英美政体英文比较ppt课件
最新美国政治体制(英文版)精品课件
The United States Congress, made up of the Senate(参议院，上院(shànɡ yuàn))and the House of Representatives, (众议院) makes federal law, declares war, approves treaties, has the power of the purse, and has the power of impeachment,(弹劾) by which it can remove sitting members of the government.
The Senate has 100 members with each state having two senators, elected at-large to sixyear terms; one third of Senate seats are up for election every other year.
Department(美国国务院).
第十三页，共14页。
Thanks! 第十四页，共14页。
Federal(联邦) and state judicial(司法的) and cabinet officials are typically nominated(提名) by the executive branch(行政部门) and approved by the legislature(立 法机关), although some state judges and officials are elected by popular vote.(普选)
John G. Roberts
17th Chief Justice of the United States
The Electoral System英国与美国选举制度 PPT课件
------Britain and the United States
Buckingham Palace
Electoral system: UK
• In England, elections have been used as a parliamentary process since the 13th century. The secret ballot was adopted in 1872 and full equal voting rights won for women in 1928. All registered members of the public aged 18 and over may vote in parliamentary elections. The British House of Commons is elected for a maximum of five years; the prime minister can call a general election at any time.
By-elections
• A writ for a by-election is issued by the clerk of the Crown on receipt of the Speaker‘s warrant . A by-election must be held not less than 11 or more than 21 days after the issue of the writ.
The calling of an election – the election writ
• The royal proclamation announcing the dissolution of Parliament and the summoning of a new Parliament is the authorization for the writs for a general election.
英美政体对比
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the federal government
state governments
House of Commons
Cabinet
Leader of the Majority Party
British law
Civil and Criminal
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contrast between the American and british political system
• A、The same:
the Senate House of Representat ives众议院
senate参议院
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judiciary
[dʒuˈdɪʃiˌɛri, -ˈdɪʃəri]
Supreme Court
lower federal
courts
The two parties in America
• Two parties, the Democratic Democratic Party and the Republican Party, have dominated American politics since the American Civil War, although other parties have also existed.
sovereignty
[ˈsɑvərɪnti, ˈsɑvrɪn-]n.国家的主权(zhǔquán)； 君权，最高统治权； 独立自主； 主权(zhǔquán)国家
英美政体英文比较PPT课件
.
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Judicial Power
• Article Three describes the court system (the judicial branch.
• The article establishes the Supreme Court.
• The great weakness of the system is that it makes government slow and complicated which is a huge disadvantage in a world of fast-moving political and economic developments.
• This is also known as 'checks and balances‘.
.
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Terms of Office
• The President has a term of 4 years. • Members of the Senate serve for 6 years. • Members of the House of Representatives
US Political System
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1
The Basis
• The government of the United States is based on a written constitution, which is the shortest in the world.
• From this document, the entire federal government was created.
英美政治体系比较
英美政治体系比较（附有英文版）美国政治体系的利益：三权分立互相制衡。
美国政治体系弊端：权利和权力来自军工石油复合体简单就是钱驱动政治平衡英国政治体系利益：君主立宪司法独立英国政治体系弊端：效率和虚伪的等级封建残余（比如王室的象征性授予爵位人为驱动社会分级）并维护保守力量美国是典型的资本主义民主制国家，民主的价值观和原则在美国的政治制度和政治实践中主要体现为三权分立、代议制、政党政治、利益集团政治、新闻自由和公民权利等。
美国政府机构包括立法、行政、司法三个系统，每个系统起着各自的作用，同时又相互制约，它们是直接的政策制定者。
另外美国又是一个权力多元化的社会，各种社会力量如政党、利益集团、媒体同样参与政策制定。
表面上看来决策的效率不可能很高，但进一步分析和研究后发现，问题并不这么简单，（一）民主政治是政府合法性的基础“西方政治思想史描绘的是一套价值——正义、自由、平等和私有权神圣不可侵犯——的发展和阐发。
因此，人们一直关心在多大程度上制度促进这些被认为是政体之核心的价值。
”自由主义的基础是个人主义，个人主义强调个人的自由、个人的参与或个人的经济活动，认为个体的性质决定集体的性质，这种秩序规定了个人与国家、自由与强制的关系，规定了公共权威强制力的适用范围，也包含了规范个人与权威关系必不可少的法律结构。
（二）公共利益的界定批评美国民主政治决策效率低下的一个重要理由是它损害了公共利益。
在一些事关国家利益或全民族整体利益的重大问题上，需要政府及时而果断地作出决定时，决策效率低下的弊端显而易见。
然而，对决策效率的肯定有一个不可缺少的前提条件，即高效率作出的决策是正确的，是符合公共利益的。
（三）改革的渐进性效率主要针对的是某种政治制度满足政府基本功能的程度，一种社会制度的生存能力不仅取决于“民主”这样的价值判断因素，而且也取决于效率，价值判断与取向解决的是某种政治统治是否具有合法性的问题。
通过以上分析可以看出，在美国政治中民主和效率在有些时候和一定程度上是一对矛盾，但解决这一矛盾的方法不能靠取消民主制度来实现的，“消除民主弊端的办法是更多的民主。
英美国家教育体制(课堂PPT)
• Country music
• Rock • Hip-hop（DJ、MC、StreetDance、Graffiti）
• R&B
