tpo20阅读及答案

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TPO20阅读详细答案

FOSSIL PRESERVATION1. agency代理，中介，作用，所以答案是force。

原句说由于腐食动物和细菌的侵袭，化学侵蚀和其他地质什么的作用，使得保存的难度非常大。

combination组合明显不靠谱，problem是个负向词，不靠谱，之前并列的都不是变化，change不对2. 修辞目的题，修辞点所在句是一个例子，所以往前看，前一句说fossil遭破坏的方式和fossil一样多，后面就跟了很多破坏的方式，所以答案是A，阐释为什么如此多破坏之下还有这么多化石存在。

往后看也可以，下一句说如果化石有骨架的话被保留的机会会大增，也就是一直都在说化石存留下来的机会，所以A是正确答案3. terrestrial陆地的，陆生的，所以正确答案是A。

原文说尽管大部分的化石都是在海洋中找到的，但也有一些是在河湖中的什么沉积物当中找到的，既然前文都说了大部分是在海洋里找到的，肯定后面会说是在陆地上找到的，所以答案是terrestrial，B/C/D都不靠谱4. 原句的结构是并列加条件，所以正确答案是D。

A的must be empty原文没说；B和C的关系都错误；D 说的是shell会被剩下，如果足够耐腐蚀，就能保存一段时间5. 修辞目的题，先看例子所在句子，说很多海洋生物的骨骼包含calcite，没有答案，往前看，前一句说一亿年前的沉积物中能发现骨骼不变的海生无脊椎动物，与A靠谱，但A本身不是一个观点，所以A不对；B和D完全没说，不对；强调的中心在例子所在句的下一句，说arogonite的晶体形状不同，相对不那么稳定，会变成更稳定的形式，所以答案是C，想稳定的话必须再变6. enhance提升，提高，所以正确答案是D的increase。

原文说很多化学过程都能改变壳体的结构并且怎么样它们作为化石保留下来的机会，combine明显不靠谱；limit和control意思相近，而且这两个词与increase意思相反，所以其他三个都不对7. 以permineralization做关键词定位至最后一句。

TPO20Fossil+preservation解析

Q1 The word “agencies” in the passage is closest in meaning to○Combinations○Problems○Forces○ChangesQ2 In paragraph 1, what is the author’s purpose in providing examples of how organisms are destroyed?○To emphasize how surprising it is that so m any fossils exist○To introduce a new geologic theory of fossil preservation○To explain why the fossil record until now has remained incomplete○To compare how fossils form on land and in waterQ3 The word “terrestrial” in the passage is closest in meaning to○Land○Protected○Alternative○SimilarQ4 Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage?Incorrect choices change in the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.看原句的结构，答案结构应和原句一致都是并列A When snail or clam shells are left behind, they must be empty in order to remain durable and resist dissolution.B Although snail and clam shells are durable and resist dissolving, over time they slowly begin to change.C Although the soft parts of snails or clams dissolve quickly, their hard shells resist dissolution for a long time.D Empty snail or clam shells that are strongFossil preservation When one considers the many ways by which organisms are completely destroyed after death, it is remarkable that fossils are as common as they are. Attack by scavengers and bacteria, chemical decay, and destruction by erosion and other geologic agencies make the odds against preservation very high. However, the chances of escaping complete destruction are vastly improved if the organism happens to have a mineralized skeleton and dies in a place where it can be quickly buried by sediment. Both of these conditions are often found on the ocean floors, where shelled invertebrates (organisms without spines) flourish and are covered by the continuous rain of sedimentary particles. Although most fossils are found in marine sedimentary rocks, they also are found in terrestrial deposits left by streams and lakes. On occasion, animals and plants have been preserved after becoming immersed in tar or quicksand, trapped in ice or lave flows, or engulfed by rapid falls of volcanic ash. The term “fossil” often implies petrifaction, literally a transformation into stone. After the death of an organism, the soft tissue is ordinarily consumed by scavengers and bacteria. They empty shell of a snail or clam may be left behind, and if it is sufficiently durable and resistant to dissolution, it may remain basically unchanged for a long period of time. Indeed, unaltered shells of marine invertebrates are known from deposits over 100 million years old. In many marine creatures, however, the skeleton is composed of mineral variety of calcium carbonate called aragonite. Although aragonite has the same composition as the more familiar mineral known as calcite, it has a different crystal form, is relativelyenough not to dissolve may stay in their original state for a long time.Q5 Why does the author ment ion “aragonite” in the passage?○To emphasize that some fossils remain unaltered for millions of years.○To contrast fossil formation in organisms with soft tissue and in organisms with hard shells○To explain that some marine organisms must undergo chemical changes in order to fossilize ○To explain why fossil shells are more likely to survive than are fossil skeletons.Q6 The word “enhance” in the passage is closest in meaning to○Control○Limit○Combine○IncreaseQ7 Which of the following best explains the process of permineralization mentioned in paragraph 3?○Water containing calcium carbonate circulates through a shell and deposits sediment.○Liquid containing chemicals hardens an already existing fossil structure.○Water passes through sediment s urrounding a fossil and removes its chemical content.○A chemical substance enters a fossil and changes its shape.Q8 The word “precise” in the passage is closest in meaning to○Complex○Quick○Exact○Reliable unstable, and in time changes to the more stable calcite.Many other processes may after the shell of the clam or snail and enhance its chances for preservation. Water containing dissolved silica, calcium carbonate, or iron many circulate through the enclosing sediment and be deposited in cavities such as narrow cavities and canals in bone once occupied by blood vessels and nerves. In such cases, the original composition of the bone or shell remains, but the fossil is made harder and more durable. This addition of a chemically precipitated substance into precipitated is termed “permineralization.”Petrifaction may also involve a simultaneous exchange of the original substance of a dead plant or animal with mineral matter of a different composition. This process is termed “replacement” because solutions have dissolved the original material and replaced it with an equal volume of the new substance. Replacement can be a marvelously precise process, so that details of shell ornamentation, tree rings in wood, and delicate structures in bone are accurately preserved.■Another type of fossilization,Q9 Paragraph 5 suggests which of the following about the carbonization process?○It is completed soon after an organism dies.○It does not occur in hard-shell organisms.○It sometimes allows soft-tissued organisms to be preserved with all their parts.○It is a more precise process of preserv ation than is replacement.Q10 The word “prospect” in the passage is closest in meaning to○Completion○Variety○Possibility○SpeedQ11 According to paragraph 7, how do environments containing oxygen affect fossil preservation?○They increase the prob ability that soft-tissued organisms will become fossils.○They lead to more bacteria production.○They slow the rate at which clay and silt are deposited.○They reduce the chance that animal remains will be preserved.Q12 According to the passage, all of the following assist preservation EXCEPT○The presence of calcite in an organism’s skeleton○The presence of large open areas along an ocean floor○The deposition of a fossil n sticky substances such as sap or tar○The rapid burial of an organism under la yers of siltQ13 Look at the four squares that indicate where the following sentence can be added to the passage. But the evidence of past organic life is not limited to petrifaction.Where would the sentence best fit?Click on a square■ to insert the se ntence in the known as carbonization, occurs when soft tissues are preserved as thin film of carbon.■ Leaves and tissue of soft-bodied organisms such as jellyfish or worms may accumulate, become buried and compressed, and lose their volatile constituents.■ The carbon often remains behind as a blackened silhouette.■Although it is certainly true that the possession of hard parts enhances the prospect of preservation, organisms having soft tissues and organs are also occasionally preserved. Insects and even small invertebrates have been found preserved in the hardened resins of conifers and certain other trees. X-ray examination of thin slabs of roc sometimes reveals the ghostly outlines of tentacles, digestive tracts, and visual organs of a variety of marine creatures. Soft parts, including skin, hair, and viscera of ice age mammoths, have been preserved in frozen soil or in the oozing tar of oil seeps.The probability that actual remains of soft tissue will be preserved is improved if the organism dies in an environment of rapid deposition and oxygen deprivation. Under such conditions, the destructive effects of bacteria are diminished. The middle Eocene Messel shale (from about 48 million years ago) of German accumulated in such an environment. The shale was deposited in an oxygen-deficient lake where lethal gases sometimes bubbled up and killed animals. Their remains accumulated on the floor of the lake and were then covered by clay and silt. Among the superbly preserved Messel fossils are insects with iridescent exoskeletons (hard outer coverings), frogs with skin and blood vessels intact, and even entire small mammals with preserved fur and soft tissue.passage.Q14 The remains of ancient life are amazingly well preserved in the form of fossils.Answer choicesA Environmental characteristics like those present on ocean floors increase the likelihood that plant and animal fossils will occur.B Fossils are more likely to the preserved in shale deposits than in deposits of clay and silt.C The shells of organisms can be preserved by processes of chemical precipitation or mineral exchange.D Freezing enables the soft parts of organisms to survive longer than the hard parts.E Comparatively few fossils are found in the terrestrial deposits of streams and lakes.F Thin films of carbon may remain as an indication of soft tissue or actual tissue may be preserved if exposure to bacteria is limited.。

TPO20

tpo20实实信息q39排除q40句子插入q41paragraph7
TPO 20
事实信息题 Q39 排除题 Q40 句子插入题 Q41
Paragraph 7: The probability that actual remains of soft tissue will be preserved is improved if the organism dies in an environment of rapid deposition and oxygen deprivation. Under such conditions, the destructive effects of bacteria are diminished. The Middle Eocene Messel Shale (from about 48 million years ago) of Germany accumulated in such an environment. The shale was deposited in an oxygen-deficient lake where lethal gases sometimes bubbled up and killed animals. Their remains accumulated on the floor of the lake and were then covered by clay and silt. Among the superbly preserved Messel fossils are insects with iridescent exoskeletons (hard outer coverings), frogs with skin and blood vessels intact, and even entire small mammals with preserved fur and soft tissue.

tpo20reading精读笔记

错误题目：4；14；15；24；28；29；33；391.推断题：关键词为1815和prior，因为原文中只提到了after 1815的事，所以根据它说的1815之后人们终于可以卖东西到别的远远的地方去了，所以可以知道1815之前人们不能有这样的一个National market economy>>>>>>选D2.修辞题：原文中这句话的前面说emigration在1830的时候达到了peak，说明就是为了突出这个migration实在是很叼，可以把答案局限在AC之中；然后因为原句还突出了1810年只有···但是到了1840就有····，所以可以知道是从range和speed两方面突出的喵>>>>>>>>选C3.词汇题：fringe=border4.选非题：关键词为reasons，然后从这段第二句话开始一直都是reasons（fxxk= =），不断进行欧洲人和阿美利加人的比较，ABC三项在文中都有对应，：A：欧洲人一直住在一个地方，阿美利加人不是；B，C：欧洲人等级森严，阿美利加人不是，阿美利加人又野心勃勃又可以自由地换工作又觉得自己有责任应该帮助西部发展>>>>>>>>选D5.同义题：原句的主干是the west had plenty of attractions，只有B写到的soil是文中提到的，于是>>>>>>>>选B6.细节题：关键词为1820，从该段第二句就可以知道答案是B>>>>>>>>>>>选B7.词汇题：proliferation=growth8.细节题：关键词为turnpike，找到文中倒数第二句，然后从最后一句中知道tunpikes帮助了运输和农产品价格的下降>>>>>>>>>>>>选D9.词汇题：superseded=replaced10.词汇题：diverted=shifted11.推断题：关键词为flatboats和keelboats，于是在文中找到这两个词，发现文中说它们俩逐渐被steamboat取代掉了，然后说steamboat不仅快而且比它们两个便宜很多很多很多，从而反过来一想，就是说它们俩又慢又贵>>>>>>>>>>>选B12.选非题：关键词为Erie canal，文中说到这个Erie canal 降低了运货的cost，航线变短了，货物数量变多了，与C无关，>>>>>>>>>>>选C13.插入题：原句中的in fact是一个考虑点，发现把原句放在C处很合适>>>>>>>>选C14.主题题：我选了BCF，答案为ABC，因为解释里面说：A选项中的the desire对应了原文第二段中的第三句，所以正确；F中是regional，然后文章里面是National，所以选A 不选F15.词汇题：momentous=very important16.选非题：关键词为the end of the ice age,第一段第一句就说到了the temperate regions ofAsia, Europe, and North America,所以和southwestern Asia没有任何关系>>>>>>>选B17.指代题：找前面一句，发现其实应该是population大幅度增加，>>>>>>选D18.词汇题：exploit=utilize19.修辞题：看原句发现这些东西都是trade所得，所以应该是选择一项和贸易有关的，>>>>选A20.词汇题：cramped局促的，促狭的，难以辨认的=confined21.细节题：关键词为Abu Hureyra在文中的该段第二句交代了AH这个种族，说明是舒爽的climate导致食物很好很多，导致了population增加>>>>>>选D22.词汇题：shift=change23.细节题：关键词为abandoned，所以在该段最后一句发现了是因为droughtconditions>>>>>>>>>>选D24.选非题：A中关键词为domestication of animals，在该段第二句中得到体现；B中关键词为gazelle，也在第二句中，可是因为原句中说现在的AH已经不和以前的AH一样去驯养gazelle了，所以应该选B；C中的关键词为size，在第三句中的30 acres得到体现，说明的确size变了；D中的关键词为design of the dwellings, 在文中的倒数第二句一堆对建筑的描述可以知道，>>>>>>>>选B25.词汇题：abruptly=suddenly26.同义题：句子的主干是许多复杂的因素导致了经济发展方式的采用，只有A 保留了句子的主干>>>>>>>>>选A27.插入题：原句关键部分是one of the major effects,所以前一句应该要提到引起effects的因素之类的东西，于是可以把答案范围缩小到BC两个之间，但是因为B空格前后两句的联系密切不应该在中间插个什么，所以>>>>>>>>>选C28.主题题：我选了ACF，答案是CDF。

