, in the interests of society.3. If our federation is so active in working for a statement of the rights and responsibilities of scientific workers, it is because we wish to resolve this problem ina way appropriate to most countries.4. So you will certainly play an important part in society, even if this is not always readily recognized by society, because scientific and technological knowledge and expertise are the context in which future economic, social and political changes will take place. Whatever you do, you cannot ignore them and, whatever is said, society will not be able to ignore you. You will also have a decisive part to play, and perhaps an even more difficult one, in the scientific and technological community itself. The whole extension of this community and its interaction with society as a whole leads scientific workers to get involved in all political debates, crises and decisions. You will have to note the essential demands of science as such; it is not simply a matter of protecting society from unacceptable consequences; one must also protect scientific activity from political and financial meddling.5. It is vital to safeguard the basic honesty of science, the honesty that is basic to its method. Whenever, in the history of science, this honesty has been set aside, the consequences have been serious. I am not speaking merely of the suicide or disgrace of an individual but of the social and economic damage arising from such lapses. There are worse possibilities: at a time when problems are increasingly complex, with ever widening political implications, we need science to be technically dependable and socially credible. In a world of turbulence, science's saving grace is not simply material but lies in its rationality.Part III Writing 20%Attention: Write an essay on the following topic with substantial evidence and good reasoning (e.g. in a linear way) in more than 300 words.How to Write English Well as a PhD Candidate---- On My Class Experience。
武汉大学2013年博士研究生入学考试英语真题
武汉大学2013年博士研究生入学考试英语真题Part I: Reading Comprehension (40%)Directions：In this part for the test，there will be 5 passages for you to read. Each passage isfollowed by 4 questions or unfinished statement，and each question or unfinished statement is followedby four choices marked A，B，C and D. You are to decide on the best choice by blackening the corre- sponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET.Passage 1The changing profile of a city in the United States is apparent in the shifting definitionsused by the United States Bureau of the Census. In 1870 the census official distinguishedthe nation’s urban from its “rural” population for the first time. “Urban population” was de-fined as persons living in towns of 8，000 inhabitants or more. But after 1900 it meant per-sons living in incorporated places having 2，500 or more inhabitants.Then in 1950 the Census Bureau radically changed its definition of “urban” to accountof the new vagueness of city boundaries. In addition to persons living incorporated units of2，500 or more, the census now included those who lived in unincorporated units of thatsize, and also all persons living in the densely settled urban fringe, including both incorpo-rated and unincorporated areas located around cities of 50，000 inhabitants or more. Eachsuch unit, conceived as an integrated economic and social unit with a large population nu-cleus was named a Standard Metropolitan Statistical Area (SMSA).Each SMSa would contain at least one central city with 50，000 inhabitants or more ortwo cities having shared boundaries and constituting, for general economic and social pur-poses, a single community with a combined population of at least 50，000, the smaller ofwhich must have a population of at least 15，000. Such an area included the country inwhich the central city is located, and adjacent countries that are found to be metropolitan incharacter arid economically and socially integrated with the country of the central city. By1970，about two-thirds of the population of the United States was living in these urbanizedareas, and of that figure more than half were living outside the central cities While the Census Bureau and the United States government used the term SMSa (by1969 there were 233 of them)，social scientists were also using new term to describe the e-lusive vaguely defined areas reaching out from what used to be simple “town” and u cit- iesa host of terms came into use: “metropolitan regions”，“polynucleated p opulationgroups”，“conurbations”，“metropolitan clusters”，“megalopolises”，and so on.1. What does the passage mainly discuss?A. How cities in the United States began and developed?巳.Solutions to overcrowding in citiesC. The changing definition of an urban areaA. How the United States Census Bureau conducts a census?2. Prior to 1900, how many inhabitants would a town has to have before being definedas urban?A. 500B. 8, 000C. 15, 000D. 50, 0003. According to the passage, why did the Census Bureau revise the definition of urbanin 1950?A. City borders had become less distinct.B. Cities had undergone radical social change.C. Elected officials could not agree on an acceptable definition.D. New businesses had relocated to larger cities.4. Which of the following is NOT true of an SMSA?A. It has a population of at least 50, 000.B. It can include a city’s outlying regions.C. It can include unincorporated regions.D. it consists of at least two cities.Passage 2The concept of obtaining fresh water from icebergs that are towed to populated areasand arid regions of the world was once treated as a joke more appropriate to cartoons thanreal life. But now it is being considered quite seriously by many nation especially sincesci-entists have warned that the human race will outgrow its flesh was supply faster than it runsout of food.Glaciers are as a possible source of fresh water that has been overlooked recently.Three-quarters of the Earth’s fresh water supply is still tied up in glacial ice, reservoir of un-tapped fresh water so immense that it could sustain all the rivers of the world for 1，000years. Floating on the oceans every year are 7, 659 trillion metric tons ice encased in 10,000 icebergs that break away from the polar ice caps, more than ninety percent of themfrom Antarctica.Huge glaciers that stretch over the shallow continental shelf give birth to icebergs throughout the year. Icebergs are not like sea ice, which is formed when the sea itself free-zes；rather they are formed entirely on land, breaking off when glaciers spread over thesea. As they drift away from the Polar region, icebergs sometimes move mysteriously in adirection opposite to the wind, pulled by subsurface currents. Because they melt more slowly than smaller pieces of ice, icebergs have been known to drift as far north as 35 de-grees south of the equator in the Atlantic Ocean. To corral them and steer them to parts ofthe world where they are needed would not be too difficult.The difficulty arises in other technical matters, such as the prevention of rapidmeltingin warmer climates and the tunneling of fresh water to shore in great volume. But even if theicebergs lost half of their volume, the water they could provide would be far cheaper thanthat produced by desalination, or removing salt from water.5. What is the main topic of the passage?A. The movement of glaciersB. Icebergs as a source of fresh waterC. Future water shortagesD. The future of the world’s rivers6. How ale icebergs formed?A. They bread off from glaciers.巳.Seawater freezes.C. Rivers freeze.A. Small pieces of flowing ice converge7. With which of the following ideas would the author be likely to agree?A. Towing icebergs to dry areas is economically possible.