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❖ At 18, they take GCE A-level examinations (Advanced General Certificate of Education 高级水平普通教育证 书＝大学入学考试), usually in not more than 3 subjects. It’s necessary to have A-levels in order to go to a university or other institutions of higher education.
毕业证书) examinations involving a final exam, an assessment of work done during the two-year course, or both of these things.
❖ Other pupils who decide not to go to university may choose to take vocational training and get the GNVQ (General National Vocational Qualification 国家专业资 格证书, 5 levels).
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University - Cost
universities are very expensive
7
ห้องสมุดไป่ตู้
University - Cost
• universities get money from three sources
英美政治体制的比较-in English
Contrasts between the American and British Political Systems SimilaritiesThe first western capitalist political systems created by British are praised as the source and model of the western political system. On the basis of absorbing and drawing lessons from Britain ,U.S.A. has formed the most perfect political system in the contemporary capitalist countries. So there are many similarities between the American and British political systems.1.Head of StateBoth the U.S. and British political systems have a head of state .The president is the official head of state in the US. The president is indirectly elected by the people through the Electoral College to a four-year term.In the U.K., the queen or king is the official head of state. But the queen or king is only a figure head without real authority.However, the prime minister usually has the spotlight on political matters and is the official head of government2.The Upper HouseBoth the U.S. and British political systems have an upper house. The United States has a Senate as the upper house of the legislative branch and the U.K. has the House of Lords.The United States Senate is the upper house of the bicameral legislature of the United States, and together with the United States House of Representatives comprises the United States Congress. Each U.S. state is represented by two senators, regardless of population. Senators serve staggered six-year terms.The House of Lords is the upper house of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. Like the House of Commons, it meets in the Palace of Westminster.The House of Lords is the second chamber of Parliament. It is independent from, and complements the work of, the House of Commons – they share responsibility for making laws and checking government action.3.The Lower HouseBoth the U.S. and British political systems have a lower house. The U.S. House of Representatives and the British House of Commons have a great deal in common. Each house is made up of representatives elected by the people. In both systems control of the lower house goes to the party that has the most seats.The United States House of Representatives is one of the two Houses of the United States Congress, the bicameral legislature which also includes the Senate.The number of districts in a state is determined by a count of the population taken every 10 years.The House of Commons comprises the Sovereign and the House of Lords (the upper house). The Commons is a democratically elected body, consisting of 650 members (since 2010 General Election), who are known as Members of Parliament (MPs). Members are elected through the first-past-the-post system by electoral districts known as constituencies. They hold their seats until Parliament is dissolved (a maximum of five years after the preceding election).Differences1.Form of governmentThe USA is a republic, while the UK is a constitutional monarchy.Constitutional monarchy is a form of government in which a monarch acts as head of state within the parameters of a constitution, whether it be a written, uncodified or blended constitution.A republic is a form of government in which the people, or some significant portion of them, have supreme control over the government and where offices of state are elected or chosen by elected people. In modern times, a common simplified definition of a republic is a government where the head of state is not a monarch.ernmentThe government consisting of three parts，or branches，the executive，the legislative and the judicial in USA. Each branch has powers that the others do not have and each branch has a way of counteracting and limiting any wrongful action by another branch.The president has the power to make