托福TPO20阅读Passage3原文文本+题目+答案解析

¡¡¡¡Petrifaction may also involve a simultaneous exchange of the original substance of a dead plant or animal with mineral matter of a different composition. This process is termed " replacement" because solutions have dissolved the original material and replaced it with an equal volume of the new substance. Replacement can be a marvelously precise process, so that details of shell ornamentation, tree rings in wood, and
¡¡¡¡When one considers the many ways by which organisms are completely destroyed after death, it is remarkable that fossils are as common as they are. Attack by scavengers and bacteria, chemical decay, and destruction by erosion and other geologic agencies make the odds against preservation very high. However, the chances of escaping complete destruction are vastly improved if the organism happens to have a mineralized skeleton and dies in a place where it can be quickly buried by sediment. Both of these conditions are often found on the ocean floors, where shelled invertebrates (organisms without spines) flourish and are covered by the continuous rain of sedimentary particles. Although most fossils are found in marine sedimentary rocks, they also are found in terrestrial deposits left by streams and lakes. On occasion, animals and plants have been preserved after becoming immersed in tar or quicksand, trapped in ice or lava flows, or engulfed by rapid falls of volcanic ash.

托福TPO20阅读Passage1原文文本+题目+答案解析

¡¡¡¡ÎªÁË°ïÖú´ó¼Ò¸ßÐ§±¸¿¼ÍÐ¸££¬Îª´ó¼Ò´øÀ´ÍÐ¸£TPO20ÔÄ¶ÁPassage1Ô-ÎÄÎÄ±¾+ÌâÄ¿+´ð°¸½âÎö£¬Ï£Íû¶Ô´ó¼Ò±¸¿¼ÓÐËù°ïÖú¡£¡¡¡¡¨ ÍÐ¸£TPO20ÔÄ¶ÁPassage1Ô-ÎÄÎÄ±¾£º¡¡¡¡Westward Migration¡¡¡¡The story of the westward movement of population in the United States is, in the main, the story of the expansion of American agriculture¡ªof the development of new areas for the raising of livestock and the cultivation of wheat, corn, tobacco, and cotton. After 1815 improved transportation enabled more and more western farmers to escape a self-sufficient way of life and enter a national market economy. During periods when commodity prices were high, the rate of westward migration increased spectacularly. "Old America seemed to be breaking up and moving westward," observed an English visitor in 1817,during the first great wave of migration. Emigration to the West reached a peak in the 1830's. Whereas in 1810 only a seventh of the American people lived west of the Appalachian Mountains, by 1840 more than a third lived there.¡¡¡¡Why were these hundreds of thousands of settlers¡ªmost of them farmers, some of them artisans¡ªdrawn away from the cleared fields and established cities and villages of the East? Certain characteristics of American society help to explain this remarkable migration. The European ancestors of some Americans had for centuries lived rooted to the same village or piece of land until some religious, political, or economic crisis uprooted them and drove them across the Atlantic. Many of those who experienced this sharp break thereafter lacked the ties that had bound them and their ancestors to a single place. Moreover, European society was relatively stratified; occupation and social status were inherited. In American society, however, the class structure was less rigid; some people changed occupations easily and believed it was their duty to improve their social and economic position. As a result, many Americans were an inveterately restless, rootless, and ambitious people. Therefore, these social traits helped to produce the nomadic and daring settlers who kept pushing westward beyond the fringes of settlement. In addition, there were other immigrants who migrated west in search of new homes, material success, and better lives.¡¡¡¡The West had plenty of attractions: the alluvial river bottoms, the fecund soils of the rolling forest lands, the black loams of the prairies were tempting to New England farmers working their rocky, sterile land and to southeastern farmers plagued with soil depletion and erosion. In 1820 under a new land law, a farm could be bought for $100. The continued proliferation of banks made it easier for those without cash to negotiate loans in paper money. Western Farmers borrowed with the confident expectation that the expanding economy would keep farm prices high, thus making it easy to repay loans when they fell due.¡¡¡¡Transportation was becoming less of a problem for those who wished to move westand for those who hand farm surpluses to send to market. Prior to 1815, western farmers who did not live on navigable waterways were connected to them only by dirt roads and mountain trails. Livestock could be driven across the mountains, but the cost of transporting bulky grains in this fashion was several times greater than their value in eastern markets. The first step toward an improvement of western transportation was the construction of turnpikes. These roads made possible a reduction in transportation costs and thus stimulated the commercialization of agriculture along their routes.¡¡¡¡Two other developments presaged the end of the era of turnpikes and started a transportation revolution that resulted in increased regional specialization and the growth of a national market economy. First came the steamboat; although flatboats and keelboats continued to be important until the 1850¡¯s steamboats eventually superseded all other craft in the carrying of passengers and freight. Steamboats were not only faster but also transported upriver freight for about one tenth of what it had previously cost on hand-propelled keelboats. Next came the Erie Canal, an enormous project in its day, spanning about 350 miles. After the canal went into operation, the cost per mile of transporting a ton of freight from Buffalo to New York City declined from nearly 20 cents to less than 1 cent. Eventually, the western states diverted much of their produce from the rivers to the Erie Canal, a shorter route to eastern markets.¡¡¡¡Paragraph 1: The story of the westward movement of population in the United States is, in the main, the story of the expansion of American agriculture¡ªof the development of new areas for the raising of livestock and the cultivation of wheat, corn, tobacco, and cotton. After 1815 improved transportation enabled more and more western farmers to escape a self-sufficient way of life and enter a national market economy. During periods when commodity prices were high, the rate of westward migration increased spectacularly. "Old America seemed to be breaking up and moving westward," observed an English visitor in 1817,during the first great wave of migration. Emigration to the West reached a peak in the 1830's. Whereas in 1810 only a seventh of the American people lived west of the Appalachian Mountains, by 1840 more than a third lived there.¡¡¡¡¨ ÍÐ¸£TPO20ÔÄ¶ÁPassage1ÌâÄ¿£º¡¡¡¡1. What can be inferred from paragraph 1 about western farmers prior to 1815?¡¡¡¡O They had limited their crop production to wheat, corn, tobacco, and cotton.¡¡¡¡O They were able to sell their produce at high prices.¡¡¡¡O They had not been successful in raising cattle.¡¡¡¡O They did not operate in a national market economy.。

TPO20阅读解析-Passage2

Q1正确答案：C解析：momentous“重要的，重大的”，所以very important正确。

从单词本身看，意思上应该跟moment相关，“时刻的”，A和D明显不合文意。

原句提到这些变化对于本地稀疏的人口有什么影响，“常规的”影响明显不正确，答案是C。

Q2正确答案：B解析：EXCEPT题，排除法。

A/C/D都在第一段第一句中提到了，只有B没有提到，所以答案是B。

Q3正确答案：D解析：指代题，需要沿着提到的内容往前看，前一句提到由于农业和城镇的发展，人口成千上万，紧接着提到this change，说这个变化指的就是人口的增长，所以答案是D。

Q4正确答案：B解析：exploit“开采，开发，利用”，所以B的utilize正确。

原句提到当地人怎么样自然景观，之后举了很多例子，有放牧有打猎等等，都是在利用自然环境，所以是“利用”。

C“定居”和D“改善”都不正确；A选项不选，后面的例子说明不只是探索，所以答案是B。

Q5正确答案：A解析：根据这些例子找定位，提到定居点里包含很多通过贸易获得的外来物品，诸如……，所以列举的这些东西都是外来品，A是正确答案。

BCD都未提及。

Q6正确答案：D解析：cramped“局促的，狭窄的，难懂的”，所以confined正确。

原句提到在公元前9500年，一个村子的人都在一个什么样的住处里，根据句义，这里强调的是比较小，所以其他的都不合文意。

而且extend刚好和confine是相反的意思，所以D是答案。

Q7正确答案：D解析：Abu Hureyra做关键词定位至第一句的后半句和第二句的前半句，一直在说AH，接着往下看，提到接下来的1500年里，他们所在的地方气候温暖，种子丰富，所以答案是D，C与原文相反；A和B选项的内容在此并未提及。

Q8正确答案：C解析：shift“转变，转换，倒班”，所以最接近的答案是change。

原句提到漂浮的样品使得植物学家研究植物集群习惯的什么就好像在显微镜下看风景一样，风景是会变的，所以答案是change。

tpo20阅读解析

WESTWARD MIGRATION1.以1815做关键词定位至第二句，说1815年之后，交通的改善使得更多农民不再自给自足，进入全国范围内的市场经济，也就是说1815年之前是自给自足不参与市场经济的，所以答案是D。

其他选项都无关2.修辞目的题，先读例子所在句子，说向西的移民潮在30年代达到顶峰，接着就给出具体数字来解释，所以是为了说明移民的数量和范围很广，之所以说范围，是因为例子提到阿巴拉契亚山脉以西，所以答案是C。

A只说速度，不全面；B没有mistaken view；D说阿巴拉契亚有吸引力纯属扯淡3.fringe边缘，次要，额外补贴，所以正确答案是boarder，原句说社会使那些人一直向西迁移，跨过了定居的什么，既然是一直向西迁移，当然是跨过边界，所以A是答案，其他都不靠谱4.EXCEPT题，但这道题用正选更好。

以reason做关键词定位至第二句的explain，定位不到的话就看首句，往下看也能看到。

第一个原因说了欧洲人一直住在一个地方，而美国人不是，对应答案A；第二个原因说欧洲社会等级森严，换工作没那么容易，而美国刚好相反，分别对应C和B选项，所以D没有对应，答案是D5.本句的主干就是西部有很多吸引人之处。

所以答案是B，A/C/D的比较原文都没说6.以1820做关键词定位至第二句，说1820年通过的新法案使农民可以用100USD买土地，后面又说银行业的兴盛使得那些没钱的人能得到纸币贷款，所以是农民买得起土地，正确答案是B。

A的government-support，C的require和D的sell都没说7.proliferation扩张，扩散，增殖，所以答案是growth。

接上题，银行的怎么样使得没钱的人得到贷款，importance完全不对；银行成功了或者跟银行合作人们都不一定能拿到贷款，success和cooperation都不对8.以turnpike做关键词定位至后面两句，说改善运输状况的第一步是建公路，使得运输和农业的成本降低，所以答案是D鼓励人们卖东西。

【托福写作备考】TPO20综合写作文本与解析

【托福写作备考】TPO20综合写作文本与解析TPO 20先来看看以下的阅读材料：In the United States, it had been common practice since the late 1960s not tosuppress natural forest fires. The “let it burn” policy assumed that forestfires would burn themselves out quickly, without causing much damage. However,in the summer of 1988, forest fires in Yellowstone, the most famous nationalpark in the country, burned for more than two months and spread over a hugearea, encompassing more than 800,000 acres. Because of the large scale of thedamage, many people called for replacing the “let it burn” policy with a policyof extinguishing forest fires as soon as they appeared. Three kinds of damagecaused by the “let it burn” policy were emphasized by critics of the policy.中文翻译：在美国，从1960年代末开始就非常普遍地对森林大火采取不扑灭的策略。

这种”随它燃烧”的策略认为森林大火可以在不造成太多损失的情况下迅速燃烧完。

然后，1988年发生在美国最出名的黄石国家公园的森林大火却整整燃烧了两个月，蔓延了80万英亩。

托福TPO20口语Task4阅读文本+听力文本+题目+满分范文

托福TPO20口语Task4阅读文本+听力文本+题目+满分范文为了帮助大家高效备考托福，为大家带来托福TPO20口语T ask4阅读文本+听力文本+题目+满分范文，希望对大家备考有所帮助。