巳.Desalination of water is the best way to obtain drinking water.C. Using water from icebergs is a very short-term solution to water shortages.A. Icebergs could not be towed very far before they would melt.8. It can be inferred from the passage that most icebergs _____________ .A. become part of glaciersB. drill toward the polar regionC. move in whichever direction the wind is blowingD. melt in the oceansPassage 3There are two ways to create colors in a photograph. One method, called additive, sits with three basic colors and adds them together to produce some other color. The sec-ond method, called subtractive, starts with white light (a mixture of all colors in the spec-trum) by taking away some or all other colors, leaves the one desired.In the additive method, separate colored lights combine to produce various other col-ors. The three additive primary colors are green, red, and blue (each proving about one-third the wavelengths in the total spectrums). Mixed in varying proportions, they can pro-duce all colors. Green and red light mix to produce yellow, red and blue light mix to pro- duce magenta, green and blue mix to produce cyan. When equal parts of all three of theseprimary-colored beams of light overlap, the mixture appears white to the eye.In the subtractive process colors are produced when dye (as in paint or color photo-graph materials) absorbs some wavelengths and so passes on only part of the spectra. The subtractive primaries are cyan (a bluish green)，magenta (a purplish pink), and yellow；these are the pigments or dyes that absorb red, green, and blue wavelengths, re-spectively, thus subtracting them into white light. These dye colors are the complementarycolors to the three additive primaries of red, green, and blue. Properly combined, the subtractive primaries can absorb all colors of light, producing black. But, mixed in varyingproportions, they too can produce any color in the spectrum.Whether a particular color is obtained by adding colored lights together or by subtrac-ting, some light from the total spectrum, the result looks the same to the eye. The additiveprocess was employed for early color photography. But the subtractive method, while re-quiring complex chemical techniques, has turned out to be more practical and is the basisof all modern color films.9. Which of the following is closest in meaning to the phrase “passes on” as used inparagraph 3?A. Judges 巳.Let through C. Dies D. Goes over10. Which of the following is NOt a pair of additive, and subtractive primary colors?A. Yellow and blueB. Magenta and greenC. Black and whiteD. Cyan and red11. What explanation is given for the use of the subtractive method in modem colorfilms?A. Subtractive colors are more realistic.巳.The subtractive process is more efficient.C. Additive chemical techniques are too complex.D. The additive process is still being developed.12. How is the passage organized?A. The reasons for a choice are explained in depth.B. a general statement is justified by a series of historical examples.C. Two basic causes are compared. .D. Related processes are described one after the other.Passage 4The idea of humanoid robots is not new. They have been part of the imaginative land-scape ever since Karl Capek，a Czech writer, first dreamed them up for his 1921 play Possum’s Universal Robots (The word robot comes from the Czech word “drudgery”，Ro-berta. )Since then, Hollywood has produced countless variations on to theme, from the sultry False Mona in Fritz Lang’s silent masterpiece Metropolis to the withering C3PO in StarWars and the ruthless assassin of Terminator. Humanoid robots have walked into our col-lective subconscious coloring our views of the future.But now Japan’s industrial giants are spending billions of yen to make such robots real-ity. Their new humanoids represent impressive feats of engineering: when Honda intro-duced Asimo, a four-foot robot that had been in development for some 15 years walked sofluidly that its white, articulated exterior seemed to conceal a human. Honda continues tomake the machine faster, friendlier and more agile. Last October，when Asimo was induc-ted into the Robot Hall of Fame in Pittsburgh，it walked on to the stag and accepted its ownplaque.At two and a half feet tall, Sony’s QRIo is smaller and more toy-like than Asimo. It walks, understands small number of voice commands, and can navigate on its own. If itfalls over, it gets up and resumes where it left off. It can even connect senselessly totheinterpreter and broadcast what its camera eyes can see. In 2003，Sony demonstrated anupgraded QRIo Rat could run. Honda responded last December win a version of Asimothat runs at twice the speed.In 2004, Toyota joined the fray win its own family of robots, called Partners, one of which is a four-foot humanoid that plays the trumpet. Its fingers work the instrument valves,and it has mechanical lungs and artificial lips. Toyota hopes to over commercial version ofthe robot by 2010. This month, 50 Partner robots will act guides at Expo 2005 in Aichi, Ja-pan.Despite their sudden proliferation, however，humanoids are still a mechanic minority.Most of the world’s robots are faceless, footless and mute. They are bolted the floors of factories, stamping out car parts or welding pieces of metal, making more machines. Ac-cording to the United Nations, business orders for industrial robots jumped 18% in the firsthalf of 2004. They may soon be outnumbered by domestic robots, such as self-navigatingvacuum cleaners, lawn mowers and window washers, which at selling fast. But neither in-dustrial nor domestic robots are humanoid.13. In paragraph 1 the author introduces his topic by relating.A. the idea of humanoid robotsB. Karl Capek’s creation of robotsC. Hollywood’s production of robot filmsD. the origin of and popular movies about robots14. Sony’s QRIo could perform all the following tasks EXCEPt.A. walking earners freelyB. understanding some words uttered by peopleC. finding its wayD. continuing walking after it stumbles15. From the passage we may infer that Toyota’s Partner_____________.A. is much better than any other robots巳.is no more than a mechanic deviceC. may be put into mass productionD. may speak like man16. Judging from the context, this passage is probably written.A. in 2004B. in 2005C. between 2003—2004D. between 2004—2005Passage 5For years pediatricians didn’t worry much about heating hypertension in their patients.After all, kids grow so fast，it’s hard keeping up with their shoe size, let alone their bloodpressure. Sure, hypertension in adults places them at greater risk of heart attack and stroke. But nobody likes the idea of starting youngsters on blood-pressure medicine theycould wind up taking the rest of their lives. Who knows what previously unheard-of side effects could crop up after five or six decades of daily use?The rationale has been: kids grow out of so many things maybe they’ll grow out of thistoo.Now, though, comes word that high blood pressure can be destructive even in child-hood. According to a recent report in the journal Circulation, 19 of 130 children with highblood pressure developed a dangerous thickening of the heart muscle that, in adults at least, has been linked to heart failure. “No one knows if this pattern holds true for youngerpatients as well，” says Dr. Stephen Daniels, a pediatric cardiologist who led the study atChildren’s Hospital Medical Center in Cincinnati, Ohio. “But if worrisome. ”Who’s most at risk? Boys more than gir ls, especially boys who are overweight. Theirheart works so hard to force blood through extra layers of fat that its walls grow denser. Then, after decades of straining it grows too big to pump blood very well. Fortunately theabnormal, thickening can be spotted by ultrasound. And in most case getting that bloodpressure under control through weight loss and exercise or, as a last resort, drug treat- ment allows the overworked muscle to shrink to normal size.How can you tell if yours are like the 670，000 American children ages 10 to 18 withhigh blood pressure? It’s not the sort of thing you can catch by putting your child’s arms ina cuff at the free monitoring station in your local grocery. You should have a test done by adoctor, who will consult special tables that indicate the normal range of blood pressure fora particular child’s age, height and sex. If the doctor finds an abnormal result he will re- peat the test over a period of months to make sure the reading isn’t fake. He’ll also check,whether other conditions, like kidney disease, could be the sources of the trouble. Be- cause hypertension can be hard to detect the National Heart, Lung Blood Institute recom-mends annual blood-pressure checks for every child over age 3.About half the cases of hypertension stem directly from kids being overweight.And theproblem is likely to grow. Over the past 30 years the proportion of children in to U. S.whoare overweight has doubled, from 5 % to 11%or 4. 7 million kids.You can keep your children from joining their ranks by clearing the junk food fromyourpantry and hooking you kids —the earlier the betters healthy, attractive snacks likefruits(try freezing grapes or carrot sticks with salsa). Not only will they lower your children’sblood pressure: these foods will also boost their immune system and unclog theirplumb-ing. Meanwhile, make sure your kids spend more time on the playgroup than with theirplay station. Even if they don’t shed a pound, vigorous exercise will he keep their bloodvessels nice and wide, lowering their blood pressure. And of course they’ll be morelikelyto eat light and exercise if you set a good example.17. The word “ unclog’’ in the last paragraph can be replaced by______________ .A. fixB. clearC. hinderD. dismantle18. By saying “it’s not the sort of thing you can catch by putting your child’s armin acuff at the free monitoring station in your local grocery”，the writer implies _______________ .A. hypertension is hard to detect.