treaties with other nations and to make all appointments to federal positions，including the position of Supreme Count justice.The Senate ，however must approve all treaties and confirm all appointments before they become official. In this way the Congress can prevent the president from making unwise appointments.However，the UK government is not split into branches. The House of Commons reigns supreme, and the party with the greatest number of members of the Commons is the governing party. The leader of the governing party becomes Prime Minister, who almost has the power of a king. He or she alone has the power to declare war, to make alliances, to use nuclear weapons, and to appoint the people of his choice to the Cabinet, the various government ministries and offices of state. These appointments are entirely his choice and are not subject to scrutiny or confirmation by any other person of body. The Prime Minister also has the power to dismiss (“demand the resignation of”) any serving minister or secretary of state.3.The constitutionThe United States has a written constitution which is very difficult to change. The UK does not have a single document called the constitution but instead its constitutional provisions are scattered over various Acts of Parliament, any of which can be changed by a simple majority in the Parliament such as statute law, the common laws and conventions.4.The political partiesThe United States has two major political parties.One is the Democratic Party.The symbol of the party is the donkey. The other is the Republican Party. The symbol of the party is the elephant.There are three major national parties in UK—The Conservative party ，the Labour party and the Liberal Democrats.In the United States, the Democratic and Republican Parties absolutely dominate federal and state elections with independents securing only small proportions of the vote. In the United Kingdom, the two main political parties - Conservative and Labour - win a smaller and declining share of the total vote, with a growing share being taken by the likes of the Liberal Democrat Party and the UK Independence Party at national level and by the likes of the Scottish and Welsh Nationalist Parties at the devolved level.In conclusion, a political system is an important integration of a country’s politics and different countries have their distinctive features.。
英美政体比较（英文）
The political system comparison Through learning the course about the society and culture of major English-speaking countries an introduction,I expand my horizons and learn a lot. Now I would like to talk about the similarities and differences of Britain and the United states political system .First of all, we learn about the political system. Political system belongs to the superstructure , is about the state power management form and relevant national political activities .It includes some basic content about the main form of government, national structure and rule method.Britain and the United States both belong to the capitalist countries, but the two countries have different political system. So here we will to compare the differences between the Britain and the United States .Firstly, Britain is a typical constitutionalmonarchy . The parliament is the top legislature and highest organ of state power.the Cabinet responsibility .While the USA is a constitutional federal republic.The second difference is the form of government. British government consists of king or queen,Parliament and Cabinet.American government consists of Congress,president and Supreme Court.Thirdly,the status and power of the head of state is different.Monarch is the official head of state in Britain. But the monarch is hereditary and reigns but does not govern.He is the symbol of nation and has no real power.But in the United States,thepresident is the head of state He is also government leaders and the country's armed forces commander.The executive power concentrated in the President.The President decided to domestic and foreign policies with very broad powers.Fourthly,the relation of legislative and executive is different.The chief executive of Britain is Prime Minister. Prime Minister and Cabinet are responsible to the parliament. Parliament supervise Cabinet.But the prime minister has the right to dissolve parliament.The prime minister, cabinet and parliament check each other.The chief executive of the United States is the president.The