语用学英语论文
大学非英语专业本科学生英语语用能力培养启示论文
大学非英语专业本科学生英语语用能力培养的启示摘要：近年来，语用能力的培养在大学英语教学中越来越受到重视，教师和学生逐步认识到在真实语境中能够正确使用英语的重要性。
本文根据前人的研究和自身的教学经验，探讨了一些培养学生语用能力的方法，并阐述了自己在语用教学方面的一点启示。
关键词：非英语专业本科学生英语语用能力语法教学中图分类号：g63 文献标识码：a 文章编号：1673-9795（2012）12（b）-0155-01随着我国人才市场对复合型人才需求的日益增加，对大学生在英语实际应用能力方面的要求也逐步提高，在大学英语教学中，教师也越来越重视对大学生英语语用能力的培养。
语言学习即为了语言运用，因此培养大学非英语专业本科学生的英语语用能力已成为大学英语教学的一个重要部分，有助于提高大学生的英语实际运用能力。
1 教学启示多项研究和实验表明培养学生语用能力有助于降低或避免学生的语用失误，而且外语教学的目的不仅是教授语言形式或语言意义，更要令学生学会如何正确的使用语言，尤其是在不同的语言情景中恰当的使用语言，因此，教师有必要在课堂教学中向学生提供有用的建议来帮助主动的有意识的培养自己英语语用能力。
由于条件的限制，中国学生直接使用英语的语言环境较少，他们在英语学习中往往把精力放到课本或教师授课上，那么教师就有必要把语用知识引入到课堂教学中，这样对培养学生的语用能力是非常有益的。
就像何自然先生所说，语用知识应该被列入到教学计划中，因为它在英语教学中的重要性不亚于语法和词汇。
那么在大学英语课堂教学中引入语用教学的过程中，教师应注意以下问题。
1.1 教学材料的选用教师应选用注重语言交际功能的教学材料，教学材料应注重向学生介绍英语惯用语、成语、英美文化背景等知识。
1.2 英语口语教学教材中的会话练习有助于训练学生的语用能力，因为在会话中人们往往要遵循特定的言语行为和文化模式，教师可利用会话练习帮助学生更好的用英语进行交流。
语用学在英语教学运用论文
浅析语用学在英语教学中的运用【摘要】语用学是语言学研究重要分支，通过二语习得中的文化迁移现象可以看出，语用学的运用对于外语教学有着特有的效果。
本文将从语用学的研究对象着手，并将语用学的研究成果应用在外语教学实践中，提出克服二语习得中的文化负迁移现象的方法和措施。
【关键词】语用学文化负迁移二语习得语用学是随着语言学不断发展而产生的一个重要分支，什么是语用学？语用学的研究对象是什么？它对外语学习有什么重要的指导意义呢？要回答第三个问题，我们必须先回答前两个问题。
让我们从以下虚拟的例子入手:“好你吗?”具有汉语语感的人对这一句子的直接反应是:不符合汉语语法,符合汉语语法的句子应该是:“你好吗?”这是语言学中句法学的传统研究对象。
再看一个虚拟的例子:“强壮的桌子迈着虚弱的步伐温柔地向前狂奔。
”这句子读起来挺顺的,我们的感觉是语法没问题,但它究竟表达什么意思呢? 既然“强壮”,怎么会“虚弱”呢? 既然“温柔”,怎么还会“狂奔”呢? 简直是一派胡言乱语嘛。
一个句子的语言文字本身的固有意义是语言学中形式语义学的传统研究对象。
再下来是一个语言学界经常引用的例子:“it is cold in here . ”“这里头冷”,听起来语法没问题,其字面意义也一清二楚,即“某一地点气温比较低”。
但是,“是谁在什么时间、什么地点、在什么情况下、对什么人、为了什么目的使用了这句句子”。
(何兆熊,1989 :13) 就不是传统的句法学和语义学所能解决的问题,因为“说话人很可能是为了请听话人做点什么,比如关上门窗,打开暖气,借件衣服御寒等。
”(同上,1989 :14) 换句话说,这里要研究的不是句子本身的意义, 而是研究“语言在使用中的意义” ,“语言在语境中的意义”,归根结底是“说话人的意义”,也可简称为“话语意义”。
(何自然,1997 :122) 这就是语用学(pragmatics) 的研究对象。
以上只是对语言学中三个重要分支句法学、语义学、语用学的研究对象进行了粗略划分。
关于英语语言学论文免费参考例文
关于英语语言学论文免费参考例文随着信息全球化的快速发展，英语已经成为了国际通用语言，英语语言学是高校英语专业学生的一门必修课程。
下文是店铺为大家整理的英语语言学论文的内容，欢迎大家阅读参考!英语语言学论文篇1浅析英语语言学的课程教学摘要：短短二三十年时间，语言学教学研究分类越来越细、分工越来越明确，正如王宗炎(1988：15)形象地比喻：过去的语言学只是一家小商店，如今已发展成为一家百货公司。
对于林林总总的学科分类和研究流派，结合教学大纲和英专学生本科阶段知识体系的形成，对该课程定位是必要的。
白郁(2007)认为语言学目标是宽泛的而非具体的，即培养学生的理论修养和对语言的热爱。
而本文则认为既应有宽泛目标，也应有具体目标。
学习理论知识时，学习和应用研究方法也是很重要的。
语言学基础理论，尤其是微观方面的理论成果，对英专学生语言技能的提高有检验作用;在跨学科或横向方面，将语言学相关理论用到英美文学和英汉翻译中，提高文学作品鉴赏能力，提升英汉对译技巧，形成论文即为具体目标。
诚然，理论与实践结合非一朝一夕之事，但撰写论文乃一种尝试。
故在介绍理论时，必要补充对理论的应用与研究，适当抛砖引玉，可有效激发学生探索兴趣。
故，具体目标使学生看到学习成效，宽泛目标锻炼了学生理性思维，既调动心灵又提高素质，教学效果也就不同了。
关键词：语言学语用学语篇分析1、教学内容传统课本基本上以微观语言学为主，按结构语言学思路编排内容，从语音学、音系学、形式学、句法、语义学，一直到语用学和语篇分析。
教学内容的改革是大多数学者的主张，如白郁(2007)认为应以语言哲学意义、语言与大脑及认知关系、语言学发展简史、宏观把握语言学真正意义等四方面为重。
还有学者认为增加课外阅读材料以改进教学内容，如王扬(2004)和吴格奇(2005)主张选用有助于学生理解基本理论、概念的材料、辅之以拓宽视野的补充材料。
还有以宏观还是微观语言学内容作为教学重点的争论：“微观”派认为语言内部分支是语言学的基础内容，课时分配比重要大;“宏观”派认为基础部分简单，学生可自学，重点应是宏观介绍;“中间”派是既注重基础又考虑涉猎面。
语用学在英语交际教学中的应用
教育管理们教师的手上。
五、集体荣誉，诱发动力集体荣誉感是形成优秀班集体的关键，是班级管理者在班级管理中不可忽略的重要部分。
小学生是单纯的，何况现在的孩子大多是独生子女，上学前集体观念淡薄，因此，在小学阶段我们教育工作者一定要注重集体观念的教育，培养集体荣誉感，让学生体会到集体的力量和温暖。
在一个班级刚刚组成时，抓集体荣誉感，培养争第一、珍惜集体荣誉感的作风，常常会很有效地调动起学生热爱集体、建设班级的激情，能够较快地形成和巩固班集体，这是因为争取集体荣誉最能够显示集体的力量，使大家具体地看到全班团结一致，劲往一处使，就能够战胜困难。
集体荣誉还能使每一个集体成员增强奋发上进的勇气，加深爱集体的感情，增强对集体的信任和依靠。
争取集体荣誉的过程必然是班级和个人加强组织性、克服缺点的过程，这样做比简单的规定、限制、禁止更能调动学生的自觉性、积极性、主动性。
如校运动会、歌咏活动或集体劳动等集体活动都是培养集体荣誉感的好机会。
在这些活动中班主任要有意识地引导调动每个人的积极性，充分发挥每个学生的作用，使学生感受到集体荣誉和每个人的努力有关，鼓励学生为集体争光。
学生经过努力取得成功，在体验成功欢乐时，必能极大地促进集体荣誉感的升华。
总之，做好小学班主任工作的技巧和方法很多，笔者的拙见不过是为了抛砖引玉。
随着新课改的不断深入，掌握班级管理艺术的教师将会越来越多，我们小学班主任工作将会迈向新的境界！语言是文化的载体，其最主要的作用就是实现人与人之间的顺畅沟通，搭建文化交流的平台。
当前，我国英语教学中对语言形式过度重视，对于语言的功能反而有所忽视。
利用英语进行交际，不能仅仅依靠语言知识，语用能力不可欠缺。
在英语交际教学当中向学生传授语用学的知识，不仅可以帮助学生了解英语这一门语言的形式结构，而且能够学会根据语境进行恰当得体的运用。
语用学理论对英语交际教学具有意义，不仅能够有效解决英语交际教学当中由于文化差异所产生的语用失误问题，而且能够有效提高学生理解语言的能力以及交际能力。
Pragmatics语用学
摘要：本篇论文旨在探讨中国人讲英语的礼貌问题。
尽管中国人学英语时已经掌握了很多语法知识，但是在实际交际中，在表达的礼貌方面还有很大欠缺。
中国式英语被很多外国人认为很粗鲁。
但是在国内，很多英语学习者和英语教师还没有认识到这个问题。
在同外国人用英语交流时，礼貌问题也影响了中国人在外国的形象。
本文在总结生活实例的基础上，对中英文转化过程中的礼貌问题做出了详细的解释。
本论文对日常言语行为中的礼貌语用失误进行了描述和简单地分析，例如对招呼语，称赞语，告别语，拒绝语，道歉语，请求语等中出现的礼貌语用失误进行阐述。
研究发现，中国人并不是没有礼貌，只是在句子的使用及表达方面未注意到礼貌的问题。
无论是单词还是句式的选择，在英语的礼貌表达上都发挥着很大的作用。
总的来说，本文利用认知语言学的理论和观点来分析英语礼貌问题，为英语的学习与教学，以及跨文化交际等方面提供了参考和借鉴。
关键词：礼貌跨文化日常交际Abstract: This paper concerns itself with the politeness failure when Chinese speak English. Though Chinese has learned English vocabularies and grammar for many years, the English we speak is not even polite enough for native speakers. According to many natives from English-speaking countries, Chinglish, which is regarded as English of Chinese, is rude and impolite sometimes. However, at home, many English learners and teachers have not realized this issue yet. The politeness failure has influenced the image of China while Chinese communicate with foreigners. Based on the examples from daily life, this paper explains details to the politeness failure during the transforming between Chinese and English. In terms of daily speech acts, such as greetings, compliment, farewell, refusal apology request and so on, pragmatic failures in practice are illustrated and simply discussed. By collecting typical cases from daily life, we find this research that Chinese fail to use sentences in a polite way in the result of unnoticing politeness instead of being rude on purpose. The selection of words and sentence structure make great difference in expression.In a conclusion, to support the point of this paper, the linguistic cognitive theory is used to analyze the problems existing in Chinglish. This paper presents the discussion of causes and provides a reference for English learning and teaching, as well asintercultural communication.Key words: politeness, cross-culture, daily