附录(中英文翻译)格式

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2_毕业设计格式模板(正文、参考文献、附录、翻译部分、致谢)

1（空一格）×××××（章名称）（小三号、黑体、居中）1.1×××（四号、黑体、顶格）×××××××××××××××××××××××××××（正文，小四号、宋体）1.2×××（四号、黑体、顶格）×××××××××××××××××××××××××××（正文，小四号、宋体）1.2.1×××（小四号、宋体，加粗、顶格）×××××××××××××××××××××××××××（正文，小四号、宋体）（空一行）2×××××2.1×××（四号黑体）×××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××……参考文献（四号、黑体、顶格）（另起一页）[1]······[2]······附录X：(三号黑体，居左顶格，X表示1，2或一，二等)（另起一页）×××××（小四号宋体，行距18磅，下同）××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××致谢（另起一页）（“致谢”二字中间空两格、四号字、黑体、居中。

论文及外文翻译格式(标准)

附件5 论文及外文翻译写作格式样例附录1 内封格式示例（设置成小二号字，空3行）我国居民投资理财现状及发展前景的研究（黑体，加粗，小二，居中，空2行）The Research on Status and Future of Inhabitants’Investment and Financial Management in China （Times New Roman体，加粗，小二，居中，实词首字母大写，空5行）院系经济与管理学院（宋体，四号，首行缩进6字符）专业公共事业管理（宋体，四号，首行缩进6字符）班级 6408101 （宋体，四号，首行缩进6字符）学号 200604081010 （宋体，四号，首行缩进6字符）姓名李杰（宋体，四号，首行缩进6字符）指导教师张芸（宋体，四号，首行缩进6字符）职称副教授（宋体，四号，首行缩进6字符）负责教师（宋体，四号，首行缩进6字符）（空7行）沈阳航空航天大学（宋体，四号，居中）2010年6月（宋体，四号，居中）附录2 摘要格式示例（设置成三号，空2行）摘要（黑体，加粗，三号，居中，两个字之间空两格）（空1行）我国已经步入经济全球化发展的21世纪，随着市场经济的快速增长和对外开放的进一步深化，我国金融市场发生了巨大的变化。

一方面，投资理财所涉及到的领域越来越广，不仅仅是政府、企业、社会组织进行投资理财，居民也逐步进入到金融市场中，开始利用各种投资工具对个人、家庭财产进行打理，以达到资产保值、增值，更好的用于消费、养老等的目的；另一方面，我国居民投资理财观念逐渐趋于成熟化、理性化；同时，其投资理财工具以及方式手段亦越来越向多元化、完善化发展。

本论文以我国居民投资理财为研究对象，综合运用现代经济学、金融学和管理学的理论；统计学、概率学的方法和工具，主要对我国居民投资理财的历史演变、发展现状、意识观念、存在的问题和主要投资理财工具进行了分析和探讨，并提出了改善和促进我国居民理财现状的对策和建议，指出了普通居民合理化投资理财的途径。

中国GMP附录-确认和验证-中英

附件1Annex 1确认与验证Qualification and Validation（征求意见稿）(Draft for Comments)第一章范围Chapter One Scope第一条本附录适用于《药品生产质量管理规范》中涉及的所有确认与验证活动。

Article 1 This appendix applies to all qualification and validation activities involved in Good Manufacturing Practice.第二章原则Chapter Two Principles第二条企业应当确定需要进行的确认或验证工作，以证明有关操作的关键要素能够得到有效控制。

确认和验证的范围和程度应根据风险评估的结果确认。

确认与验证应当贯穿于产品生命周期的全过程。

Article 2 A manufacturer should determine the required qualification or validation activities to prove that the critical aspects of relevant operations can be effectively controlled. The scope and extent of qualification and validation should be determined based on risk assessment results. Qualification and validation activities should be throughout the entire life cycle of a product.第三章验证计划Chapter Three Validation Plan第三条所有的确认与验证活动都应当事先计划。

确认与验证的关键要素都应在验证总计划或同类文件中详细说明。

外文翻译与文献综述模板格式以及要求说明

外文翻译与文献综述模板格式以及要求说明
外文中文翻译格式：
标题：将外文标题翻译成中文，可以在括号内标明外文标题
摘要：将外文摘要翻译成中文，包括问题陈述、研究目的、方法、结果和结论等内容。

关键词：将外文关键词翻译成中文。

引言：对外文论文引言进行翻译，概述问题的背景、重要性和研究现状。

方法：对外文论文方法部分进行翻译，包括研究设计、数据采集和分析方法等。

结果：对外文论文结果部分进行翻译，介绍研究结果和统计分析等内容。

讨论：对外文论文讨论部分进行翻译，对研究结果进行解释和评价。

结论：对外文论文结论部分进行翻译，总结研究的主要发现和意义。

附录：如果外文论文有附录部分，需要进行翻译并按照指定的格式进行排列。

文献综述模板格式：
标题：文献综述标题
引言：对文献综述的背景、目的和方法进行说明。

综述内容：按照时间、主题或方法等进行分类，对相关文献进行综述，可以分段进行描述。

讨论：对综述内容进行解释和评价，概括主要研究成果和趋势。

结论：总结文献综述，概括主要发现和意义。

要求说明：
1.外文中文翻译要准确无误，语句通顺流畅，做到质量高、符合学术
规范。

2.文献综述要选择与所研究领域相关的文献进行综述，覆盖面要广，
内容要全面、准确并有独立思考。

4.文献综述要注重整体结构和逻辑连贯性，内容要有层次感，段落间
要过渡自然。

5.外文中文翻译和文献综述要进行查重，确保原文与译文的一致性，
并避免抄袭和剽窃行为。

汉译英格式规范

汉译英翻译格式规范I 格式规范1. 正文标题、机构名称、图表格名称和表头中所有单词（除虚词外）的首字母均大写；但标题为句子的情况除外；2. 译文中出现的标准、规范名称，单独出现时每个单词首字母均应大写并斜体，不加引号；在表格中出现时不用斜体；3. 摄氏度符号统一从“符号”“Times new roman”中找到“°”（位于最右一列）插入，然后在后面加上大写“C”，即“°C”；4. 排比和并列的内容，标点应统一。

一般做法是中间采用“;”，最后一个采用“.”，最后一个与倒数第二个之间用“; and”；5. 数值范围的表示形式应是：110-220 kV，而不是110 kV～220 kV；注意：数字和连字符之间没有空格，数字和单位之间有空格数字与单位之间要加一个空格，但“°C”、“°F”和“%”除外；6. 在英文中，百分号应采用英文半角“%”，而不可采用中文全角“%”；7. 公式中的符号从“插入公式”中选择；8. 文本框中第一个单词首字母大写；9. 1号机组和2号机组、一期和二期的表示方法：Unit 1 & 2；Phase I & II；10. 第x条（款、项）和第y条（款、项）的表示方法：Article x and Article y，即表示条（款、项）的词不能省略；11. 文件中出现公式时，公式后说明性文字的“其中”、“式中”统一译为“Where:”，注意其后加冒号；对公式中的字母和符号进行解释时，采用“-”，其前后均不空格，“-”后的首字母为小写；公式后的说明要用分号，最后采用句号。

例如：Where:F sc-short circuit current force (lb/ft);V-velocity;P-gas density.12. 冒号后首字母小写；13. 大于号、小于号、等号两边均有空格；14. 表格的标题和标题栏字体加粗；15. 注意上下标与原文一致；16. 直径符号φ的输入方法：插入，符号，字体选择Symbol，然后选择输入φ，并采用斜体；17. 日期按译文语言，应采用公历，按月、日、年顺序排列，例如，December 1, 2006；18. 译文的章节与条款编号，应与原文一致，有问题提出；19. 翻译中，数字应重点关注，均应与原文核对；20. 标点符号按英文惯例，英文中应全部采用英文半角符号，不得出现全角的顿号（、）逗号（，）句号（。

论文参考文献和附录格式

论文参考文献和附录格式Workscited(另起一页)[1]Hymes,D.1971a.Pidginization and Creolization of Language.Cambridge：Cambridge University Press.[2]Hymes,petence and Performance in Linguistic Theory.In R.Huxley and E.Ingram(eds.).Language Acquisition：Models and Methods.London：Academic Press.3-28.[3]Judge,A.1995.Social Exclusion：A Metaphoric Trap?.Available at：(accessed at 15：30,28 June 2007).[4]Labov,W.and Fanshel,D.1977.Therapeutic Discourse：Psychotherapy as Conversation.New York：Academic Press.[5]Schegloff,E.A.1979.The Relevance of Repair to Syntax-for- conversation.In T.Givón(ed.).Syntax and Semantics 12：Discourse and Syntax.New York：Academic Press.261- 286.[6]Schegloff,E.A.1996.Confirming Allusions：Toward an Empirical Account of Action,American Journal of Sociology 102(1)：161- 216.[7]Schegloff,E.A.,Jefferson,G.and Sacks,H.1977.The Preference for Self-correction in the Organization of Repair in Conversation,Language 53：361-382.[8]蔡基刚，2001a，《英汉汉英段落翻译与实践》，上海：复旦大学出版社。