President is responsible for the constitution.He has the right to veto the bill, but has no right to dissolve parliament.The vote can be overridden by a two-thirds vote in both the Senate and House of sentatives.Congress and the president have equal status and check each other.Fifthly,electoral system is different. The citizens in Britain can elect the house of Commons,the king and the house of lords is not elected by citizens.Inthe United States ,Congress and the president are both directly elected by citizens.So American have bigger rights than British.What causes the difference between Britain and the United States about the political system.There are some reasons.Firstly,the principal contradiction of British bourgeois revolution is the bourgeois class and feudal ruling class contradiction.While the United States is the contradiction of the bourgeois and the colonial rulers.Secondly, the bourgeois revolution in Britain is earlier, the power of the bourgeoisie is limited. Implementing a constitutional monarchy is actually bourgeois compromising to feudal forces.During the bourgeois revolution of the United States, capitalism went through a period of development again, the strength became morepowerful.There are also some Similarities between them. Above all,Britain and the United States both in power of Bourgeois class and capitalist country.They carry out universal suffrage.Then,they implement separation of the three powers.Legislative, executive, and judicial branch restrict and supervise each other,but just decentralization levels are difference.They are built on the foundation of capitalist private ownership of the means of production and service for bourgeois .What's more,they established in the same way.Through the establishment of legal documents, from the rule of man to the rule of law.American and British political system can say have the differences and similarities.As the product of bourgeois revolution, British and Americanpolitical system has its historical progress , so they are worth us to think and study.。
英法美德四国政体比较课件
美国
总统制，总统既是国家元首又 是政府首脑，行政权属于总统 ，政府由总统任命并对总统负 责。
德国
议会共和制，政府由议会产生 并对议会负责，联邦总统为国 家元首，但无实权。
政治文化的影响
英国
政治文化中强调传统、保守和等级观念， 对政治决策和制度变革持谨慎态度。
美国
政治文化中强调个人主义、自由和民 主，对政治决策和制度变革持开放态
研究意义
理论意义
通过比较研究，可以进一步完善政治 体制的理论框架，为国际政治学、比 较政治学等学科提供新的研究视角和 方法。
实践意义
有助于各国政府和民众更好地理解其他国家 的政治体制，促进国际间的交流与合作，推 动世界和平与发展。同时，对于国内政治体 制的改革和完善也具有一定的借鉴意义。
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英国政体
法国
在国际事务中发挥重要作用，积极参与国际 组织和多边合作。
德国
作为欧盟核心成员国之一，对欧洲政治和经 济一体化具有重要影响力。
THANK YOU
感谢聆听
参议院在立法过程中拥有一定的否决权和修正权，对政府有 监督权；众议院则更注重代表民意和利益诉求，对政府进行 问责和监督。两院之间存在一定的权力竞争和制衡1
联邦政府与州政府 分权
美国实行联邦制，联邦政府与州 政府在各自职权范围内享有最高 权力，相互间不得任意干涉。
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联邦法律优于州法 律
在联邦制下，联邦法律高于州法 律，州法律不得与联邦法律相抵 触。
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联邦政府负责国防 、外交等事务
联邦政府主要负责国防、外交、 货币政策等事务，而州政府则负 责教育、公共卫生等事务。
三权分立
立法权、行政权与司法权相互制衡
美国实行三权分立，立法权、行政权和司法权分 别由国会、总统、最高法院行使，相互间保持独 立，并相互制衡。
英语英美英语差别(比较全面).ppt
1．李鸿章1872年在上海创办轮船招商局，“前10年盈和，成
为长江上重要商局，招商局和英商太古、怡和三家呈鼎立
之势”。这说明该企业的创办 A．打破了外商对中国航运业的垄断 B．阻止了外国对中国的经济侵略 C．标志着中国近代化的起步 ( )
D．使李鸿章转变为民族资本家
解析：李鸿章是地主阶级的代表，并未转化为民族资本家； 洋务运动标志着中国近代化的开端，但不是具体以某个企业 的创办为标志；洋务运动中民用企业的创办在一定程度上抵
3. 语法差异
（ 3 ） 形 容 词 ： 在美国英语中，形容词的比较可以跟在 all the 之后，表示 强调。而英国英语则使用any 加形容词比较级这一形式来表 示强调。 例 如 ： BE: Can’t you do any better than that? AE: Is that all the better you can do?
2. 右图是1909年《民呼日报》上登载的
一幅漫画，其要表达的主题是( A．帝国主义掠夺中国铁路权益 B．西方国家学习中国文化 C．西方列强掀起瓜分中国狂潮 )
航空都获得了一定程度的发展。
(2)近代中国交通业受到西方列强的控制和操纵。 (3)地域之间的发展不平衡。 3．影响 (1)积极影响：促进了经济发展，改变了人们的出行方式，
一定程度上转变了人们的思想观念；加强了中国与世界各地的
联系，丰富了人们的生活。 (2)消极影响：有利于西方列强的政治侵略和经济掠夺。
Main Differences of American English & British English
主讲：Dani
1. 单词差异
B.E A.E
电梯 elevator
一楼 first floor 汽油 假期 罐头 糖果 gas vacation can candy
英美政治体制的比较
America: Federal
System; Separation of powers President is the head of State and Government. Legislation---Congress Administration-President Justice—Supreme Court When this three Department exercise their rights, they need to comply with the “separation of powers”, which calls for “checks
James I
George I
The Hanover William 汉诺威王朝 IV
George II,III,IV
The Windsor Windsor Edward VII Queen Victoria
George V
Edward VIII
George VI
The Windsor 温莎王朝
Henry VII
Henry VIII ……
Mary I
Elizabeth I
The Stuart 斯图亚特王朝
Charles II
William III and Mary II
James II Charles I Cromwell Cromwell … The Hanover The Hanover
The majority leader of the Low House acted as the prime minister, in charge of the Parliament.