communicationⅠ.IntroductionIn cross-cultural communication, pragmatic failure in politeness has become an essential problem. However, politeness is the key pragmatic principles in language use, especially in the intercultural communication between different groups. Due to some differences in language, culture, and some living environments, politeness in utterances differ dramatically from one community to another community sharing no universal language. In more and more exchanges，trade businesses and other interactive activities among different countries, different polite philosophy has brought various obstacles for inter-cultural communications. Because of those clear discrepancies from different groups，distinct understanding of communication context and other factors that a great number of pragmatic failures in politeness have become the prevailing phenomena in inter-cultural communication.Pragmatic failures in polite utterances are unavoidable. Participants as native speakers and those as non-native speakers encounter all kinds of violation of polite principles.Failures in politeness are most reflected in the speech acts to display the intended meanings and to convey the expected ideas. Therefore, the main issue to be discussed in this thesis is narrowed to the specific pragmatic failures in daily life. Ⅱ.Literature ReviewA.Politeness Study AbroadThe four conversational maxims proposed by Grice in logic and Conversation (1967) are formulated as quantity maxim, quality maxim, relation maxim and manner maxim. Grice advocates these conversational maxims and the Cooperative Principle (CP) to reveal the ways or the mechanisms by which people interpret implicature to accomplish their conversations. His theory has been seen as pragmatic principles in conversations for interpersonal communications.But there is another type of implicature that receives no account in the pragmatic theory of the cooperative principle, which is implicature of politeness. As argued by Thomas (1995), politeness as an illocutionary phenomenon, is closely connected withpragmatics.Following Thomas, we have grouped the pragmatic approach to politeness under four headings: the conversational maxim view advocated by Leech (1980), the face-management view proposed by Brown and Levinson (1987), the conversational-contract view put forward by Fraster (1990)and the pragmatic scales view presented by Spencer-Oatey(1992). Particularly, Leech …s six maxims which include the tact maxim, the generosity maxim, the approbation maxim, the modesty maxim, the agreement maxim and the sympathy maxim are regarded as the politeness principle.According to Leech, communicators generally observe some rules of good behavior which he terms the Politeness Principle. The principle can explain why people are sometimes indirect in conveying what they mean. It is a necessary complement that may rescue the CP from serious trouble in theorizing.B.Politeness Study in Chinathe most worth mentioning is Prof．Gu Yueguo (p237-257)，who summarizes four essential elements of Chinese politeness：respectfulness, modesty, attitudinal warmth and refinement. Later on, Gu (1992) elaborates these four essentials into five maxims of politeness in Chinese, They are Self-denigration Maxim; Address Term Maxim; Refinement Maxim; Agreement Maxim; Virtues-word deeds Maxim.C.Studies of Pragmatic Failures AbroadThe notion of pragmatic failure has been initially defined by British linguist Thomas in her paper of cross—cultural pragmatic failure. Thomas defines it as “the inability to understand” what is meant by what is said (Thomas, 1983:p91-112). In other words, it means that the speaker‟s utterance is interpreted or understood by a hearer as different from what the speaker intends to be interpreted. So often pragmatic failure occurs in interactions between native and non-native speakers, and it also can be found in cross-cultural communications between native speakers.D.Studies of Inter-cultural Pragmatic Failure in ChinaChinese famous scholar Mr. He Ziran ( 2002) argues that the umbrella notion of pragmatic failure can refer to any failure that speakers have not accomplished theexpected effect in language communications. He remarks that it is not the wrong grammatical structure that leads to inadequate expression of meaning and sense.Chen Xinren (2004) has also explored pragmatic failures from the aspect of pragmatic competence．He holds that the skills of using language can be seen as pragmatic competence. Language grammar stipulates the correct form and structure of language, and semantic codes regulates that the form must take some meaning or sense.