论文写作outline

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英文作文outline模板

英文作文outline模板1. Introduction。

The topic I want to discuss is...This is an important issue because...It affects people in different ways and has a significant impact on society.2. Background Information。

To understand this topic, it's important to know...This issue has been present for many years and has evolved over time.Various factors have contributed to the current situation.3. Personal Experience。

I have personally experienced this issue when...It made me realize the importance of addressing this problem.Many people can relate to this experience and understand its significance.4. Statistics and Data。

Research shows that...The numbers speak for themselves and highlight the severity of the issue.It's important to consider these statistics when discussing potential solutions.5. Challenges and Obstacles。

英文作文outline的写法

英文作文outline的写法下载温馨提示:该文档是我店铺精心编制而成，希望大家下载以后，能够帮助大家解决实际的问题。

文档下载后可定制随意修改，请根据实际需要进行相应的调整和使用，谢谢!并且，本店铺为大家提供各种各样类型的实用资料，如教育随笔、日记赏析、句子摘抄、古诗大全、经典美文、话题作文、工作总结、词语解析、文案摘录、其他资料等等，如想了解不同资料格式和写法，敬请关注!Download tips: This document is carefully compiled by theeditor. I hope that after you download them,they can help yousolve practical problems. The document can be customized andmodified after downloading,please adjust and use it according toactual needs, thank you!In addition, our shop provides you with various types ofpractical materials,such as educational essays, diaryappreciation,sentence excerpts,ancient poems,classic articles,topic composition,work summary,word parsing,copyexcerpts,other materials and so on,want to know different data formats andwriting methods,please pay attention!Paragraph 1: Well, you know, writing an outline for an English essay can be kind of confusing. There are so many things to think about. Like what to include and what to leave out.Paragraph 2: Another thing is how detailed you want to make it. Do you just list the main points or do you go into a lot of detail? That's a big decision.Paragraph 3: And then there's the style. Do you want it to be formal or more casual? That can really affect the way it comes across.Paragraph 4: Oh, and don't forget about organization. Making sure everything flows nicely and makes sense issuper important.Paragraph 5: Sometimes it's hard to know where to start. But once you get going, it can start to come together.。

英语专业毕业论文写作Chapter4ShapeanOutline

6
Deductive Method &Inductive Method
• What is deductive method and what is inductive method?
• Remember to make good use of the two methods to develop the process of raising arguments in thesis writing to make the stand persuasive.
• Deductive method: Arguments before facts • Inductive method: Facts before arguments
7
Assignment
• Continue reading the course book • Try to think out 2-3 titles for your
3
More about Outline
• In the body, we can also illustrate as below: -----------------------------------------------------
↗Argument → facts and details Theme → Argument → facts and details
• decide which materials will be used and which materials will be left out.
5
Consideration
• Discussion: • Which is better, a brief outline, or a detailed

学术英语outline范文

学术英语outline范文Title: The Impact of Technology on Education.I. Introduction.A. Background information on the use of technology in education.B. Statement of the problem.C. Purpose of the study.D. Significance of the study.II. Literature Review.A. Overview of previous research on technology in education.B. Advantages and disadvantages of technologyintegration.C. Current trends in educational technology. III. Methodology.A. Research design.B. Data collection methods.C. Data analysis techniques.IV. Findings.A. Summary of research findings.B. Analysis of data.C. Implications of the findings.V. Discussion.A. Interpretation of the results.B. Comparison of findings with previous research.C. Limitations of the study.VI. Conclusion.A. Summary of the study.B. Recommendations for future research.C. Conclusion statement.VII. References.这个outline范文涵盖了论文的各个部分，包括引言、文献综述、方法论、研究结果、讨论、结论和参考文献。

outline写法

outline写法Outline的写法可以根据不同的格式和目的而有所不同，以下是一些常见的Outline写法：1. 字母数字式：这种格式是最常见的Outline格式，它使用字母和数字的组合来表示层级逻辑关系。