英式英语与美式英语的比较ppt课件
大家好
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02.词汇
Ｔｈｅ Ｐａｒｔ Ｔｗｏ
大家好
12
02.词汇
Ｔｈｅ Ｐａｒｔ Ｔｗｏ
English bank bill billion corn first floor football pants wallet
同词异义
BE
AE
钞票
汇票
十亿
万亿
玉米
谷物，小麦
一层
二层
橄榄球
足球
长裤
内裤
钱包（男女通用） 钱包（男用，皮质）
e.g. worker father farm tour ? 字母t：在两个元音之间，
BE：[t] , AE:[d]
e.g. water，letter，waiter，computer
大家好
10
01.发音
Ｔｈｅ Ｐａｒｔ Ｔｗｏ
词缀
? 以-ile结尾:
BE?:l][aAE:[l]
e.g. fertile hostile fragile docile ? 以-ary 或-ory结尾:
Lady : What can I do for you? Girl : I'd like a piece of rubber, please! Lady : …Er, a piece of eraser? 1 dollar, please. Anything else? Girl : I'd like some sweets, too. Lady : No problem. All the candy we sell is sweet. Girl : I see, so you sell sweet sweets.
近200字。
英美概况英文课件美国政治
Federal system “Checks and balances” Respect for the Constitution
Introduction to British and American Culture
The Federal System
Definition
Power is shared between the central government and the state government
Introduction to British and American Culture
The Constitution
a single political document in1787 7 articles The Constitution follows three principles:
The Republican Party
The second largest party More conservative Ideology
A small government and free market Letting business compete with little or no government regulation in the marketplace Advocates strong national defense
Chapter 3 Politics
Part Two The Political System of the United States
Introduction to British and American Culture
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Legislative Power
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Amendments
• Article Five sets out the different ways in which Amendments can be made.
• Any new amendment may be approved by twothirds of both houses of Congress, then sent to the states for approval. To be adopted it must be approval by three-quarters of the states.
• Article One describes the Congress, the legislative branch of the federal government. This has two co-equal houses:
– the House of Representatives to represent the people, and
judgments and orders can be reviewed by the Supreme Court. • Article Three also creates the right to trial by jury in all criminal cases and defines the crime of treason.
• It is a living document whose interpretation has changed over time.
• When necessary, US citizens are able to make amendments to the constitution.
2
Bill of Rights
out in the Twelfth Amendment.
6
Judicial Power
• Article Three describes the court system (the judicial branch.
•The article establishes the Supreme Court. • Congress can create lower courts, whose
• No amendment may deprive a state of equal representation in the Senate, without that state's consent.
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Federal Power
• Article Six establishes the Constitution, and the laws and treaties of the United States made according to it, to be the supreme law of the land,.
– the Senate to represent the States.
• This is known as Representative Democracy.
5
Executive Power
• Article two creates the presidency. • Executive power is vested in a President. • The presidential term is fixed at four years. • A President can only serve for two terms. • The method of electing the President is set
• Both require jury trials, include a right to keep and bear arms, and forbid "cruel and unusual punishments.“
3
Seven Articles
• The seven articles of the constitution cover the following areas:
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States' Powers & Limitations
• Article Four describes the relationship between the states and the federal government and between the states themselves.
• State governments cannot discriminate against citizens of other states in favour of their own citizens.
• It also lays down a legal basis for freedom of movement and travel between the different states.
• The Bill of Rights consists of the ten amendments added to the Constitution in 1791.
• The English Bill of Rights (1689) was an inspiration for the American Bill of Rights.
US Political System
1
The Basis
• The government of the United States is based on a written constitution, which is the shortest in the world.
• From this document, the entire federal government was created.