Ⅲ. The pragmatic failure of politeness in daily lifeA.Greeting failureWe are obviously more familiar with some expressions, such as, “hello”, “hi”“I am so sorry”. However, “Good bye” and “See you” is not always equal to the other. Especially when you are a waiter/waitress and the hearer is your customer. The customer can say “See you”when he/she is going to leave. This sentence means he/she likes to be here, and he/she may come here next time. But as a waiter/waitress, using “See you”seems too aggressive; actually, it will make customers feel uncomfortable. The best way, also the simplest way is just say “Bye”.Similarly, “You are welcome” cannot be used to answer every “Thank you”. It sounds too much formal. You can say “Cheers”or “No worry”. If the hearer likes saying “Thank you”, sometimes you can ignore his/her “thanks”and continue your speech. If you are the customer, there is no necessity to say “You are welcome” to the seller. The better way is just say “Thank you” back.According to last two examples, we can clearly see that some expressions in English are not as that familiar to us as what we think of. When we are at school or some other training institutions, we are taught their meanings, but those are the semantic meanings, as for pragmatic meaning, we can only get them from foreigner‟s laughter or contempt. Obviously, that is the reason that most foreigners think Chinese rude and impolite.B.Invitation failureWhen you get a good friend who is an America or British, someday, he says”Would you like to have dinner with me in my house?” Unfortunately, you do not havetime to go there. Some people may say “No, thanks. I have another appointment.”Then, congratulations, you probably will not be invited next time. Or even worse, you just lose a friend. How to say “No” politely is a complex skill no matter in China or abroad. In this condition, “Thanks”cannot make up the hurt you have made. In a polite way, you should say” That is a good idea. I would like to join in, but I have another appointment today.” In this way, you show that you are sorry about not going and give a respect to his/her invitation.C.Request failureIn a restaurant, you want to have a hamburger. You tell the waiter” I want a hamburger”. You are so lucky if he does not treat you like rubbish. It is not a polite way to give a request. Through this way, nothing can even be called “a request”. You should say “Could I have a hamburger, please?”, or “Can I have a hamburger, please?”.D.Euphemism failureWhen British say “I only have a few minor comments”, they mean “Please re-write completely”. But what others understand is “He has found a few typos”. This is a very common phenomenon in daily life. Sometimes, when a British says “Could we consider some other options?”, It means “I do not like your idea” But what others understand is “They have not yet decided.” These two examples show that we cannot get what the British mean completely. Then we should remember more examples.“That is not bad”means “That is good”. “That is very brave”means “That is very stupid” or “You are insane”. “Quite good” means” a bit disappointment”. “Very interesting” means “That is clearly nonsenses”.According to these examples, we can see that if we do not know anything about pragmatics, it is very difficult to get what they actually mean. In this condition, pragmatic failure in politeness is inevitable.Ⅳ. Reason analysis on pragmatic failure in politenessA.Model Verbs(Model Auxil-iaries)The cultured westerners would use model verbs more frequently to show their politeness to others. Therefore, model verbs like “can, could, may, might, and would”will function well in conversations. It sounds more polite to express suggestion, request, willing and so on. For example, “Pass me the salt” is less polite than “Could you please pass me the salt?” apparently.B.Subjunctive moodBy using words like”would rather, would sooner, would as soon”and “had”which is also called as subjunctive mood. It will cause hearer to feel that you are considering a better result or way to avoid the bad ones. It will also show that you are deducing the probable problems and trying to find a way to solve it.C.PleaseWhen “please” goes after the sentence, it sounds better than when it goes before the sentence. Because the sentence sounds like an order when you use “please” as the beginning of a sentence. For example, “Could you please reply to me by Monday? Thank you.” is much more polite than “Please reply to me by Monday. Thank you.”D.Passive voiceSometimes, declarative sentences may be stiff and impolite. This is time to use passive voice or negative sentences or interrogative sentences to show you politeness. In this way, it avoids our subjective opinions and gives the hearer a positive mood. For instance, “Every piece of luggage has to be examined through.” is better than “We will examine every piece of luggage”.E.Past tenseSimilarly, when you use past tense to make a request, it sounds more comfortable and acceptable. For example,”I thought you were needing me, Mr. Smith.”Ⅴ. ConclusionFollowing the definition of pragmatic failures in inter-cultural communication given by Thomas in the 1970s, pragmatic failures in inter-cultural communication has been the hot topic discussed by many scholars more than ever both at home and abroad and many scholars have explored the pragmatic failures from various points of view, such as sociolinguistics, psychology, second language acquisition and so on. This paper mainly investigates the pragmatic failures in politeness, more specificallyin a variety of polite speech acts.The studies of causes of pragmatic failures in inter-language communication can also be applied to those occurring in the politeness and such traditional causes are generalized into four categories as culture and language differences, language transfer in second language acquisition, teaching induced causes and violation of pragmatic rules in language use. But few scholars turn their attention to causes studies in a cognitive approach. That is a reason why this paper is engaged in the exploration of the causes leading to politeness failures in a cognitive