巳.children often revue to have their blood pressure tested.C. you’ll have to pay a lot of money if you want to have your child’s blood pressurechecked in a grocery.D. in a local grocery, you are free to determine how to have your child’s bloodpres-sure examined.19. Which of the following is not suggested by the writer to control hypertension?A. Drug Treatments 巳.Weight loss C. Exercise D. Overwork20. We can conclude from the passage that ____________ .A. children with hypertension are unlikely to suffer from heart attack and stroke.巳.parent’s blood pressure decides their children’s blood pressure.C. besides overweight, there are other factors resulting in hypertension.D. vigorous exercise sometimes will lead to heart trouble.Part II: English-Chinese Translation (20%)Directions: Read the following passage and there translate the underlined parts numbered from(1 ) to (4) , from English into Chinese. Please write your answer on the ANSWER SHEET.[21 ] Half way through the semester in this market res㊀arch course at Roanok Collegelast fall，only moments after announcing a policy of zero tolerance for cellphone use in theclassroom. Prof. Ali Nazemi heard a ring. Then he spotted a young man named NeilRo-land fumbling with his phone，thing to turn it off before being caught.“Neil, can I see that phone?” Professor Nazemi said, more in a command than aquestion. The student surrendered it. Professor Nazemi opened his briefcase,produced ahammer and proceeded to smash the offending device. Throughout the classroomstudentfaces went ashen.“How am I going to call my Mom now?” Neil asked. As Professor Sem i refuses toan-swer, a classmate offered, “You can sue. ’’[22]One thing we should be clear about was the episode in his classroom had beerplotted and scripted ahead of time with Neil Noland part of the plot all along. The phonewas an ㊀xtra of his mother’s，its service contract long expired.Professor Nazemi, in a telephone interview last week, attested to the exasperation ofcountless teachers and professors in the computer era. Their permanent war of attritionwith defiantly inattentive students has escalated from the pursuit of pigtail-pulling，spitball-lobbing and notebook-doodling to a high-tech arsenal of laptops, cellphones, Blackberriesand the like.The poor school teacher or master now must compete with texting instant-messaging,Facebook, eBay YouTube, addictinggames. com and other poxes on pedagogy.“There are certain lines you shouldn’t cross,” the professor said. “If you start tolera-ting this stuff, it becomes the norm. The more you give, the more they take. Multitasking isgood, but I want the m to do more tasking in my class. ”[23]All the advances schools and colleges have made to supposedly enhance learn-ing - supplying students with laptops equipping computer labs, creating wireless networkshave instead enabled distraction. Perhaps attendance records should include a new cate-gory: present but otherwise engaged.Naturally, there will be manly students and no small number of high-tech supporterready to lay the blame on boring lessons. One of the great condemnations in education jar-gon these days, after all, is the ^teacher-centered lesson”.[24]“I am so tired of that excuse,” said Professor 巳ugeja，may he live a long andfruitful life. “The idea that subject matter is boring is truly relative.巳oring as opposed to what? Buying shoes on ㊀巳ay? The fa ct is we’re not here to entertain. We’re here to stimu-late the life of the mind. ”“Education requires contemplation,n he continued. “It requires critical thinking. Whatwe may be doing now is training a generation of air-traffic controllers rather than scholars.And i do know I’m going to lose. MNot，one can only hope, without fight.In the end, as science-fiction writers have prophesied for years, the technology is bound to outwit the fallible human. What teacher or professor can possibly police room fullof determined goof-offs while also delivering an engaging lesson?Part III: Chinese-English Translation (20%)Directions: Translate the following paragraphs from Chinese into English. Please write your answer on the ANSWER SHEET.中国作为一个发展中国家，面临着发展经济和保护环境的双重任务。
武汉大学考博英语模拟试卷13(题后含答案及解析)
武汉大学考博英语模拟试卷13(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1. Structure and V ocabulary 2. Cloze 3. Reading Comprehension 4. English-Chinese Translation 5. WritingStructure and V ocabulary1．Edison tested more than one thousand materials to see if they could______electric current and glow.A．bringB．makeC．carryD．produce正确答案：C解析：A项bring意为“带来”，具有方向性；B项make意为“制造”；C 项carry表示“传送，传播”；D项produce表示“产生”。
C项为正确答案。
知识模块：词汇2．Helen could not help feeling antipathy toward her father’s new wife whom he married just two months after the death of Helen’s mother.A．sympathyB．concessionC．compassionD．hostility正确答案：D解析：本题中，antipathy的意思是“憎恶，反感”。
D项hostility“敌意”符合题意。
其他三项sympathy“同情”，concession“让步”，compassion“同情”都不正确。
知识模块：词汇3．Grand Teton National Park______the most scenic portion of the glaciated, snow-covered Teton Range.A．excludesB．fulfilsC．dominatesD．expands正确答案：C解析：本题中，dominate的意思是“支配，俯瞰”，符合题意，如：a drug company that，dominates the tranquilizer market(独占镇静剂市场的制药公司)。
武汉大学考博英语模拟试卷30(题后含答案及解析)
武汉大学考博英语模拟试卷30(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1. Reading Comprehension 2. English-Chinese Translation 3. Chinese-English Translation 4. WritingReading ComprehensionFrom 2007 to 2010, American households lost $11 trillion in real estate, savings, and stocks. More than half of all U. S. workers either lost their jobs or were forced to take cuts in hours or pay during the recession. The worst may be behind them now, but the shocking losses of the past few years have reshaped nearly every facet of their lives—how they live, work, and spend—even the way they think about the future. For Cindy, the recession began when her husband was relocated to Rhinelander, Wisconsin, by his company, forcing the family to move in a hurry. The couple bought a new house but were unable to sell their two-bedroom home in Big Lake, Minnesota. With two mortgages(抵押借贷)and two young children to care for, Cindy couldn’t imagine how to stretch her husband’s paycheck to keep her family fed. Then she stumbled upon an online community called Blotanical, a forum for gardeners, many with an interest in sustainability. “The more I read and discussed these practices, the more I realized this would help not only our budget but also our health,” she says. Cindy admits that before the recession, she was a city girl with no interest in growing her own dinner. “I grew flowers mostly—I didn’t think about plants that weren’t visually interesting. “ But to stretch her budget, she began putting in vegetables and fruit—everything from strawberry beds to apple trees—and as her first seedlings grew, her spirits lifted. She no longer thinks of gardening and making her own jams as just a money saver; they’re a genuine pleasure. “It’s brought us closer together as a family, too,” she says. Her kids voluntarily pitch in with(主动帮助)the garden work, and the family cooks together instead of eating out. The food tastes better—it’s fresher and organic—and the garden handily fulfills its original purpose; cost cutting. Now she spends about $200 to $300 a month on groceries, less than half of the $ 650 a month that she used to lay out. After discovering how resourceful she can be in tough times, Cindy is no longer easily discouraged. “It makes me feel proud to be able to say I made it myself,”she says. “I feel accomplished, and I’m more confident about attempting things I’ve never done before. “Now she avoids convenience stores and has begun learning to knit, quilt, and make her own soap. “I don’t think I would have ever begun this journey if it weren’t for the recession,” she says. “I have a feeling that from now on, it will affect my family’s health and happiness for the better. “1．We learn from the first paragraph that the recession______.A．affected Americans in certain occupationsB．is over with some of the losses recoveredC．had only brought huge losses in savings and stocksD．had great impact on Americans’ work and life正确答案：D解析：细节推断题。
武大考博英语试题及答案
武汉大学2017年攻读博士学位研究生外语综合水平考试试题（满分值100分）科目名称：英语科目代码：1101注意：所有的答题内容必须写在答案纸上，凡写在试题或草稿纸上的一律无效。