一般来说，罗马数字表示最高层级，大写字母表示次高级别，阿拉伯数字表示最低层级，小写字母表示注释或说明。

在这种格式中，不同层级的符号方面，如大写、小写、加括号、小写加括号等，通常按从大到小的顺序交替使用。

2. 整句式：这种格式的每个层级都是完整的句子。

在整句式Outline中，不同层级的符号方面与字母数字式相同，但每个层级的句子结构完整，通常用于写论文时。

3. 小数点式/十进制式：这种格式使用小数点或十进制数字来表示层级逻辑关系。

一般来说，最高层级使用小数点或整数，次高级别使用小数点或十进制数字，最低层级使用小数点或个位数。

在这种格式中，不同层级的符号方面通常按从大到小的顺序交替使用。

无论采用哪种格式，一个好的Outline应该包含清晰明确的主题和子主题，并用适当的符号进行标识。

同时，每个主题或子主题下都应该列出相应段落或章节的要点和关键信息，以帮助作者在写作过程中保持清晰的思路，并且使读者更容易理解论文的逻辑和主旨。

在编写Outline的过程中，还可以使用编号、缩进等方式来表示不同层次之间的关系。

好的，以下是一些关于如何写好一个Outline的建议：1. 确定主题和目的：在开始编写Outline之前，需要明确论文的主题和目的。

这有助于你确定Outline的结构和内容，以确保你的论文能够达到你的目的。

2. 列出主要观点：在确定主题和目的后，你需要列出主要观点。

这些观点应该是你论文中最重要的观点，也是你需要在各个章节中阐述的观点。

3. 分解主题：将主题分解成更小的部分或主题，并为每个部分或主题编写一个标题。

这些标题应该简洁明了，并能够概括每个部分或主题的内容。

4. 添加子主题：为每个主题添加子主题。

英文作文outline的写法

英文作文outline的写法英文：When it comes to writing an outline for an essay, there are a few key things to keep in mind. First and foremost,it's important to have a clear understanding of the purpose and main points of your essay. This will help you to organize your thoughts and ensure that your essay flows logically and cohesively.One useful approach to creating an outline is to start with a thesis statement or main idea, and then break down the supporting points and evidence that will be used to back it up. This can be done in a hierarchical or chronological format, depending on the nature of the essay.Another important aspect of outlining is to consider the audience and tone of the essay. Are you writing for a formal academic audience, or a more casual and conversational one? This will impact the language and styleof your outline, as well as the types of examples and evidence you choose to include.Ultimately, the key to a successful outline is to be flexible and open to revision. As you begin to flesh out your ideas and write your essay, you may find that certain points need to be added, removed, or reorganized. By starting with a clear and well-organized outline, however, you'll be better equipped to handle these changes and produce a polished final product.中文：写作大纲是一篇文章的重要组成部分，需要注意几个关键点。

英语论文outline规范范例

2.2 Symbols involving religion
2.2.1Dead priest and his abandoned belongings—collapse of the religious belief
2.2.2The wild garden—spiritual paralysis
2.2.3The chalice—boy’s yearning for beautiful love
A Paralysed Wilderness
—The Appreciation and Analysis of Symbols inAraby
Thesis statement:The symbols regarding the setting, religion and characters inArabyare ingeniously adopted, which manifests a stretch of paralysed wilderness typical ofDublinand contributes immensely to the success of the short story.
Outline:
1.Introduction
2.Demonstration
2.1 Symbols regarding the setting
2.1.1Blind alley inNorth Richmond Street—hopelessness, bleakness, and ignorance
2.1.2Houses and gardens in the street—decay and gloom
2.3 cters
2.3.1Mangan’s sister—boy’s pursuit of dream

英语作文的outline模板

英语作文的outline模板I. IntroductionA. Hook: Start with a quote, a question, or an interesting fact to engage the reader.B. Thesis Statement: Clearly state the main idea of your essay.C. Brief Overview: Provide a short preview of the points you will discuss.II. Body Paragraph 1A. Topic Sentence: Introduce the main point of the paragraph.B. Supporting Details: Provide examples, facts, or evidence to support your point.C. Explanation: Explain how the supporting details relate to your main point.D. Transition: Connect this paragraph to the next one.III. Body Paragraph 2A. Topic Sentence: Introduce the second main point.B. Supporting Details: Offer additional examples or evidence.C. Explanation: Clarify the relationship between the details and your point.D. Transition: Smoothly move to the next paragraph.IV. Body Paragraph 3 (Optional)A. Topic Sentence: Present a third point if necessary.B. Supporting Details: Include relevant examples or facts.C. Explanation: Discuss how these details support your argument.D. Transition: Prepare the reader for the conclusion.V. Counterargument (Optional)A. Acknowledgment: Recognize the opposing viewpoint.B. Refutation: Provide reasons why the opposing view is weaker or less valid.C. Reinforcement: Strengthen your thesis by contrasting it with the counterargument.VI. ConclusionA. Restate Thesis: Reiterate your main idea in a new way.B. Recap Main Points: Summarize the key arguments you made in the body paragraphs.C. Final Thought: End with a call to action, a question, or a thought-provoking statement.VII. Works Cited (if applicable)A. List of Sources: Include all the sources you cited in your essay, formatted according to the required citation style.Remember to keep your outline flexible. As you write, you may find that your ideas develop in new directions, and that's okay. An outline is a guide, not a rigid structure. Adjust your outline as needed to best serve your essay's purpose and your audience's needs.。