托福TPO20口语Task4阅读文本：FranchisingMany popular and well-known business chains, such as fast food restaurants, use a practice known as franchising. In franchising, someone who wants to open a store or restaurant pays an established company for the right to use the company’s name and sell the company’s products. Selling an established, in-demand product that has immediate name recognition benefits the new business by reducing the risk that the business will fail. In exchange, the new business agrees to follow all of the standard practices of the company with the name it wants to use.托福TPO20口语Task4听力文本：Now listen to part of a lecture on this topic in a business management class.(male professor) OK, so we've been talking about starting a business. Let's say I want to open up a pizza restaurant. Well, I know how tough it is to make a new business succeed. And I want a sure thing, so I contact the big company that owns a chain of pizza places. Let's say it's called, “Pizza Town.” And I pay for the rights to call my restaurant Pizza Town and to sell Pizza Town's special, one of a kind, pizza.Now, since everyone has heard of Pizza Town, it's really popular, I don't have to worry about whether people would want to eat my pizza or not, I already know this pizza will sell well because it's a known thing. And that means there's a better chance my business will succeed.Now, in exchange for being able to call my restaurant Pizza Town, I haveto agree to run the business the Pizza Town way. And Pizza Town trains me to do this. They show me how to do everything, how to make my pizzas taste like Pizza Town pizzas, how to advertise, even how to make my store look like a Pizza Town. Now, this means that I don’t have a lot of freedom or choice in the way I run my business. But in a lot of ways, this is great for me. After all, Pizza Town’s way generally works. They sel l a lot of pizza.托福TPO20口语Task4题目：Using the example given by the professor, explain how franchising works.托福TPO20口语Task4满分范文：Franchising is a business practice in which someone pays an established company to buy the right to use the company's name and sell its product. For example, the professor wants to open a pizza restaurant, so he pays some money to an established company called Pizza Town for the right to run a Pizza Town restaurant. Since Pizza T own is already very famous and popular, the professor doesn't have to worry whether there will be customers. So he'll have a better chance of success. And also, his restaurant has to follow all the standardized practice of Pizza Town restaurant, like the decoration of the restaurant and the ad, and his staffs have to be trained by the company to produce the very same Pizza Town pizza. Therefore, even though he doesn't have much freedom, the professor can still make the business succeed through the practice of franchising. (127 words) 以上是给大家整理的托福TPO20口语T ask4阅读文本+听力文本+题目+满分范文，希望对你有所帮助!。

托福TPO20阅读题目及答案

C.Farmers living in western areas of the United States were more affected by soil erosion that farmers living in eastern areas.
D.The soil in western areas of the United States was richer than soil in eastern areas.
A.To illustrate that generally population shifts occur rapidly
B.To correct a mistaken impression of American agriculture from 1810 to 1840
C.To emphasize the range and speed with which the westward migration occurred
D.To demonstrate how attractive the Appalachian Mountains were to Americans
Paragraph 2
Q3 The word ‘fringes’ in the passage is closest in meaning to
A.Borders
TPO
Paragraph 1
Q1 What can be inferred from paragraph 1 about western farmers prior to 1815?
A.They had limited their crop production to wheat, corn, tobacco, and cotton.

托福备考托福阅读34套TPO样题+解析+译文TPO20--2 Early Settlements in the Southwest Asia

托福考试复习托福阅读TPO20(试题+答案+译文)第2篇:Early Settlements in the Southwest Asia托福阅读原文【1】The universal global warming at the end of the Ice Age had dramatic effects on temperate regions of Asia, Europe, and North America. Ice sheets retreated and sea levels rose. The climatic changes in southwestern Asia were more subtle, in that they involved shifts in mountain snow lines, rainfall patterns, and vegetation cover. However, these same cycles of change had momentous impacts on the sparse human populations of the region. At the end of the Ice Age, no more than a few thousand foragers lived along the eastern Mediterranean coast, in the Jordan and Euphrates valleys. Within 2,000 years, the human population of the region numbered in the tens of thousands, all as a result of village life and farming. Thanks to new environmental and archaeological discoveries, we now know something about this remarkable change in local life.【2】Pollen samples from freshwater lakes in Syria and elsewhere tell us forest cover expanded rapidly at the end of the Ice Age, for the southwestern Asian climate was still cooler and considerably wetter than today. Many areas were richer in animal and plant species than they arenow, making them highly favorable for human occupation. About 9000 B.C., most human settlements lay in the area along the Mediterranean coast and in the Zagros Mountains of Iran and their foothills. Some local areas, like the Jordan River valley, the middle Euphrates valley, and some Zagros valleys, were more densely populated than elsewhere. Here more sedentary and more complex societies flourished. These people exploited the landscape intensively, foraging on hill slopes for wild cereal grasses and nuts, while hunting gazelle and other game on grassy lowlands and in river valleys. Their settlements contain exotic objects such as seashells, stone bowls, and artifacts made of obsidian (volcanic glass), all traded from afar. This considerable volume of intercommunity exchange brought a degree of social complexity in its wake.【3】Thanks to extremely fine-grained excavation and extensive use of flotation methods (through which seeds are recovered from soil samples), we know a great deal about the foraging practices of the inhabitants of Abu Hureyra in Syria's Euphrates valley. Abu Hureyra was founded about 9500B.C, a small village settlement of cramped pit dwellings (houses dug partially in the soil) with reed roofs supported by wooden uprights. For the next 1,500 years, its inhabitants enjoyed a somewhat warmer and damper climate than today, living in a well-wooded steppe area where wild cereal grasses were abundant. They subsisted off spring migrations of Persian gazelles from the south. With such a favorable location, about300 to 400 people lived in a sizable, permanent settlement. They were no longer a series of small bands but lived in a large community with more elaborate social organization, probably grouped into clans of people of common descent.【4】The flotation samples from the excavations allowed botanists to study shifts in plant-collecting habits as if they were looking through a telescope at a changing landscape. Hundreds of tiny plant remains show how the inhabitants exploited nut harvests in nearby pistachio and oak forests. However, as the climate dried up, the forests retreated from the vicinity of the settlement. The inhabitants turned to wild cereal grasses instead, collecting them by the thousands, while the percentage of nuts in the diet fell. By 8200B.C., drought conditions were so severe that the people abandoned their long-established settlement, perhaps dispersing into smaller camps.【5】Five centuries later, about 7700B.C., a new village rose on the mound. At first the inhabitants still hunted gazelle intensively. Then, about 7000 B.C., within the space of a few generations, they switched abruptly to herding domesticated goats and sheep and to growing einkorn, pulses, and other cereal grasses. Abu Hureyra grew rapidly until it covered nearly 30 acres. It was a close-knit community of rectangular, one-story mud-brick houses, joined by narrow lanes and courtyards, finally abandoned about 5000 B.C.. Many complex factors led to the adoption of the neweconomies, not only at Abu Hureyra, but at many other locations such as 'Ain Ghazal, also in Syria, where goat toe bones showing the telltale marks of abrasion caused by foot tethering (binding) testify to early herding of domestic stock.托福阅读试题1.The word "momentous" in the passage (paragraph 1) is closest in meaning toA.numerous.B.regular.C.very important.D.very positive.2.Major climatic changes occurred by the end of the Ice Age in all of the following geographic areas EXCEPTA.temperate regions of Asia.B.southwestern Asia.C.North America.D.Europe.3.The phrase "this remarkable change" in the passage (paragraph 1)refers toA.warming at the end of the Ice Age.B.shifts in mountain snow lines.C.the movement of people from farms to villages.D.a dramatic increase in the population.4.The word "exploited" in the passage (paragraph 2) is closest in meaning toA.explored.B.utilized.C.inhabited.D.improved.5.Why does the author mention "seashells, stone bowls, and artifacts made of obsidian" in paragraph 2?A.To give examples of objects obtained through trade with other societies.B.To illustrate the kinds of objects that are preserved in a cool climate.C.To provide evidence that the organization of work was specialized.D.To give examples of the artistic ability of local populations.6.The word "cramped" in the passage (paragraph 3) is closest in meaning toA.primitive.B.secure.C.extended.D.confined.7.Paragraph 3 suggests which of the following about the settlement of Abu Hureyra?A.The settlement was inhabited by small groups of people from nearby areas.B.Small bands of people migrated in and out of the settlement.C.The location of the settlement made permanent development difficult.D.The easy availability of food led to the growth of the settlement.8.The word "shifts" in the passage (paragraph 4) is closest in meaning toA.effects.B.similarities.C.changes.D.exceptions.9.Paragraph 4 suggests that the people of Abu Hureyra abandoned their long-established settlement becauseA.the inhabitants had cleared all the trees from the forests.B.wild cereal grasses took over pistachio and oak forests.C.people wanted to explore new areas.ck of rain caused food shortages.10.According to paragraph 5, after 7000 B.C. the settlement of Abu Hureyra differed from earlier settlements at that location in all of the following EXCEPTA.the domestication of animals.B.the intensive hunting of gazelle.C.the size of the settlement.D.the design of the dwellings.11.The word "abruptly" in the passage (paragraph 5) is closest in meaning tormally.B.briefly.C.suddenly.D.surprisingly.12.Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage (paragraph 5)? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essentialinformation.A.In many areas besides Abu Hureyra, complex factors led to new economies including the herding of domestic stock.B.In 'Ain Ghazal and Syria, domestic stock was more important than it was at Abu Hureyra.C.Once early methods of herding animals improved, new economies were adopted.D.Many complex theories attempt to explain the early domestication of animals.13. Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence can be added to the passage. Where would the sentence best fit? Click on a square [■] to insert the sentence in the passage. One of the major effects was the rapid growth of the human population itself.The universal global warming at the end of the Ice Age had dramatic effects on temperate regions of Asia, Europe, and North America. Ice sheets retreated and sea levels rose.■【A】The climatic changes in southwestern Asia were more subtle, in that they involved shifts in mountain snow lines, rainfall patterns, and vegetation cover. ■【B】However, these same cycles of change had momentous impacts on the sparse human populations of the region. ■【C】At the end of the Ice Age, no more than a few thousand foragers lived along the eastern Mediterranean coast, in the Jordan and Euphrates valleys. Within 2,000 years, the human population of the region numbered in the tens of thousands, all as a result of village life and farming. ■【D】Thanks to new environmental and archaeological discoveries, we now know something about this remarkable change in local life.14. Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some answer choices do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.At the end of the Ice Age, patterns of human settlement changed in southwestern Asia.A.Wild cereals, grasses, and nuts were exchanged for exotic objects.B.Changes in climatic conditions made southwestern Asia highly beneficial to human occupants.C.Social organization in Abu Hureyra decreased as the population grew.D.The favorable location of Abu Hureyra kept the city from experiencing hardship during drought years.E.Within 2,000 years, populations in southwestern Asia greatly increasedin number.F.In rich, fertile areas permanent societies evolved to a high level of complexity.托福阅读答案1.momentous重要的，重大的，所以very important正确。

托福TPO20口语Task3阅读文本+听力文本+题目+满分范文

为了帮助大家高效备考托福，为大家带来托福TPO20口语Task3阅读文本+听力文本+题目+满分范文，希望对大家备考有所帮助。

托福TPO20口语Task3阅读文本： Energy costs reach sky-high levels Heating prices, and the university’s heating bills, reached record-high levels this year. In an effort to reduce heating costs, the university plans to lower the temperature in all classroom buildings on weekends and on weekdays after five P.M., when the day’s classes have officially ended. Because classes will not be in session at these times, the reduced heat should have no negative impact on students and their studies. The university considers it essential that the cost-saving measures not interfere with student activities. 托福TPO20口语Task3听力文本： Now listen to two students discussing the article. (woman) What on earth is the university thinking? (man) Huh? What do you mean? (woman) Well, those buildings aren't just used for classes. That's where my evening study group usually meets. (man) Oh, of course, that's true. But you could go to the library instead. (woman) Yeah, but the library only has a few rooms that people can use for group meetings which is why classrooms are so convenient. But now, if it's winter and cold, where can we go? (man) Right! In the middle of winter, forget it! Or even it's just kind of cold out. (woman) It'd be pretty unpleasant. (man) Oh, but still, they obviously have to do something about the situation. (woman) Oh, I agree. They have to do something but they should find a solution that isn't so disruptive, to academics no less. (man) Such as? (woman) Well, for one, if they replaced all those old windows, they are so drafty. They let the cold in.And if they insulated the buildings better, these are really old buildings. Charming, but, (man) But not at all energy-efficient, yeah, you’re probably right. (woman) There’re some really basic improvements they can make that’ll make a huge difference in the long term that can solve the problem and still leave us somewhere to study. 托福TPO20口语Task3题目： The woman expresses her opinion about the plan described in the article. State her opinion and explain the reasons she gives for holding that opinion. 托福TPO20口语Task3满分范文： Well, the woman disagrees with the article for two main reasons. First of all, she that the classroom buildings are not only just for classes, but also a convenient place for her evening study group to meet. She thinks her study group couldn't go to the library because there are only a few rooms there for group meeting. If it is winter and cold, her study group would have nowhere to go. Secondly, she thinks that the university could do something else to reduce its energy cost. For example, they could replace the old drafty windows to get the building more energy-efficient. She believes that there are basic improvements that the university can do to make a huge difference in the long term, but the university should leave convenient places for the students to study. So the woman disagrees with the plan for the reasons stated above. (147 words) 以上是给大家整理的托福TPO20口语Task3阅读文本+听力文本+题目+满分范文，希望对你有所帮助!。