英文附录

AppendixAlong with the development of the enterprise, accounts receivable, rising cost of capital, and enterprises to expand market share, reduce the credit sales of goods or service provided service credit rating, in order to get more business channels, expand market share. In this case, enterprises can liquidity isn't enough to cover the daily management activities and related taxes and fees, you need to rely on bank loans to solve this problem. However, interest, and further increased the cost of enterprise, and as the growth of the accounts receivable aging, the possibility of bad debt losses occur also rose, so that the cost of capital rise. Also malicious delinquency problems due to some enterprises, and enterprises accounts receivable recovery work basically rely on their own collection, unnecessary costs due to the recovery of accounts receivable increase cannot pass on, capital costs, increase the risk of accounts receivable collection.1 the causes of accounts receivable riskEnterprises in order to promote sales, receipts, must pay a certain cost to the customer provide a certain amount of credit conditions. In determining the credit condition of customers, the enterprise must guarantee to provide the credit conditions to the enterprise the benefits greater than the cost of credit. If the credit period is too long, blind implements the cash discount, or is not reasonable to determine the discount rate, and would only increase the cost of enterprise credit, increase the risk of accounts receivable recovery and recycling costs, not conducive to the development of the enterprise. Some small and medium-sized enterprises lack of full-time institutions engaged in accounts receivable risk management, the lack of complete and effective customer profiles and the professional credit rating, credit limit and credit control, there is no risk of bad debts, to advance the prevention and control. Many enterprise wages and benefits of management mode, make the operator blindly pursue high profits, blind credit sales of goods or services, create the illusion of a finishing or exceeding of the target does not consider money use value and recyclability, increase the enterprise accounts receivable risk. Enterprise internal control system for large claims the lack of money cleaning up, collection, thereby causing loss to the money. Finance department shall timely accounting, correctly reflect the accounts receivable.Is common in accounting, however, claims and debts accounts don't adjust in a timely manner, to the capital of the rights of the creditor fails to timely cleaning, check, and many payment business content is unknown, the possibility of increased bad debt. Enterprise to inflated profits, capital loss and current charge hanging in the accounts receivable account treatment for a long time, causing virtual surplus real kui. The existence of these problems, and covered the hidden loss losses of the enterprise management, to strengthen enterprise management, easy to make the person produces illusion to false claims, lead to accounting information distortion, seriously affect the information users to make the right decisions.2 accounts receivable risk management and prevention(1) the beforehand control of accounts receivable riskBad debt risk is objective existence, as long as there is credit there may be bad. Not all accounts receivable can be passed on, can be avoided, so the provision for bad debts must be prepared. Enterprises should fully estimate the possibility of bad debt losses will be the effects on the profit and loss, to extract the provision for bad debt on schedule to decompose the risk of bad debt losses. It is based on the sane principle and matching principle. Our country enterprise accounting regulation, the enterprise can adopt allowance method of accounting bad debt losses. The allowance method is estimated bad debt losses on schedule, form the provision for bad debt. Provision for bad debt risk prevention, protection against the loss of features, is the enterprise the first barrier preventing the risks of account receivable. Accounts receivable as a bad debt losses processing does not mean that the company gave up claims on accounts receivable, enterprises should continue to focus on balance unit, try to recover the account. Clear responsibility, establish post responsibility system. Accounts receivable management is a systematic work, the enterprise shall be in accordance with the related regulations, improve the sales management system, clear responsibility, and business operation process, to carry on the fine management; For contract negotiation, bid opening, distribution and delivery, go out and collection and other business related departments and personnel, to ensure that the incompatible posts from each other. Each department staff to do their job, fulfill their duties, serious and responsible, responsibility to the people, maximize accounts receivable recovery,shorten the period of accounts receivable collection and reduce bad debt losses. Companies in the sales process, should be in strict accordance with the granted to the customer's credit limit control volume, and based on the principle of limited authorized personnel at all levels can be prescribed by the internal respectively the approved credit limit. This grading management system makes the control within reasonable limits, credit business enterprise to deal with credit limits the implementation of regular inspection and analysis, to ensure safe and reasonable credit limits. In the process of credit standards, should through the comprehensive analysis, find out does not affect sales and does not increase the risk of the optimal balance. Credit conditions mainly including credit and cash discount, extend credit term can expand sales, but also can create accounts receivable takes up the opportunity cost of increased, at the same time increase the risk of bad debt losses. Companies cope with different customer credit limit, make necessary adjustment make it always stay within the scope of the enterprise can afford. Enterprises in determining the credit terms and credit limit before credit units, must to understand and assess of credit business, given the appropriate credit standards, thus effective control of accounts receivable. Credit analysis from the enterprise's quality, capital, capacity, collateral and credit situation these five aspects to analysis.(2) the accounts receivable risk matter controlsFinancial department received customer payment for goods should be booked in time or query procedure, to contrast the contract and the bill of lading issued by customer requirements, and sent to the staff or customers to sign for transport, and transport sector should be organized according to the bill of lading, delivery and make sure of the specifications of the goods, model and quantity is correct, should be in accordance with the bill of lading after shipment invoice to the customer in time, such as handle the payment. The contract should be signed specification, conform to the requirements of the contract law, in the subject matter of the contract, quantity, quality, delivery time and delivery place, terms of payment, and carefully to evaluate the liability for breach of contract, and decide whether to accept the order, in order to make the enterprise the management behavior of standardization and refinement. Enterprises should be used as much as possible to its favorable settlement andadvanced means of settlement, accelerate the money collecting, shorten money traveling time.(3) the accounts receivable risk controlAccounts receivable afterwards control including credit contract payments when due back control and due payment form bad debt losses due to various reasons to fail. Enterprise can through the establishment of accounts receivable management information system, accounts receivable from credit sales process to the maturity date, tracking supervision with the customers, to ensure that customers can normal payment, maximize reduce the incidence of overdue account. Accounts receivable tracking service, to maintain the good relationship with customers, but also enable customers to feel pressure from creditors, greatly improve the accounts receivable recovery. Keeps in close contact with customers, to remind the payment due date, you can also find the goods, transportation, packaging, quality and settlement on the existing problems and disputes, to make appropriate decisions in a timely manner. Produced by the sales of customer accounts receivable management has become the enterprise is an important part of the money management, fund management. To implement high quality enterprise receivables securitization, the enterprise lack of liquidity, but can produce foreseeable stable cash flow of assets, through integration of assets structure and the way of the separation of assets credit, with some assets as collateral, controlled by the trustee issued special specialized agencies, in the capital market to sell. Using legal means to defend corporate interests. Enterprise receivables can be delegated to the professional receivables recycling company, large and medium-sized enterprises if the accounts receivable amount is larger, can entrust receivables recycling companies. Professional receivables company has the relative superiority in the worth of money, can to a certain extent, reduce the enterprise investment in accounts receivable of human and financial resources.。

美赛附录格式

美赛附录格式
（中英文实用版）
Appendix Format for MCM/ICM
美赛附录格式的要求如下：
美赛附录部分的格式要求如下：
1.所有附录内容应集中在一个单独的附录文件中，不要在论文正文中插入附录。

2.附录文件应以“Appendix”作为文件名，并按照提交论文的要求进行排版。

3.附录中的每个部分应以“Appendix A”、“Appendix B”等格式进行编号。

4.附录中的表格、图形、方程等应与正文中的引用保持一致，并在附录中给出详细说明。

5.附录中的文本应保持清晰、简洁，并避免过多的重复内容。

6.附录中的数据、图表等应确保准确无误，并与正文中的分析结果相符合。

7.附录中的引用文献应按照美赛规定的引用格式进行标注。

8.附录中的公式、符号、单位等应按照美赛规定的格式进行排版。

The format requirements for the appendix section of the MCM/ICM competition are as follows:
1.All appendix content should be集中在一个单独的附录文件中，不要在论文正文中插入附录。

附表：外文翻译格式

英文翻译(原文)说明书题目：系别：专业：学生姓名：学号：指导教师：职称：题目类型：理论研究实验研究工程设计工程技术研究软件开发年月日英文翻译(译文)说明书题目：系别：专业：学生姓名：学号：指导教师：职称：题目类型：理论研究实验研究工程设计工程技术研究软件开发年月日附件二：范例摘要(“摘要”之间空两格，采用三号字、黑体、居中，与内容空一行) （内容采用小四号宋体）注：毕业设计（论文）摘要或总说明书要概括研究课题的内容、方法和观点以及取得的成果和结论，应反映整个内容的精华，字数在300字左右。

关键词：(小四号、黑体、顶格)☆☆☆；☆☆☆；☆☆☆（内容采用小四号、宋体、接排、各关键词之间有分号）Abstract（三号加粗）：(采用三号字、Times New Roman字体、加黑、居中、与内容空一行) There is a kind of automatic access system that use automatic indemnification technology to identify user’s ID and rights, and according to user’s rights to control the door.••••••（内容采用小四号Times New Roman字体，要求300-500单词）Key words（小四号加粗、Times New Roman字体、顶格）：（内容采用小四号、Times New Roman字体、接排、各关键词之间有分号）目录（三号、黑体、居中、目录两字空四格、与正文空一行）引言 (1)1（空两格）☆☆☆☆，☆☆（四号黑体） (3)1.1（空一格）☆☆☆，☆☆☆（小四号黑体） (3)1.2 ☆☆☆、☆☆☆☆ (4)2 ☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆ (6)2.1 ☆☆☆、☆☆，☆ (6)2.1.1☆☆☆☆☆ (6)2.1.2☆☆☆☆☆☆ (7)••••••5 结论 (34)谢辞 (35)参考文献 (35)附录 (36)注：目录按三级标题编写（即：1 ……、1.1 ……、1.1.1 ……），要求标题层次清晰。

附录二英文论文模板

附录二：论文模板撰写论文具体要求1.中文标题及摘要；摘要中，不要包含脚注，计算公式和参考文献；摘要只需要简要介绍文章内容，以做文章索引之用。

2.缩写字母首次出现需要全写。

非正规的字符需要加以解释。

3.中英文对照的作者名与地址；英文名的标注格式为：姓全大写，名字首字母大写；如：WANG Minyi (王民一), J. PEREIRA;4.中英文对照的关键词（不少于三个）；5.中英文对照的受资助课题的基金号；6.添加PACS号（PACS号可根据专业等通过/pacs/pacs06/pacs06-toc.html查询）7.章节序码用阿拉伯数字表示，层次可以分为若干级，层次分级一般以不超过4级为宜, 标注格式为：1、1.2、 1.2.1等；8.图表数量与文章叙述要一致，图表的说明和图表单独附在文后；表格请改为三线表，由表序、表题、项目栏、表身组成；图要求用TIFF、EPS或者PDF格式；照片图要求层次分明、图像清晰，建议用黑白或灰度图，需用彩图的，彩色印刷费用作者自理；线条图尺寸大小在6 cm x 6 cm，线条宽度0.15 mm – 0.20 mm；标目、标值齐全，文字、物理量、符号、单位符合规范，均用等线体(Arial)。

9.请使用单栏双倍行距。

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论文主体及附录(格式样例)

第1章前言1.1 研究背景学习基于ARM9体系结构的嵌入式系统硬件设计和软件设计，解决餐饮行业服务人员过多，效率低下的矛盾，进一步提高无线点餐系统的广泛应用。

我国大部分餐饮业多为传统的服务模式，遇到了很多问题：1. 大量的人工处理客户预定、点菜、查询、退菜，来回奔跑于客户和厨房之间；下单，催菜，乱成一团，厨师常因看不清楚服务员字迹苦恼，导致落单和菜单丢失的事情时有发生。

2. 催促上菜的客人很多的时候，服务员很难记住哪些客人催促过，可能导致客人对饭店留下不良印象，甚至他会把该店印象传达给身边的亲戚和朋友，由此产生的连锁反应，严重影响餐馆，酒店的声誉。

3. 没有全面的经营分析数据，不能高效、全面的分析饭店的经营状况，财务状况，常常影响经营决策的失误，使管理者心有余而力不足。

4. 服务员人工记账，导致账目错误，也无处查询，给餐馆造成不必要的经济损失。

从消费者角度，消费者对餐饮业的要求越来越高，对餐饮业的环境氛围，餐饮方式越来越讲究。

无线点餐系统为消费者提供了一种方便快捷的服务。

从技术角度，随着近几年嵌入式技术的广泛普及与发展，ARM处理器的广泛使用和Linux系统的快速发展，为无线点餐系统奠定了基础。

1.2 研究现状随着网络技术的发展，无线点餐系统涉及红外，蓝牙，ZIGBEE，802.11x 等无线技术，这些新技术的使用标志着我国餐饮业的管理水平有很大的提高。

并且会逐渐成为餐饮行业提高服务效率，降低劳动力成本，增加经营收入，提升餐饮行业的管理理念[1]。

无线点餐系统主要经历了以下几个阶段：1. 以红外技术和单片机为主，短距离无线通信。

这种通信系统距离有限，障碍物影响较大，已逐渐被淘汰。

2. 以蓝牙技术和单片机为主，这种系统虽然已不受障碍物影响，但传输距离仍受限制，且传输速率不高，不适应市场发展的需求。

3. 以ZIGBEE技术为基础，服务器端也需要安装ZIGBEE模块，且组网技术复杂。

4. 以Wi-Fi为代表的802.11x技术和微处理器为主，终端采用Wi-Fi技术，服务器端直接使用通用无线路由器即可，也便于以后产品升级。

《附录-四夷附录第二》(新五代史)简介、原文全文及翻译白话译文

《新五代史》附录·四夷附录第二关于新五代史《新五代史》，宋欧阳修撰，原名《五代史记》，后世为区别于薛居正等官修的五代史，称为新五代史。

全书共七十四卷，本纪十二卷、列传四十五卷、考三卷、世家及年谱十一卷、四夷附录三卷。

记载了自后梁开平元年（907年）至后周显德七年（960年）共五十三年的历史。

《新五代史》撰写时，增加了《旧五代史》所未能见到的史料，如《五代会要》、《五代史补》等，因此内容更加翔实。

但《新五代史》对旧“志”部分大加繁削，则不足为训，故史料价值比《旧五代史》要略逊一筹。

四夷附录第二原文兀欲，东丹王突欲子也。

突欲奔于唐，兀欲留不从，号永康王。

契丹好饮人血，突欲左右姬妾，多刺其臂吮之，其小过辄挑目、刲灼，不胜其毒。

然喜宾客，好饮酒，工画，颇知书。

其自契丹归中国，载书数千卷，枢密使赵延寿每假其异书、医经，皆中国所无者。

明宗时，自滑州朝京师，遥领武信军节度使，食其俸，赐甲第一区，宫女数人。

契丹兵助晋于太原，唐废帝遣宦者秦继旻、皇城使李彦绅杀突欲于其第。

晋高祖追封突欲为燕王。

德光灭晋，兀欲从至京师。

德光杀继旻、彦绅，籍其家赀，悉以赐兀欲。

德光死栾城，兀欲与赵延寿及诸大将等俱入镇州。

延寿自称权知军国事，遣人求镇州管钥于兀欲，兀欲不与。

延寿左右曰：“契丹大人聚而谋者汹汹，必有变，宜备之。

今中国之兵，犹有万人，可以击虏；不然，事必不成。

”延寿犹豫不决。

兀欲妻，延寿以为妹，五月朔旦，兀欲召延寿及张砺、李崧、冯道等置酒，酒数行，兀欲谓延寿曰：“妹自上国来，当一见之。

”延寿欣然与兀欲俱入。

食顷，兀欲出坐，笑谓砺等曰：“燕王谋反，锁之矣。

诸君可无虑也。

”又曰：“先帝在汴州与我算子一茎，许我知南朝军国事，昨闻寝疾，无遗命，燕王安得自擅邪？”砺等罢去。

兀欲召延寿廷立而诘之，延寿不能对。

乃遣人监之，而籍其家赀。

兀欲宣德光遗制曰：“永康王，大圣皇帝之嫡孙，人皇王之长子，可于中京即皇帝位。

”中京，契丹谓镇州也。

中国gmp2010、附录的英文

中国gmp2010、附录的英文中国GMP2010, 附录的英文GMP（Good Manufacturing Practice）是一种确保药品生产过程质量、标准化和规范化的管理体系。