六级英语作文outline

六级英语作文outlineThe college-level English proficiency exam is a crucial assessment that evaluates a student's ability to effectively communicate in the English language. As a prospective test-taker, it is essential to approach the exam with a well-structured and comprehensive plan. This outline provides a framework to guide you in crafting a compelling and coherent essay that showcases your English language skills.I. IntroductionThe introduction serves as the foundation of your essay, setting the tone and providing the reader with a clear understanding of the topic. Begin with a captivating hook that immediately engages the reader and introduces the main theme of your essay. Provide relevant background information to contextualize the topic and gradually transition into your thesis statement. The thesis statement should be a concise and focused declaration that outlines the central argument or main idea of your essay.II. Body Paragraph 1: Importance of English ProficiencyIn the first body paragraph, you should emphasize the significance of English proficiency in the modern global landscape. Highlight the widespread use of English as an international language of communication, commerce, and academia. Discuss how the ability to effectively communicate in English can open doors to various educational and professional opportunities. Additionally, you can explore the cognitive and social benefits of language proficiency, such as improved critical thinking skills, cultural understanding, and adaptability.III. Body Paragraph 2: Developing English Language SkillsThe second body paragraph should focus on the strategies and techniques individuals can employ to develop their English language skills. Discuss the importance of consistent practice in all four language domains: reading, writing, listening, and speaking. Emphasize the value of immersing oneself in English-language media, such as books, movies, and news sources, to enhance vocabulary, grammar, and overall comprehension. Additionally, you can highlight the benefits of engaging in conversational practice, either with native speakers or through language exchange programs, to improve fluency and confidence.IV. Body Paragraph 3: Preparing for the English Proficiency ExamIn the third body paragraph, delve into the specific preparation strategies for the English proficiency exam. Outline the keycomponents of the exam, such as the writing, reading, listening, and speaking sections, and provide recommendations for effectively tackling each section. Discuss the importance of familiarizing oneself with the exam format, time constraints, and scoring criteria. Emphasize the need to practice past exam questions and engage in targeted skill-building exercises to enhance performance.V. Body Paragraph 4: Exam-Day StrategiesThe fourth body paragraph should focus on the strategies and techniques to employ on the day of the exam. Advise test-takers to arrive at the exam venue well-rested and prepared, with all necessary materials and identification documents. Encourage them to carefully read the instructions and questions, allocate time effectively, and avoid rushing through the sections. Highlight the significance of maintaining focus, managing stress, and staying calm throughout the exam to ensure optimal performance.VI. ConclusionIn the concluding paragraph, synthesize the key points discussed throughout the essay and reinforce the importance of English proficiency. Reiterate the benefits of developing strong English language skills and the valuable opportunities that can arise from achieving a high score on the proficiency exam. Encourage the reader to approach the exam with confidence, determination, and a commitment to continuous learning and improvement. End with apowerful and thought-provoking statement that leaves a lasting impression on the reader.By following this outline, you can craft a well-structured and comprehensive essay that demonstrates your mastery of the English language and your preparedness for the college-level English proficiency exam. Remember to focus on clear and concise communication, effective organization, and the incorporation of relevant examples and evidence to support your arguments. Good luck with your exam preparation and the writing process.。

英文作文outline怎么写

英文作文outline怎么写英文：When it comes to writing an outline for an English essay, there are a few key things to keep in mind. First of all, it's important to have a clear understanding of the topic you're writing about and the main points you want to make. This will help you organize your thoughts and ensure that your essay flows logically.One effective way to structure your outline is to use a "hamburger" approach, where you start with a broad introduction and then narrow down to your thesis statement. From there, you can break down your main points into supporting details and evidence, before wrapping up with a conclusion that summarizes your key arguments.Another important aspect of writing an effectiveoutline is to use clear and concise language. Avoid using overly complex sentences or technical jargon, as this canmake your essay difficult to understand. Instead, focus on using simple, straightforward language that gets your point across clearly.Overall, the key to a successful outline is to be organized, focused, and clear in your writing. By following these tips and taking the time to carefully plan out your essay, you can ensure that your writing is well-structured and effective.中文：在写英语文章的大纲时，有几个关键点需要注意。