perspective.The major causes of politeness failures discussed in this paper are concluded as politeness transfer, different culture-based cognitive environment and an improper choice of context. The study of the causes for politeness failures is on the basis of the common politeness failure phenomena in different speech acts. From a cognitive perspective, prototype and category theory as well as cognitive approach on relevance theory are applied to explain the causes for politeness failures in inter-cultural communication between Chinese and English native speakers.Though, this paper is facilitated with some new perspectives on the analysis of certain causes for politeness failures, there are still some other important causes to generate pragmatic failures, like individual factors, society and others. The focus here is only on three causes, which may be one limitation of this paper. Besides, due to some limitations, no empirical survey is conducted to illustrate the failure phenomenon, and some of those pragmatic failures are collected directly from the books of other scholars, but still they bear pragmatic significance and are scientific enough to be used as evidence in this paper.ReferencesBrown. P & Levinson. S. Politeness: Some Universals in Language Usage. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987.Leech, G.N. Principles of pragmatics. New York: Longman Group Limited, 1983. Levinson, S.C. Pragmatics. Cambridge: Cambridge University PressThomas, J. Cross-cultural pragmatic failure. Applied Linguistics. London: Oxford University Press, 1983.Yule, G. The Study of Language. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985陈新仁. 当代语用学. 北京: 外语教学与研究出版社, 2004.何自然. 语用学概论. 长沙: 湖南教育出版社, 2002何伟, 彭漪, 于晖. 当代语言学. 北京: 高等教育出版社,2007顾曰国. “Politeness phenomenon in modern Chinese.”Journal of Pragmatics 141- 990(1993): 237-257.何兆熊.Study of Politeness in Chinese and Eng1ish Cultures. 北京: 北京外国语大学出版社，1995。
语用学原则在大学英语听力教学中运用论文
语用学原则在大学英语听力教学中的运用【摘要】在大学英语听力理解中，学生不仅要推断出讲话者的显性交际意图，更重要的是推断出讲话者的隐性交际意图。
为了帮助学生更好地进行意图推理，本文以语用学的合作原则和关联原则为指导，初步探讨了其在非英语专业大学生听力理解中的运用。
语用学理论在大学英语听力理解中的实证运用，对促进大学英语教学健康发展将起到积极的推动作用。
【关键词】大学英语听力教学合作原则关联原则一、引言听力教学的目标是使学生能够根据语言的形式和意义推断出显性交际意图，进而根据显性交际意图，参照情景语境和文化语境推断出隐性交际意图。
听力理解的过程是一种负责的思维过程，语用学知识可以从理论上对听力理解进行分析。
在大学英语教学中，非英语专业学生并未系统地学习语用学理论，而更多是在进行语言操练。
为了促进学生更有意识地进行听力理解分析，本文将初步探讨合作原则和关联原则在非英语专业学生听力理解中的实际运用。
二、合作原则1.关于在交际中如何进行推理，受话人怎样推断发话人在特定的环境里所表明的意图内容，grice（1967）提出了理解话语意图内容的“合作原则”。
即根据目前交际的目的或方向，交际双方只有相互配合，朝向共同的目标努力，才可以促进交际的顺利进行。
在合作原则下，有四条准则体现了合作交际：①量的准则。
即话语应包含满足交际所需信息，不应包含超过交际所需的信息。
②质的准则。
即努力使说的话真实。
不要说你相信是虚假的话。
不要说你认为缺少足够证据的话。
③关系准则。
即要有关联。
④方式准则。
即说话要清楚明白。
避免晦涩，避免歧义，要简练，要有条理。
假定发话人是遵守合作原则的，因此他说的话有且仅有一个解释是符合合作原则的。
受话人依据合作原则、语境和句子的字面意义就能推断出发话人想要表达的交际意图。
通常情况下，非英语专业学生学习和了解“合作原则”知识后，按照准则标准进行推理，可以比较顺利、轻松地推理交际意图进行解释。
2.根据grice的理论，由推理而得出的解释叫做会话含意，包括一般含意和特殊含意。
语用学论文：语用学在大学英语教学中的应用
语用学论文：语用学在大学英语教学中的应用【摘要】本文基于语用学理论，分别从听力口语教学、阅读教学以及翻译教学三个方面，分析了在大学英语教学中，教师应如何将语用学的理论应用其中，从而实现教学的有效化，使学习者能够很好地掌握使用英语的能力。
【关键词】语用学语境语用失误人们在社会交际中借助语言传递信息，达到交际目的。
英语作为一种语言，其教学活动的目的就是使学生学习英语知识与技能，掌握言语交际能力。
要实现这一目的，英语教学活动不仅要按照英语本身的语言组织规律实施具体的教学方法，而且必须要依靠哲学、教育学、心理学、语言学等学科的理论与成果来指导英语教学的再实践。
语用学强调在语境中（context）研究词、句、话语等言语行为的意义。
一旦脱离了语境，言语行为的理解就很有可能会出现错误，因而交际功能也就无法实现，也就是说出现了语用失误（pragmatic failure）。
我国的英语语言教学中，教师往往注重的是词汇语法的讲解，只注重学生语言形式的使用正确与否，而较少注重介绍语言的使用场合，较少结合语言的社会含义进行教学。
多数学生尽管学习英语长达数年，但是在实际的交际活动中，却发现很难达到自己的交际目的，即不能被他人理解和理解他人的话语。
因此语用学对于英语教学的影响值得我们进一步探究。
一语用学的定义虽然目前语言学界对于语用学的定义和范畴还没有统一的见解，但语言学家都有一个共识，即语境是语言学的核心概念之一，是一门专门研究语境在交际过程中的作用的学科。
人们的正常语言交流总离不开特定的语境。
这里的语境包括交际的场合（时间、地点等）、交际的话题、交际的参与者以及上下文。
人们要判断一句话的意思，应当结合具体的语境，推断出它的真实含义。
离开了语境，也就失去了依据，在交流中有时难免会产生困惑甚至误解。
二听力口语教学方面将听力口语教学置于教学首位完全遵循了语言学习的规律。
教师在组织这方面学习的过程中，应刻意引入语用学的知识，结合交际语境，介绍日常交际话语的语用意义。
关于英语语言学论文范文参考
关于英语语言学论文范文参考随着对英语文化学习的不断深入,随着英语重要地位的不断确立,英语语言学的研究工作也越来越深入。
下文是店铺为大家整理的关于英语语言学论文范文参考的内容，欢迎大家阅读参考!关于英语语言学论文范文参考篇1浅探英语语言学中的幽默话语幽默是指在人类交际的过程中，能够引人发笑的话语、动作和表情等，其内容丰富多彩，表现形式多种多样，比例幽默话语、幽默动作、幽默音乐等等。
因为人们的交际活动多依赖于语言，所以幽默也多来源于话语当中。
一、英语语言学中的幽默话语在繁忙的生活中，幽默是一剂强力润滑剂。
幽默话语是借助于语言手段来表述幽默的。
它是以语言为媒介，根据特定的情境下，以轻松诙谐的语调，机智、风趣、戏谑的话语风格，通过讽刺、夸张、映射、双关等手法，来表达话语者自己的思想和观点，并使受话者不知不觉地接受，达到“随风潜入夜，润物细无声”的效果和境界。
幽默话语往往带有一些意味深长的色彩，对揭露生活中的丑恶或不公平现象，还可以起到发人深省的作用。
而对于受话者来说，要把话语和当时具体的语境线索结合起来，利用自己既有的语言知识和社会认知，去发现说话者的言外之意和要表达的真实意图，才能真正的理解幽默，并从中获得愉悦。
例如，“Mr Zhou have a sharp tongue，look out，it doesn’t cut your throat.”这句话看起来是像是在说舌头，但是，我们把这句话放到语境中，就可以想到，这里的“a sharp tongue”并不是什么锋利的舌头，而是牙尖嘴利、毒舌的意思，是发话者幽默、含蓄、间接的表达方式。
二、幽默话语与合作原则(一)合作原则胡范畴认为，所谓幽默话语是语言的各要素通过变异和创造而出来的。
而美国语言哲学家Grice则认为，幽默话语的作用是为了确保交际活动顺利进行。
Grice认为，在人们运用语言进行交际时，交际的双方(发话者和受话者)还要遵守一些先决条件和原则，例如使用双方都能熟练运用的语言、交谈内容是双方都熟悉的话题，还有最重要的合作原则(cooperative principle，CP)。
英语语言学方面论文
英语语言学方面论文英语作为一种国际化的语言，在信息化、全球化日益发展的今天，其作用越来越重要。
下文是店铺为大家整理的关于英语语言学方面论文的范文，欢迎大家阅读参考!英语语言学方面论文篇1浅探新时代和谐英语语言学课堂的构建【摘要】探索一条有效的语言学教学途径一直是大学英语教育者关注的问题,本文从和谐的角度探讨英语语言学和谐课堂的构建。
分析什么是和谐课堂,进而利用和谐教学、和谐环境等理论方法指导语言学教学的实际,达到构建英语语言学和谐课堂的效果。
【关键词】英语语言学语言学课堂和谐课堂的构建良好的和谐的课堂气氛能激活学生的脑细胞,激发他们的学习兴趣,开发他们的思维潜能,更好地促进他们接受新知识,掌握新技能。
如何创造和谐的课堂气氛,有效地促进教学,是每个英语教学者都必然关注的问题。
美国心理学家罗杰斯认为:“成功的教学依赖于一种真诚的理解和信任的师生关系,依赖于一种和谐安全的课堂气氛。
”由此可见,一个成功的课堂与和谐安全的课堂气氛息息相关。
英语专业的学生在掌握了听说读写这些基本技能的基础上,需要进一步比较全面、比较系统地了解现代语言学这一领域的研究成果,以及一些最主要、最有影响的语言理论和原则,从而加深对人类语言这一人类社会普遍现象的理性认识,并具备一定的运用语言学理论解释语言现象、解决具体语言问题的能力,提高自身的语言修养和学习语言的能力。
一、英语语言学课程的特点课程的教学任务和目的是向学生讲授英语语言的属性、功能、起源和内部层次,掌握英语语言学基本特征和主要分支的基本概念,了解语言在时空中的变异及其与社会、文化、语境、思维等外部因素的关系,同时了解部分主要语言学流派。
英语语言学的教学内容宽泛,不易深细,主要包括英语语言和英语语言学领域中各分支的基础理论,如语音学、音系学、形态学、句法学、语义学、语用学等基本内容,也包括了语言的变异及其与外部因素的关系。