Part I Reading Comprehension (2’×20 = 40 points)Directions:In this part of the test, there will be 5 passages for you to read. Each passage is followed by 4 questions or unfinished statements, and each question or unfinished statement is followed by four choices marked A, B, C and D. You are to decide on the best choice by blackening the corresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET.Passage OneMr Gordon is right that the second industrial revolution involved never-to-be-repeated changes. But that does not mean that driverless cars count for nothing. Messrs Erixon and Weigel are also right to worry about the West’s dismal recent record in producing new companies. But many old firms are not run by bureaucrats and have reinvented themselves many times over: General Electric must be on at least its ninth life. And the impact of giant new firms born in the past 20 years such as Uber, Google and Facebook should not be underestimated: they have all the Schumpeterian characteristics the authors admire.On the pessimists’ side the strongest argument relies not on closely watching corporate and investor behavior but rather on macro-level statistics on productivity. The figures from recent years are truly dismal. Karim Foda, of the Brookings Institution, calculates that labor productivity in the rich world is growing at its slowest rate since 1950. Total factor productivity (which tries to measure innovation) has grown at just 0.1% in advanced economies since 2004, well below its historical average.Optimists have two retorts. The first is that there must be something wrong with the figures. One possibility is that they fail to count the huge consumer surplus given away free of charge on the internet. But this is unconvincing. The official figures may well be understating the impact of the internet revolution, just as they downplayed the impact of electricity and cars in the past, but they are not understating it enough to explain the recent decline in productivity growth.Another, second line of argument that the productivity revolution has only just begun is more persuasive. Over the past decade many IT companies may have focused on things that were more “fun than fundamental” in Paul Krugman’s phrase.But Silicon Valley’s best companies are certainly focusing on things that change the material world.Uber and Airbnb are bringing dramatic improvements to two large industries that have been more or less stuck for decades. Morgan Stanley estimates that driverless cars could result in $507 billion a year of productivity gains in America, mainly from people being able to stare at their laptops instead of at the road.1.What has led to the pessimistic opinion concerning the world’s economy?A.It is based on macro-level statistics on productivity.B.It is based on close observation on corporate and investor behavior.C.It is due to the fact that many old firms are not run by bureaucrats.D.It is due to the fact that not enough new firms have been created.2.The first argument on the optimists’ side is unconvincing because the official figures________.A.are both wrong and unconvincingB.downplay the internet revolutionC.fail to include the consumer surplusD.can’t explain the decline in productivity growth3.What is true about the IT companies in Silicon Valley??A.They have only focused on the fun part of life.B.They have made a difference in the real world.C.They have more persuasive productivity.D.They have only just begun to develop.4.How can driverless cars benefit American industries?A.Driverless cars have revived two large American industries.B.The sale of driverless cars can reach hundreds of billion dollars.C.Thanks to them people free from driving can do more creative work.D.Driverless cars have stimulated the development of Uber and Airbnb.Passage TwoWinston Churchill was one of the central statesmen of the 20th century and, almost 50 years after his death, remains a subject of enduring fascination. Part of the current interest in this venerable figure can be attributed to two superb biographies written in the 1980s by historian William Manchester: “The Last Lion: Visions of Glory” and “The Last Lion: Alone.” These two books examined the first two-thirds of Churchill’s life.Unfortunately, after completing the second volume, Manchester’s health declined and the rest of the project stalled. So great was public interest in the long-delayed final volume that it was the subject of a front page story in The New York Times.Eventually, in 2003, Manchester asked his friend Paul Reid to complete the trilogy. Now, nearly a decade later, Reid has published The Last Lion, the final piece of this monumental undertaking. Reid starts when Churchill was appointed prime minister in May 1940 andfollows him through his death in 1965. While most of this volume is appropriately devoted to World War II, it also includes the vast expansion of the British welfare state following the war, the start of the Cold War and the enormous dangers it carried, and the loss of the British Empire.Reid has written a thorough and complete analysis of these years, and it is a worthy finale to the first two volumes. Exhaustively researched and carefully written, it draws on a full range of primary and secondary materials. This book will be essential reading for those who enjoyed the first two volumes and those with a deep interest in understanding this seminal figure and his place in history.Reid does a wonderful job of capturing Churchill in all his complexity. He gives Churchill great praise for his personal courage and inspirational leadership during the dark days when Britain stood alone, but he is equally clear about Churchill’s poor strategic judgments, such as the efforts to defend Greece and Crete, the Allied assault on Anzio, and the decision to send the battleship Prince of Wales and battle cruiser Repulse to the South China Sea without adequate air cover where they were promptly sunk by the Japanese.He highlights Churchill’s naiveté in dealing with Soviet Premier Stalin in the early years of the war, but praises his prescience in anticipating Stalin’s land grab in Eastern Europe at the end of the conflict. Reid also gives welcome attention to aspects of the war ― such as Churchill’s fear that the United States might decide to put its primary emphasis on defeating Japan regardless of the “Germany first” understanding he shared with Roosevelt that have received little attention in other books.5.What can be known about the two biographies of Churchill?A.They were written in an interesting style.B.They were written prior to Churchill’s death.C.They are mainly written from a historical point of view.D.They have helped intrigue the readers over a long period.6.Why did the biography once become a front page story in The New York Times?A.People were looking forward to the publication of the final volume.B.Readers were angry with the author for the delay of the final volume.C.The publication of the final volume was then a heatedly discussed issue.D.Readers wanted to know who would be the new author of the final volume.7.Why does the third volume prove to be worthy?A.It is widely read and welcomed by readers.B.It involves enough details in Churchill’s life.C.It is based on thorough and reliable research.D.It offers a unique understanding of Churchill.8.What can we know about Churchill through the third volume?A.He is a man with complexity.B.He pulled Britain through WWII.C.He made many strategic mistakes.D.He is courageous and inspirational.Passage ThreeAsteroids and comets that repeatedly smashed into the early Earth covered the planet’s surface with molten rock during its earliest days, but still may have left oases of water that could have supported the evolution of life, scientists say. The new study reveals that during the planet’s infancy, the surface of the Earth was a hellish environment, but perhaps not as hellish as often thought, scientists added.Earth formed about 4.5 billion years ago. The first 500 million years of its life are known as the Hadean Eon. Although this time amounts to more than 10 percent of Earth’s history, little is known about it, since few rocks are known that are older than 3.8 billion years old.For much of the Hadean, Earth and its sister worlds in the inner solar system were pummeled with an extraordinary number of cosmic impacts. “It was thought that because of these asteroids and comets flying around colliding with Earth, conditions on early Earth may have been hellish,” said lead study author Simone Marchi, a planetary scientist at the Southwest Research Institute in Boulder, Colorado. This imagined hellishness gave the eon its name —Hadean comes from Hades, the lord of the underworld in Greek mythology.However, in the past dozen years or so, a radically different picture of the Hadean began to emerge. Analysis of minerals trapped within microscopic zircon crystals dating from this econ “suggested that there was liquid water on the surface of the Earth back then, clashing with the previous picture that the Hadean was hellish,” Marchi said. This could explain why the evidence of the earliest life on Earth appears during the Hadean —maybe the planet was less inhospitable during that eon than previously thought.The exact timing and magnitude of the impacts that smashed Earth during the Hadean are unknown. To get an idea of the effects of this bombardment, Machi and his colleagues looked at the moon, whose heavily cratered surface helped model the battering that its close neighbor Earth must have experienced back then.