outline范本

o u t l i n e范本(总6页)--本页仅作为文档封面，使用时请直接删除即可----内页可以根据需求调整合适字体及大小--OutlineThe statements: This paper is going to discuss the liberalism that rooted in Isabel Archer’s mind—the heroin in the portrait of a lady. But sometimes she seems to go against her liberalism after marriage with Gilbert Osmond.1. Introduction2. The Maturity of Isabel Archer3.Isabel's View of libertyLiberty of MindIsabel's Attitude toward LifeIsabel's Attitude toward Love and MarriageLiberty of BehavioursIsabel's Refusal to Ideal Suitors—Goodwood and WarburtonIsabel's Choice to Marry Gilbert Osmond4. Paradoxs in Isabel's View of LiberalismRequest for Liberty Versus Social LimitationLove of Liberty Versus Fear of LibertyPreservation of Dignity Versus Acceptance of Mistakes5. ConclusionLiberalism of Isabel Archer in The Portrait of a LadyAbstract: abel Archer, the heroine of The Portrait of a Lady, a brilliant female figure in the world's literary gallery, is a controversial figure . The thesis focuses on the analysis of Isabel Archer view of liberty and paradoxes in her liberalism in order to explore that her arrogance and blindness lead to her tragedy marriage. Then I will further illustrate her attitude toward life, love and marriage. Later analyzing her liberalism in details by presenting her mind and behaviors aims at discovering her inner thoughts. At last, I will dissect three paradoxes in Isabel’s view of liberalism—her own requests against social limitations, love against fear and preservation of dignity against acceptance of mistake . The causes lead her betray mind are herself mostly and her arbitrary husband partly.Key Words: Henry James; paradoxes; liberalism；atitude分析《贵妇画像》中伊丽莎白˙阿切尔的自由主义观摘要: 莎白˙阿切尔，《贵妇画像》这部小说的女主人公，是享誉全球文艺画廊的一位出色的女性形象，同时她也一个具有争议性的人物。

英语作文的outline

英语作文的outlineTitle: The Impact of Social Media on Society。

Introduction:Introduce the topic: Social media has become an integral part of our lives, influencing various aspects of society.Present the thesis statement: This essay will explore the positive and negative impacts of social media on society, focusing on its effects on communication, relationships, and mental health.Body:I. Communication。

A. Positive impact。

1. Enhanced connectivity: Social media platforms enable individuals to stay connected with friends and family across the globe.2. Instant information sharing: Social media allows for the rapid dissemination of news and information, facilitating awareness and activism.3. Promotes cultural exchange: People can interact with individuals from different cultures, fostering understanding and tolerance.B. Negative impact。

英文作文outline格式

英文作文outline格式1. Introduction。

The topic I want to discuss is the impact of social media on teenagers.Social media has become an integral part of teenagers' lives, with its influence extending to their behavior, mental health, and relationships.2. Positive effects。

Social media allows teenagers to connect with friends and family members, regardless of geographical location.It provides a platform for self-expression and creativity, allowing teenagers to share their thoughts, ideas, and talents with a wider audience.3. Negative effects。

Excessive use of social media can lead to addiction and have a negative impact on teenagers' mental health.Cyberbullying and online harassment are prevalent on social media platforms, causing emotional distress and anxiety among teenagers.4. Impact on relationships。

英语写作sentence outline和topic outline

英语写作sentence outline和topic outline 在英语写作中，对于论文或文章的组织和构思，我们常常会使用两种大纲的形式，分别是句子大纲（sentence outline）和主题大纲（topic outline）。

它们都是为了帮助写作者更好地整理和展开文章的思路，使文章的结构更加清晰、条理性更强。

本文将详细介绍这两种大纲的定义、使用方法和注意事项。

一、句子大纲（Sentence Outline）1. 定义和特点句子大纲是通过将文章的主要观点、论据和论证分成句子，并按照逻辑顺序组织起来的一种大纲形式。

每个句子都是对文章结构中一个独立部分的简短描述，因此句子大纲通常比较详细，每个句子都包含具体的内容。

2. 使用方法（1）确定文章的中心思想和要传达的主旨。

这个思想通常是一个主题句，概括了整个文章的内容。

（2）列出支持主题句的理由、论据和相关证据。

每个句子可以详细描述一个理由或论据，同时加入相关的例子、数据等具体内容。

（3）按照逻辑关系和组织结构将这些句子排列起来。

可以使用分点、缩进等方式来显示不同层级的关系。

（4）逐一检查句子的逻辑连贯性和层次清晰性。

确保句子之间的关系和组织结构合理明确。

3. 注意事项（1）每个句子都要简明扼要地表达一个完整的观点或主题，避免使用过于模糊或抽象的语言。

（2）句子之间的连接词和过渡词要准确使用，以确保段落和整体之间的连贯性。

（3）根据需要，可以进一步将句子拆分成更小的片段，以更好地梳理论证逻辑。

二、主题大纲（Topic Outline）1. 定义和特点主题大纲是按照主题和子主题的层次结构组织文章的一种大纲形式。

相比于句子大纲，主题大纲更加简洁，主要用于梳理文章的整体框架和主题之间的层次关系。

2. 使用方法（1）确定文章的主要主题和子主题。

主题是文章的中心思想，而子主题是主题的进一步细化和展开。

（2）按照逻辑层次将主题和子主题排列起来。

可以使用罗马数字、大写字母、数字或小写字母等表示不同层级。

英文essay outline怎么写(附上范例)