托福备考托福阅读34套TPO样题+解析+译文TPO20--3 Fossil Preservation

托福考试复习托福阅读TPO20(试题+答案+译文)第3篇:Fossil Preservation托福阅读原文【1】When one considers the many ways by which organisms are completely destroyed after death, it is remarkable that fossils are as common as they are. Attack by scavengers and bacteria, chemical decay, and destruction by erosion and other geologic agencies make the odds against preservation very high. However, the chances of escaping complete destruction are vastly improved if the organism happens to have a mineralized skeleton and dies in a place where it can be quickly buried by sediment. Both of these conditions are often found on the ocean floors, where shelled invertebrates (organisms without spines) flourish and are covered by the continuous rain of sedimentary particles. Although most fossils are found in marine sedimentary rocks, they also are found in terrestrial deposits left by streams and lakes. On occasion, animals and plants have been preserved after becoming immersed in tar or quicksand, trapped in ice or lava flows, or engulfed by rapid falls of volcanic ash.【2】The term "fossil" often implies petrifaction, literally a transformation into stone. After the death of an organism, the soft tissue is ordinarily consumed by scavengers and bacteria. The empty shell of a snail or clammay be left behind, and if it is sufficiently durable and resistant to dissolution, it may remain basically unchanged for a long period of time. Indeed, unaltered shells of marine invertebrates are known from deposits over 100 million years old. In many marine creatures, however, the skeleton is composed of a mineral variety of calcium carbonate called aragonite. Although aragonite has the same composition as the more familiar mineral known as calcite, it has a different crystal form, is relatively unstable, and in time changes to the more stable calcite.【3】Many other processes may alter the shell of a clam or snail and enhance its chances for preservation. Water containing dissolved silica, calcium carbonate, or iron may circulate through the enclosing sediment and be deposited in cavities such as marrow cavities and canals in bone once occupied by blood vessels and nerves. In such cases, the original composition of the bone or shell remains, but the fossil is made harder and more durable. This addition of a chemically precipitated substance into pore spaces is termed "permineralization."【4】Petrifaction may also involve a simultaneous exchange of the original substance of a dead plant or animal with mineral matter of a different composition. This process is termed " replacement" because solutions have dissolved the original material and replaced it with an equal volumeof the new substance. Replacement can be a marvelously precise process, so that details of shell ornamentation, tree rings in wood, and delicate structures in bone are accurately preserved.【5】Another type of fossilization, known as carbonization, occurs when soft tissues are preserved as thin films of carbon. Leaves and tissue of soft-bodied organisms such as jellyfish or worms may accumulate, become buried and compressed, and lose their volatile constituents. The carbon often remains behind as a blackened silhouette.【6】Although it is certainly true that the possession of hard parts enhances the prospect of preservation, organisms having soft tissues and organs are also occasionally preserved. Insects and even small invertebrates have been found preserved in the hardened resins of conifers and certain other trees. X-ray examination of thin slabs of rock sometimes reveals the ghostly outlines of tentacles, digestive tracts, and visual organs of a variety of marine creatures. Soft parts, including skin, hair, and viscera of ice age mammoths, have been preserved in frozen soil or in the oozing tar of oil seeps.【7】The probability that actual remains of soft tissue will be preserved is improved if the organism dies in an environment of rapid deposition and oxygen deprivation. Under such conditions, the destructive effects ofbacteria are diminished. The Middle Eocene Messel Shale (from about 48 million years ago) of Germany accumulated in such an environment. The shale was deposited in an oxygen-deficient lake where lethal gases sometimes bubbled up and killed animals. Their remains accumulated on the floor of the lake and were then covered by clay and silt. Among the superbly preserved Messel fossils are insects with iridescent exoskeletons (hard outer coverings), frogs with skin and blood vessels intact, and even entire small mammals with preserved fur and soft tissue.托福阅读试题1.The word "agencies" in the passage (paragraph 1) is closest in meaning tobinations.B.problems.C.forces.D.changes.2.In paragraph 1, what is the author's purpose in providing examples of how organisms are destroyed?A.To emphasize how surprising it is that so many fossils exist.B.To introduce a new geologic theory of fossil preservation.C.To explain why the fossil record until now has remained incomplete.D.To compare how fossils form on land and in water.3.The word "terrestrial" in the passage (paragraph 1) is closest in meaning tond.B.protected.C.alternative.D.similar.4.Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage (paragraph 2)? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.A.When snail or clam shells are left behind, they must be empty in order to remain durable and resist dissolution.B.Although snail and clam shells are durable and resist dissolving, over time they slowly begin to change.C.Although the soft parts of snails or clams dissolve quickly, their hard shells resist dissolution for a long time.D.Empty snail or clam shells that are strong enough not to dissolve may stay in their original state for a long time.5.Why does the author mention "aragonite" in the passage (paragraph 2)?A.To emphasize that some fossils remain unaltered for millions of years.B.To contrast fossil formation in organisms with soft tissue and in organisms with hard shells.C.To explain that some marine organisms must undergo chemical changes in order to fossilize.D.To explain why fossil shells are more likely to survive than are fossil skeletons.6.The word "enhance" in the passage (paragraph 3) is closest in meaning toA.control.B.limit.bine.D.increase.7.Which of the following best explains the process of permineralization mentioned in paragraph 3?A.Water containing calcium carbonate circulates through a shell and deposits sediment.B.Liquid containing chemicals hardens an already existing fossil structure.C.Water passes through sediment surrounding a fossil and removes its chemical content.D.A chemical substance enters a fossil and changes its shape.8.The word "precise" in the passage (paragraph 4) is closest in meaning toplex.B.quick.C.exact.D.reliable.9.Paragraph 5 suggests which of the following about the carbonization process?A.It is completed soon after an organism dies.B.It does not occur in hard-shell organisms.C.It sometimes allows soft-tissued organisms to be preserved with all their parts.D.It is a more precise process of preservation than is replacement.10.The word "prospect" in the passage (paragraph 6) is closest in meaning topletion.B.variety.C.possibility.D.speed.11.According to paragraph 7, how do environments containing oxygen affect fossil preservation?A.They increase the probability that soft-tissued organisms will become fossils.B.They lead to more bacteria production.C.They slow the rate at which clay and silt are deposited.D.They reduce the chance that animal remains will be preserved.12.According to paragraph 7，all of the following assist in fossil preservation EXCEPTA.the presence of calcite in an organism's skeleton.B.the presence of large open areas along an ocean floor.C.the deposition of a fossil in sticky substances such as sap or tar.D.the rapid burial of an organism under layers of silt.13. Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence can be added to the passage. Where would the sentence best fit? Click on a square [■] to insert the sentence in the passage. But theevidence of past organic life is not limited to petrifaction. ■【A】Another type of fossilization, known as carbonization, occurs when soft tissues are preserved as thin films of carbon. ■【B】Leaves and tissue of soft-bodied organisms such as jellyfish or worms may accumulate, become buried and compressed, and lose their volatile constituents. ■【C】The carbon often remains behind as a blackened silhouette.■【D】14. Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some answer choices do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points. The remains of ancient life are amazingly well preserved in the form of fossils.A.Environmental characteristics like those present on ocean floors increase the likelihood that plant and animal fossils will occur.B.Fossils are more likely to be preserved in shale deposits than in deposits of clay and silt.C.The shells of organisms can be preserved by processes of chemical precipitation or mineral exchange.D.Freezing enables the soft parts of organisms to survive longer than the hard parts.paratively few fossils are found in the terrestrial deposits of streams and lakes.F.Thin films of carbon may remain as an indication of soft tissue or actual tissue may be preserved if exposure to bacteria is limited.托福阅读答案1.agency代理，中介，作用，所以答案是force，选C。

托福TPO20口语Task4阅读文本+听力文本+题目+满分范文

为了帮助大家高效备考托福，为大家带来托福TPO20口语Task4阅读文本+听力文本+题目+满分范文，希望对大家备考有所帮助。

托福TPO20口语Task4阅读文本： Franchising Many popular and well-known business chains, such as fast food restaurants, use a practice known as franchising. In franchising, someone who wants to open a store or restaurant pays an established company for the right to use the company’s name and sell the company’s products. Selling an established, in-demand product that has immediate name recognition benefits the new business by reducing the risk that the business will fail. In exchange, the new business agrees to follow all of the standard practices of the company with the name it wants to use. 托福TPO20口语Task4听力文本： Now listen to part of a lecture on this topic in a business management class. (male professor) OK, so we've been talking about starting a business. Let's say I want to open up a pizza restaurant. Well, I know how tough it is to make a new business succeed. And I want a sure thing, so I contact the big company that owns a chain of pizza places. Let's say it's called, “Pizza Town.” And I pay for the rights to call my restaurant Pizza Town and to sell Pizza Town's special, one of a kind, pizza.Now, since everyone has heard of Pizza Town, it's really popular, I don't have to worry about whether people would want to eat my pizza or not, I already know this pizza will sell well because it's a known thing. And that means there's a better chance my business will succeed.Now, in exchange for being able to call my restaurant Pizza Town, I have to agree to run the business the Pizza Town way. And Pizza Town trains me to do this. They show me how to do everything, how to make my pizzas taste like Pizza Town pizzas, how to advertise, even how to make my store look like a Pizza Town. Now, this means that I don’t have a lot of freedom or choice in the way I run my business. But in a lot of ways, this is great for me. After all, Pizza Town’s way generally works. They sell a lot of pizza. 托福TPO20口语Task4题目： Using the example given by the professor, explain how franchising works. 托福TPO20口语Task4满分范文： Franchising is a business practice in which someone pays an established company to buy the right to use the company's name and sell its product. For example, the professor wants to open a pizza restaurant, so he pays some money to an establishedcompany called Pizza Town for the right to run a Pizza Town restaurant. Since Pizza Town is already very famous and popular, the professor doesn't have to worry whether there will be customers. So he'll have a better chance of success. And also, his restaurant has to follow all the standardized practice of Pizza Town restaurant, like the decoration of the restaurant and the ad, and his staffs have to be trained by the company to produce the very same Pizza Town pizza. Therefore, even though he doesn't have much freedom, the professor can still make the business succeed through the practice of franchising. (127 words) 以上是给大家整理的托福TPO20口语Task4阅读文本+听力文本+题目+满分范文，希望对你有所帮助!。