“We also looked at highly siderophile elements (elements that bind tightly to iron), such as gold, delivered to Earth as a result of these early collisions, and the amounts of these elements tells us the total mass accreted by Earth as the results of these collisions,”Marchi said. Prior research suggests these impacts probably contributed less than 0.5 percent of the Earth’s present-day mass.The researchers discovered that “the surface of the Earth during the Hadean was heavily affected by very large collisions, by impactors [ɪm'pæktə] larger than 100 kilometers (60 miles) or so —really, really big impactors,’ Marchi said.“When Earth has a collision with an object that big, that melts a large volume of the Earth’s crust and mantle, covering a large f raction of the surface,”Marchi added. These findings suggest that Earth’s surface was buried over and over again by large volumes of molten rock —enough to cover the surface of the Earth several times. This helps explain why so few rock survive from the Hadean, the researchers said.9.Why is little known about the Earth’s first 500 million years?A.Because it is an imagined period of time.B.Because this period is of little significance.C.Because it is impossible to know about this period.D.Because no rocks are available as research evidence.10.Why is the early Earth imagined to be hellish?A.Because it was often smashed by asteroids and comets.B.Because back then Hades, the lord of Hell, resigned.C.Because it was so according to Greek mythology.D.Because back then there was no life.11.Why was the early Earth in fact less inhospitable than often thought?A.Because minerals of the Hadean have been found suggesting the existence of life.B.Because the clashing brought by asteroids and comets was not completely damaging.C.Because during the Hadean there already existed the evidence of life.D.Because there had already been liquid water on the Earth back then.12.How can the moon help with the understanding of the impacts that smashed the Earth?A.The moon once smashed into the Earth too.B.The moon was battered earlier than the Earth.C.The moon, as a close neighbor, is easier to observe.D.The moon’s surface is heavily cratered as the Earth’s.Passage FourFrom beach balls, pool toys, and jump houses, inflatable technology takes a big step forward for its next frontier: space station. A new kind of tech will be aboard Space X’s eighth supply mission to the International Space Station (ISS). A compressed living module will be delivered and attached to the station where, in the void of space, it will expand into a new habitat for astronauts.Designed by Bigelow Aerospace, the inflatable space habitat is one area NASA is exploring for potential deep space habitats and other advanced space missions.“The ‘Bigelow Expandable Activity Module,’ or the BEAM, is an expandable habitat that will be used to investigate technology and understand the potential benefits of such habitats for human missions to deep space,” NASA Administrator Charles Bolden wrote in a blog post.The habi tats could be a way to “dramatically increase” the space available for astronauts while also offering added protection from the dangers of space, like radiation and space debris, the NASA press release says.But how is an inflatable space station supposed to be a viable means of housing for space travelers? BEAMs are far more than balloon-like rooms where astronauts can take asylum. Technically, the modules don’t inflate― they expand, according to the company. And beyond just air, the habitats are reinforced with an internal metal structure. The outside is composed of multiple layers of material including things like rubber and kevlar to protect from any speeding debris.Inside SpaceX’s Dragon spacecraft on the way to the ISS, the BEAM will be approximately 8 feet in diameter. It will expand once deployed in space to offer 565 cubic feet of space for astronauts. “It’ll be the first time human beings will actually step inside this expandable habitat in space,” fo rmer astronaut George Zamka, who has worked for Bigelow Aerospace, told USA Today. “There won’t be this sense of it being like a balloon.”But astronauts won’t be getting inside the module for some time yet.The BEAM will be attached to the Tranquility Node and deployed. Inside the module are a series of tools that will help the crew of the ISS monitor different aspects of the expandable area to see how it acts in space. The crew will watch heat, radiation, orbital debris, and provide information about the viability of using similar modules in the future.The testing is scheduled to go on for a two-year time period, after which the module will be released and burn up in the atmosphere. NASA’s partnership with Bigelow fits Mr. Bolden’s desire to help grow a robust private sector industry to commercialize aspects of space ― a process he sees as vital if humans want to reach farther cosmic destinations. “The world of low Earth orbit belongs to industry,” Bolden said at a press conference in January 2015.13.What is special about the new living module on SpaceX’s eighth mission to ISS?A) It is expandable. C) It is going to deep space.B) It looks like a toy.D) It will not return to Earth.14.What is the purpose of designing the inflatable space habitat?.A.It is to find out its potential capacity.B.It is to give a try on a new technology.C.It is to save time and money in production.D.It is to see if it can be applied in deep space.15.What does the underlined sentence in Paragraph 5 mean?A.The habitat will not be a balloon-like room.B.The habitat will not feel like a balloon.C.The habitat will be like a senseless balloon.D.The habitat will be a different kind of balloon.16.Why does NASA intend to commercialize aspects of space?A.It can save NASA time and energy.B.It is necessary for a robust industry.C.It is crucial for further space explorations.D.It meets both NASA’s and Bigelow’s needs.Passage FiveOf all the people on my holiday shopping list, there was one little boy for whom buying a gift had become increasingly difficult. He’s a wonderful child, adorable and loving, and he’s not fussy or irritable or spoiled. Though he lives across the country from me, I receive regular updates and photos, and he likes all the things that the boys his age want to play with. Shopping for him should be easy, but I find it hard to summon up any enthusiasm, because in all the years I’ve given him presents, he never once sent me a thank-you note.“Sending thank-you notes is becoming a lost art,” mourns Mary Mitchell, a syndicated columnist known as “Ms. Demeanor” and author of six etiquette books. In her view, each generation, compared with the one before, is losing a sense of consideration for other people. “Without respect,” she says, “you have conflict.”Ms. Demeanor would be proud of me: I have figured out a way to ensure that my children always send thank-you notes. And such a gesture is important, says Ms. Demeanor, because “a grateful attitude is a tremendous life skill, an efficient and inexpensive way to set ourselves apart in the work force and in our adult lives. Teach your children that the habit of manners comes from inside ― it’s an attitude based on respecting other people.”A few years ago, as my children descended like piranhas on their presents under the Christmas tree, the only attitude I could see was greed. Where was the appreciation of time and effort?A thank-you note should contain three things: an acknowledgement of the gift (Love the tie with the picture of a hose on it); a recognition of the time and effort spent to select it (You must have shopped all over the state to find such a unique item!); a prediction of how you will use your gift or the way it has enhanced your life (I’ll be sure to wear it to the next Mr. Ed convention!).So, five years ago, in one of my rare flashes of parental insight, I decided that the most appropriate time to teach this basic courtesy is while the tinsel is hot. To the horror of my children, I announced that henceforth every gift received will be an occasion for a thank-you note written immediately, on the spot. I have explained to my kids how I have reacted to not hearing from the little boy ― how it made me fell unappreciated and unmotivated to repeat the process next year.I have reluctantly given my kids the green light to send e-mail thank-you notes; though hand-lettered ones (at least to me) still seem friendlier. But pretty much any thank-you makes the gift giver feel special ― just as, we hope, the recipient feels. It’s a gesture that perfectly captures the spirit of the holidays.17.The author felt unmotivated when buying a gift for the little boy because he ________.A.purposely intended not to show gratitude for her kindness and considerationB.had never expressed appreciation of the gifts he received in previous years.C.had no idea how thoughtful she was in choosing a gift for himD.didn’t like any of the gift she had given him18.According to Ms. Demeanor, showing appreciation has the benefit of ________.A.forming the habit of good mannersB.regaining the lost art of expressing thanksC.motivating the gift giver to buy more giftsD.distinguishing oneself from others in work and life19.In a thank-you note, “The book will be my good companion when I am alone”serves as________.A. a recognition of the time and effort spent to select itB.an announcement of how it has enhanced your lifeC. a prediction of how you will use your giftD.an acknowledgement of the gift20.What does the author mean by “while the tinsel is hot (Line 2, Para. 6)?A.The moment her kids receive a gift.B.The moment she starts choosing gifts for each kid.C.When the art of sending thank-you notes isn’t lost yet.D.When her kids still remember who bought the gifts for them.Part II English-Chinese Translation (5’×4 = 20 points)Directions: Read the following passage, and then translate the underlined parts numbered from (1) to (4), from English into Chinese. Please write your answer on the ANSWER SHEET.Economics is no different. Supply, demand, elasticity, comparative advantage, consumer surplus, deadweight loss--these terms are part of the economist’s language. In the coming chapters, you will encounter many new terms and some familiar words that economists use in specialized ways.