撰写essay之前，好的outline对你撰写正文内容具有很强的指导作用。

不管你要撰写的是什么类型的文章，outline 都是非常必要（通常情况下也是必须的）。

接下来的内容对撰写提纲有很大帮助。

1.明确文章的主旨。

一篇文章都有其所要表达主旨。

选择一个最终主旨不仅能引导你主题的方向，还有助于你有逻辑的组织文章。

比如你在写论文，写下能够概括文章主旨的中心思想，以帮助你确定主旨：•比较和对照两个事物。

•列出因果•阐明或分析一个特殊方面•列出单个或两者的论证•提供证据并得出结论•列出问题然后提供解决方案2.收集辅助材料。

这些被收集来的材料可能来自引用他人成果、数据统计、理论、实验结果等。

通过收集材料，明确这些材料使用，这些东西可能会体现在essay outline中。

3.决定如何安排辅助论证来支撑主旨。

举例：如果你在呈现一个历史概述，你可以按年代来排序；如果你在辩论文学方面内容，你可能要按主题排序；如果你处在某观点立场的两级徘徊时，你可以先列出和你立场有矛盾的证据，然后用反论证消除达到有说服力的结果。

4.撰写主题提纲或者句子提纲。

如果文章非常灵活多变，那么你可以用利用一些短语作为主题大纲；用句子大纲阐述细节。

•一般来说你可以尝试先用主题提纲来开始你的提纲撰写，然后再逐步转变成句子提纲。

5.确定主要类别。

根据文章的主旨和找到的辅助材料来决定把全文的大主题分散整理到不同逻辑类别。

这些类别将会被标记成罗马数字来形成提纲的第一步。

•当写文章时，通常会用一个大点去代表一个段落：比如，一、文章的开头段，二、主体段落的第一段，等等。

例如，如果描写飞机历史发展史的概论，每一个大点就该包括各个飞机历史上的时期。

6.确定论点。

每个分类至少想两个论点，根据你文章的主旨和你之前收集的论据材料来选择你的分论点。

这些分论点就是你提纲的第二个层级。

一般它们是用英文字母标示的。

（比如A、B、C 等等）•让你的第二层级比你的第一层级缩进1.27到2.54厘米•还是用飞机发展史历史的例子，每一个分点就可以描写那个时代的发动机型号7.根据需要确定中心论点的分论点。