二、英语语言学的授课对象英语语言学教程的授课对象是学习英语的高等院校学生,因此在讲解过程中大部分采用了英语。
浅谈语用学在高中英语教学中的应用
浅谈语用学在高中英语教学中的应用语用学是对语言使用的科学研究，侧重于语言在交际中的使用以及影响其使用的社会和文化因素。
语用学主要研究语言的功能、社会和文化背景、交际目标和交际手段。
语用学在语言教学中起着重要作用。
它可以帮助学生更好地理解和使用语言，提高他们的交际能力。
一、语用学的作用首先，语用学可以帮助学生更好地理解语言的功能。
通过学习语用学，学生可以了解如何使用语言来实现特定的交际目标，如说服、告知或娱乐。
他们还可以学习语言使用中的礼貌策略，例如使用间接语言或避免某些单词或短语，以便在社交互动中更加礼貌或体贴。
其次，语用学可以帮助学生理解语言使用的社会和文化背景。
通过研究影响语言使用的文化规范和期望，学生可以更加了解如何在不同的文化环境中正确有效地使用语言。
例如，学生可以了解眼神交流、面部表情和肢体语言在交流中的作用，以及这些在不同文化中的差异。
然后，语用学可以帮助学生培养交际能力。
通过理解语言使用的交际目标和实现这些目标的方法，学生可以在不同的社会和文化背景下成为更有效的交际者。
最后，语用学可以通过使用真实的材料、角色扮演和模拟活动，以及对社会和文化规范和期望的明确教学，融入到语言教学中。
真实的材料，如新闻文章、广告和社交媒体帖子，为学生提供真实的语言使用示例。
角色扮演和模拟活动允许学生在现实的交际情境中练习语言。
对社会和文化规范和期望的明确教学有助于学生理解如何在不同的语境中恰当地使用语言。
语用学是语言学习和教学的一个重要方面，因为它帮助学生理解语言在现实世界中的使用方式，并与他人有效沟通。
通过将语用学纳入语言教学，教师可以帮助学生对语言使用有更全面、更实用的理解，提高他们的交际能力。
二、对高中英语教学的好处语用学是对语言使用的科学研究，侧重于语言在交际中的使用以及影响其使用的社会和文化因素。
在高中英语教学中，语用学的应用对学生的语言发展和交际能力有诸多好处。
在高中英语教学中应用语用学的一个主要好处是，它帮助学生理解语言的功能以及如何使用它来实现特定的交际目标。
跨文化交际的语用失误研究(英语论文)
跨文化交际的语用失误研究A Study of Pragmatic Failure in Intercultural Communication摘要本论文尝试从一些基本的语用学理论入手对比分析不同文化差异引起的语用失误现象，以便从更科学和系统的角度了解不同文化、不同社会、不同群体的人们是如何以不同的标准来进行他们各自的言语行为。
本文重点从言语交际失误方面展开对语用失误的研究，主要包括语用语言失误和社交语用失误两种。
并且通过对这两种语用失误的分析，作者提出了一些针对语言教学的启示。
关键词: 跨文化交际；文化差异；语用语言失误；社交语用失误；语言教学启示AbstractThis thesis attempts to analyze pragmatic failure according to some basic pragmatic theories, in order to understand people more scientifically and systematically who come from different culture, society and community how to operate interaction based on different standards. The thesis will emphasize on verbal communication which concludes pragmalinguistic failure and socio-pragmatic failure. And through analyzing on the two kinds of pragmatic failures, the author puts forward some enlightenment for language teaching.Key words: Intercultural Communication; Cultural Differences; Pragmalinguistic Failure;Socio-pragmatic Failure; Enlightenment for Language TeachingChapter One IntroductionIntercultural communication activities go with the history of mankind, but as a subject it only emerged several decades ago and a great many researches from different perspectives have been conducted on it by scholars at home and abroad. The thesis attempts to make analysis on the pragmatic failures in the intercultural communication from the view point of sociolinguistics and pragmatics.Chapter two explains several important issues. The first is to give the definition and characteristics of culture and communication, which lead to the conclusion that culture, communication and language are inseparable. The second is an overview of intercultural communication. The study of intercultural communication is a multi-discipline, and it compasses every aspect of communication.Chapter three discusses two types of pragmatic failure in verbal-communication, namely: pragmalinguistic failure and sociopragmatic failure. In terms of pragmalinguistic failure, failures in lexicon and grammar are illustrated; in terms of sociopragmatic failure, failures in what to say and how to say.Chapter four gives some enlightenment to improve language teaching approaches and concepts. In recent years, researchers have made great efforts to improve foreign language teaching, and it is thought that the pragmatic competence of foreign language learners has been improved a lot. However, pragmatic failure still haunts the language learners and teachers because it is closely concerned with culture, communication and language, which are indispensable in academic and social life.Chapter Two A Brief Survey of Some Specified Issues in InterculturalCommunication2.1 The Definitions of Classroom Questioning2.1.1 CultureCulture is such a vast and large concept that it is hard and difficult to give an exact definition that is accepted by all people. It is said that there have been at least over 150 definitions about culture, but none of them can cover all the aspects of culture. The following definitions are some of the well-known ones.Edward T. Hall gave a detailed descriptio n as “Culture is man’s medium; there is not one aspect of human life that is not touched and altered by culture. This means personality, howpeople express themselves, including shows of emotion, the way they think, how they move, how problems are solved, how their cities are planned and laid out, how transportation systems function and are organized, as well as how economic and government systems are put together and function.”(Hall, 1959, p.97)Bates and Plog proposed a descriptive definition “Culture is a system of shared beliefs, values, customs, behaviors, and artifacts that the members of a society use to cope with their world and with one another, and that are transmitted from generation to generation through learning. This definition includes not only patterns of behavior but also patterns of thought, artifacts, and the culturally transmitted skills and techniques used to make the artifacts.” (Bates & Plog, 1990, p.152)From the above definitions, we have seen culture is ubiquitous multidimensional, complex, and all-pervasive. In many ways, Hall is correct: culture is everything and everywhere (Samovar & Porter, 2000, p.34). For the purpose research on pragmatic failure in intercultural communication, the author would like to understand culture as a particular way to satisfy human’s basic needs. According to a psychologist Abraham Maslow, human being shares five basic needs: the physiological