GMP的实施有助于提高药品质量和安全性，保护公众的健康。

中国于2010年发布了新版的GMP规范，对药品生产企业提出了更高的要求。

为了促进国际间合作和交流，中国GMP2010的规范附录还提供了相应的英文版。

附录A：定义和缩写这一部分提供了GMP中使用的一些常见的定义和缩写词的英文翻译。

1. 定义- 生产：Production- 质量保证：Quality Assurance- 质量控制：Quality Control- 现场调查：Onsite Inspection2. 缩写- GMP：Good Manufacturing Practice- SOP：Standard Operating Procedure- QA：Quality Assurance- QC：Quality Control附录B：质量管理体系质量管理体系是GMP的核心要求，这一部分对质量管理体系的相关内容提供了英文表述。

- 体系文件（System Documentation）- 质量方针和质量目标（Quality Policy and Objectives）- 质量手册（Quality Manual）- 工艺流程图（Process Flow Chart）- 记录（Records）- 变更管理（Change Control）- 内部审核（Internal Audits）附录C：设备与设施这一部分包括了对GMP要求中设备与设施相关内容的英文表述。

- 设备验证（Equipment Validation）- 设备清洁与消毒（Equipment Cleaning and Disinfection）- 设备维护（Equipment Maintenance）- 设备备品备件（Spare Parts）附录D：人员培训和个人卫生人员的培训和个人卫生对于GMP的实施至关重要，这一部分提供了相关内容的英文翻译。

附录Ⅰ中英文翻译

液压系统安装、调试、保养和泄露安装：液压系统的安装是液压系统能否正常运行的一个重要环节。

一、安装人员液压传动系统虽然与机械传动系统有大量相似之处，但是液压传动系统确实有它的特性。

经过专业培训，并有一定安装经验的人员才能从事液压系统的安装。

二、审查液压系统主要是审查该项设计能否达到预期的工作目标，能否实现机器的动作和达到各项性能指标。

安装工艺有无实现的可能。

全面了解设计总体各部分的组成，深入地了解各部分所起的作用。

审查的主要内容包含以下几点：1、审查液压系统的设计。

2、鉴定液压系统原理图的合理性。

3、评价系统的制造工艺水平。

4、检查并确认液压系统的净化程度。

5、液压系统零部件的确认。

三、安装前的技术准备工作液压系统在安装前，应按照有关技术资料做好各项准备工作。

1、技术资料的准备与熟悉液压系统原理图、电气原理图、管道布置图、液压元件、辅件、管件清单和有关元件样本等，这些资料都应准备齐全，以便工程技术人员对具体内容和技术要求逐项熟悉和研究。

2、物资准备按照液压系统图和液压件清单，核对液压件的数量，确认所有液压元件的质量状况。

尤其要严格检查压力表的质量，查明压力表交验日期，对检验时间过长的压力表要重新进行校验，确保准确可靠。

3、质量检查液压元件在运输或库存过程中极易被污染和锈蚀，库存时间过长会使液压元件中的密封件老化而丧失密封性，有些液压元件由于加工及装配质量不良使性能不可靠，所以必须对元件进行严格的质量检查。

A) 液压元件质量检查1、各类液压元件型号必须与元件清单一致。

2、要查明液压元件保管时间是否过长，或保管环境不合要求，应注意液压元件内部密封件老化程度，必要时要进行拆洗、更换、并进行性能测试。

3、每个液压元件上的调整螺钉、调节手轮、锁紧螺母等都要完整无损。

4、液压元件所附带的密封件表面质量应符合要求、否则应予更换。

5、板式连接元件连接平面不准有缺陷。

安装密封件的沟槽尺寸加工精度要符合有关标准。

6、管式连接元件的连接螺纹口不准有破损和活扣现象。

汉译英格式规范

附录二(翻译原文)