托福TPO20综合写作阅读原文+听力原文+满分范文

¡¡¡¡ÎªÁË°ïÖú´ó¼Ò¸ßÐ§±¸¿¼ÍÐ¸££¬Îª´ó¼Ò´øÀ´ÍÐ¸£TPO20×ÛºÏÐ´×÷ÔÄ¶ÁÔÎÄ+ÌýÁ¦ÔÎÄ+Âú·Ö·¶ÎÄ£¬Ï£Íû¶Ô´ó¼Ò±¸¿¼ÓÐËù°ïÖú¡£¡¡¡¡ÍÐ¸£TPO20×ÛºÏÐ´×÷ÔÄ¶ÁÔÎÄÎÄ±¾£º¡¡¡¡In the United States, it had been common practice since the late 1960s not to suppress natural forest fires. The ¡°let it burn¡± policy assumed that forest fire would burn themselves out quickly, without causing much damage. However, in the summer of 1988, forest fires in Yellowstone, the most famous national park in the country, burned for more than two months and spread over a huge area, encompassing more than 800,000 acres. Because of the large scale of the damage, many people called for replacing the ¡°let it burn¡± policy with a policy of extinguishing forest fires as soon as they appeared. Three kinds of damage caused by the ¡°let it burn¡± policy were emphasized by critics of the policy. First, Yellowstone fires caused tremendous damage to the park¡¯s trees and other vegetation. When the fires finally died out, nearly one third of Yellowstone¡¯s land had been scorched. Trees were charred and blackened from flames and smoke. Smaller plants were entirely incinerated. What had been a national treasure now seemed like a devastated wasteland. Second, the park wildlife was affected as well. Large animals like deer and elk were seen fleeing the fire. Many smaller species were probably unable to escape. There was also concern that the destruction of habitats and the disruption of food chains would make it impossible for the animals that survived the fire to return. Third, the fires compromised the value of the park as a tourist attraction, which in turn had negative consequences for the local economy. With several thousand acres of the park engulfed in flames, the tourist season was cut short, and a large number of visitors decided to stay away. Of course, local businesses that depended on park visitors suffered as a result.¡¡¡¡ÍÐ¸£TPO20×ÛºÏÐ´×÷ÌýÁ¦ÔÎÄÎÄ±¾£º¡¡¡¡Actually fires are natural part of ecological cycle and their role is not just destructive but also creative. That is why the ¡°let it burn¡± policy is fundamentally a good one, even if it sometimes causes fires of the 1988 Yellowstone fire. Let's look at what happened after 1988 Yellowstone fire.First, vegetation. As you might imagine, scorched areas were in time colonized by new plants. As a matter of fact, the plants in Yellowstone became more diverse because the fire created an opportunity for certain plants that could not grow otherwise. For example, areas where the trees have been destroyed by fire could now be taken over by smaller plants that needed open and shaded space to grow. And another example, seeds of certain plants species won't germinate unless they're exposed to very high levels of heat. So, those plants started appearing after the fire as well. It's a similar story with the animals.Not only did their population recover, but the fire also created new opportunities. For instance, the small plants that replaced trees after the fire created an ideal habitat for certain small animals like rabbits and hares. And when rabbits and hares startedthriving, so did some predators that depended on them for food. So, certain food chains actually became stronger after the fire than they were before.And last, fires like 19888 Yellowstone fire would be a problem for tourism if they happened every year.But they don't. It was a very unusual combination of factors that year, low rainfall, unusually strong winds, accumulation of dry undergrowth that caused fire to be so massive. This combination has not occurred since and Yellowstone has not seen sucha fire since 1988. Visitors came back to the park next year and each year after that.¡¡¡¡ÍÐ¸£TPO20×ÛºÏÐ´×÷Âú·Ö·¶ÎÄ1£º¡¡¡¡The reading passage argues that the "let it burn" policy should be replaced bythe policy of extinguishing forest fires as soon as they appeared. However, the professor raises serious counterarguments against the reading paragraph by providing three aspects as listed below: First, according to the speaker, the natural forest fires are a cycle of creative even they have a large scale of the damage, and afterthe fires, new plants which became more diverse than before existed in the Yellowstone.For example, some big plants were replaced by the small ones appeared in the Yellowstonedue to the open and shaded lands. Another example is that it was a better place for certain seeds thanks to the high level of the heat. This point directly contradicts what the passage indicates. Second, the reading passage states that the fire wasa destruction of habitats and the disruption of the food chain. The professor, however, stated that the population had already recovered, and created some ideal habitatsfor the small animals such as rabbits and hares. Moreover, since the rabbits and hares began to live there, the predators who lived on them came to live in the Yellowstone, too. Therefore, certain food chain was stronger than before. This is another point where the listening opposes the reading passage. Third, quite different from whathad been stated in the reading passage, the lecturer said that the fire in 1988 was quite unusual and it did not happen every year. Moreover, the massive fire was causedby the low rain fall and the strong wind, which would not occur again. Besides, the victors still come back to the Yellowstone next year and each year after that. This point refutes the view stated in the reading passage.¡¡¡¡ÍÐ¸£TPO20×ÛºÏÐ´×÷Âú·Ö·¶ÎÄ2£º¡¡¡¡The reading passage argues that the "let it burn" policy should be replaced bythe policy of extinguishing forest fires as soon as they appeared. However, the professor raises serious counterarguments against the reading paragraph by providing three aspects as listed below: First, according to the reading, Yellowstone fires caused great damage to the park¡¯s trees and other vegetation. However, the professor refutes with the fact that the plants in Yellowstone became more diverse and some new species colonized scorched area. For example, some big plants were replaced bythe small ones appeared in the Yellowstone due to the open and shaded lands. Also, high levels of heat contributes to the germination of seeds of certain plants. Second, the reading passage states that the fire caused destruction of habitats and。

TPO20L4题目解析

TPO20 Lecture41. What is the lecture mainly about? 兔子，变色，适应环境，听到adaptA. Typical features of the snowshoe hare that do not否定词要仔细看result from adaption.B. V arious strategies used by snowshoe hares to find food细节，主题题目当中出现细节直接排除during the winter.C. Characteristics that snowshoe hares have developed in response to their environment.D. Interactions between snowshoe hares and human同B populations in the state of Maine.主题题出现细节一定错，对比和改变（天气变化）要留意2. According to the professor, what causes the snowshoe hare’s fur to begin turningwhite? 考原因，伪装保护自己，白天阳光改变，兔子毛色改变，白天越来越短，毛色变得越来越白。

A. A decrease in the hours that the Sun is up each day.B. A sudden drop in temperature. 兔子有时会变错，比如气温突然下降，通常变色取决于阳光C. The increasing amount of snow on the ground.D. The changing nature of the food supply在开头或结尾说的，不会是中间题目的答案，注意位置对应.3. Why might an early snowfall be a particular dangerous笔记要记为什么危险time for the snowshoe hare? 听的时候不是听一个词记一个词，主要是要理解A. Its feet would not yet have grown to resemble相似，经常是错误选项的关键词，如果原文中没有明显对应，一定是错的snowshoes.B. Its babies未出现would not yet be able to keep themselves warms.C. Its chances of being seen by a predator are much higher.D. It might not be able to locate whether it stored its food在结尾出现，顺序出题原则，排除supply.4. The professor implies that the snowshoe hare has an advantage脚，宽，薄，摊开重量，在上面跑，不会下沉over other animals because of its unusual feet. What is that advantage?A. It can reach food与脚无关in higher locations better than its competitors.B. It can stay warm原文明确否定in cold weather longer than its competitors.C. It can outrun its predators in deep snow.D. It can dig没有提到under the snow to hid from its predators.5.The professor explains that the snowshoe hare’s supply is available year-round. What does the availability of the food allow the snow shoe hare to do?A. Store body fat for the cold months. 说到食物，Lean瘦，light weight，很轻，食物,rich，触手可得，不需要store fatB. Remain lightweight through the winter.C. Give birth during the winter.D. Grow fur quickly during the first year after birth.6. Why does the student say this: 直接能听懂最好，重放录音有规律，如果录音是对话，考说话方式，是互相支持或反对，如果明确的否定或转折的词汇，就选支持。