英语专业文献综述Outline（5篇）

英语专业文献综述Outline（5篇）第一篇：英语专业文献综述OutlineOutline 1 Introduction 2 Literature overreview2.1 Peer review2.2 incidental vocabulary acquisition2.3 Peer evaluation and the teacher3 Design of the study4 Results4.1 Students as evaluatees4.2 Students as evaluators5 Discussion6 Conclusion第二篇：英语专业实习报告 intership report outlineOutline for Internship Report1.First PageFirst page should display: Student name and surname, internship start and finish dates, number of internship days, type of internship(production, or design and development), company/institution name.This page should be signed and stamped by the supervisor of the intern student.2.Weekly timetableA weekly timetable where each row in the table corresponding to a day in internship period.Each row should record the date, internship activity on that date.Weekly Schedule should explain the work accomplished each day of the week during the internship period and should contain:•••The department of the organization that the week was and signature of the controlling supervisor for each week The official stamp of the organization.3.A Brief Executive Summary of the InternshipA one page summary of the company/institution and a short account of the major activities carried out during the internship period.4.Table of ContentsContents of the report with page numbers, list of tables, and list of figures.5.Description of the company/institution This section should answer the following questions:5.1.What is the full title of the company/institution? Give a brief history of the company, fullmailing address and relevant web links.5.2.What is the type of ownership of the company/institution? State the main shareholders andtheir shares.5.3.What is the sector that the company/institution operates in? Specify the products and servicesproduced and offered to its customers.5.4.Who are regarded as the customers of your internship company/institution(consider the endusers, retailers, other manufacturers, employees, etc.)?5.5.Provide an organization chart of the company, along with information on the number ofemployees.5.6.Provide a list of functions performed by the mechanical engineers in the internshiporganization.6.Internship activitiesThis is the main body of your report.You should present the activities performed during the internship period.Please refer to “” document for the types of analysis and inquiries that you should be perfo rming during “Production”, and “Design and Development” internship.7.An assessment of the internship In this section you should answer the following questions7.1.What skills and qualifications you think that you havegained from the internship?7.2.What kind of responsibilities you have undertaken during the internship period?7.3.How do you think the internship will influence your future career plans?7.4.How do you think the internship activities that you carried out are correlated with yourclassroom knowledge?8.Conclusions of the reportThis section should include:• A summary of key conclusions derived from the internship experience.• General observations about the sector in which your internship company/institution operates9.Appendices and supplementary material(charts, graphs, pictures, computer codes, etc.)10.ReferencesRules for writing the internship report:••••••You do not have to provide a day-to-day diary of the internship activities.Do not write theoretical excerpts from textbooks!Describe what you exactly did there and what experiences you have gained throughout your training.The internship report should be between 15-20 pages and written to “Training Program Diary” which can be provided from the university bookstore.The internship report should be written in handwriting, and each page should contain about 25 lines.The internship report should be original, no photocopies areaccepted.You can include graphs, pictures, data, drawings, or design calculations in your report;however they should not cover more than 1/3 of the rger graphs, pictures, data, drawings, or design calculations should be given as an Appendix.第三篇：Outline 4Social Movements of the 1960sI.Background---Greensboro Sit-in(格林斯博罗静坐)On February 1, 1960, 4 freshmen from a black college in Greensboro, North Carolina(北卡罗莱纳州), sat down at a department lunch counter and ordered coffee.When refused, they continued to sit at the counter, openly defying the segregation law prevailing in the state.The next day, more students joined them.Thus began the civil rights movement(黑人民权运动), which spread from the south to the ter, this quiet “sit-in” became the major nonviolent direct action tactics to be used by black civil rights activists.*The civil rights movement, and the youth anti-war, and the women’s liberation movements had long roots in United States history.（黑人民权运动、青年反战运动以及后来的妇女解放运动都深深地植根于美国历史之中）II.Definition---One professor argues that “a social movement is a type of behavior in which a large number of participants consciously attempt to change existing institutions and establish a new order of life.”---Two basic characteristics of all social movements: “structure”(有组织)and “spontaneity”（自发性）---Other necessary parts of a social movement are:1.a social base of people 人这一社会基础2.a “message” or ideology 思想体系3.the ability to spread the message and get more supporter 传播思想和得到更多支持者的能力III.The Civil Rights Movement---One of the most important of all social movement in the 1960s U.S.history.Rosa Park’s(罗莎•帕克斯)spontaneous action(自发行为)in 1955 was believed to be the true beginning of the civil rights movement.The black students’ sit-in at a department lunch counter in North Carolina touched off(触发，激起)the nationwide civil rights movement.During the first half of the decade, civil rights organizations like SNCC(the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee学生非暴力统一行动委员会), CORE(the Congress of Racial Equality争取种族平等大会), and SCLC(the Southern Christian Leadership Conference南部基督教领导联合会)struggled for racial integration by providing leadership, tactics, network and the people.In the latter half of the decade, some black organizations changed their nonviolent tactics, and emphasized on more radical means to end discrimination and raised the self image of the blacks.The civil rights movement produced such great leaders as Martin Luther King, Jr., and Malcolm X, who inspired a generation of both blacks and whites to devote their lives to fighting for racial equality in the U.S.---Montgomery Bus Boycott蒙哥马利抵制公交车隔离政策运动In December 1995, Rosa Parks, a NAACP（National Association for the Advancement of Colored People(美国)全国有色人种协进会）member in Montgomery Alabama, refused to give up herseat to a white man on a public bus.Alabama law required that blacks sit at the back of the bus, and when asked, surrender their seats to whites.Mrs.Parks was arrested.Local black leadersdecided to boycott the city’s bus system.Black people in th e city spontaneously began to boycott the bus system refusing to ride on public buses.In the year long Montgomery bus boycott, blacks young and old, walked to work.With the bus company near bankruptcy, and the aid of a 1956 Supreme Court decision, Montgomery blacks triumphed.In fact, the boycott was believed to be the true.---Direct Action Tactics直接行动策略When the civil rights movement began, non-violent direct action tactics like “sit-ins” and “freedom rides”(自由乘车运动), voter registration(投票者登记).Later, anti-war activists added “teach-ins” on college campuses,（(大学师生举行的）时事宣讲会，讨论会，辩论会)to educate people about the war in Vietnam as well as protest marches and rallies and etc.---Martin Luther King, Jr.Martin Luther King, Jr., an Atlanta-born Baptist minister(浸礼会牧师), was the leader of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference during the civil rights movement of the 1960s.To promote his philosophy of nonviolent protest against segregation and other kinds of social injustice, King organized a series of “marches”, incl uding the March on Washington of August, 1963, when King delivered his famous “I have a Dream” speech.As a civil rights leader, King worked not only to end racial discrimination（种族歧视）0and poverty, but also to raise the self image of the blacks.Due to his strong belief in nonviolent peaceful protest, King was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1964.He was assassinated in the city of Memphis(孟斐斯)in April 1968.---Contrary to King’s nonviolent tactics, Malcom X(马尔科姆•艾克斯)spoke in favour of black separatism(分离主义)and against nonviolence in fighting racial discrimination.