Semiactive Seismic Response Control of Buildingswith Podium StructureY.L.Xu,M.ASCE1;J.Chen2;C.L.Ng3;and W.L.Qu4Abstract:A multistory building with a large podium structure under earthquake excitation may suffer from whipping effect due to the sudden change of building lateral stiffness and mass at the top of the podium structure.An experimental investigation was carried out in this paper to explore the possibility of using magnetorheological͑MR͒dampers to connect the podium structure to the multistory building to prevent the whipping effect.The multistory building was constructed as a slender12-story building model,whereas the podium structure was built as a relatively stiff three-story building model.A MR damper together with a current controller was used to link the three-story building to the12-story building.The dynamic characteristics of the two buildings without any connection and with a rigid connection wereﬁrst identiﬁed.The two building models without any connection and with the rigid connection were then tested under the scaled El Centro1940north–south ground motion.Finally,the two building models connected by the MR damper manipulated by a multilevel logic control algorithm were tested under the speciﬁed ground motion.The experimental results show that the MR damper with the multilevel logic control algorithm could signiﬁcantly mitigate the seismic whipping effect and reduce the seismic responses of both the multistory building and podium structure.DOI:10.1061/͑ASCE͒0733-9445͑2005͒131:6͑890͒CE Database subject headings:Buildings,multistory;Structural models;Seismic response;Vibration control;Shake table tests.IntroductionOwing to increasing population,limited availability of land,and preference for centralized services,modern cities often need many multistory and tall buildings.Some multistory and tall buildings are built with a large podium structure to achieve a large open space for parking,shops,restaurants,and hotel lobbies at ground level.In most cases,the building and the podium struc-ture are built on either a common box foundation or a common raft foundation,and there are no settlement joints or anti-earthquake joints between the building and the podium structure. The presence of the podium structure,whose lateral stiffness may be much larger than that of the building,leads to a sudden large change in the lateral stiffness of the building at the top of the podium structure.Consequently,the seismic response of the upper part of the building may be signiﬁcantly ampliﬁed,leading to the so-called whipping effect.Such a problem cannot be easily solved through the conventional structural modiﬁcation.Recently,Qu and Xu͑2001͒carried out a theoretical study to explore the possibility of using magnetorheological͑MR͒damp-ers to connect a podium structure to a multistory building to pre-vent the whipping effect.A20-story building with aﬁve-story podium structure subjected to the El Centro north–south͑N–S͒1940ground motion was investigated.They concluded that MR dampers could signiﬁcantly mitigate the seismic whipping effect on the building and reduce the seismic responses of both the building and the podium structure if the control algorithm was selected properly.To conﬁrm the aforementioned theoreticalﬁnding,this paper presents an experimental study of using a MR damper to connect a podium structure model to a building model,both of which are mounted on a seismic simulator.The design of the two building models and the features of the MR damper with a current control-ler areﬁrst introduced.The measured dynamic characteristics of the two building models without any connection and with a rigid connection are then presented.Followed are the seismic responses of the two building models without any connection and with the rigid connection under the scaled El Centro1940N–S ground motion generated by the seismic simulator.Finally,the seismic responses of the two building models connected by the MR damper manipulated by a multilevel logic control algorithm are compared with those of the two building models without any connection and with the rigid connection.Experimental ArrangementBuilding ModelsThe multistory building and the podium structure were designed and constructed as a slender12-story shear building model and a relatively stiff three-story shear building model,respectively,in1Chair Professor,Dept.of Civil and Structural Engineering,The Hong Kong Polytechnic Univ.,Hung Hom,Kowloon,Hong Kong.2Professor,College of Automation,Wuhan Univ.of Technology, Wuhan430070,China.3PhD Candidate,Dept.of Civil and Structural Engineering,The Hong Kong Polytechnic Univ.,Hung Hom,Kowloon,Hong Kong.4Professor,College of Civil Engineering and Architecture,Wuhan Univ.of Technology,Wuhan430070,China.Note.Associate Editor:Satish Nagarajaiah.Discussion open until November1,2005.Separate discussions must be submitted for individual papers.To extend the closing date by one month,a written request mustbeﬁled with the ASCE Managing Editor.The manuscript for this paper was submitted for review and possible publication on April16,2003; approved on November12,2004.This paper is part of the Journal of Structural Engineering,V ol.131,No.6,June1,2005.©ASCE,ISSN 0733-9445/2005/6-890–899/$25.00.890/JOURNAL OF STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING©ASCE/JUNE2005order to facilitate the system identiﬁcation ͑see Fig.1͒.The steel frame of the 12-story building consisted of 12rigid plates of 600mm ϫ400mm ϫ16mm and four equally sized rectangular columns of the cross section of 6mm ϫ50mm.The plates and columns were properly welded to form rigid joints.The total height of the 12-story building was measured at 2,400mm.The steel frame of the three-story building was made of three rigid plates of 1,500mm ϫ710mm ϫ32mm and 8equally sized rect-angular columns of the cross section of 6mm ϫ50mm.The total height of the three-story building was measured at 600mm.There was a rectangular opening of 700mm ϫ500mm made at the cen-ter of each rigid plate of the three-story building so that the 12-story building could be arranged inside the middle of the three-story building with the 50mm gap between the four sides of the two buildings.The two buildings were then welded on a steel base plate of 25mm thickness,which was in turn bolted ﬁrmly on the seismic simulator using a total of 14bolts of high tensile strength.All the columns were made of high strength steel of 435MPa yield stress and 200GPa modulus of elasticity.The 6mm ϫ50mm cross section of the column was arranged in such a way that the ﬁrst natural frequency of each building was much lower in the x direction than in the y direction.This arrangement allowed the building to move in the x direction only and thus the two buildings were effectively reduced to planar frames in the x –z plane.Each steel ﬂoor could be regarded as a rigid plate in horizontal,leading to a shearing type of deformation.Rigid ConnectionsTo create a rigid connection between the 12-story building and the three-story building,high strength steel bars were used to link the two buildings along the middle line of the two buildings in the x direction at the ﬁrst,second,and third ﬂoors,respectively.Eachbar was ﬁxed on the two building ﬂoors by a total of four high strength bolts.The assumption of rigid connection was veriﬁed by examining the measured response of each ﬂoor of each building to see if there was any relative movement between the two buildings.Magnetorheological Damper and ControllerOne MR damper ͑RD-1097-01X ͒manufactured by the Lord Cor-poration ͑Cary,NC ͒,was used to link the two buildings at their third ﬂoors along the middle line of the two buildings in the x direction ͑see Fig.1͒.The maximum allowable input current to the damper is 0.5and 1.0A,respectively,for continuous and intermittent application.More than 150N force can be produced by the damper at 1.0A,whereas an inherent damper force at 0.0A is less than 9N.The MR damper was operated under the maximum allowable temperature of 70°C and for no more than 30s continuous application at 0.6A in the experiment.To achieve the best performance of the MR damper,the Rheonetic Wonder Box device controller kit ͑RD-3002-03͒designed by the Lord Corporation was used together with the MR damper.The controller kit ͑the current controller afterwards ͒provided a closed loop current control.The output current ͑i.e.,the input current to the MR damper ͒was almost linearly proportional to the input voltage ͑i.e.,the command voltage from the dSPACE ͒to the cur-rent controller.A 0–5V input signal can be switched up to 1kHz.Seismic Simulator and Ground MotionThe experiments were carried out on the seismic simulator of The Hong Kong Polytechnic Univ.The seismic simulator was manu-factured by the MTS Corporation ͑Eden Prairie,MN ͒with the table size of 3.0m ϫ3.0m in plane ͑MTS 469DU ͒.The maxi-mum acceleration of the seismic simulator was measured at ±1g with the maximum proof specimen mass of 10t,where g is the acceleration due to gravity in meters/second 2.The simulator could be operated within the frequency range from 0.1to 50Hz and the maximum stroke range of ±100mm.The El Centro 1940earthquake ground acceleration ͑N–S component ͒with a time scale of 1:3and a peak acceleration of 0.13g was used as a major input excitation.Figs.2͑a and b ͒display,respectively,the time–history and the power spectrum of the scaled El Centro ground motion measured from the table surface of the simulator.The seismic simulator was operated under a closed-up feedback con-trol.The acceleration time histories of the simulator ͑the input ground motion to the base of the buildings ͒directly measured from the table surface of the simulator were carefully monitored to ensure that the acceleration time–histories used in different test cases were repeatable.Instrumentation and MeasurementTo identify dynamic characteristics of the buildings and to form a semiactive control system for the two buildings linked by the MR damper,a total of 12accelerometers ͑B&K 4370,Demark ͒were installed on the two buildings in the x direction to measure their responses,as shown in Fig.1.The accelerometers were of piezo-electric type having a measured frequency range from 0.2to 100Hz.Each of the ﬁrst,second,third,fourth,sixth,eighth,tenth,and twelfth ﬂoors of the 12-story building had one accelerometer placed at its ﬂoor center whereas each ﬂoor of the three-story building had one accelerometer mounted at theﬂoorFig. 1.Conﬁguration and instrumentation of building-podium structure system:͑a ͒plan view;͑b ͒section A-A;and ͑c ͒section B-BJOURNAL OF STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING ©ASCE /JUNE 2005/891center.To monitor the motion of the simulator in the x direction,an accelerometer was mounted on the table surface of the simu-lator to directly measure the ground acceleration at the base of the buildings.A force transducer was placed in series with the MR damper to measure the control force applied to the buildings.The signal from each accelerometer and the force transducer was transferred to the signal conditioner ͑B&K 2635,Demark ͒by which the signal could be ampliﬁed and ﬁltered properly.The signal from the signal conditioner was then passed to a data acquisition/processing system ͑INV300E,Demark ͒where the analog signal was sampled at 1,000Hz and converted to the digi-tal data.The digital data were further analyzed to obtain dynamic characteristics of the buildings.The exciting force was applied to the top ﬂoor of either the 12-story building or the three-story building for the case of no connection using an instrumented hammer of plastic head randomly impacting the building for ap-proximately 60s.For the rigid connection of the two buildings,the random force was applied to the ﬁfth ﬂoor of the 12-story building only.A block diagram for the measurement of dynamic characteristics of the two buildings is shown in Fig.3.To obtain the seismic responses of the two buildings without any connection and with the rigid connection,the signal from the signal conditioner was passed to the dSPACE real-time simulator system ͑made in Germany ͒.The dSPACE real-time simulator sys-tem comprised a DS1005PowerPC controller ͑PPC ͒processorboard,a DS2003multichannel analog to digital ͑A/D ͒board,a DS2102high resolution digital to analog ͑D/A ͒board,and a DS4003digital input–output ͑I/O ͒board.The DS1005PPC pro-cessor board embraced a Motorola PowerPC 750microprocessor running at 480MHz as its central processing unit ͑CPU ͒and resided in a triple-wide Industry Standard Architecture ͑ISA ͒slot in a host computer.It provided the basis for operating modular hardware of dSPACE,gave the real-time calculation power to the system,and rendered the interface to the I/O boards and host computer.The DS2003A/D board provided 32channels with the resolution and the sampling time up to 16bits and around 5.7–72.5␮s,performing instantaneous A/D conversion of the measured voltage signals within the range of either ±5or ±10V.The control of the dSPACE CPU and the access to its memory were executed by the main program ControlDesk of the dSPACE,which offered an automatic implementation of the MATLAB /Simulink block program on the host computer via real time inter-face ͑RTI ͒and provided a real time interactive data display and visualization.The RTI possessed compiling,linking,download-ing,and conﬁguring capacities.In this type of experiment,the analog signal of 30s duration,transferred from the signal condi-tioner to the dSPACE real-time simulator system,was sampled at 1,000Hz by the DS2003multichannel A/D board to obtain the digital data.The digital data were then further analyzed using the PPC controller together with the MATLAB/Simulink program on the host computer via RTI.A block diagram for the measurement of seismic responses of the two buildings without control is dis-played in Fig.4.For the semiactive control of the two buildings linked by the MR damper,the relative structural responses of the two buildings at the third ﬂoors were measured and transferred to the DS2003A/D board to have digital signals.The digital signals were then analyzed based on the multilevel logic control algorithm and sent to the DS2102D/A board in the dSPACE to apply the control voltage signal to the MR damper via the current controller so as to form a closed loop semiactive control system.The logic control algorithm was implemented by the PPC controller via the MATLAB/Simulink program.The DS2102D/A board consisted of six parallel channels at 16-bit resolution.The setting time is 1.6␮s and the programmable output voltage was ±5or ±10V or 0–10V.A block diagram for the measurement of seismic re-sponses of the two buildings with semiactive control is depicted in Fig.5.Dynamic Characteristics of BuildingsThe recorded acceleration responses of the two buildings at dif-ferent ﬂoors due to random hammering forces were processedtoFig.2.Time history and power spectrum of scaled El Centro north–south ground motion:͑a ͒time history;and ͑b ͒powerspectrumFig. 