TPO 20阅读详细解析

TPO 20Q1 What can be inferred from paragraph 1 about western farmers prior to 1815?○They had limited their crop production to wheat, corn, tobacco, and cotton.○They were able to sell their produce at high prices.○They had not been successful in raisin g cattle. ○They did not operate in a national market economy.Q2 What is the purpose of the statement, “whereas in 1810 only a seventy of the American people lived west of Appalachian Mountains, by 1840 more than a third lived there”?○To illustrate that generally population shifts occur rapidly○To correct a mistaken impression of American agriculture from 1810 to 1840○To emphasize the range and speed with which the westward migration occurred○To demonstrate how attractive the Appalachian Mountains were to AmericansQ3 The word ‘fringes’ in the passage is closest in meaning to○Borders○Groups○Types○DirectionsQ4 According to paragraph 2, all of the following are reasons why Americans migrated westward EXCEPT○The desire to move from one pace to the next○The hope of improving their socioeconomic status○The opportunity to change jobs○The need to escape religious or political crisesQ5 Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlightedWestward migrationThe story of the westward movement of population in the united states is, in the main, the story of the expansion of American agriculture-of the development of new areas for the raising of livestock and the cultivation of wheat, corn, tobacco, and cotton. After 1815 improved transportation enabled more and more western farmers to escape a self-sufficient way of life and enter a national market economy during periods when commodity prices were high, the rate of westward migration increased spectacularly. “old America seemed to be breaking up and moving westward,” observed an English visitor in 1817, during the first great wave of migration. Emigration to the west reached a peak in the 1830’s. whereas in 1810 only a seventy of the American people lived west of the Appalachian mountains, by 1840 more than a third lived there.Why were these hundreds of thousands of setters-most of them farmers some of them artisans-drawn away from the cleared fields and established cities and villages of the East? Certain characteristics of American society help to explain this remarkable migration. The European ancestors of some Americans had for centuries lived rooted to the same village or piece of land until some religious, political, or economic crisis uprooted them and drove them across the Atlantic. Many of those who experienced this sharp break thereafter lacked the ties that had bound them and their ancestors to a single place. Moreover, European society was relatively stratified;sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.○Because the West had more rivers and forests than the East, its soil was more productive.○The fertile soils of the West drew farmers from regions with barren soils.○Farmers living in western areas of the United States were more affected by soil erosion that farmers living in eastern areas.○The soil in western areas of the United States was richer than soil in eastern areas.Q6 According to paragraph 3, what was the significance of the land law passed in 1820?○It granted government-supported loans to farmers.○It provided farmland at an affordable price.○It required banks to offer loans to farmers.○It enabled farmers to sell their land for a profit.Q7 The word “proliferation” in the passage is closest in meaning to○Growth○Cooperation○Importance○Success occupation and social status were inherited. In American society, however, the class structure was less rigid; some people changed occupations easily and believed it was their duty to improve their social and economic position. As a result, many Americans were an inveterately restless, rootless, and ambitious people. Therefore, these social and economic position. As a result, many Americans were an inveterately restless, rootless, and ambitious people. Therefore, these social traits helped to produce the nomadic and daring settlers who kept pushing westward beyond the fringes of settlement. In addition, there were other immigrants who migrated west in search of new homes, material success, and better lives.The west had plenty of attractions: the alluvial river bottoms, the fecund soils of the rolling forest lands, the black loams of the prairies were tempting to New England farmers working their rock, sterile land and to southeastern farmers plagued with soil depletion and erosion. In 1820 under a new land law, a farm could be bought for 100. The continued proliferation of banks made it easier for those without cash to negotiate loans in paper money. Western farmers borrowed with the confident expectation that the exploding economy would keep farm prices high, thus making it easy to repay loans when they fell due.Q8 Paragraph4suggests that turnpikes affected farmers by○Making the price of grain uniform for both eastern and western farmers○Maki ng western farm products more profitable than eastern farm products.○Allowing farmers to drive their livestock across mountain trails○Allowing a greater number of farmers to sell their farm products in a commercial marketQ9 The word “superseded” in the passage is closest in meaning to○Replaced○Reformed○Equaled○IncreasedQ10 The word “diverted” in the passage is closest in meaning to○Collected shifted○Shifted○Transported○SoldQ11 Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 5 about flatboats and keelboats?○They ceased to b used as soon as the first turnpikes were built.○They were slower and more expensive to operate than steamboats.○They were used for long distance but not for regional transportation.○They were used p rimarily on the Erie Canal.Transportation was becoming less of a problem of those who wished to move west and for those who wished to move west and for those who had far surpluses to sen d to market. ■Prior to 1815, western farmers who did not live on navigable waterways were connected to them only by dirt roads and mountain trails. ■ Livestock could be driven across the mountains, but the cost of transporting bulky grains in this fashion was several times greater than their value in eastern markets. ■ The first step toward an improvement of western transportation was the construction of turnpikes. ■ These roads made possible a reduction in transportation csts and thus agriculture along their routes.Two other developments presaged the end of the era of turnpikes and stared a transportation revolution that resulted in increased regional specialization and the growth of a national market economy First came the steamboat; although flatboats and keelboats continued to be important until the 1850’s, steamboats eventually superseded all other craft in the carrying of passengers and freight. Steamboats were not only faster but also transported upriver freight for about one tenth of what it had previously cost on hand-propelled keelboats. Next came the Erie canal, an enormous project in its day, spanning about 350 miles. After the canal went into operation, the cost per mile of transporting a ton of freight from Buffalo to New York City declined from nearly 20 cents to less that 1 cent. Eventually, the western states diverted much of their produce from the rivers to the Erie Canal, a shorter route to eastern markets.Q12 Paragraph 5 mentions that the Erie Canal led to a reduction in all of the following EXCEPT○The length of the route that goods from the West traveled across to reach eastern markets○The cost of transporting freight○The pr ice of produce from western states○The amount of produce from western states that was shipped on riversQ13 In fact, goods could be shipped more cheaply across the much greater distance of the Atlantic Ocean than they could from western New York to coastal cities.Where would the sentence best fit?Click on a square( ■ )to insert the sentence in the passage.Q14 The westward movement of population across the United States led to expanded agricultural production.Answer ChoicesA The desire to improve their livelihood often inspired people to move west.B Among the people who moved to the western United States were a number of artisans.C The fertility of western farmland as well as favorable government policies supported agricultural gains.D Steamboats were originally used to transport passengers rather than freight.E Commercial farming in the West was greatly enhanced by improvements in land and water transportation.F The transportation revolution resulted in regional economies that operated independently of a national market economy.Q1 The word “momentous” in the passage is closest in meaning to○Numerous○Regular○Very important○Very positiveQ2 Major climatic changes occurred by the end of the Ice Age in all of the following geographic areas EXCEPT○temperate regions of Asia○southwestern Asia○North America○EuropeQ3 The phrase “this remarkable change” in the passage refers to○warming at the end of the Ice Age○shifts in mountain snow lines○the movement of people from farms to villages ○a dramatic increase in the populationQ4 The word ‘exploited’ in the passage is closest in meaning to○explored○utilized○inhabited○improvedQ5 Why does the author mention “seashells, stone bowls, and artifacts made of obsidian”?○to give examples of objects obtained through trade with other societies.○to illustrate the kinds of objects that are preserved in a cool climate○to provide evidence that the organization of work was specialized○to give examples of the artistic ability of local populations.Early settlements in southwestAsiaThe universal global warming at the end of the ice age had dramatic effects on temperate regions of Asia, Europe, and North America. Ice sheets retreated and sea level rose.■ The climatic changes in southwestern Asia were more subtle, in that they involved shifts in mountain snow lines, rainfall patterns, and vegetation cover. ■However, these same cycles of change and had momentous impacts on the sparse human populations of the region. ■ At the end of the Ice Age, no more than a few thousand foragers lived along the eastern Mediterranean coast, in the Jordan and Euphrates valleys. Within 2,000years, the human population of the region numbered in the tens of thousands, all as a result of village life and farming. ■ Thanks to new environmental and archaeological discoveries, we now know something about this remarkable change in local life.Pollen samples from freshwater lakes in Sria and elsewhere tell us forest cover expanded rapidly at the end of the Ice Age, for the southwestern Asian climate was still cooler and considerably wetter than today. Many areas were richer in animal and plant species than they are now, making them highly favorable for human occupation. About 9000 B.C., most human settlements lay in the area along the Mediterranean coast and in the Zagros Mountains of Iran and their foothills. Some local areas, like the Jordan River valley, the middle Euphrates valley, and some Zagros valleys, were more densely populated than elsewhere. Here more sedentary and more complex societies flourished. These people exploited the landscape intensively, foraging on hill slopes for wild cereal grasses and nuts,Q6 The word “cramped” in the passage is closest in meaning to○primitive○secure○exten ded○confinedQ7 Paragraph 3 suggests which of the following about the settlement of Abu Hureyra?○The settlement was inhabited by small groups of people from nearby areas.○Small bands of people migrated in and out of the settlement.○The location of the settlement made permanent development difficult.○The easy availability of food led to the growth of the settlement.Q8 The word “shifts” in the passage is closest in meaning to○Effects○Similarities○Changes○ExceptionsQ9 Paragraph 4 suggests that the people of Abu Hureyra abandoned their long-established settlement because○The inhabitants had cleared all the trees from while hunting gazelle and other game on grassy lowlands and in river valleys. Their settlements contain exotic objects such as seashells, stone bowls, and artifacts made of obsidian (volcanic glass), all traded from afar. This considerable volume of intercommunity exchange brought a degree of social complexity in its wake.Thanks to extremely fine-grained excavation and extensive use of flotation methods (through which seeds are recovered from soil samples), we know a great deal about the foraging practices of the inhabitants of Abu Hureyra in Syria’s Euphrates valley. Abu Hureyra was founded about 9500B.C., a small village settlement of cramped pit dwellings (houses dug partially in the soil) with reed roofs supported by wooden uprights. For the next 1,500 years, its inhabitants enjoyed a somewhat warmer and damper climate than today, living in a well-wooded steppe干草原area where wild cereal grasses were abundant. They subsisted 维持生活off spring migrations of Persian gazelles from the south. With such a favorable location, about 300 to 400 people lived in a sizable, permanent settlement. They were no longer a series of small bands but lived in a large community with more elaborate social organization, probably grouped into clans of people of common descent.The flotation samples from the excavations allowed botanists to study shifts in plant-collection habits as if they were looking through a telescope at a changing landscape. Hundreds of tiny plant remains show how the inhabitants exploited nut harvests in nearby阿月浑子果实pistachio and oak forests. However, as the climate dried up, the forests retreated from the vicinity of the settlement. The inhabitants turned to wildthe forests○Wild cereal grasses took over pistachio and oak forests○People wanted to explore new areas○Lack of rain caused food shortagesQ10 According to paragraph 5,after 7000B.C. the settlement of Abu Hureyra differed from earlier settlements at that location in all of the following EXCEPT○The domestication of animals○The intensive hunting of gazelle○The size of the settlement○The design of the dwellingsQ11 The word ”abruptly” in the passage is closest in meaning to○Informally○Briefly○Suddenly○SurprisinglyQ12 Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information I the highlighted sentence in the passage?Incorrect choices change the meaning in important was or leave out essential information. ○In many areas besides Abu Hureyra, complex factors led to new economies including the herding of domestic stock.○In Ain Ghazal and Syria domestic stock was more important that it was at Abu Hureyra.○Once early methods of herding animals improved, new economies were adopted.○Many complex theories attempt to explain the early domestication of animals.Q13 Look at the four squares(■)that indicate where the following sentence can be added to the passage.One of the major effects was the rapid growth of the human population itself. cWhere would the sentence best fit?Click on a square(■) to insert the sentence in the cereal grasses instead, collecting them by the thousands, while the percentage of nuts in the diet fell. By 8200B.C., drought conditions were so severe that the people abandoned their long-established settlement, perhaps dispersing into smaller camps.Five centuries later, about 7700B.C., a new village rose on the mound. At first the inhabitants still hunted gazelle intensively. Then, about 7000 B.C., within the space of a few generations, the switched abruptly to herding domesticated goats and sheep and to growing单粒小麦einkorn, pulses, and other cereal grasses. Abu Hureyra grew rapidly until it covered nearly 30 acres. It was a close-knit community of rectangular, one-story mud-brick houses, joined by narrow lanes an courtyards, finally abandoned about 5000 B.C.. Many complex factors led to the adoption of the new economies, not only at Abu Hureyra, but at many other locations such as ‘Ain Ghazal, also in Syria, where goat toe bones showing the telltale marks of abrasion caused by foot tethering 圈住(binding)’ testify t o earl herding of domestic stock.passage.Q14 At the end of the Ice Age, patterns of human settlement changed in southwestern Asia.Answer ChoicesA Wild cereals, grasses, and nuts were changed for exotic objects.B Changes in climatic conditions made southwestern Asia highly beneficial to human occupants.C Social organization in Abu Hureyra decreased as the population grew.D The favorable location of Abu Hureyra kept the city from experiencing hardship during drought years.E Within 2,000 years, populations in southwestern Asia greatly increased in number.F In rich, fertile areas permanent societies evolved to a high level of complexity.Q1 The word “agencies” in the passage is closest in meaning to○Combinations○Problems○Forces○ChangesQ2 In paragraph 1, what is the author’s purpose in providing examples of how organisms are destroyed?○To emphasize how surprising it is that so many fossils exist○To introduce a new geologic theory of fossil preservation○To explain why the fossil record until now has remained incomplete○To compare how fossils form on land and in waterQ3 The word “terrestrial” in the passage is closest in meaning to○Land○Protected○Alternative○SimilarQ4 Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage?Incorrect choices change in the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.A When snail or clam shells are left behind, they must be empty in order to remain durable and resist dissolution.B Although snail and clam shells are durable and resist dissolving, over time they slowly begin to change.C Although the soft parts of snails or clams dissolve quickly, their hard shells resist dissolution for a long time.D Empty snail or clam shells that are strong enough not to dissolve may stay in their originalFossil preservation When one considers the many ways by which organisms are completely destroyed after death, it is remarkable that fossils are as common as they are. Attack by scavengers and bacteria, chemical decay, and destruction by erosion and other geologic agencies make the odds against preservation very high. However, the chances of escaping complete destruction are vastly improved if the organism happens to have a mineralized skeleton and dies in a place where it can be quickly buried by sediment. Both of these conditions are often found on the ocean floors, where shelled invertebrates (organisms without spines) flourish and are covered by the continuous rain of sedimentary particles. Although most fossils are found in marine sedimentary rocks, they also are found in terrestrial deposits left by streams and lakes. On occasion, animals and plants have been preserved after becoming immersed in tar or quicksand, trapped in ice or lave flows, or engulfed by rapid falls of volcanic ash. The term “fossil” often implies petrifaction, literally a transformation into stone. After the death of an organism, the soft tissue is ordinarily consumed by scavengers and bacteria. They empty shell of a snail or clam may be left behind, and if it is sufficiently durable and resistant to dissolution, it may remain basically unchanged for a long period of time. Indeed, unaltered shells of marine invertebrates are known from deposits over 100 million years old. In many marine creatures, however, the skeleton is composed of mineral variety of calcium carbonate called aragonite. Although aragonite has the same composition as the more familiar mineral known as calcite, it has a different crystal form, is relativelystate for a long time.Q5 Why does the author mention “aragonite” in the passage?○To emphasize that some fossils remain unaltered for millions of years.○To contrast fossil formation in organisms with soft tissue and in organisms with hard shells○To explain that some marine organisms must undergo chemical changes in order to fossilize ○To explain why fossil shells are more likely to survive than are fossil skeletons.Q6 The word “enhance” in the passage is closest in meaning to○Control○Limit○Combine○IncreaseQ7 Which of the following best explains the process of permineralization mentioned in paragraph 3?○Water containing calcium carbonate circulates through a shell and deposits sediment.○Liquid containing chemicals hardens an already existing fossil structure.○Water passes through s ediment surrounding a fossil and removes its chemical content.○A chemical substance enters a fossil and changes its shape.Q8 The word “precise” in the passage is closest in meaning to○Complex○Quick○Exact○ReliableQ9 Paragraph 5 suggests which of the following unstable, and in time changes to the more stable calcite.Many other processes may after the shell of the clam or snail and enhance its chances for preservation. Water containing dissolved silica, calcium carbonate, or iron many circulate through the enclosing sediment and be deposited in cavities such as narrow cavities and canals in bone once occupied by blood vessels and nerves. In such cases, the original composition of the bone or shell remains, but the fossil is made harder and more durable. This addition of a chemically precipitated substance into precipitated is termed “permineralization.”Petrifaction may also involve a simultaneous exchange of the original substance of a dead plant or animal with mineral matter of a different composition. This process is termed “replacement” because solutions have dissolved the original material and replaced it with an equal volume of the new substance. Replacement can be a marvelously precise process, so that details of shell ornamentation, tree rings in wood, and delicate structures in bone are accurately preserved.■Another type of fossilization,about the carbonization process?○It is completed soon after an organism dies.○It does not occur in hard-shell organisms.○It sometimes allows soft-tissued organisms to be preserved with all their parts.○It is a more precise process of preservation than is replacement.Q10 The word “prospect” in the passage is closest in meaning to○Completion○Variety○Possibility○SpeedQ11 According to paragraph 7, how do environments containing oxygen affect fossil preservation?○They increase the probability that soft-tissued organisms will become fossils.○They lead to more bacteria production.○They slow the rate at which clay and silt are deposited.○They reduce the chance that animal remains will be preserved.Q12 According to the passage, all of the following assist preservation EXCEPT○The presence of calcite in an organism’s skeleton○The presence of large open areas along an ocean floor○The deposition of a fossil n sticky substances such as sap or tar○The rapid burial of an organism unde r layers of siltQ13 Look at the four squares that indicate where the following sentence can be added to the passage. But the evidence of past organic life is not limited to petrifaction.Where would the sentence best fit? AClick on a square■ to insert t he sentence in the passage. known as carbonization, occurs when soft tissues are preserved as thin film of carbon.■ Leaves and tissue of soft-bodied organisms such as jellyfish or worms may accumulate, become buried and compressed, and lose their volatile constituents.■ The carbon often remains behind as a blackened silhouette.■Although it is certainly true that the possession of hard parts enhances the prospect of preservation, organisms having soft tissues and organs are also occasionally preserved. Insects and even small invertebrates have been found preserved in the hardened resins of conifers and certain other trees. X-ray examination of thin slabs of roc sometimes reveals the ghostly outlines of tentacles, digestive tracts, and visual organs of a variety of marine creatures. Soft parts, including skin, hair, and viscera of ice age mammoths, have been preserved in frozen soil or in the oozing tar of oil seeps.The probability that actual remains of soft tissue will be preserved is improved if the organism dies in an environment of rapid deposition and oxygen deprivation. Under such conditions, the destructive effects of bacteria are diminished. The middle Eocene Messel shale (from about 48 million years ago) of German accumulated in such an environment. The shale was deposited in an oxygen-deficient lake where lethal gases sometimes bubbled up and killed animals. Their remains accumulated on the floor of the lake and were then covered by clay and silt. Among the superbly preserved Messel fossils are insects with iridescent exoskeletons (hard outer coverings), frogs with skin and blood vessels intact, and even entire small mammals with preserved fur and soft tissue.Q14 The remains of ancient life are amazingly well preserved in the form of fossils.Answer choicesA Environmental characteristics like those present on ocean floors increase the likelihood that plant and animal fossils will occur.B Fossils are more likely to the preserved in shale deposits than in deposits of clay and silt.C The shells of organisms can be preserved by processes of chemical precipitation or mineral exchange.D Freezing enables the soft parts of organisms to survive longer than the hard parts.E Comparatively few fossils are found in the terrestrial deposits of streams and lakes.F Thin films of carbon may remain as an indication of soft tissue or actual tissue may be preserved if exposure to bacteria is limited.。