(1)At first, this new language may seem needlessly arcane. But, as you will see, its value lies in its ability to provide you a new and useful way of thinking about the world in which you live.Economists try to address their subject with a scientist’s objectivity. They approach the study of the economy in much the same way as a physicist approaches the study of matter and a biologist approaches the study of life: (2)They devise theories, collect data, and then analyze these data in an attempt to verify or refute their theories.To beginners, it can seem odd to claim that economics is a science. After all, economists do not work with test tubes or telescopes. (3)The essence of science, however, is the scientific methods--the dispassionate development and testing of theories about how the world works.This method of inquiry is as applicable to studying a nation’s economy as it is to studying the earth’s gravity or a species’ evolution. (4)As Albert Einstein once put it, “The whole of science isDirections:Translate the following paragraph from Chinese into English. Please write youranswer on the ANSWER SHEET.为了寻找实验室试验的替代品，经济学家十分关注历史所提供的自然实验。
武汉大学考博英语-12
武汉大学考博英语-12(总分：71.00，做题时间：90分钟)一、Part Ⅰ Reading Comprehension(总题数：4，分数：31.00)Opponents of affirmative action say the battle over the use of race in college admissions is hardly over, despite the Supreme Court"s ruling Monday upholding the goal of a diverse student body. Higher education leaders overwhelmingly hailed the decision, saying it reaffirmed policies used by most .selective colleges and universities. But some critics raised the possibility of more lawsuits, and promised to continue pressuring the Department of Education"s Office of Civil Rights to investigate questionable policies. "We"re talking about admission programs, scholarships, any program only for minorities or in which the standards used to judge admissions are substantially different," says Linda Chavez, founder and president of the Center for Equal Opportunity, a conservative non-profit group.Others say they"ll take their case to voters. "We have to seriously contest all this at the ballot box," says University of California regent Ward Connerly, who helped win voter approval of California"s Proposition 209, which prohibits considering race or gender in public education, hiring and contracting. Because of that law, Monday"s ruling had no practical impact in the state. "It may be time for us to let the (Michigan) voters decide if they want to use race as a factor in admissions," Connerly said Monday.Meanwhile, U. S. Education Secretary Rod Paige, consistent with President Bushes stance opposing affirmative action, said the Department of Education will "continue examining and highlighting effective race-neutral approaches to ensure broad access to and diversity within our public institutions". Even Supreme Court Justice Sandra Day O"Connor, in one of the opinions, recommended that states look for lessons in race-neutral programs being tried in California and elsewhere. While the ruling said admission officials may consider race in the selection process, colleges and universities are not obligated to do so. "Ultimately in the debate, diversity is a choice, not a legal mandate", says Arthur Coleman, a former Department of Education official who now helps colleges and universities ensure constitutional policies.The public, too, remains conflicted, largely along racial lines. According to a January poll by the non-profit research organization Public Agenda, 79% of Americans said it is important for colleges to have a racially diverse student body, while just 54% said affirmative action programs should continue. In a Gallup poll conducted days before the ruling, 49% of adults said they favor affirmative action and 43% did not, with blacks and Hispanics far more likely to favor the practice than whites. And some educators doubt that with Monday"s ruling, those opposing affirmative action will change their minds.For now, admission officials and university lawyers are poring over the ruling to determine how or whether to adjust policies. While most tend to be closed-mouthed about admission policies, many say they don"t expect significant changes.（分数：7.50）(1).What the critics said in the first paragraph amounts to the idea that ______.（分数：1.50）A.no admission policies based on race should be implemented √B.minority applicants should be given favorable considerationsC.different standards for admitting minority students should be set upD.selective colleges and universities should be punished for their discrimin--atory policies 解析：不应当实施基于种族的录取政策。
武汉大学博士生英语入学考试真题答案
2016武大博士生英语入学考试真题答案Part I Reading Comprehension(40分)BCAD ACBA DDCA DCAB CCBAPart II English-Chinese Translation(5*4=20分)1. 如果我们的时间使用得当，就能生产出有用和重要的产品，在市场上买得一定的价钱；或者充实我们的经验，增长我们的才干，待到适当时机我们就能挣到金钱。
2. 我们想到死便震惊不已，因而不惜一切努力、麻烦和费用以保全生命。
可是我们对于损失一个钟头或者一天时间往往漠不关心，忘记生命原来就是我们生活的每一天、每一小时的总和。
3. 现在如果从我们的寿命中减去所有这些岁月，我们将发现，能让我们用于有效工作的时间大概是15或20年左右。
谁能记住这一点，就不会心甘情愿地浪费他生命的每时每刻。
4. 如果我们让生命的早晨时光悄悄溜走而未加利用，我们将永远无法弥补这种损失。
等我们长大了，获得知识的能力就变得迟钝了，因此在童年和青年时期没能获得的知识或技能将永远不能获得了。
Part III Chinese-English Translation(20分)We are not sure what “intelligence” is, not what is passed on. However, the fact does not prevent us fromfinding it a very useful concept, and placing a certain amount of reliance on tests which “measure” it. In anintelligence test we take a sample of an individual’s ability to solve puzzles and problems of various kinds, and if we have ta ken a representative sample, it will allow us to predict successfully the level ofperformance he will reach in a wide variety of occupations.The Education Act 1944 passed by the British parliament made secondary schooling for all become law. Grammar school s, with the exception of small number of independent foundation schools, became available to the whole population. Since t he number of grammar schools in the country could accommodate at most approximately 25 percent of the total child popul ation of eleven-plus, some kind of selection had to be made. Narrowly academic examinations and tests were considered to be in favor of children who had had the advantage of highly-academic primary schools and academically biased homes. Inte lligence tests were then devised to counteract this narrow specialization, by introducing problems which were not based on knowledge from books. In other words, the intelligence test attempts to assess the general ability of any child to think, reaso n, judge, analyze and synthesize, mainly by presenting him with different actual situations within his range of competence a nd understanding.Part IV Writing 20分Sample1Paper Book or Electronic Book Nowadays many electronic devices emerge, such as kindle, providing possibility for ele ctronic books. However, most of the readers still prefer reading in the traditional way instead of electronic books. Why do t he paper books win the landslide victory? Apparently, paper books are of greater collection value than the electronic book. S ome readers are looking forward to a blissful atmosphere with a book in hand, sitting in the sunshine comfortably. An electr onic book can never fulfill the desire for this atmosphere. What’s more, the paper book is better for the eyes while the scree n of electronic book may do harm to the retina to some extent. Using the electronic devices, the readers are absent-minded more easily as there exist many temptations.What we can’t deny, nevertheless, is that the electronic book has its own special merits as well. First of all, it’s much chea per. Then, it’s easier to be carried with. While some readers have to put a heavy paper book in the bag, the e-book reader me rely take the phone. Also, the electronic book has a larger coverage