3.Block diagram of dynamic characteristics measurementsystemFig.4.Block diagram of dynamic response measurement system892/JOURNAL OF STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING ©ASCE /JUNE 2005obtain auto spectra,cross spectra,and phase information,by which the natural frequencies,mode shapes,and modal damping ratios of the two buildings without any connection and with the rigid connection were identiﬁed.In the spectral analysis,each acceleration response time–history was divided into128segments with an overlapped length.Each segment contained4,096points. The piecewise smooth method and the hamming window were applied in the spectral analysis to reduce random error and leakage.The identiﬁed natural frequencies and modal damping ratios of the three-story building only,the12-story building only,and the rigidly connected two buildings are listed in Table1.It is seen that for the three-story building only,theﬁrst three natural fre-quencies are9.08,27.86,and40.08Hz,respectively.Theﬁrst three natural frequencies of the12-story building only are3.91, 11.24,and18.57Hz,respectively.Relatively large differences in theﬁrst three natural frequencies between the two buildings indi-cate relatively large motions between the two buildings at theﬁrst three stories when they are subjected to ground motion.Corre-spondingly,the motion of the damper linking the two buildings is larger,and it is thus expected that the damper can function well. Furthermore,the relatively large differences in theﬁrst three natu-ral frequencies between the two buildings provide a basis for application of the multilevel logic control algorithm proposed in this study.After the two buildings are rigidly connected together, theﬁrst three natural frequencies become 4.39,10.23,and 15.59Hz,respectively.Theﬁrst natural frequency of the rigidly connected two buildings is greater than theﬁrst natural frequency of the isolated12-story building while the second and third natu-ral frequencies are smaller than those of the isolated12-story building.This is because theﬁrst natural frequency of the three-story building is higher than theﬁrst natural frequency of the 12-story building but it is smaller than the second natural fre-quency of the12-story building.Theﬁrst three modal damping ratios are0.93,0.39,and1.02for the three-story building only, 1.29,1.02,and0.46for the12-story building only,and1.67,0.55, and0.51for the rigidly connected two buildings.Clearly,theﬁrst three natural frequencies and modal damping ratios of the12-story building with the three-story building connected are differ-ent from those of the12-story building only.Figs.6͑a–c͒depict theﬁrst three modal shapes of the three-story building only,the 12-story building only,and the rigidly connected two buildings, respectively.Theﬁrst mode shape of the rigidly connected two buildings is signiﬁcantly different from that of the12-story build-ing only,which will be seen that this change actually causes the whipping effect when the rigidly connected two buildings are subjected to ground motion.Seismic Response of Buildings without ControlTo obtain the absolute peak and root mean square͑RMS͒accel-eration responses and the relative peak and RMS displacement responses of the two buildings with respect to the ground,several computer programs were designed using the MATLAB/Simulink as a platform.These programs were then converted to the PPC controller of the dSPACE via RTI.To obtain the displacement response of the building,the real-time integration of the accelera-tion response was performed and then passed through a high-pass ﬁlter with the lowest frequency set as0.64Hz.To justify this approach,a linear variable differential transducer displacementFig.5.Block diagram of real-time control system Table1.Measured Natural Frequencies and Modal Damping RatiosMode numberThree-story building12-story buildingTwo buildings rigidlyconnected DampingratioFrequency͑Hz͒DampingratioFrequency͑Hz͒DampingratioFrequency͑Hz͒1st0.939.08 1.29 3.91 1.67 4.39 2nd0.3927.86 1.0211.240.5510.23 3rd 1.0240.080.4618.570.5115.59 4th——0.5325.910.5524.37 5th——0.3732.750.3729.73 6th——0.4339.590.3834.11 7th——0.3845.940.5342.40 8th——0.3451.320.4144.35 9th——0.3456.210.3550.68 10th——0.3760.120.3657.02 11th——0.4563.540.4661.89 12th——0.9465.010.8364.81JOURNAL OF STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING©ASCE/JUNE2005/893transducer was used to record the dynamic displacement of the simulator in the x direction.The directly measured displacement was then compared with that obtained from the acceleration time history through double integration.The comparison result was quite satisfactory and thus,in the late analysis,the displacement response was obtained from the double integration of the accel-eration response with the ﬁlter.Subsequently,the relative dy-namic displacement of each ﬂoor to the simulator was acquired by subtracting the simulator displacement from the absolute ﬂoor displacement.Figs.7͑a and b ͒show the absolute peak and RMS acceleration responses,respectively,of the 12-story building with and without the three-story building being rigidly connected.It is seen that both the absolute peak and RMS acceleration responses of the 12-story building have a moderate increase in the ﬁrst three ﬂoors after the two buildings were rigidly connected to each other,but the increase becomes larger and larger with increasing height.The absolute peak and RMS acceleration responses of the connected 12-story building at the top ﬂoor increase more than double com-pared with those of the 12-story building without any connection.Figs.8͑a and b ͒display the relative peak and RMS displacementresponses,respectively,of the 12-story building with and without the three-story building being pared with the separated 12-story building,the relative peak and RMS displace-ment responses of the connected 12-story building at the ﬁrst three ﬂoors were reduced.However,both the peak and RMS dis-placement responses of the connected 12-story building increase rapidly and become increasingly larger than those of the separated 12-story building.At the top of the building,about 46and 60%increases are observed for the peak and RMS displacement re-sponses,respectively.It is interesting to see that the relative dis-placement response curve of either the separated or the connected 12-story building is similar to the corresponding ﬁrst mode shape of the building:the change in the mode shape does indicate the occurrence of the whipping effect.The results presented in Figs.8͑a and b ͒also indicate that the story drift between the third and fourth ﬂoors of the connected 12-story building is signiﬁcantly increased compared with that of the separated 12-story building.The shear force in the fourth ﬂoor of the separated 12-story build-ing is 1,126N,whereas the shear force in the fourth ﬂoor of the connected 12-story building is 1,966N.The signiﬁcant increases of the shear force in the fourth ﬂoor and the acceleration and displacement responses at the top ﬂoor of the 12-story building are regarded as the whipping effect.Figs.9͑a and b ͒show the relative RMS displacement andtheparison of ﬁrst three modal shapes of buildings:͑a ͒three-story building;͑b ͒12-story building;and ͑c ͒rigidly connected twobuildingsparison of acceleration responses of 12-story building:͑a ͒peak acceleration response;and ͑b ͒root mean square acceleration response894/JOURNAL OF STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING ©ASCE /JUNE 2005absolute RMS acceleration responses,respectively,of the three-story building without and with rigidly connected to the 12-story building.The relative displacement responses of the connected three-story building are almost the same as those of the separated three-story building,but the absolute acceleration responses of the connected three-story building are much less than those of the separated three-story building.Seismic Response of Buildings with Semiactive ControlMultilevel Logic Control AlgorithmSemiactive control system compromises between passive control system and active control system.It appears to be particularly promising in offering the reliability of passive control system,yet maintaining the versatility and adaptability of active control sys-tem with extremely low power requirement that is always a criti-cal design consideration under an earthquake.The semiactive control system using MR dampers appears to be the most attrac-tive and effective control system.The essential characteristic of MR ﬂuid is its ability to reversibly change from a free-ﬂowing,linear viscous ﬂuid to a semisolid with controllable yield strengthin milliseconds when exposed to a magnetic ﬁeld ͑Spencer et al.1997͒.Nevertheless,owing to the nonlinear characteristic of MR ﬂuid,an appropriate control strategy plays a key role in the ulti-mate capability of a MR damper that subsequently leads to an-other challenging task to the civil engineering profession.A variety of control algorithms adopting MR dampers as ac-tuators for structural control have been proposed.One of the con-trol algorithms suggested by Dyke and Spencer ͑1996͒was a clipped-optimal force control algorithm using the structural accel-eration response as a feedback.Instantaneous optimal active con-trol algorithm together with optimal linear passive control strat-egy was studied by Ribakov and Gluck ͑1999͒.A semiactive suboptimal displacement control algorithm was proposed by Xu et al.͑2000͒for MR dampers implemented in a building including the stiffness of brace system supporting the MR damper.In con-sideration that the motion of the MR damper in this application was related to the relative motion of the two buildings at the third ﬂoor,a multilevel logic control algorithm was implemented in the experiment ͑Chen et al.2002͒.The multilevel logic control algorithm possesses the advantage of quick and simple control decision and avoids the requirement of the accurate mathematical models for the control system and the MR damper.Only the relative velocity and displacement be-tween the two buildings at the third ﬂoor,where the MR damper was installed,are considered as feedbacks for thedeterminationparison of displacement responses of 12-story building:͑a ͒peak displacement response;and ͑b ͒root mean square displacementresponseparison of root mean square responses of three-story building:͑a ͒root mean square displacement response;and ͑b ͒root mean square acceleration responseJOURNAL OF STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING ©ASCE /JUNE 2005/895of control force by complying with the logic rules of PanBoolean algebra.The core concept of the logic control is to switch the control damper force to a corresponding prespeciﬁed actuated force region based on different states of feedback responses by either increase or decrease of applied current.Obviously,the magnitude of control force should be a function of the level of deviation of structure from its static equilibrium,which is re-ﬂected by the relative velocity and displacement of the two build-ings at the thirdﬂoor.The larger the magnitude of deviation,the greater the damper force that should be applied.Let us deﬁne the relativeﬂoor displacement and velocity as x r and x˙r.The pre-speciﬁed static equilibrium of the two buildings corresponding to x r and x˙r are denoted e0and c0,where both e0and c0are a real number with a value greater than or equal to zero.There are three possible states concerning the relativeﬂoor displacement x r.They are x11,x12,and x13,corresponding to x rϽ−e0,͉x r͉ഛe0,and x rϾe0. Similarly,there are three different states of relativeﬂoor velocity x˙r,denoted by x21,x22,and x23corresponding to x˙rϽ−c0,͉x˙r͉ഛc0,and x˙rϾc0,respectively.Therefore,there are nine combinations for the states of x r and x˙r,and different combinations of states disclose the level of deviation of the buildings.When both x r and x˙r are within the range of e0and c0,no additional current͑damper force͒will be applied.Once either one of the responses,x r or x˙r, falls out the prespeciﬁed equilibrium range while the other still falls inside that range,the control force will be augmented by moderately increasing the applied current.In the situation where both x r and x˙r have already deviated from the prespeciﬁed static equilibrium region but they have the opposite sign,the damper force will remain the same magnitude as the previous one.On the contrary,when both x r and x˙r depart from the equilibrium region and they have the same sign,the greatest control force will be applied by supplying a higher current.As a result,there are a total of four states of control force region y11,y12,y13,and y14,which correlate with high current͑HC͒supply,low current͑LC͒supply, constant current͑CC͒supply,and no current͑NC͒supply.Table2 and Fig.10are provided to illustrate the division of various re-sponse combinations and the corresponding control states.Ac-cording to the PanBoolean algebra,the following relationships exist:y11=x11·x21+x13·x23͑1͒y13=x11·x23+x13·x21͑2͒y14=x12·x22͑3͒y12=1−͑y11+y13+y14͒͑4͒Seismic Responses of Buildings with Semiactive ControlThe proposed semiactive control was programmedﬁrst by the MATLAB/Simulink and then converted to the executive program in the dSPACE via RTI,which consisted of three major parts:͑1͒converting the measured voltage signals of the two building re-sponses at the thirdﬂoor to the digital responses and calculating the relative velocity and displacement as feedbacks;͑2͒symbol-izing the feedback responses into the Boolean values,according to Eqs.͑1͒–͑4͒,that are readable by the PPC controller for deci-sion making;and͑3͒sending a command voltage signal to the current controller to adjust the control force based on the multi-level logic control algorithm.In the semiactive control,the index of equilibrium state was selected as e0=0.3mm and c0 =2mm/s.The states of applied control current were chosen as 0.6A for HC,0.45A for MC,0.35A for LC,and0.0A for NC. The passive-off mode in which the applied current is zero was also investigated in the study.The MR damper in the passive-off mode provided information on the minimum effectiveness of the damper if the external power was cut off.The passive-on mode with the maximum constant current and the passive control mode with an optimal level of constant current were not considered in this study because this study is mainly a feasibility study of using MR dampers to connect a podium structure to a multistory build-ing to prevent whipping effect and reduce seismic responses of both buildings.A comparison of control performance between the semiactive control and the optimal passive control will be per-formed at a later stage.Figs.7͑a and b͒show the absolute peak and RMS acceleration responses,respectively,of the12-story building for the four cases:the two buildings separated,the two buildings rigidly con-nected,the two building connected by the MR damper in the passive off mode,and the two buildings connected by the MR damper in the semiactive control mode.Figs.8͑a and b͒show the relative peak and RMS displacement responses,respectively of the12-story building for the four cases.It is seen from Figs.8͑a and b͒that both the peak and RMS displacement responses of the 12-story building in the passive-off mode are smaller than those of the12-story building separated from the three-story building. Compared with the case of the two buildings rigidly connected,it is clearly seen that the MR damper in the passive-off mode totally eliminates the whipping effect that exists in the rigidly connected building.When the MR damper worked in the semiactive control mode with the logic control algorithm,both the peak and RMS displacement responses of the12-story building are further re-duced compared with those when the MR damper worked in the passive-off mode.For the peak displacement response at the top of the12-story building,the peak displacement response is 10.24mm for the rigidly connected building,7.02mm for theTable2.Principle of Multilevel Logic Control AlgorithmResponse state x rResponse state x˙rx˙rϽ−c0͉x˙r͉ഛc0x˙rϾc0x rϽ−e0I2͑HC͒II3͑LC͒III2͑CC͉͒x r͉ഛe0II2͑LC͒O͑NC͒II4͑CC͒x rϾe0III1͑CC͒II1͑LC͒I1͑HC͒Fig.10.Diagram of multilevel logic control algorithm 896/JOURNAL OF STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING©ASCE/JUNE2005。