needs, the safety needs, the belongingness needs, the esteem needs and the self-actualization needs. The five basic needs of human being are shaped and affected unconsciously by culture and gradually we take it for granted and treat them as cultural-rooted habits. Take food as an example, people from one culture might think the food eaten by another cultural group is not delicious and even disgusting. Just like Chinese think it good for health to eat dog meat, while the thought of eating dog disgusts western people because dogs are treated as people’s best friend s in their culture. But no matter how different culture has its ways of doing things in daily life, it cannot be simply judged by the right-or-wrong question. It is interpreted as different people do the same things in different manners.2.1.2 CommunicationThe word “communicate” originate from the Latin word “commonis” that means “common”. So the premise of communication is that the participants should share the common knowledge. As is the case with culture, communication is complex and multidimensional. When people decode the signal and obtain the message, it is important for them to interpret messages in terms of cultural orientation. And Samovar defines communication as “it happens whenever meaning is attributed to behavior or to the residue of behavior” (Samovar, 1981, p.75). His definition tells us communication can go on through our conscious or unconscious, intentional or unintentional behavior. People are communicating everywhere all the time in various manners for different purposes.In order to clarify how communication actually operates, there are several characteristics ofcommunication need to be fully understood. First, communication is changing all the time. During the process of communication, participants are unconsciously affected by the input of new messages. So, there will be changed in some way, which means everyone will be a dynamic individual in his whole life. Second, communication is irreversible. Once messages are received and decoded it is impossible to eliminate the result and the sender’s only choice is to modify or implement the former messages. Therefore, once pragmatic failures occur in the process of communication it is not an easy job to erase some negative results and influences completely. Therefore, the study of pragmatic failure will be helpful to minimize misunderstanding in international communication.2.2 Intercultural Communication2.2.1 Definition of Intercultural CommunicationIt is an undeniable fact that we live in a global village nowadays. Intercultural communication occurs every day with the rapid economic and cultural development of society. It involves the interaction of cultures from different nations. As an independent subject, intercultural communication only emerged a few decades ago. Hall put forward the term intercultural communication first in his book The Silent Language. It can be simply defined as interpersonal communication between members of different cultures. The term has been expressed in many ways, such as intercultural communication, cross-cultural communication, the study of intercultural communication, and the study of cross-cultural communication. Among them, intercultural communication and cross-cultural communication are more widely adopted. Though the term cross-cultural communication was adopted earlier by scholars, now the former receives more preference.In many cases, intercultural communication and cross-cultural communication are understood as being the same. The study of intercultural communication is generally considered to include cross-cultural communication. According to Samovar, & Porter, intercultural communication is communication between people whose cultural perceptions and symbol system are distinct enough to alter the communication event. According to Gudykunst and Kin, intercultural communication is a comparison of some phenomena across cultures, but cross-cultural communication is an interaction between people from different cultures. They hold that intercultural communication puts emphasis on the study, while cross-cultural communication in the interaction. In this thesis, hereby, the author will adopt the term intercultural communication.2.2.2 An Overview of Intercultural CommunicationThe study of intercultural communication can be traced back to America in the late 1950s and the early 1960s. As a new world for Europeans, Asians, and people from other continentswho want to realize their American dreams, America attracts millions of immigrants all over the world. These immigrants brought not only their skills, but their cultures as well. Therefore, as a melting pot of immigrants, a variety of barriers, conflicts, and frictions due to cultural differences in communication activities arose in America. This phenomenon aroused much interest in the western countries, especially in America. Communication specialists became interested in the subject of communication among members of different cultures. The book The Silent Language is often considered as the initial signal of intercultural communication studies. From then on, anthropologists, socio-psychologists, sociolinguists have devoted with great enthusiasm to the study from a variety of perspectives.Intercultural communication was delivered as a course in some American universities in the late 1960s. With the trend of globalization, the