as some books or essays don’t have the paper version. Generally speaking, the paper books are irreplaceable, still playing the dominant role in reading market. Electronic books ar e also indispensable. We readers should use these ways correctly.Sample 2Reading in an Old-fashioned Way As scientific development has been a new trend of this era, words prefixed with an “e-” has been widely-used and gradually become a part of our daily routine. It’s an era of information explosion and the creat ion and innovation of E-book technology meets the requirements and developments of the network society. However, accor ding to the survey, e-book sales dropped in the United States, as well as in the United Kingdom. It seems that people tend to read in the old-fashioned way. In my point of view, the reasons of this phenomena are as follows. First of all, paper books c an easily make people calm down. Leafing through pages and feeling the unique scent of paper is absorbing and intriguing. Secondly, books printed on paper are easily shared by people, since reading is not an individual activity. Thirdly, nowadays people enjoy the relative informality of reading, and reading paper books is a good way to make people totally unrestricted by time and space. Last but not the least, paper books are cheaper than an e-book electronic screen. Generally speaking, re ading in an old-fashioned way can also meet the multiple needs of people nowadays. Scientific innovation gives us more ch oices and we are happy to enjoy the convenience of this golden times. However, reading in an old-fashioned way in the era of information fragmentation is some kind of habit that we should retain.。
武汉大学2015年博士研究生入学考试英语试题及详解【圣才出品】
武汉大学2015年博士研究生入学考试英语试题及详解Part ⅠReading Comprehension (2×20=40分)Directions: In this part for the test, there will be 5 passages for you to read. Each passage is followed by 4 questions or unfinished statements, and eachquestion or unfinished statement is followed by four choices marked A, B,C and D. You are to decide on the best choice by blackening thecorresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET.Passage OneJustice in society must include both a fair trial to the accused and the selection of an appropriate punishment for those proven guilty. Because justice is regarded as one form of equality, we find in its earlier expressions the idea of a punishment equal to the crime. Recorded in the Old Testament is the expression “an eye for an eye, and a tooth for a tooth.” That is, the individual who has done wrong has committed an offence against society. T o make up for his offence, society must get even. This can be done only by doing an equal injury to him. This conception of retributive justice is reflected in many parts of the legal documents and procedures of modern times. It is illustrated when we demand the death penalty for a person who had committed murder. This philosophy of punishment was supported by the German idealist Hegel. He believed that society owed it to the criminal to give a punishment equal to the crime he had committed. The criminal had by his own actions denied his true self and it is necessary to do something that will counteractthis denial and restore the self that has been denied. To the murderer nothing less than giving up his own will pay his debt. The demand of the death penalty is a right the state owes the criminal and it should not deny him his due.Modern jurists have tried to replace retributive justice with the notion of corrective justice. The aim of the latter is not to abandon the concept of equality but to find a more adequate way to express it. It tries to preserve the idea of equal opportunity for each individual to realize the best that is in him. The criminal is regarded as being socially ill and in need of treatment that will enable him to become a normal member of society.Before a treatment can be administered, the course of his antisocial behavior must be found. If the cause can be removed, provisions must be made to have this done. Only those criminals who are incurable should be permanently separated from the rest of the society. This does not mean that criminals will escape punishment or be quickly returned to take up careers of crime. It means that justice is to heal the individual, not simply to get even with him. If severe punishment is the only adequate means for accompanying this, it should be administered. However, the individual should be given every opportunity to assume a normal place in society. His conviction of crime must not deprive him of the opportunity to make his way in the society of which he is a part.1. The best title for this passage is _____.A. Fitting Punishment to the CrimeB. Approaches to Just PunishmentC. Improvement in Legal JusticeD. Attaining Justice in the Courts2. The passage implies that the basic difference between retributive justice andcorrective justice is the _____.A. type of crime that was provenB. severity of the punishmentC. reason for the sentenceD. outcome of the trial3. The punishment that would be most inconsistent with the views of correctivejustice would be _____.A. forced labourB. imprisonmentC. fair sentenceD. the electric chair4. The Biblical expression “an eye for an eye, and a tooth for a tooth” waspresented in order to _____.A. prove that equality demands just punishmentB. justifies the need for punishment as a part of lawC. give moral backing to retributive justiceD. show that man has long been interested in justice【答案与解析】1. B 主旨大意题。
武汉大学考博英语模拟试卷26(题后含答案及解析)
武汉大学考博英语模拟试卷26(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1. Reading Comprehension 2. English-Chinese Translation 3. Chinese-English Translation 4. WritingReading ComprehensionFriction between America’s military and its civilian overseers is nothing new. America’s 220-year experiment in civilian control of the military is a recipe for friction. The nation’s history has seen a series of shifts in decision-making power among the White House, the civilian secretaries and the uniformed elite(精英). However, what may seem on the outside an unstable and special system of power sharing has, without a doubt, been a key to two centuries of military success. In the infighting dates to the revolution, George Washington waged a continual struggle not just for money, but to control the actual battle plan. The framers of the Constitution sought to clarify things by making the president the “commander in chief.”Not since Washington wore his uniform and led the troops across the Alleghenies to quell(镇压)the Whiskey Rebellion has a sitting president taken command in the field. Yet the absolute authority of the president ensures his direct command. The president was boss, and everyone in uniform knew it. In the Civil War, Abraham Lincoln dealt directly with his generals, and Secretary of War Edwin M. Stanton handled administrative details. Lincoln, inexperienced in military matters, initially deferred(顺从)to his generals. But when their caution proved disastrous, he issued his General War Order No. 1—explicitly commanding a general advance of all Union forces. Some generals, George B. McClellan in particular, bridled at his hands-on direction. But in constitutional terms, Lincoln was in the right. His most important decision was to put Ulysses S. Grant in charge of the Union Army in 1864. Left to its own timetable, the military establishment would never have touched Grant. The relationship between the president and his general provides a textbook lesson in civilian control and power sharing. Grant was a general who would take the fight to the enemy, and not second-guess the president’s political decisions. Unlike McClellan, for example, Grant cooperated wholeheartedly in recruiting black soldiers. For his part, Lincoln did not meddle in operations and did not visit the headquarters in the field unless invited. The balance set up by Grant and Lincoln stayed more or less in place through World War I. Not until World War II did the pendulum finally swing back toward the White House. Franklin Roosevelt, who had been assistant Navy secretary during World War I, was as well prepared to be commander in chief as any wartime president since George Washington.1．According to the author, the system of power sharing between the White House and the generals _____.A．is unstable and strangeB．is a guarantee for American military successC．has caused a series of quarrelsD．undermines the bases Of American military power正确答案：B解析：文章开头就指出，美国军界及其文职上司的矛盾由来已久，但是这个貌似脆弱的分享权力的体系，却是二百多年来美国军事胜利的保障。
最新武大考博英语试题及答案
答案见附录2016武大博士生英语入学考试真题答案I．Reading Comprehension(40分)(黄老师提供)BCAD ACBA DDCA DCAB CCBAPart II English-Chinese Translation(5*4=20分)（方老师提供：标答）1. 如果我们的时间使用得当，就能生产出有用和重要的产品，在市场上买得一定的价钱；或者充实我们的经验，增长我们的才干，待到适当时机我们就能挣到金钱。
2. 我们想到死便震惊不已，因而不惜一切努力、麻烦和费用以保全生命。
可是我们对于损失一个钟头或者一天时间往往漠不关心，忘记生命原来就是我们生活的每一天、每一小时的总和。
3. 现在如果从我们的寿命中减去所有这些岁月，我们将发现，能让我们用于有效工作的时间大概是15或20年左右。