考研英语第20套题

第二十套题Part ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Text 1 07.8In Birmingham, Alabama, on Friday, a federal judge ordered a deadlocked jury to continue weighing evidence against Richard Scrushy, the former chief executive of HealthSouth, accused of orchestrating a $2.7 billion accounting fraud. But that courtroom decision, regardless of the outcome, will have scant effect on a company that has avoided the downward spiral that engulfed Andersen and Enron. In the corporate scandals of the past four years, the striking fact is that the closing chapters more often have followed the script at HealthSouth and not at Andersen.The spectrum of business misconduct has included seemingly every flavor of fraud, self-dealing, improper accounting and conflict of interest. The punishments have ranged from the recent conviction of Bernard Ebbers, the former chief of WorldCom, for guiding an $11 billion fraud, to the fines paid in 2002 by a group of Wall Street firms to settle charges that stock analysts wrote rosy reports on companies to help bring in investment banking business.Yet the goal of government policy, prosecution strategy and business practice has nearly always been to rehabilitate the disobedient companies rather than liquidate them. There are exceptions. Enron proved to be a financial house of cards, as no one was willing to trade with a trader that was bankrupt. Enron’s physical assets, like its national gas pipelines, were auctioned. Andersen was given a death sentence—justified or not—when it was indicted, and its corporate auditing clients fled within weeks.The Justice Department’s corporate indictment of Andersen was controversial and unlikely to be replicated in other cases. Since Andersen, federal and state prosecutors have adopted the less drastic approach of targeting the responsible executives and reaching settlements with the companies that include fines and changes in corporate behavior. “You don’t want to be swinging a meat ax when a scalpel is appropriate,”said Eliot Spitzer, the New York State attorney general. “You want to get rid of the individuals who did the wrongdoing and get the company back on an even keel.” That has b een the pattern followed in pursuing misconduct at other major companies, including Tyco, WorldCom, Adelphia, Marsh & McLennan and American International Group.There have been spectacular financial failures, like the bankruptcies of WorldCom and Adelphia. But the American system of bankruptcy allows companies to seek temporary shelter from creditors and time to recast themselves for corporate survival or later sale on better terms. In April, Time Warner and Comcast purchased Adelphia for $17.6 billion and will split up its cable television operations. And WorldCom, renamed MCI since emerging from bankruptcy, agreed last month to be sold to Verizon Communications for $8.5 billion.［442 words］1. The last sentence of the first paragraph means that .［A］more coverage is given to HealthSouth rather than Anderson and Enron［B］HealthSouth has won a legal victory but Anderson and Enron haven’t［C］ a light punishment is given to most companies involved in the scandals［D］more and more companies are punished for accounting fraud2. Which of the following best defines the word “liquidate” (line 2, paragraph 3)?［A］To put an end to.［B］To settle the affairs of.［C］To pay off the debts of.［D］To restore to good condition.3. According to the fourth paragraph, “a meat ax” is to “a scalpel” as.［A］“extravagant”is to “restrained”［B］“radical”is to “conservative”［C］“powerful”is to “delicate”［D］“ambiguous”is to “straightforward”4. WorldCom and Adelphia serve as good examples of .［A］the situation of a scandal-tainted company［B］the way to survive a corporate scandal ［C］the recipe for restoring a company’s fame［D］the efficiency of bankruptcy-law protection5. Which of the following is true according to the text?［A］Several Wall Street firms used improper accounting in 2002.［B］Enron is a company that issues its own credit cards.［C］Adelphia’s responsible executives are on trial for fraud.［D］WorldCom has restarted building its own business.Text 2 07.8Our frantic attempts to avoid boredom uphold a lucrative corner of the entertainment industry, while the variety of books, websites, TV programs and videos aimed at children and called “Boredom Busters” suggests that ennui has no age restriction. This is n o new development—obsessive texting is hardly on a level with watching lions rip gladiators to shreds for entertainment, and, as the British public seem to be moving on to a stage where fox-hunting is no longer seen as a justifiable, fun diversion, we must be doing something right. However, some pundits have recently pointed out that obsessive avoidance of boredom (apart from being quite dull in itself—have you ever tried to have a decent conversation with an extreme sports enthusiast?) denies access to the certain kind of mental space which boredom brings and in doing so leaves us creatively and spiritually malnourished. In other words, boredom is becoming “a lost art form”. Steven Winn of the San Francisco Chronicle puts it in a recent article:“As more and more people seem to recognize, the universal experience of being bored—unengaged, detached, afloat in some private torpor—may be far more precious, fruitful and even profound than a surface apprehension might suggest. As ordinary as grey skies and equally pervasive, boredom deserves its own sun-splashed attention and celebration.”This is a very particular understanding of what boredom is, and perhaps this very problem of definition is what lies at the root of the supposed debate. On the one hand, boredom can be defined as a state of listlessness, a lack of interest in that which surrounds us and a general sense of ennui. Of this particular definition, Saul Steinberg wrote, “The life of the creative man is led, directed and controlled by boredom. Avoiding boredom is one of our most important purposes.” So in this case, boredom is something we flee from in horror.Another conception of boredom is of a blank, private mental space, invaluable for relaxing and for the fermentation of creative juices. It is this type of boredom which is considered by some to be a lost art form. Informational overload from all quarters means that there can often be very little time for personal thought, reflection, or even just “zoning out”. With a mobile that is constantly switched on and a plethora of entertainments available to distract the naked eye, it is understandable that some people find it difficult to actually get bored in that particular fidgety, introspective kind of way.［427 words］6．The word“ennui”（Line 3, Para. 1）most probably means.\[A\] the efforts at avoiding boredom\[B\] a lack of creativity\[C\] the absence of privacy\[D\] the feeling of having nothing to do7．Boredom is becoming “a lost art form”because people.\[A\] are deprived of deep thought\[B\] lost interest in old-fashioned amusement\[C\] indulge in entertainment\[D\] have no private space8．According to Steven Winn, which of the following is true about boredom?\[A\] It is a universal problem in human beings.\[B\] It is always feared by creative men.\[C\] It is important to recognize its significance.\[D\] It is more valuable than entertainment. 9．From the passage, we can infer that boredom.\[A\] is only limited to children\[B\] was also avoided by ancient people\[C\] can lead to art creation\[D\] has both strong and weak points10．A suitable title for the passage might be.\[A\] Life without Boredom\[B\] The Influence of Modern Entertainment\[C\] Two Types of Boredom\[D\] The Significance of BoredomText 3 07.8Another summer of record-breaking temperatures brought power failures, heat waves, droughts and tropical storms throughout the U.S., Europe and Asia. Only one place seemed to remain cool: the air-conditioned offices of the editorial board of the Wall Street Journal. They sat comfortable, hurling editorials of stunning misdirection at their readers, continuing their irresponsible drumbeat that global warming is junk science.Now I have nothing against the Wall Street Journal. It is an excellent paper, whose science column and news reporting have accurately and carefully carried the story of global climate change. Even the corporate advertisements that surround the editorial page tell of BP’s commitments to renewable energy and General Electric’s commitments to environmentally sound technologies. The editorial page sits in its own defensive position, separated from the reporters and from the truth.One recent editorial, “Hockey Stick Hokum” (published July 14, 2006), epitomizes the editorial approach of recent years. The climate change “hockey stick” is a graph first published in 1998 by Michael Mann et al. that attempted to reconstruct the mean surface temperature on the planet during the period A. D. 900 to the present, using multiple proxies, such as tree rings, to measure temperatures before formal instrumentation was in use. The conclusion of that study was that we are now in that interval’s warmest range of temperatures, therefore adding support to the overwhelming evidence from other sources and models that man-made climate change is already well underway.The Wall Street Journal editorial page has for years railed against these scientific findings on climate change, even as the global consensus has reached nearly 100 percent of the scientific community, including the reports commissioned by the skeptical Bush White House. Thus, the hockey stick became the bête noire of the editorial page as well as of the dwindling “climate skeptic”community, and right-wing Congressional officials such as Representative Joe Barton of Texas, chairman of the House Subcommittee on Energy and Air Quality, took up the attack.In response to these growing political pressures, the National Research Council of the National Academy of Sciences (NRC) conducted a major independent scientific review and updating of thehockey stick data and analysis. While acknowledging a range of uncertainties, that report came down squarely on the side of the Mann study. The Wall Street Journal editorial page completely ignored this report. Instead, it cited a report commissioned by Congressman Barton from three statisticians with no background in climate science. Yet climate scientists quickly showed that addressing the criticisms has no practical effect on Mann’s conclusions. Nonetheless, on this thoroughly flimsy and misleading basis, the editorial page declared that “there’s no reason to believe that Mr. Mann, or his ‘hockey stick’graph of global temperature changes, is right,”and said that the climate science community “often more closely resembles a mutual-admiration society than a competitive and open-minded search for scientific knowledge.”In other words, it hid the evidence and trashed climate science. ［501 words］11. The author thinks “Hockey Stick Hokum” is .［A］fairly trustworthy［B］quite misleading［C］very illuminating ［D］rather superficial12. The word “bête noire” (Line 4, Paragraph 4) might mean something .［A］avoided［B］supported［C］ignored ［D］desired13. Which of the following has cast doubt on global warming?［A］the report of the White House commission.［B］NRC’S independent scientific review. ［C］the report commissioned by Joe Barton.［D］the chart published by Michael Mann. 14. As pointed out by the writer, the basic problem of the Wall Street Journal’s editorial writers lies in their .［A］indifference to environmental issues［B］disregard of scientific facts［C］tendency to write annoying reports ［D］prejudice against climate scientists15. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that .［A］scientists are bad at communicating scientific findings to the public［B］Wall Street Journal Editorial writers will learn the truth from climate scientists［C］Wall Street Journal has expressed a totally negative opinion about science［D］reporters at the Wall Street Journal disagree with the editorialsText 4 06.8Class informed everything from the circumstances of patients’heart attacks to the emergency care each received, the households they returned to and the jobs they hoped to resume. It shaped their understanding of their illness, the support they got from their families, their relationships with their doctors. It helped define their ability to change their lives and shaped their odds of getting better.Class is a potent force in health and longevity in the United States. The more education and income people have, the less likely they are to have and die of heart disease, strokes, diabetes and many types of cancer. Upper-middle-class Americans live longer and in better health than middle-class Americans, who live longer and better than those at the bottom. And the gaps are widening, say people who have researched social factors in health.As advances in medicine and disease prevention have increased life expectancy in the United States, the benefits have disproportionately gone to people with education, money, good jobs and connections. They are almost invariably in the best position to learn new information early, modify their behavior, take advantage of the latest treatments and have the cost covered by insurance.Many risk factors for chronic diseases are now more common among the less educated than the better educated. Smoking has dropped sharply among the better educated, but not among the less. Physical inactivity is more than twice as common among high school dropouts as among college graduates. Lower-income women are more likely than other women to be overweight, though the pattern among men may be the opposite.There may also be subtler differences. Some researchers now believe that the stress involved in so-called high-demand, low-control jobs further down the occupational scale is more harmful than the stress of professional jobs that come with greater autonomy and control. Others are studying the health impact of job insecurity, lack of support on the job, and employment that makes it difficult to balance work and family obligations.Then there is the issue of social networks and support, the differences in the knowledge, time and attention that a person’s family and friends are in a position to offer. What is the effect of social isolation? Neighborhood differences have also been studied: How stressful is a neighborhood? Are there safe places to exercise? What are the health effects of discrimination?“In the last 20 years, there have been enormous advances in rescuing patients with heart attack and in knowledge about how to prevent heart attack,”said Ichiro Kawachi, a professor of social epidemiology at the Harvard School of Public Health. “It’s like diffusion of innovation: whenever innovation comes along, the well-to-do are much quicker at adopting it. On the lower end, various disadvantages have piled onto the poor. Diet has gotten worse. There’s a lot more work stress. People have less time, if they’re poor, to devote to health maintenance behaviors when they are juggling two jobs. Mortality rates even among the poor are coming down, but the rate is not anywhere near as fast as for the well-to-do. So the gap has increased.”［529 words］16.Which of the following is probably not class-determined?［A］The quality of health care one receives.［B］Knowledge of illness one has.［C］The odds one gives the doctor a good impression.［D］The relationship one establishes with the family.17.Which of the following is NOT true according to the passage?［A］It is easier for the people at the bottom to get chronic diseases.［B］Health steadily worsens as one descends the social ladder.［C］The less educated cannot take advantage of medical advances.［D］Chronic diseases are often associated with people’s unhealthy lifestyle.18.What can be inferred from the passage?［A］Health inequalities situation within America appears to be improving.［B］There are high correlations between education and earning power.［C］Jobs with high control and social support pose a smaller threat to the health.［D］The risk of ill health is greatest among people being discriminated against.19.The gap between the rich and poor.［A］is revealed also in morality rate［B］grows at the same pace as the rate of innovation［C］is not yet obvious in the United States［D］shrinks with the advances in medicine20.The passage is mainly about.［A］great progress America has made in medicine［B］Americans’ concern about health［C］factors affecting people’s health［D］the widening health gap between different classesPart B 07.8Directions:The following paragraphs are given in a wrong order for Questions 21-25, you are required to reorganize these paragraphs into a coherent article by choosing from the list A-G to fill in each numbered box. Two paragraphs have been placed for you in boxes. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)［A］At this stage of development (usually early teens), role models can make a critical difference in choices adolescents make, choices that could affect the course of their lives. At this age, teens have a strong need to idealize others, especially those who are older and more worldly and have qualities they desperately want to possess.［B］What I do when counselling adolescents searching for a sense of identity is to encourage them to look inside themselves, rather than outside, for the answers. This is not always easy. With one client I’ll call Mary, it took great patience and lots of long, uneasy silences to begin to separate out her true desires from those of her peers and parents. But if she continues to do this, and withstands pressure from others to conform, she’ll be a much healthier young adult with a strong sense of her own identity.［C］At this stage, adolescents often reject their parents, and all that they stand for so that they can make a clean break from childhood as they attempt to form an identity of their own. They are hungry for role models and can be rather indiscriminate about where they find them. With their sense of identity in flux, teens will often turn to peer groups for that missing sense of belonging. This explains some of the cult-like tendencies amongst early adolescents to worship some heroes (movie stars, singers) and “rebel” against traditional authority.［D］The process of separation from parents is a natural one. Erik Erikson was the first major psychological theorist to develop the notion of an adolescent “identity crisis.”In his view, all of the earlier crystallizations of identity formed during childhood come into question during adolescence with the overwhelming combination of physical changes, increased sex drive, expanded mental abilities, and increasing and conflicting social demands.［E］Those of us who parent or counsel young teens want them to make healthy choices. What parents can do to gain some sense of efficacy is to provide their kids with healthy role models in their lives. Often people look back on their adolescence and identify a sports coach, teacher, neighbour or relative that had a relatively fleeting but powerful impact on their lives. If you ‘re suddenly no longer your son or daughter’s hero as they move through adolescence, try to make sure there are other worthy candidates to fill the void.［F］As children edge closer and closer to adulthood, it seems they reach a point where they want to be defined by anything but their parents. They stop wanting to spend time with family, and may even detest being seen with their parents.［G］As a parent, you are your children’s most important role model. While there may be times when your teenager seems to be rejecting your values and all that you stand for, recognize this as a phase, and something they need to do to develop a sense of self. If your parenting hasbeen consistent, and you’ve communicated good sense and good values throughout your children’s lives, trust that as they’re sorting through what to keep and what to discard in the turmoil of adolescence, they will hold on to some of the good things you have given them. But be prepared to compromise, to accept that your children’s choices may not be the same as your own. They will ultimately choose the mix that fits them best as a unique individual. ［584 words］order:21.()→22.()→(C)→23.()→24.()→(B)→25.()Part C 07.8Directions:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2.(10 points)Attempts to understand the mind and its operation go back at least to the Ancient Greeks, when philosophers such as Plato and Aristotle tried to explain the nature of human knowledge. (26)The study of mind remained the province of philosophy until the nineteenth century, when experimental psychology developed and when Wilhelm Wundt and his students initiated laboratory methods for studying mental operations more systematically. Within a few decades, however, experimental psychology became dominated by behaviorism, a view that virtually denied the existence of mind. According to behaviorists such as J. B. Watson, psychology should restrict itself to examining the relation between observable stimuli and observable behavioral responses. Talk of consciousness and mental representations was banished from respectable scientific discussion. Especially in North America, behaviorism dominated the psychological scene through the 1950s. Around 1956, the intellectual landscape began to change dramatically. George Miller summarized numerous studies which showed that the capacity of human thinking is limited, with short-term memory, for example, limited to around seven items. (27)He proposed that memory limitations can be overcome by recoding information into chunks, mental representations that require mental procedures for encoding and decoding the information. At this time, primitive computers had been around for only a few years, but pioneers such as John McCarthy, Marvin Minsky, Allen Newell, and Herbert Simon were founding the field of artificial intelligence. (28)In addition, Noam Chomsky rejected behaviorist assumptions about language as a learned habit and proposed instead to explain language comprehension in terms of mental grammars consisting of rules. The six thinkers mentioned in this paragraph can be viewed as the founders of cognitive science.Cognitive science has unifying theoretical ideas, but we have to appreciate the diversity of outlooks and methods that researchers in different fields bring to the study of mind and intelligence. Although cognitive psychologists today often engage in theorizing and computational modeling, their primary method is experimentation with human participants. (29)People, usually undergraduates satisfying course requirements, are brought into the laboratory so that different kinds of thinking can be studied under controlled conditions. For example, psychologists have experimentally examined the kinds of mistakes people make in deductive reasoning, the ways that people form and apply concepts, the speed of people thinking with mental images, and the performance of people solving problems using analogies. (30)Our conclusions about how the mind works must be based on more than “common sense” and introspection, since these can give a misleading picture of mental operations, many of which are not consciously accessible.Psychological experiments that carefully approach mental operations from diverse directions are therefore crucial for cognitive science to be scientific.［436 words］答案1.C2.A3.B4.D5.C6.D7.A8.C9.B10.D11.B12.A13.C14.B15.D16.C17.C18.C19.A20.D21.F22.D23.A24.E25.G26.到了十九世纪，实验心理学得到发展，德国心理学家威廉·冯特和他的学生们开始用实验室方法更系统地研究心理活动。