development of intercultural communication is consistent with that of the world’s economic and cultural situations and it is more appealing not only to the specialized scholars but to any people who may engage in intercultural communication activities.Many Chinese scholars have devoted to the field and made a great many valuable researches into the study from 1980s. It is believed that intercultural communication has connection with many other subjects. Among them, anthropology, socio-psychology and socio-linguistics and communication are the most influential subjects. Jia Yuxin considers philosophy and racial interaction should be added to it. The study of intercultural communication is a multi-discipline, and it compasses every aspect of communication.Chapter Three The Pragmatic Failure in Communication3.1 Pragmalinguistic FailureThe scholar Hong Gang thinks that pragmalinguistic failure occurs when the speaker uses the utterance which is systematically different from the target language to express the same pragmatic function. In other words, the speaker violates the rules of target language and transfers norms of the source language. In this part, the author will categorize it into two aspects: lexical level and grammar level.3.1.1 Lexical LevelIn intercultural communication, it can be found that a great deal of words have the same conceptual meaning while their associative meanings are different. For example, the words of color have different associative meanings in the west and the east. The sight of color would arouse human’s emotion, and even affect our physical feeling. It seems that human shares some common responses to some colors. Such as, red represents blood and fire, the symbol of life andstrength; green is associated with freshness because it is the color of grass and tree; black is an unlucky color, related with evil, death, mourning and the underground world. In most cases, however, people’s understanding of color terms is different. In China, from the Tang dynasty the color of bright yellow was used specially by royal power, dignity and nobility. While in the Bible, Jesus wears a family, purple robe during the Passion. For the reason, the color of purple is regarded as holy, noble, equal with the color of bright yellow in China. So there are those expressions in English:be born in the purple(生在官宦之家)be raised to the purple(升为红衣主教)marry into the purple(嫁到显贵之家)It is acknowledged that there is no absolute cultural universal or cultural similarity. The confusing phenomenon is that one aspect or element in one culture is so peculiar that a counterpart or an equivalent cannot be found in another culture. For instance, the plant of bamboo plays an important role in Chinese daily life from the ancient time, being the material of boats, books, shoes and etc. The traditional culture associates bamboos with the traits of integrity, strong-minded and dignity. On the contrary, in the western culture bamboo is just a name for that kind of plant without any extending meaning. Even the word “bamboo” is borrowed from another language. Another example concerns the use of “tiger” and “dragon”. When the Chinese refers to the four developed areas in Asia they use “four dragons”. However,in English newspapers and magazines those four places are referred to as “four tigers of A sia”. In Chinese culture, dragon is a holy animal, symbolizing power and royalty. Hence, Chinese are proud of calling themselves the descendents of the dragon. However, according to Christianity, dragon is a creature of ill omen, just like the serpent in the Garden of Eden that induces Eden and Eve to break the rule and eat the evil fruit. So the Chinese idiom“望子成龙”is translated as “wish one’s child to be somebody”. Otherwise, the literal translation is unacceptable as it may bring about different cultural association. From the above example, we have learned that the associative meanings of English words are not equal with that of Chinese words. Neglecting the differences will lead people to bring their original values and attitudes into the process of intercultural communication. It is one of the most common failures resulting from inappropriate understanding of associative meanings of words.3.1.2 Grammar LevelThe shared knowledge of grammar ensures the smooth progress of effective communication. But actually, people are usually apt to employ the grammar rules of their source language unconsciously, which makes it possible for listeners to interpret speakers’ utterance in the wrong way.In Chinese, the position of adverbial modifier is comparatively stable—at the front of verb. We can read the sentence:他在安安静静地读书；他突然大笑起来。
英语语言学方面的论文
英语语⾔学⽅⾯的论⽂关于英语语⾔学⽅⾯的论⽂ 在⽇常学习、⼯作⽣活中，⼤家都跟论⽂打过交道吧，论⽂的类型很多，包括学年论⽂、毕业论⽂、学位论⽂、科技论⽂、成果论⽂等。
如何写⼀篇有思想、有⽂采的论⽂呢？以下是⼩编精⼼整理的关于英语语⾔学⽅⾯的论⽂，希望对⼤家有所帮助。
英语语⾔学⽅⾯的论⽂1 《浅析美国英语与英国英语的区别及应⽤》 摘要：标准现代英式英语和美式英语，虽然两者互相理解没有很多实质性的差异，但对两者的各⽅⾯进⾏⼀个⼤概的⽐较，还是有很多细微的差别的。
关键词：美国英语；英国英语；分析对⽐；区别及应⽤ 在全球⼀体化的背景下，英语已成为世界通⽤语⾔，在社会⽣活、交往或交流中都扮演着重要⾓⾊。
近年，美式英语风靡全球，尽管美式英语和英式英语都是英语，但是区别甚多。
相对来说美式英语便捷实⽤，英式英语较为复杂。
英式英语保守、严谨，美国⼈说英语则是另⼀种姿态，崇尚可见即可读。
1.两种语⾔在历史演变、地域⽂化、社会地位层⾯的区别。
英语是全世界⼏千种语⾔的其中⼀种，也是印欧语系⼀百多种语⾔之⼀。
英国英语距今已有1500的历史了。
⽽美国英语是在英国英语的基础上发展⽽来的。
英国和美国在政治、经济、⽂化等⽅⾯的不断发展，造就了它们各⾃不同的语⾔特征。
美式英语起源于18世纪70年代，美国的独⽴战争爆发时，战乱的特殊原因导致绝⼤多数美国⼈来⾃欧洲移民，尤其以英格兰⼈为主，⼤多讲英国英语。
近⼏⼗年来，由于美国的贸易、军事、科技、国际地位等⽅⾯远远超过英国，再加上美国电影风靡全球，促使美国本⼟的俚语很多已经渗透到了⼝语之中。
很多因素导致美式英语成为强势语⾔。
2.发⾳⽅⾯存在的不同。
英语和美语的发⾳最具代表性的区别是对er的发⾳的不同。