附录部分的格式

XXXXX‎XXXXX‎XXXXX‎的文献综述‎
字体与字号‎：
字体：中文汉字、符号采用宋‎体字，数字及西文‎字母、符号采用T‎i mes New Roman‎字体。

标题小2号黑体‎；段前段后各‎空1.5行，单倍行距各节的一级‎题序及标题‎小3号黑体‎；段前段后各‎空1行，单倍行距
各节的二级‎题序及标题‎4号黑体；段前段后各‎空1行，单倍行距
各节的三级‎题序及标题‎小4号黑体‎；段前段后各‎空1行，单倍行距
款、项均采用小4‎号宋体
正文用小4‎号宋体。

行间距为多‎倍行距1.25 倍。

翻译部分的‎格式：字体与字号‎：
字体：中文汉字、符号采用宋‎体字，数字及西文‎字母、符号采用T‎i mes New Roman‎字体。

行间距为多‎倍行距1.25 倍。

英文的原文‎中要是有图‎表，图表及流程‎图要粘贴到‎翻译后的论‎文中，图表中涉及‎到的英文要‎翻译。

新编汉英翻译教程附录

3.重要机构名称英译学校各部门：校医院university hospital保卫科security section财务处finance section基础部basic training department教材科teaching material section教导处educational setion教务处the dean’s office教研室teaching and research room科研处scientific research department膳食科catering section外事科foreign affairs office学生科student affairs section学术委员会academic committee研究生院graduate school招生办公室admission office政教处political education section总务处general affairs office政党及党组织：九三学社The Jiu San Society台湾民主自治同盟The Taiwan Democratic Self-Government League政治局Political Bureau中共中央对外联络部International Liaison Department of the CPC Central Committee中共中央统战部United Front Work Department of the CPC Central Committee中国共产党The Communist Party of China中国共产主义青年团Communist Youth League of China中国国民党革命委员会The Revolutionary Committee of the Kuomintang中国民主促进会China Association for Promoting Democracy中国民主建国会China Democratic National Construction Association中国民主同盟The China Democratic League中国农工民主党Chinese Peasants and Workers Democratic Party中国致公党China Zhi Gong 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Commission国家统计局State Statistical Bureau国家物价局State Bureau of Commodity Prices国家新闻出版署State Press and Publication Bureau国内贸易部Ministry of Internal Trade国土局Land and Resources Bureau国土资源部Ministry of Land and Natural Resources国务院参事室Office of Counselors to the State Council国务院港澳办公室Hong Kong and Macao Affairs Office under the State Council 国务院侨务办公室Overseas Chinese Affairs under the State Council海关总署General Administration of Customs航天工业部Ministry of Astronautics Industry核工业部Ministry of Nuclear Industry化学工业部Ministry of Chemical Industry机械工业部Ministry of Machine-Building Industry监察部Ministry of Supervision建设部Ministry of Construction交通部Ministry of Communication教育部Ministry of Education科学技术部Ministry of Science and Technology劳动和社会保障部Ministry of Labor and Social Security林业部Ministry of Forestry旅行游览总局General Administration of Travel and Tourism煤炭工业部Ministry of Coal Industry民政部Ministry of Civil Affairs轻工业部Ministry of Light Industry农牧渔业部Ministry of Agriculture, Animal Husbandry and Fishery全国供销合作总社All-China Federation of Supply and Marketing Cooperatives 审计署Auditing Administration石油工业部Ministry of Petroleum Industry水利电力部Ministry of Water Resources and Electric Power司法部Ministry of Justice铁道部Ministry of Railways外国专家局Bureau of Foreign Experts Administration外交部Ministry of Foreign Affairs卫生部Ministry of Health文化部Ministry of Culture信息产业部Ministry of Information Technology and Telecom Industries冶金工业部Ministry of Metallurgical Industries邮电部Ministry of Posts and Telecommunications宗教事务局Bureau of Religious Affairs其他政府和群众组织：中华全国妇女联合会All-China Women’s Federation中华全国工商业联合会All-China Federation of Industry and Commerce中国残疾人协会Chinese Association for the Handicapped中华全国总工会All-China Federation of Trade Unions中国红十字会Red Cross Society of China全国人民代表大会National People’s Congress省人民代表大会Provincial People’s Congress地区人民代表大会Prefectural People’s Congress市人民代表大会City People’s Congress自治区人民代表大会Autonomous Regional People’s Congress中国人民政治协商会议Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference最高人民法院the Supreme People’s Court中级人民法院Intermediate People’s Court中央法院Central Court地方法院Local Court人民检察院People’s Procuratorate公安局Ministry of Public Security中国民用航天局Civil Aviation of China国家安全部Ministry of State Security中国民用航天总局General Administration of Civil Aviation of China中国文字改革委员会Committee for Reforming the Chinese Written Language 中国中央电视台China Central Television Station/ CCTV中央气象局Central Bureau of Meteorology中央文史研究馆Central Research Institute of Culture and History新华社Xinhua News Agency编辑室Editorial Section辞书出版社Lexicographic Publishing House高等教育出版社Higher Education Press古籍出版社Classics Press广播电视出版社Broadcasting and Television Press教育出版社Education Press科学技术出版社Science & Technology Press美术出版社Fine Arts Press人民出版社People’s Publishing House商务印书馆Commercial Press少年儿童出版社Juveniles and Children’s Publishing House社会科学出版社Social Science Publishing House外文出版社Foreign Languages Press文艺出版社Literature and Art Publishing House销售部Sales Department译文出版社Translation Publishing House音像出版社Audio-Visual Publishing House中国对外翻译出版公司China Translation & Publishing Corporation商业银行Commercial Bank信用社Credit Cooperative中国工商银行Industrial & Commercial Bank of China中国建设银行China Construction Bank中国农业银行Agriculture Bank of China中国人民银行the People’s Bank of China中国银行the Bank of China中国文化特色词语宗教及传统文化拜年pay a New Year call财运luck in making money禅宗Chan Sect出家人ascetic祠堂memorial temple倒春寒an unusually cold spell in an otherwise warm early spring 道教Taoism道士Taoist priest法师Master方丈Buddhist abbot佛教Buddhism恭喜发财May you be prosperous!/ Wish you all the best!和尚Buddhist monk红包red envelope containing money as a gift/ bribe/ kickback 红运good luck华表ornamental column/ cloud pillar/stele华盖canopy回教Islam慧根the organ of wisdom基督教Christianity甲骨文inscriptions on oracle bones江南水乡the south of the lower reaches of Yangtze River戒precept/ discipline金刚经Diamond Sutra京剧票友Peking Opera fan京剧人物脸谱types of facial make-up in Peking Opera景泰蓝cloisonné旧教、天主教Catholicism坎儿井karez空emptiness喇嘛Lama老字号an old and famous shop/ enterprise尼姑Buddhist nun涅槃Nirvana旗袍cheongsam三藏经Tripitaka三教（儒、释、道）Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism时运luck/ fortune四大皆空all space directions being valid新教，耶稣教Protestantism真人Taoism pure man族人clansman坐禅sitting in meditation节假日春节Spring Festival党的诞生日Party’s Birthday端午节Dragon-Boat Festival国庆节National Day建军节Army Day教师节Teachers’ Day六一儿童节International Children’s Day清明节Pure Brightness Day三八妇女节International Working Women’s Day五一劳动节May Day/ International Labor Day元旦New Year’s Day元宵节Lantern Festival中秋节Mid-Autumn Festival重阳节Double-Ninth Festival名胜古迹阿里山Ali Mountain碑林Forest of Steles兵马俑the Terra-cotta Warriors and Horses布达拉宫Potala Palace长城Great Wall长春观Changchun Taoist Temple承德避暑山庄Chengde Mountain Resort城隍庙the Town God’s Temple大（小）雁塔Greater （Lesser）Wild Goose Pagoda 叠彩山Piled Silk Hill东方明珠塔the Oriental Pearl Power东湖East Lake洞庭湖Dongting Lake峨眉山Mt. Emei二七纪念馆February 7 Memorial Hall夫子庙the Temple of Confucius鼓浪屿Gulang Islet故宫the Imperial Palace/ the Forbidden City归元寺Guiyuan Buddhist Temple龟山Tortoise Hill华清池Huaqing Hot Spring黄鹤楼Yellow Crane Tower黄山Huangshan Mountain九曲桥the Nine Zigzag Bridge橘子洲Orange Island孔庙Confucius Temple坤宁宫Palace of Earthly Tranquility乐山大佛Large Leshan Buddha灵隐寺Temple of Soul’s Retreat龙门石窟Longmen Grottos庐山Mt. Lushan芦笛岩Reed Flute Cave毛主席纪念堂Chairman Mao Memorial Hall莫高窟Mogao Grotto in Dunhuang蓬莱阁Penglai Pavilion人民大会堂People’s Great Hall人民英雄纪念碑the Monument to the People’s Heroes日月潭Sun Moon Lake三峡the Three Gorges on the Yangtze少林寺Shaolin Temple蛇山Snake Hill狮子林Lion Grove十三陵the Ming Tombs石林Stone Forest嵩山Songshan Mountain太和殿Hall of Supreme Harmony太湖Lake Taihu泰山Mt. Taishan天安门广场Tian An Men Square天坛Temple of Heaven外滩the Bund武汉长江大桥Wuhan Changjiang River Bridge武侯祠Temple Dedicated to the Memory of Zhuge Liang象鼻山Elephant Trunk Hill养心殿Hall of Mental Cultivation颐和园the Imperial Garden/ the Summer Palace雨花台the Terrace of the Raining Flowers玉渊潭公园Jade Abyss Pool Park豫园（上海城隍庙）Yuyuan Garden/ Shanghai’s Town God’s Temple 岳阳楼Yueyang Tower中山陵Dr. Sun Yet-sen’s Mausoleum紫金山天文台Purple Hills Observatory紫禁城the Forbidden City紫竹院公园Purple Bamboo Court Park节气二十四节气the twenty-four solar terms立春the Beginning of Spring (1st solar term)雨水Rain Water惊蛰the Waking of Insects春分the Spring Equinox清明Pure Brightness谷雨Grain Rain立夏the Beginning of Summer小满Grain Full芒种Grain in Ear夏至the Summer Solstice小暑Slight Heat大暑Great Heat立秋the Beginning of Autumn处暑the Limit of Heat白露White Dew秋分the Autumn Equinox寒露Cold Dew霜降Frost’s Descent立冬the Beginning of Winter小雪Lesser Snow大雪Great Snow冬至the Winter Solstice小寒Lesser Cold大寒Greater Cold政治经济活动“达标”活动“target hitting” activities“豆腐渣”工程jerry-built project“一条龙”服务coordinated-process service安居工程Housing Project for low-income families按劳分配distribution according to one’s performance把各项政策落到实处truly put all policies into effect把握正确的舆论导向to properly guide the public opinion把眼光放远一点to subordinate immediate interests to the long –term ones/ to be farsighted/ to have a broad view把已经确定的方针政策措施落到实处to get the set principles, policies and measures implemented百花齐放，百家争鸣Let a hundred flowers blossom and a hundred schools of thought contend百年不遇once-in-a-century摆门面to put up an impressive front半拉子工程uncompleted project包干到户work contracted to households保持和发展党的先进性preserve and enhance maintain and develop the Party’s vanguard nature保重点，不撒胡椒面Resources must be channeled to priority projects and not spread thinly everywhere本位主义departmentalism变相涨价disguised inflation拨乱反正to set things right/ to restore things to order不搞一刀切without imposing a single solution不顾条件，一哄而起to rush into action in disregard of objective conditions不合理收费、集资和摊派to impose charges and quotas and collect money without authorization不良风气unhealthy ways and customs不正之风unhealthy practice部优产品Ministry-recognized quality goods/ products财政困难县financially strapped counties菜篮子工程the shopping basket project参政议政意识the awareness of the need to participate in the discussion and administration of state affairs超计划生育to have more children than what is planned/ extra-plan babies城市最低生活保障制度the system of basic cost of living allowances for urban residents城乡居民最低生活保障制度the system of basic living allowances for urban and rural residents吃大锅饭the egalitarian practice of “everybody eating from the same big pot”出口退税export tax rebates传销pyramid selling/ multi-level marketing春运(passenger)transportation during the Spring Festival磁悬浮列车maglev train/ magnetic suspension打白条to issue IOUs打假to crack down on counterfeit goods打捆货贷bundled loans打破僵局to break the deadlock大路货staple goods大排档sidewalk snack booth/ large stall大腕top notch/ a heavyweight待业job-waiting单位organizations and institutions党风廉政政策build a fine Party culture and keep its organization clean党群关系Party-masses relationship党性one’s Party morale/ Par ty spirit/ Party character倒爷profiteer第二职业second employment/ second occupation第三产业tertiary industry/ service sector对外宣传工作to conduct public diplomacy programs发展是硬道理Development is of overriding importance防洪工程flood-prevention project房管real estate management放宽市场准入relax control over market entry/ease market access扶贫poverty alleviation福利分房welfare-oriented public housing distribution system改革开放reform and opening to the outside world改革开放政策the reform and open policy港人治港Hong Kong people governing Hong Kong高新技术产业开发区high and new technological industry development zone搞活国营大中型企业to revitalize large and medium-sized state-owned enterprises 搞活经济to invigorate/ enliven/ liberalize the economy革命老根据地the old revolutionary base areas公费医疗medical services at state expense公款吃喝banquet at public expenses挂靠to be attached or affiliated to挂职to be attached or affiliated to / to be subordinate to官倒official profiteering规范收入分配秩序standardize pattern of income distribution国家行政编制government staff status长期国库券treasury bonds国有大中型企业large and medium-sized state-owned enterprises，和平共处五项原则the Five Principles of Peace Coexistence，和平统一一国两制的方针the principles of peaceful reunification and “one country, two systems”，和平演变peaceful evolution towards capitalism和谐发展all-win harmony/harmony and all winners和谐社会的内涵the characteristics of a harmony society黑店gangster inn黑客hacker黑社会gangland，Mafia-style organizations红筹股red-chip shares/red chips户口簿residence booklet户口管理制度domicile system/residence registration system户主head of a household灰色收入income from moonlighting火炬计划Torch Program基本国情fundamental realities of the country集体主义community spirit/collectivism计划生育family planning加强基层民主to expand democracy at village and community level加强务实合作to enhance cooperation in practical term假日经济holiday economy坚持“一个中心两个基本点”的基本路线adhere to the Party’s basic line of taking economic development as the central task and upholding the four Cardinal Principles and the reform and opening up policy, known as “on central task and two basicpoints”坚持两个文明一起抓to ensure that efforts are made to build a society that is advanced both materially and culturally and ideologically，减员增效下岗分流to cut down the size of workforce for efficiency and get the layoffs re-employed elsewhere，讲文明礼貌to promote civilized behavior/civic manners，讲学习，讲政治，讲正气的党性党风教育to educate the cadres in the Party spirit and style through the promotion of the three emphases on theoretical studies.political awareness and integrity解放生产力emancipate the productive forces，解放思想to free our mind戒急用忍to overcome impetuosity and exercise patience/no haste/be patient经济开发区economic development zone经济特区special economic zone精简机构to streamline government organs精神文明建设to promote cultural and ethical progress，纠风办State Council Office for Rectification，纠正不正之风to rectify unhealthy tendencies and malpractices，九年义务教育nine-year compulsory education，军转民military conversion/conversion from military to civilian production，开展扫黄打非斗争to crack down on pornography and other illegal publications康居工程the Affordable Housing Project科技是第一生产力Science and technology constitute a primary productive force.科教兴国战略the strategy of rejuvenating the country through science and education 科学民主决策to make decisions scientifically and democratically可持续发展sustainable development跨世纪工程a trans-century project廉政建设construction of a clean government廉政文化建设to foster a culture of clean government领导班子leading body/group领导班子和干部队伍建设to strengthen the Party’s leading bodies and the ranks of Party officials to enhance capacity-building of Party’s leading bodies and party officials龙头play a leading role in/ serve as a powerhouse乱摊派indiscriminate levies/ arbitrary imposition of quotas乱涨价unauthorized price rise，民工out-of-town laborer/ rural laborer/ migrant laborer民族区域自治制度the system of autonomy of ethnic regions磨洋工to dawdle along，南水北调工程projects to divert water from the south to the north,农转非agricultural people to be given non-agriculture status普法教育to enhance legal awareness企业政策性破产policy-mandated bankruptcy of enterprise强国之路the path to a strong China勤俭建国to build the country with industry and thrift全民所有制public ownership/public sector/publicly owned，权力下放to delegate/decentralize power to the lower levels三角债debt chains三通direct links in postal service,air and shipping services and trade/three direct links of trade, mail and air and shipping services across te Taiwan Straits三峡工程Three Gorges Project三资企业enterprises in the “three firms of ventures”: Sino-foreign joint ventures,cooperative businesses and exclusively foreign-owned enterprises扫黄anti-pornography drive/campaign against pornography，社会主义基本制度the basic system of socialism涉外婚姻Chinese marriage with foreign nationals生态补偿机制ecological damage compensation mechanism十年动乱the ten chaotic years/the ten-year turmoil，十年规划和“八五”计划纲要the guidelines of the Ten-Year Programme and the Eighth Five-Year Plan实事求是to pursue a realistic and pragmatic approach事业编制staffing of government affiliated institutions四有公民citizens who have high ideas, moral integrity, a good education and a strong sense of discipline脱贫to shake off poverty歪风邪气unhealthy practices and evil phenomena晚婚晚育late marriage and postponement of childbearing温饱问题the problem of inadequate food and clothing五好家庭five-virtue family五讲四美三热爱five stresses and four points of beauty and three aspects of love五讲四美运动the movement of”five stresses and four points of beauty”:to promote civility,courtesy,tidiness,orderliness and integrity物质文明material progress下岗人员the laid-off下海to take the plunge into private business下硬功夫make intensive efforts乡镇企业township enterprise/rural enterprise小康社会a well-off society小康生活to lead a relatively comfortable life小商品市场small fair，信息高速公路information highway/info highway星火计划Spark Program姓资姓社问题distinction of what is socialism and what is capitalism亚运村Asian Games Village严打to crack down on crimes and social evils严防死守life-and-death defense一刀切sweeping approach/ to impose uniformity on /action in disregard of objective conditions一国两制one country, two systems一切向钱看money-mania/ money-mad/to put money above anything else依法治国to rule the country in accordance with law移风易俗to transform outmoded habit and custom以权谋私to abuse power for personal gains优生优育to promote good prenatal and postnatal care/ to improve prenatal and postnatal care有经济头脑的人commercially minded people/people with business sense跃上新台阶to reach a new high宰人rip-off政企分开to separate government functions from enterprise management支农惠农政策policies to support and benefit agriculture,rural areas and farmers治理三乱to put to a stop/eliminate indiscriminate fines,charges and levies治理整顿improve the economic environment and rectify the economic order中央the national leadership/the central Party and government authorities/the central government重点贫困县designated poverty-stricken counties重复建设to build redundant project/duplication of similar projects抓住经济建设这个中心to commit ourselves to the central task of economic development专业户specialized household自负盈亏to be responsible for one’s own profit and loss自留地individual farm plots/private plots of land走共同致富的道路take the road to common prosperity，遵纪守法observe discipline and aside by the law退居二线leave the leading post/retire from the leading post，吃皇粮to receive salaries, subsidies, or other supported from the government。