---Some of SNCC(学生非暴力统一行动委员会)members thought they needed a strong leader rather than collective leadership.In 1965, theyelected a new chairman, Stokeley Carmichael(斯托克利•卡迈克尔)who spoke about Black Power.*The most notorious terrorist group against black civil rights workers in the South was known as Ku Klux Klan三K党*Those who worked in the civil rights movement included Negro leaders, black and white young people, and some professionals and some housewives.IV.The Youth Movement *Many young people were involved in the social movements of the 1960 because they resented traditional white male values in U.S.society.---Free Speech MovementMario Savio(马里奥•萨维奥), a student who had just returned from working with SNCC in the Mississippi Freedom Summer, took off his shoes and stood on top of the police car.He demandedthat the CORE worker be freed and the rules against free speech be changed.The students sat around the car for 32 hours in spontaneous, nonviolent, direct action.Other students “sat-in” at the administration buildings and organized “Free University” classes.The California governor called hundreds of police to the campus.800 students were arrested.Graduate students organized a strike and closed the university.The teachers and professors voted to change the rule that violate the 1st and 14th Amendments.The young people’s “Free Speech Movement” began with success.---“counter culture”(反主流文化)In the wake of the Free Speech Movement and the New Left appeared a phenomenon that historians called the “counter culture”.The Counter Culture rejected capitalism and other American principles.They had morals different from taught by their parents.Some groups of youth tried to construct different ways of life.Among the most famous were the hippies(嬉皮士).They sought new experience through dropping out, drugs.But it was music, rock music in particular, that became the chief vehicle for the counter cultural assault on traditional American society.The counter culture exerted a great influence upon people’s attitudes toward social mores, marriage, career, and success.---The Anti-War Movement(against the war in Vietnam) V.Women’s Liberation MovementThe women’s movement in the 1960s was started by three groups of women and an accident.---1.a group of professional women who were appointed to a Commission on the Status of Women(妇女地位委员会)by President Kennedy in 1961.---2.white housewives and mothers who read Betty Friedan’s(贝蒂•弗里丹)book, The Feminine Mystique《女性之迷》, published in 1963.---3.young activists(激进主义分子, 行动主义分子)in the civil rights and anti-war movements.NOW((美国)全国妇女组织) ---With the publication of The Feminine Mystique in 1963, Betty Friedan became the chief spokesperson of the Women’s Liberation Movement.In her book, she compared the American family, or the American society as a whole, to a “comfortable concentration camp”, where women were discriminated against and oppressed.In 1966, she helped to found the National Organization for Women(NOW).A reform organization, NOW battle d for “equal rights in partnership with men.”Canada: The Country and its PeopleI.A brief introduction of Canada(the geography, population, culture, economy, languages etc.)1)the 2nd largest country in size with a small population,2)has spectacular scenery of mountains, oceans, forests and prairies3)has a lively and rich culture4)one of the Big Seven(US, UK.Germany, France, Japan, Italy and Canada)in economy;has the best standards of living5)most Canadians live in the south of the country, along the 49th parallels(纬度)6)two official languages: English and French7)first become a political entity(政治实体)in 1867 and did not assume its present shape until 1949(直到1949年才具有目前的规模)(National Day: July 1st)II.The Canadian identity---It refers to something which is distinctively Canadian, which is different from other countries, and which is the very reason for making Canada so special.For example, two official languages of English and French can be considered as part of the Canadian identity.III.The regions of Canada---Motto: Canada stretches “from sea to sea” with the Pacific Ocean along the west coast and the Atlantic Ocean on the east coast---share with the U.S.the longest undefended national border in the world(加拿大和美国共享着世界上最长的不设防国界), a symbol of their good relations---consists of 10 provinces and 3 territories1.The north region of Canada---Canada extends up north into the Arctic Circle(北极圈)to the North pole.The north is a scarcely populated area of ice and oceans，which is sometimes called “the Land of the M idnight Sun”（午夜太阳之地）.This region is currently divided into three administrative territories—the Yukon(育空地区), the Northwest Territories and Nunavat（努勒维特地区a territory carved from eastern part of the original Northwest Territories in 1999）.And most of the inhabitants are Aboriginal people.The traditionaleconomy in this region was based on hunting and trapping animals for food and pelts, but now oil and gas deposits are also being developed.2.the west（西部1省）---the western-most province is British Columbia(布列颠哥伦比亚省)with 3 major mountain ranges running through it, among which the largest in ke Louise(路易斯湖), located in the Rockies, is the most famous image of the Canadian landscape （加拿大风景最突出的代表）.BC is Canada’s 2nd largest producer of hydroelectric power.However, its main economic mainstay(支柱)is its forests.It has the most valuable forestry industry.3.The Prairies(草原3省)---The prairie provinces of Alberta(阿尔伯塔省), Saskatchewan(萨斯喀彻温省)and Manitoba(马尼托巴省）lie east of the Rockies(落基山脉).The prairies are flat and featureless and have a harsh continental climate.They are called the breadbasket(胃, 腹）of Canada because the land is well-suited to farming, and wheat is one of the biggest agricultural crops in this area.The prairies are also rich in energy resources.4.Central Canada(2省)---Central Canada, Ontario(安大略省)and Quebec（魁北克省）, are the parts of the country that were first settled.They are the industrial heartland of the country and are also the most densely populated provinces.They have the largest cities like Tor onto in Ontario, and the country’s 2nd largest city Montreal(蒙特利尔)in Quebec.The capital of the country Ottawa is also in Ontario.5.The Maritimes（滨海诸省：4个省）(the Atlantic regions)---The Atlantic provinces of New Brunswick(新不伦瑞克省), Nova Scotia（新斯科省the first part of Canada to be settled in 1604）, Prince Edward Island（爱德华太子岛省）andNewfoundland（纽芬兰省the last province to join Canada in 1949）are also known as the Maritimes.They are small in population and largely rely on the fishing industry for their economic wealth.They are rich in farming and forestry products and are quite popular tourist attractions.IV.The history1.the First Nations(the Aboriginal people)---the native Indians with rich cultures and highly developed societies.2.European settlement in Canada---Settlement by European began in the 17th century.French colonists first settled Canada.The earliest major settlements were established in Nova Scotia in 1604 and Quebec in 1608.During earlier settlements, the French set the Company of New France and Britai n founded the Hudson’s Bay Company to facilitate trade.3.In 1867 Canada was born when Quebec, Ontario, New Brunswick and Nova Scotia all join together into a confederation.The Government and Politics of CanadaI.Canada’s political system1.Canada’s politic al system was greatly influenced by the two major foreign forces: Britain and America.2.American ideas influenced the Canadian system to some degree.For example, freedom of speech and freedom of information are much valued in contemporary Canada.So, Canadian society appears to be similar to American society, but they are different.While the US was founded on the idea of individualism---Americans aspire to “life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness”---Canadians chose to found a nation based on “peace, order and good government”.In other words, for Canadians, the well-being and liberty of individuals must sometimes be sacrificed for the greater good of the community.3.Canadian society allows a highdegree of tolerance of different values and customs.4.To find a workable balance between community and individual rights has been the central concern of Canadian policy-makers.5.It attempts to reconcile the two communities of English-speaking Canada and French-speaking Canada.II.Canada’s system of government1.based on the British system of parliamentary democracy, referred to as “Westminster-style” democracy英格兰东南部大伦敦的一个市区，位于泰晤士河岸。