谁能记住这一点，就不会心甘情愿地浪费他生命的每时每刻。
4. 如果我们让生命的早晨时光悄悄溜走而未加利用，我们将永远无法弥补这种损失。
等我们长大了，获得知识的能力就变得迟钝了，因此在童年和青年时期没能获得的知识或技能将永远不能获得了。
Part III Chinese-English Translation(20分)（方老师提供：标答）We are not sure what “intelligence” is, not what is passed on. However, the fact does not prevent us from finding it a very useful concept, and placing a certain amount of reliance on tests which “measure” it. In an inte lligence test we take a sample of an individual’s ability to solve puzzles and problems of various kinds, and if we have taken a representative sample, it will allow us to predict successfully the level of performance he will reach in a wide variety of occupations.The Education Act 1944 passed by the British parliament made secondary schooling for all become law. Grammar schools, with the exception of small number of independent foundation schools, became available to the whole population. Since the number of grammar schools in the country could accommodate at most approximately 25 percent of the total child population of eleven-plus, some kind of selection had to be made. Narrowly academic examinations and tests were considered to be in favor of children who had had the advantage of highly-academic primary schools and academically biased homes. Intelligence tests were then devised to counteract this narrow specialization, by introducing problems which were not based on knowledge from books. In other words, the intelligence test attempts to assess the general ability of any child to think, reason, judge, analyze and synthesize, mainly by presenting him with different actual situations within his range of competence and understanding. Part IV Writing 20分（牟老师提供）Sample1Paper Book or Electronic BookNowadays many electronic devices emerge, such as kindle, providing possibility for electronic books. However, most of the readers still prefer reading in the traditional way instead of electronic books.Why do the paper books win the landslide victory? Apparently, paper books are of greater collection value than the electronic book. Some readers are looking forward to a blissful atmosphere with a book in hand, sitting in the sunshine comfortably. An el ectronic book can never fulfill the desire for this atmosphere. What’s more, the paper book is better for the eyes while the screen of electronic book may do harm to the retina to some extent. Using the electronic devices, the readers are absent-minded more easily as there exist many temptations.What we can’t deny, nevertheless, is that the electronic book has its own special merits as well. First of all, it’s much cheaper. Then, it’s easier to be carried with. While some readers have to put a heavy paper book in the bag, the e-book reader merely take the phone. Also, the electronic book has a larger coverage as some books or essays don’t have the paper version.Generally speaking, the paper books are irreplaceable, still playing the dominant role in reading market. Electronic books are also indispensable. We readers should use these ways correctly.Sample 2Reading in an Old-fashioned WayAs scientific development has been a new trend of this era, words prefixed with an “e -” has been widel y-used and gradually become a part of our daily routine. It’s an era of information explosion and the creation and innovation of E-book technology meets the requirements and developments of the network society. However, according to the survey, e-book sales dropped in the United States, as well as in the United Kingdom. It seems that people tend to read in the old-fashioned way. In my point of view, the reasons of this phenomena are as follows.First of all, paper books can easily make people calm down. Leafing through pages and feeling the unique scent of paper is absorbing and intriguing. Secondly, books printed on paper are easily shared by people, since reading is not an individual activity. Thirdly, nowadays people enjoy the relative informality of reading, and reading paper books is a good way to make people totally unrestricted by time and space. Last but not the least, paper books are cheaper than an e-book electronic screen.Generally speaking, reading in an old-fashioned way can also meet the multiple needs of people nowadays. Scientific innovation gives us more choices and we are happy to enjoy the convenience of this golden times. However, reading in an old-fashioned way in the era of information fragmentation is some kind of habit that we should retain.专题16 等腰三角形的性质阅读与思考等腰三角形是一类特殊三角形，具有特殊的性质，这些性质为角度的计算、线段相等、直线位置关系的证明等问题提供了新的理论依据．因此，在解与等腰三角形相关的问题时，除了要运用全等三角形知识方法外，又不能囿于全等三角形，应善于利用等腰三角形的性质探求新的解题途径，应熟悉以下基本图形、基本结论．⑴ 图1中，01802A B ∠=-∠，01802A B C -==∠∠∠，22DAC B C ==∠∠∠． ⑵ 图2中，只要下述四个条件：①AB AC =；②12=∠∠；③CD DB =；④AD BC ⊥中任意两个成立，就可以推出其余两个成立．例题与求解【例1】如图，在△ABC 中，D 在AC 上，E 在AB 上，且AB =AC ，BC =BD ，AD =DE =BE ， 则∠A =___________．（五城市联赛试题）解题思路：图中有很多相关的角，用∠A 的代数式表示这些角，建立关于∠A 的等式．【例2】如图，在△ABC 中，已知∠BAC =900，AB =AC ，D 为AC 中点，AE ⊥BD 于E ，延长AE 交BC 于F ，求证：∠ADB =∠CDF ．AB C D EBA D图1 AB C1 2图2。
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Earth?
A) The moon once smashed into the Earth too. B) The moon was battered earlier than the Earth. C) The moon, as a ciose neighbor. is easier to observ-e. l)) The moon's surface is heaviiy cratereei as the Earth's.
Eventually, in 2003, Manchester asked his friend Paul Reid to complete the trilogy. Now, nearly a decade later, Reid has published The Last Lion, the final piece of this monumental undertaking. Reid starts when Churchill was appointed prime minister in May 1940 and follows him through his death in 1965. While most of this volume is appropriately devoted to World War II, it also includes the vast expansion of the British welfare state following the war, the start of the Cold War and the enormous dangers it
Passage Three
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Earth formed about 4,5 billion years known as the Hadean Eon. Altho
million years of its this time amounts to more than 10
Eu.thk hittory, little is known about 3.8 billion Years old.
understanding this seminal figure and his place in history.
Reid does a wonderful job of capturing Churchili in all his complexity. He gives
Churchill great praise for his personal courage and inspirational leadership during the dark days when Britain stood alone, but he is equally clear about Churchill's poor strategic judgments, such as the efforts to defend Greece and Crete, the Allied assault on Anzio, and the decision to send the battleship Prince of Wales and battle cruiser Repulse to the South China Sea without adequate air cover where they were promptly
years after his death, remains a subject of enduring fascination. Part of the current interest in this venerable figure can be attributed to two superb biographies written in the 1980s by historian William Manchester: "The Last Lion: Visions of Glory" and ,.The Last Lion: Alone." These fwo books examined the first two-thirds of Churchill's
sunk by the Japanese.
He highligl$s Churchill's naivetd in dealing with Soviet Fremier Stalin in the early
years of the war, but praises his prescience in anticipating Stalin's land grab in Eastern at the end of the conflict. Reid also gives welcome attention to aspects of the
10. Why is the early Earth imagined to be hellish? A) Because it was often smashed by asteroids and comets. B) Because back then Hades, the lord of Hell, reigned. C) Because it was so according to Greek mythology. D) Because back then there was no life.
inexpensive way to set ourselves apart in the work force and in our adult lives. Teach your children that the respecting people." A few years ago, as my children descended like piranhas on their presents under the
Christmas tree. the only attitude I could see was greed. Where was the appreciation of
time and effort?
I have reluctantly given my kids the green light to send e-mail thank-you notes; though hand-iettered ones still seem friendlier. But pretty much any thank-you makes the gift
life.
Unfortunately, after completing the second volume, Manchester's health declined and
the rest of the project stalled. So great was public interest in the long-delayed final volume that it was the subject of a front page story in The New York Times.
carried, and the loss of the British Empire.
Reid has written a thorough and complete analysis of these yeaxs, and it is a worthy finale to the first two volumes. Exhaustively researched and carefully written, it draws on a full range of primary and secondxy matenals. This book will be essential reading for those who enjoyed the first two volumes and those with a deep interest in
D) distinguishing oneseif from others in work and
rtnce f.* t*kJare known that are older than
9. $/hy is little known about the Earth's first 500 million years? A) Because it is an imagined period of time. B) Because this period is of little significance. C) Because it is impossible to know about this period. D) Because no rocks are available as research evidence.