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tpo20阅读及答案【篇一：托福阅读tpo20(试题答案译文)第3篇-fossilpreservation_托福阅读】xt>托福阅读tpo20(试题+答案+译文)第3篇:fossilpreservation_托福阅读重点单词查看全部解释delicate [delikit] 想一想再看 n. 精美的东西adj. 精美的，微妙的，美stable [steibl] 想一想再看 adj. 稳定的，安定的，可靠的n. 马厩，联想记忆 x 单词stable 联想记忆：st站，立+able→能站的→稳定的likelihood [laiklihud] 想一想再看 n. 可能性联想记忆 x 单词likelihood 联想记忆：likely可能的+hood 表名词，“时期，性质等”→可能性indicate [indikeit] 想一想再看 v. 显示，象征，指示v. 指明，表明联想记忆 x 单词indicate 联想记忆：in进入+dicate→说进去→指示，指明；表示re再，mark记号，able－再做记号－值得注意的calcium [k?lsi?m] 想一想再看 n. 钙联想记忆 x 单词calcium 联想记忆：calc石头；或：元素符号caburial [beri?l] 想一想再看 n. 埋葬，葬礼，坟墓contrast [k?ntr?st,k?ntr?st] 想一想再看 n. 差别，对比，对照物 v. 对比，成对照shale [?eil] 想一想再看 n. 页岩，泥板岩联想记忆 x 单词shale 联想记忆：读：shell（n 贝壳），也是一层一层的感觉。

【篇二：托福阅读tpo20(试题答案译文)第2篇-early settlements in the southwest asia_托福阅读】xt>托福阅读tpo20(试题+答案+译文)第2篇:earlysettlements in the southwest asia_托福阅读重点单词查看全部解释species [spi:?iz] 想一想再看 n. （单复同）物种，种类pollen [p?lin] 想一想再看 n. [植]花粉，[昆]粉面(双翅目昆虫的易落粉) vtutilize [ju:tilaiz] 想一想再看 vt. 利用联想记忆 x 单词utilize 联想记忆：ut＝use，ilize－利用confine [k?nfain] 想一想再看 vt. 限制，禁闭n. 边界，约束，范围，限联想记忆 x 单词confine 联想记忆：con（全部）,fine（限制）－全限制－监禁global [gl?ub?l] 想一想再看 adj. 全球性的，全世界的，球状的，全局的联想记忆 x 单词global 联想记忆：北京有一个global的厅primitive [primitiv] 想一想再看 adj. 原始的n. 原始人，文艺复兴前的艺联想记忆 x 单词primitive 联想记忆： prim最初的，原始+itive表形容词，“…的”→原始的social [s?u??l] 想一想再看 adj. 社会的，社交的n. 社交聚会confined [k?nfaind] 想一想再看adj. 幽禁的；狭窄的；有限制的；在分娩中的 v. 限联想记忆 x 单词confined 联想记忆：confine限制，监禁+ed→有限制的；狭窄的【篇三：托福阅读模考软件tpo20文本解析】xt>托福阅读模考软件tpo20文本+解析摘要：小马托福资料下载栏目为大家提供最完整的tpo资料和tpo模考软件，其中本次分享的托福阅读模考软件tpo20文本+解析是tpo阅读中的一套，包含三篇文章每篇文章14道题目，形式与真实考试一样，考生们在练习的时候一定要将原文内容完全掌握然后再去作答。

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westward migrationthe story of the westward movement of population in theunited states is, in the main, the story of the expansion of american agriculture—of the development of new areas for the raising of livestock and the cultivation of wheat, corn, tobacco, and cotton. after 1815 improved transportation enabled moreand more western farmers to escape a self-sufficient way oflife and enter a national market economy. during periods when commodity prices were high, the rate of westward migration increased spectacularly. old america seemed to be breaking up and moving westward,observed an english visitor in 1817,during the first great wave of migration. emigration to the west reached a peak in the1830s. whereas in 1810 only a seventh of the american people lived west of the appalachian mountains, by 1840 more than a third lived there.why were these hundreds of thousands of settlers—most of them farmers, some of them artisans—drawn awayfrom the cleared fields and established cities and villages of the east? certain characteristics of american society help to explain this remarkable migration. the european ancestors of some americans had for centuries lived rooted to the same village or piece of land until some religious, political, or economic crisis uprooted them and drove them across the atlantic. many of those who experienced this sharp break thereafter lacked the ties that had bound them and their ancestors to a single place. moreover, european society was relatively stratified; occupation and social status wereinherited. in american society, however, the class structure was less rigid; some people changed occupations easily and believed it was their duty to improve their social and economic position. as a result, many americans were aninveterately restless, rootless, and ambitious people. therefore, these social traits helped to produce the nomadic and daring settlers who kept pushing westward beyond the fringes of settlement. in addition, there were other immigrants who migrated west in search of new homes, material success, and better lives.the west had plenty of attractions: the alluvial river bottoms, the fecund soils of the rolling forest lands, the black loams of the prairies were tempting to new england farmers working their rocky, sterile land and to southeastern farmers plagued with soil depletion and erosion. in 1820 under a new land law, a farm could be bought for $100. the continued proliferation of banks made it easier for those without cash to negotiate loans in paper money. western farmers borrowed with the confidentexpectation that the expanding economy would keep farm prices high, thus making it easy to repay loans when they fell due.上述内容就是小编为大家准备的托福阅读模考软件tpo20文本+解析的部分内容，但是仅仅只是部分内容，大家可以点击下载按钮进行免费的下载，希望本资料对大家的备考有帮助。