附录中英文翻译格式

附录The strategy and technique that bids to quoteBid to quote the victory or defeat of the petition, can win a mark, not only be decided by the petitor's economic power and technique level, but also still Be decided to pete whether strategy exactitude and bid to quote of technique usage whether ually under the circumstance, other condition homologies, quote to lowestly usually win.But, this offer that isn't absolute, have isn't high, but still keep canning not getting the trust of inviting bids the unit, its reason lies in bid the unit could not lift to be advantageous to inviting bids unit of reasonable suggestion, can't make use of to bid the technique and strategy for quoting, as a result, can not win a mark.Therefore, invite bids to bid activity in have to study is biding to quote medium instruction thought, offer strategy, mark technique.Is so-called to bid to quote strategy, mean to bid the unit makes sure under the legal petition condition, according to the real strenght and condition of oneself of bid target, pete counterplan and offer ly decide to bid to quote behavioral decision thinking and activity, include to bid to quote target, counterplan and technique three main factors.Saying towards biding unit ing is controling the information dynamic state of rival and relevant data behind, generally is at to bid to quote strategy because of with each other vegetable prehensive analytical foundation up, whether decision takes part in to bid to quote;Make sure after deciding to take part in to bid to quote what kind of bid target;Adopt in the petition what counterplan with win a rival, attain a medium object purpose.This kind of research is analytical, the concrete process that draws up to bid to quote strategy.Bid to quote a target is bid the unit is by particularly biding to conduct;Make use of the management condition and advantage of oneself, pass the means of petition tries hard for the benefits target for attaining.This benefits target is to bid unit management instruction thought of concrete embodiment, is also bid core main factor and choice of quoting the strategy to pete a counterplan and quote the basis of technique.The research bids to quote strategy to bid to quote a target beginning from the analysis, research concerning the petition counterplan, the fitting use quotes technique and forms biding of a set of integrityto quote strategy and actually wins an object purpose now.A, bid the choice target for quotingBecause biding the management ability of unit is different from the condition, proceed from a different purpose demand, to the same invitation to bid item, can have the dissimilarity the choice for biding to quote a target.(A)existence type.Bid to quote is with overe business enterprise existence crisis for target, fighting for the medium mark can take no account of various benefits principles.(Two)pensate a type.Bid to quote with pensate business enterprise task shortage, with pursue limit efficiency for target.To the engineering equipments bid is a little bit greatly passionate, low offer take lossing in business as price, have a very strong petition ability.But be subjected to restriction of the production ability, should only consider in smaller invitation to bid item.(Three)development type.Bid to quote to expand a market, backlog experience, backward and continuously bid the item development as target.Bid to take a development, provide for gold, technique devotion means, carry on technique experience storage, set up new market image, in order to contend for follow-up the efficiency for biding.Its characteristics is to don't fix attention on to bid at a time efficiency, bid with the low offer attraction unit.(Four)petition type.It is to take petition as means to bid to quote, take low earnings as a target, offer is at accurate calculation offer cost foundation up, well quote the offer target of each rival attains by having the offer of petition ability medium object purpose.Throw mark offer to express aggressive participation consciousness to the engineering equipments.(Five)earnings type.Bid to throw price to well develop oneself advantage, take realization's best earnings as a target, bid unit to efficiency without item enthusiasm of attraction not high, be full of self-confidence to the earnings big item, also not too pay attention to the motive analysis to the rival and counterplan to grind to investigate.The dissimilarity bids to quote the choice of the target according to the certain condition carry on analytical decided.pete sex to bid to quote a target is bid the universal form that the unit pursues.Two, decide to choose the factor of quoting the target of bidingMake sure what kind of biding and quoting the target not is to follow one's inclinations, arbitrarily choose.Want to study to invite bids item first in the technique,economy, and business...etc. various various request, secondly is the technique, economy that analyzes an oneself and manage various various advantage and shortage, however after together bid oneself condition to item request to be one by one carry on checking against, make sure that the oneself is biding to quote medium petition position, draw up to beneficially bid to quote a target.This analysis and check against to mainly consider a following factor.(A)technique material the ability and worker's technique operate level.Bid the technique condition of item, give to bid the unit make the request of corresponding the technique material ability and worker technique operation level.If can not adapt to, need to be renewed or lately place a technique equipments, carry on a technique training to the worker, or outsource and at outside the organization buy, therefore bid the unit have disability or from here arouse of the variety of offer cost, all directly influence to bid the choice of target.Whereas, have a biding of high technique material and operation ability, the unit accepts a load of technique level lower engineering item, the efficiency chooses to equally have already pared the general situation limit.(Two)design ability.The engineering designs usually is bid the item constitute part, in the synthetic invitation to bid item, design work request and more important position of the workload occupancy, biding the design ability of unit can adapt to the request of inviting bids the item, directly decide to throw an object method and bid the choice of target, design ability that adapts to invite bids engineering, can well develop the advantage of biding the unit, Be signed to a petition of active position.(Three)acquaint with procedure to the invitation to bid item.Is so-called to acquaint with degree is bid the unit is past to this engineering item whether accepted to once set up, the backlog had what experience, predict that the ability of risk contains much big etc..The item acquaints with and then can strengthen confidence and ease risk loss, may well can extend the petition ability for biding.The item doesn't acquaint with, will well consider can not to see of risk factor, provide guarantee measure and design to meet an emergency ability.This means increasing of indirect devotion and has a certain difficulty in biding target choice.(Four)bid the item can bring of later on opportunity, so-called later on opportunity, be bid unit in the middle of fighting for mark after, probably to continuous from now on bid to take of medium mark opportunity, or in aftertime to similar item in the middle of adopting while biding mark occupy beneficial position.If with empress opportunity more, to bidunit's setting up image is as beneficial as extension market and so invite bids to this the item does some concessions to attain on the economic benefits medium the mark purpose is also beneficial.If the opportunities are few, so weigh consideration to the economic efficiency important step for biding later on.(Five)bid the exit opportunity that the item may bring.Extend an international market, fight for bid in the nations in have position is bid the unit pursue of important target, to can bid for nations to win victory to bring greater opportunity of bid item, undoubtedly biding the unit should test the problem of Lyu first.It decides to this bid item realistic efficiency of low level choice.(Six)bid the production quality that the item may bring to raise.Bid the item on the other hand need mutually acmodative production material and labor technical ability, may also give to bid the unit bring a technical progress on the other hand, the exaltation of strengthening of management level and work quality, this kind of amount of quality high degree, undoubtedly bid the unit is interested in, directly influence it bids the decision of earnings target.(Seven)bid the cost that the item may bring lower an opportunity and bid unit after fighting for in the mark, in the process of fulfilling contract in, generally speaking, each management raises of the prehensive achievement will directly reflect opportunity and degree that lower in the cost up, biding the pletion of item can for with after contract for management to bring cost to lower more and bigger opportunity, will also influence to bid unit to bid the decision of earnings target.(Eight)bid the petition degree of item.The so-called petition degree means that amount and each petition bidder of unit that participate in to bidOf motive and target.It wears to bid unit efficiency from the external check and supervision target choice of proper restraint.The petition of biding es to a decision to bid the unit has to take internal condition as foundation while biding and take petition in the market as to lead to and draw up exactitude of bid target.Bid unit to the dissimilarity to say in addition, such as contract for engineering to deliver goods condition, method of payment, history experience, risk etc. is all factor that influences to bid a target choice, have important function to the decision that chooses to bid a target thus.Three, decide to bid the quantity of target factor turns analysisDecide to bid the factor of target generally be not stand alone an occurrence functionof, bid unit to the dissimilarity to say, each is different to bid the decision factor of item influence degree and function direction are also different.Have to take into overall balance, prehensive consideration.Here, a very important technique problem is to chase a not parable various phenomenon factor and has been analyzed the conversion turn a factor for the quantity that can pare and use a calculation opportunity to bid to always divide the method of value, the concrete assurance bids the choice of target.Its procedure is:(A)according to biding unit circumstance, the concrete assurance participation quantity turns an analytical basic factor.The quantity turns the choice of analyzing the factor, according to biding the different circumstance decision of item, can reflect production, management, technique and quality each on the side, and hold tight vital link.(Two)turn an analysis factor to the quantity for making selection, measure it to produce the opposite and important degree in the management in the business enterprise, make sure to add a power number respectively, the power counts total amount to 100.(Three)use to beat to divide a method to measure to bid the contented degree that the item turns to analyze a factor to the quantity, make sure that its opposite cent is worth.Turn each quantity the factor demarcation is Gao(10 divide) and medium(5 divide) and low(0 divide) three fileseses to beat a cent, easy to parison.For example, bid existing technique material of unit the ability and worker operate level to judge the opposite cent value of the factor to divide for"Gao", settling to 10 towards pleting to bid item to have a little bit greatly maying, then canning.(Four)make the power number of each factor judging the opposite cent value of the grade of satisfying the degree with multiply each other, beg getting a goal of an each factor;Get a goal each factor to mutually add, get the total cent of this engineering equipments item opportunity to bid to be worth.For example:Some engineering equipments item opportunity to bid evaluation.(Five)divide the engineering equipments item opportunity to bid to always be worth 825 cent together bid unit in advance certain of can accept best quotation the value carry on a parison for cent, assurance whether participation bid to quote and how quote.(namely basis what kind of the target quote)Generally speaking：①opportunity to bid always when cent's being worth is lower than to schedule to best quotation to be worth for cent can choose to give up the opportunity to quote of biding;Opportunity to bid always divide is higher than to schedule to a best quotation score, can decide to participate in to bid to quote.②s always divide Gao Chu to schedule to in the opportunity to bid the zone of best quotation score in, choose to bid the ideal target for ually the zone is big more, the opportunity of choice is many more, and the scope is big more;The zone is small more, the opportunity of choice is little more, and the scope is small more.投标报价的策略与技巧投标报价竞争的胜负，能否中标，不仅取决于竞争者的经济实力和技术水平，而且还决定于竞争策略是否正确和投标报价的技巧运用是否得当。