outline用法 -回复

outline用法-回复什么是outline？Outline（大纲）是写作的一个重要工具。

它主要用于规划和组织文章的结构和内容，并为写作者提供一个清晰的思路框架。

一个完整的outline 通常包含了文章的主题、主要论点、支持论点的细节和论证等。

第一步：明确主题在开始写作之前，首先需要明确文章的主题。

主题通常是文章探讨的核心问题或主要观点。

举个例子，假设我们要探讨“蔬菜对健康的重要性”。

第二步：列出主要论点在明确主题之后，我们需要列出文章的主要论点。

主要论点是支持主题的核心观点和理由。

在这个例子中，我们可以列出以下的主要论点：1. 蔬菜富含维生素和矿物质，对健康非常重要。

2. 蔬菜中的纤维有助于消化和预防疾病。

3. 蔬菜可以帮助控制体重和减少慢性病的风险。

第三步：添加支持论点和细节在每个主要论点之下，我们可以进一步添加支持论点和细节。

支持论点是用来支持主要论点的具体观点和数据。

以下是这个例子中的一些支持论点和细节：1. 蔬菜富含维生素A、维生素C和矿物质如钾和镁，这些营养物质对健康至关重要。

- 维生素A有助于维持健康的眼睛和皮肤。

- 维生素C有助于增强免疫系统和保护身体免受外部侵害。

- 钾和镁有助于维持正常的血压和心脏功能。

2. 蔬菜中的纤维有助于消化和预防疾病。

- 蔬菜中的纤维可以促进肠道蠕动，预防便秘。

- 高纤维饮食与心血管疾病和某些癌症的发病风险降低相关。

3. 蔬菜可以帮助控制体重和减少慢性病的风险。

- 蔬菜通常低热量和高纤维，有助于控制体重。

- 高纤维和营养密度高的蔬菜可以减少慢性病如糖尿病和心脏病的发病风险。

第四步：组织结构和论证通过以上步骤，我们已经创建了一个完整的outline。

现在，我们可以按照这个outline的结构和逻辑来进行文章的写作。

在写作过程中，我们可以根据需求适当调整outline的顺序和内容。

有时候，我们可能会发现在写作的过程中需要添加额外的论点或细节。

这并不意味着我们的outline失败，它只是一个始终可以被调整和修改的工具。