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附录The strategy and technique that bids to quoteBid to quote the victory or defeat of the competition, can win a mark, not only be decided by the competitor's economic power and technique level, but also still Be decided to compete whether strategy exactitude and bid to quote of technique usage whether ually under the circumstance, other condition homologies, quote to lowestly usually win. But, this offer that isn't absolute, have isn't high, but still keep canning not getting the trust of inviting bids the unit, its reason lies in bid the unit could not lift to be advantageous to inviting bids unit of reasonable suggestion, can't make use of to bid the technique and strategy for quoting, as a result, can not win a mark. Therefore, invite bids to bid activity in have to study is biding to quote medium instruction thought, offer strategy, mark technique.Is so-called to bid to quote strategy, mean to bid the unit makes sure under the legal competition condition, according to the real strenght and condition of oneself of bid target, compete counterplan and offer technique. Namely decide to bid to quote behavioral decision thinking and activity, include to bid to quote target, counterplan and technique three main factors. Saying towards biding unit coming is controling the information dynamic state of rival and relevant data behind, generally is at to bid to quote strategy because of with each other vegetable comprehensive analytical foundation up, whether decision takes part in to bid to quote; Make sure after deciding to take part in to bid to quote what kind of bid target; Adopt in the competition what counterplan with win a rival, attain a medium object purpose. This kind of research is analytical, the concrete process that draws up to bid to quote strategy.Bid to quote a target is bid the unit is by particularly biding to conduct; Make use of the management condition and advantage of oneself, pass the means of competition tries hard for the benefits target for attaining. This benefits target is to bid unit management instruction thought of concrete embodiment, is also bid core main factor and choice of quoting the strategy to compete a counterplan and quote the basis of technique. The research bids to quote strategy to bid to quote a target beginning from the analysis,research concerning the competition counterplan, the fitting use quotes technique and forms biding of a set of integrity to quote strategy and actually wins an object purpose now.A, bid the choice target for quotingBecause biding the management ability of unit is different from the condition, proceed from a different purpose demand, to the same invitation to bid item, can have the dissimilarity the choice for biding to quote a target.(A)existence type. Bid to quote is with overcome business enterprise existence crisis for target, fighting for the medium mark can take no account of various benefits principles.(Two)compensate a type. Bid to quote with compensate business enterprise task shortage, with pursue limit efficiency for target. To the engineering equipments bid is a little bit greatly passionate, low offer take lossing in business as price, have a very strong competition ability. But be subjected to restriction of the production ability, should only consider in smaller invitation to bid item.(Three)development type. Bid to quote to expand a market, backlog experience, backward and continuously bid the item development as target. Bid to take a development, provide for gold, technique devotion means, carry on technique experience storage, set up new market image, in order to contend for follow-up the efficiency for biding. Its characteristics is to don't fix attention on to bid at a time efficiency, bid with the low offer attraction unit.(Four)competition type. It is to take competition as means to bid to quote, take low earnings as a target, offer is at accurate calculation offer cost foundation up, well quote the offer target of each rival attains by having the offer of competition ability medium object purpose. Throw mark offer to express aggressive participation consciousness to the engineering equipments.(Five)earnings type. Bid to throw price to well develop oneself advantage, take realization's best earnings as a target, bid unit to efficiency without item enthusiasm of attraction not high, be full of self-confidence to the earnings big item, also not too pay attention to the motive analysis to the rival and counterplan to grind to investigate.The dissimilarity bids to quote the choice of the target according to the certain condition carry on analytical decided. Compete sex to bid to quote a target is bid the universal form that the unit pursues.Two, decide to choose the factor of quoting the target of bidingMake sure what kind of biding and quoting the target not is to follow one'sinclinations, arbitrarily choose. Want to study to invite bids item first in the technique, economy, and business...etc. various various request, secondly is the technique, economy that analyzes an oneself and manage various various advantage and shortage, however after together bid oneself condition to item request to be one by one carry on checking against, make sure that the oneself is biding to quote medium competition position, draw up to beneficially bid to quote a target. This analysis and check against to mainly consider a following factor.(A)technique material the ability and worker's technique operate level. Bid the technique condition of item, give to bid the unit make the request of corresponding the technique material ability and worker technique operation level. If can not adapt to, need to be renewed or lately place a technique equipments, carry on a technique training to the worker, or outsource and at outside the organization buy, therefore bid the unit have disability or from here arouse of the variety of offer cost, all directly influence to bid the choice of target. Whereas, have a biding of high technique material and operation ability, the unit accepts a load of technique level lower engineering item, the efficiency chooses to equally have already compared the general situation limit.(Two)design ability. The engineering designs usually is bid the item constitute part, in the synthetic invitation to bid item, design work request and more important position of the workload occupancy, biding the design ability of unit can adapt to the request of inviting bids the item, directly decide to throw an object method and bid the choice of target, design ability that adapts to invite bids engineering, can well develop the advantage of biding the unit, Be signed to a competition of active position.(Three)acquaint with procedure to the invitation to bid item. Is so-called to acquaint with degree is bid the unit is past to this engineering item whether accepted to once set up, the backlog had what experience, predict that the ability of risk contains much big etc.. The item acquaints with and then can strengthen confidence and ease risk loss, may well can extend the competition ability for biding. The item doesn't acquaint with, will well consider can not to see of risk factor, provide guarantee measure and design to meet an emergency ability. This means increasing of indirect devotion and has a certain difficulty in biding target choice.(Four)bid the item can bring of later on opportunity, so-called later on opportunity, be bid unit in the middle of fighting for mark after, probably to continuous from now on bid to take of medium mark opportunity, or in aftertime to similar item in the middle of adoptingwhile biding mark occupy beneficial position. If with empress opportunity more, to bid unit's setting up image is as beneficial as extension market and so invite bids to this the item does some concessions to attain on the economic benefits medium the mark purpose is also beneficial. If the opportunities are few, so weigh consideration to the economic efficiency important step for biding later on.(Five)bid the exit opportunity that the item may bring. Extend an international market, fight for bid in the nations in have position is bid the unit pursue of important target, to can bid for nations to win victory to bring greater opportunity of bid item, undoubtedly biding the unit should test the problem of Lyu first. It decides to this bid item realistic efficiency of low level choice.(Six)bid the production quality that the item may bring to raise. Bid the item on the other hand need mutually accommodative production material and labor technical ability, may also give to bid the unit bring a technical progress on the other hand, the exaltation of strengthening of management level and work quality, this kind of amount of quality high degree, undoubtedly bid the unit is interested in, directly influence it bids the decision of earnings target.(Seven)bid the cost that the item may bring lower an opportunity and bid unit after fighting for in the mark, in the process of fulfilling contract in, generally speaking, each management raises of the comprehensive achievement will directly reflect opportunity and degree that lower in the cost up, biding the completion of item can for with after contract for management to bring cost to lower more and bigger opportunity, will also influence to bid unit to bid the decision of earnings target.(Eight)bid the competition degree of item. The so-called competition degree means that amount and each competition bidder of unit that participate in to bidOf motive and target. It wears to bid unit efficiency from the external check and supervision target choice of proper restraint. The competition of biding comes to a decision to bid the unit has to take internal condition as foundation while biding and take competition in the market as to lead to and draw up exactitude of bid target.Bid unit to the dissimilarity to say in addition, such as contract for engineering to deliver goods condition, method of payment, history experience, risk etc. is all factor that influences to bid a target choice, have important function to the decision that chooses to bid a target thus.Three, decide to bid the quantity of target factor turns analysisDecide to bid the factor of target generally be not stand alone an occurrence function of, bid unit to the dissimilarity to say, each is different to bid the decision factor of item influence degree and function direction are also different. Have to take into overall balance, comprehensive consideration. Here, a very important technique problem is to chase a not comparable various phenomenon factor and has been analyzed the conversion turn a factor for the quantity that can compare and use a calculation opportunity to bid to always divide the method of value, the concrete assurance bids the choice of target. Its procedure is:(A)according to biding unit circumstance, the concrete assurance participation quantity turns an analytical basic factor. The quantity turns the choice of analyzing the factor, according to biding the different circumstance decision of item, can reflect production, management, technique and quality each on the side, and hold tight vital link.(Two)turn an analysis factor to the quantity for making selection, measure it to produce the opposite and important degree in the management in the business enterprise, make sure to add a power number respectively, the power counts total amount to 100.(Three)use to beat to divide a method to measure to bid the contented degree that the item turns to analyze a factor to the quantity, make sure that its opposite cent is worth.Turn each quantity the factor demarcation is Gao(10 divide) and medium(5 divide) and low(0 divide) three fileseses to beat a cent, easy to comparison. For example, bid existing technique material of unit the ability and worker operate level to judge the opposite cent value of the factor to divide for" Gao ", settling to 10 towards completing to bid item to have a little bit greatly maying , then canning.(Four)make the power number of each factor judging the opposite cent value of the grade of satisfying the degree with multiply each other, beg getting a goal of an each factor; Get a goal each factor to mutually add, get the total cent of this engineering equipments item opportunity to bid to be worth. For example: Some engineering equipments item opportunity to bid evaluation.(Five)divide the engineering equipments item opportunity to bid to always be worth 825 cent together bid unit in advance certain of can accept best quotation the value carry on a comparison for cent, assurance whether participation bid to quote and how quote.(namely basis what kind of the target quote)Generally speaking：①opportunity to bid always when cent's being worth is lower than to schedule to best quotation to be worth for cent can choose to give up the opportunity to quote of biding; Opportunity to bid always divide is higher than to schedule to a best quotation score, candecide to participate in to bid to quote.②s always divide Gao Chu to schedule to in the opportunity to bid the zone of best quotation score in, choose to bid the ideal target for quoting. Usually the zone is big more, the opportunity of choice is many more, and the scope is big more; The zone is small more, the opportunity of choice is little more, and the scope is small more.投标报价的策略与技巧投标报价竞争的胜负，能否中标，不仅取决于竞争者的经济实力和技术水平，而且还决定于竞争策略是否正确和投标报价的技巧运用是否得当。

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论文及外文翻译格式(标准)

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外文翻译与文献综述模板格式以及要求说明

汉译英格式规范

论文参考文献和附录格式

英文附录

美赛附录格式

附表：外文翻译格式

附录二 英文论文模板

论文主体及附录(格式样例)

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附录Ⅰ中英文翻译

汉译英格式规范

附录二(翻译原文)

附录部分的格式

新编汉英翻译教程附录

附录中英文翻译格式

附录二英文论文模板