英语中，短⾳的er是的浑元⾳，但长⾳的er是个拉长了的浑元⾳，听起来是⼀个介于“俄”和“啊”的声⾳。
⽽美语中，er听起来怎么都是个“⼉”⾳。
ar：除了轻读短⾳（如singular）和者后连元⾳（如clarity），英语的ar全部清⼀⾊的长⾳[a：]，⽽美语中，是“阿尔”。
语用意义的词汇语用学解析-英语论文-语言学论文
语用意义的词汇语用学解析-英语论文-语言学论文——文章均为WORD文档，下载后可直接编辑使用亦可打印——1. 引言语用意义的确定取决于特定的语用交际环境,表现为语境语用化现象。
在话语理解过程中词语可起到语用触发语(pragmatic triggers)的作用,能引导语用者进行以语用环境为基础的语义语用选择。
语义及其所指范围的缩小、扩大或延伸都需要寻找语用意义的最佳关联。
因此,语言交际是一个以语境为基础的语用认知问题,而不只是语义、词法或句法问题。
语用意义的获取和研究应是多角度、多层次和跨学科的,对语用意义进行词汇语用分析是可能和必要的。
词汇语用学和语用意义研究的相互补充更有利于语言学的发展完善。
笔者将以词汇语用学理论为基础,对语义语用凸显倾向和话语词项共现(co-occurrence)的词汇语用理据关联进行尝试性探索,以冀对语用意义的研究有新的启示。
2. 词汇语用学词汇语用学是在其学科自身发展过程中参照语用学和词汇学的目标、理论与方法进行词汇语用研究中衍生出来的分支学科。
它是语用学,但又不同于经典的语用学研究。
语用学理论的研究主要基于社会交往和认知角度的两条理论线索。
前者主要涵盖Austin 和Searle的言语行为理论,Grice 的会话含意理论,Leech 等的礼貌原则,Horn 的两原则,Levinson 的新格氏理论,Vers-chueren 的顺应论,Harbemas 的规范语用学等;而后者则主要包括Sperber Wilson 的关联理论和Kasher 的认知语用学理论(徐盛桓2007: 6)。
就现有的语用研究而言,词汇语用学研究尚未取得很成熟的成果或形成很完善的模式,且缺乏语际间的对比分析与词汇语用比较。
冉永平(2005: 343-350)认为,最新的语用学研究趋势和词汇语用的可探讨领域表明,词汇语用学的研究已具备充足的依据。
Blutner(1998: 115-162)把词汇语用学定义为试图系统解释语言应用中不确定性词义(under-specification of lexical items)的语用现象及其语用加工的研究。
英语教学中学生语用能力培养论文
英语教学中学生语用能力的培养根据最新教改精神，现行英语教材着重语言实际运用的教学。
因此，在教学中，注重学生语用能力的培养十分重要。
教师在教学中要加强对学生语用能力的培养，笔者认为要处理好以下几个关系：一、正确认识语言形式和语言功能之间的关系语言作为交际工具，有双重性，即形式和功能。
一方面语言在形式上有一定的规律性、稳定性，并且可以脱离语境单独进行分析和解释。
如：“the police man is coming．”是由一词按一定语法规则组织而成的句子，其意义也相对稳定，表示“一警察正朝说话人处走来。
”另一方面，语言又具有可变性，是变化不定的话语，在不同的交际环境中体现为不同的语言功能，即表现不同的交际意义。
如：can l help you?在不同交际情景中，其意义就不同。
语言形式和语言功能(即语言的结构体系和语言在使用中的表意作用)是语言的两个不同方面，它们既有联系又有区别。
作为交际工具，从理论上讲，当我们有话要说时，应当实话实说。
这样，容易表达自己的意思，也容易被他人理解。
例如，在作报告或学术讲座时，因为说话内容纯属情报信息，所以我们运用的语言手段应直接表达思想内容。
然而，在大多数语言环境中，闲谈的内容往往不是直接就是间接与说话双方利益有关，说话的目的不是为指令某人做事，就是为使听者改变或接受某种观点。
在现实生活中，由于人的地位、文化、身份等因素也要求我们注意表达方式。
因此，语言形式和功能之间存在多重性的关系。
换句话说，在语言交际中，同一语言，在不同环境可以有不同的语言形式来表达，如：the window is open．这一语言形式，在不同的交际环境中至少有几种不同的语言表意：(1)陈述“窗户开着”这一事实。
(2)提醒听者离开时，关上窗户。
(3)责备听者未关窗。
(4)暗示室内温度低，请听者关上窗。
同样，要求听者关上窗这一语言功能，据不同的语境和不同的说话对象，也可以有以下几种形式：1．close the window，please2．1 want you to close the window3．will you close the window?4．can you close the window?5．would you be so kind as to close the window?6．it’s cold here，is n’t it?7．why not close the window?8．what／how about closing the window?9．would you mind closing the window?10．don’t you think it’s cold here?这样看来，在英语教学过程中，要有效地培养学生的语用能力，使他们在不同场合、不同对象中，能正确、恰当地运用英语进行交际，既要使学生懂得语言的形式结构，又要使他们学会如何在实际运用中发挥这些语言形式。
言语行为理论视野中的语用能力培养的英语论文
随着我国2001年加入WTO，世界经济的全球化，国际间的文化交流和外贸合作日益频繁。英语作为参与国际交际的工具，在中国社会越来越显示其重要性。然而从目前情况看，由于我国大学英语教学受应试教学的影响，忽视听说能力的培养，结果养成学生打勾画线、猜答案的思维习惯，极不利于培养真实环境下的口头交际能力。大学英语被社会上贬称为“哑巴英语”、“聋子英语”。根据大学外语指导委员会的一项调查，发现“用人单位对近几年来毕业的大学生的英语综合能力普遍感到不满意，对口语能力及写作能力则更为不满。例如，他们认为口语能力强或非常强的仅为5%，差的或极差的为37%，能胜任或基本胜任参加国际会议讨论的仅为7%;能胜任或基本胜任参加对外业务谈判的仅为14%。大学英语口语教学由于受应试、高校扩招、课时有限、师资不足、班级规模大等诸多因素的影响，一直未受到足够的重视，而有关大学英语口语教学的研究更是教学改革的弱项。笔者试图从语用学的角度出发，借鉴言语行为理论，就大学英语口语交际、功能意念与语用能力的关系进行一些探讨，以期培养学生在真实交际情景和语境中的语言应用能力。
奥斯汀认为，英语句子大致分为两种:叙述句(述谓句)(constatives)和行为句(施事句或实践句)(performatives)。前者指一种陈述，可能是报导一个信息，叙述一个事件，记录一种状态等，这些句子有真伪之分。如:NanjingisinJiangsuprovince.(南京位于江苏省。)而与之对立的行为句则不具备这些特点。它是指在说话行为的实践中，在实施一个动词的同时，恰好实现了该动词所表达的动作，如:Ipromisetogotomorrow.(我保证明天走。)Iwamyounottobesorodenexttime.(我警告你下次不得这么粗鲁。)在上述两句中，说话者在说话的同时，就分别实施了“保证”、“警告”的行为。奥斯汀把行为句分为显性行为句(explicitperformatives)和隐性行为句(implicitperformatives)。显性行为句中往往包含一个行为动词，而且主语常常是第一人称单数，动词时态为一般现在时。而隐性行为句中没有一个表示要实施的言语行为的动词。其对比如下:
语用学理论在英语教学中的应用
语用学理论在英语教学中的应用【摘要】本文旨在探讨语用学理论在英语教学中的应用。
首先介绍语用学理论在提高学生交际能力方面的重要性，接着分析具体的应用方法，如通过角色扮演和情景对话等方式提升学生的实际语言运用能力。
还讨论了语用学理论如何促进学生对英语语言使用的理解和运用，以及帮助学生更好地理解语言背后的文化和社会意义。
总结了语用学理论对英语教学的启示和影响，并展望未来在英语教学中的发展。
通过本文的探讨，可以更好地认识语用学理论在英语教学中的重要作用，为今后的教学实践提供借鉴和指导。
【关键词】语用学理论、英语教学、交际能力、教学方法、文化意义、社会意义、启示、影响、总结、展望1. 引言1.1 介绍语用学理论在英语教学中的重要性语用学理论在英语教学中扮演着非常重要的角色。
语言是人类沟通交流的重要工具，而语用学理论则帮助我们更好地理解语言使用的背后意义和规则。
在英语教学中，了解语用学理论可以帮助学生更加准确地理解和运用英语，提高他们的交际能力和语言表达能力。
通过语用学理论的学习和应用，学生可以更好地理解语言中的含蓄意义、说话人的意图以及不同语境下的语言使用规则，从而在真实交际中更加得心应手。
语用学理论也可以帮助教师更好地设计教学活动和课程，提高教学效果。
通过运用语用学理论，教师可以更好地引导学生学习如何在不同情境下使用英语，从而培养学生的语言运用能力和跨文化交际能力。
语用学理论在英语教学中的重要性不言而喻，它不仅可以提高学生的语言学习效果，更可以促进学生对语言和文化的深入理解，帮助他们在未来的生活和工作中更加成功地运用英语。
1.2 阐述本文的研究目的本文旨在探讨语用学理论在英语教学中的重要性，并阐述其在提高学生交际能力、促进学生对英语语言使用的理解和运用，以及帮助学生更好地理解语言背后的文化和社会意义方面的具体应用方法。
通过对语用学理论在教学中的应用进行分析和讨论，本文旨在揭示语用学理论对英语教学的启示和影响，为教师和学生提供更好的教学方法和学习策略。
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The Cooperative Principle of Pragmatics:An Analysis of the Verbal Humour in the Sitcom Home with KidsSince the language was born, the research of it has never interrupted. Humor is the spice of our lives, leave it the life will be boring. Pragmatics is a main branch of Linguistics, with the development of pragmatic theory, linguists and hobbyists from many angles analysis on verbal humor and achieved fruitful results.While cooperative principle, as one of the most important pragmatic principle, makes a systemic study about language use and lays a solid foundation for later development of pragmatics. The violation of cooperative principle can often generate conversational implicature or achieve certain communicative effects. On the basis of previous humour and pragmatic theory research, I will analysis from the point of the cooperative principle of those verbal humour dialogue in the sitcom "Home with Kids", which reflects the daily life of a rebuilt family and attracts many Chinese audiences by its creating writing, good acting as well as its wonderful transcripts.1. Four Maxims of the Cooperative PrincipleIn 1975, the language philosopher H. P. Grice published a seminal article entitled “The Cooperative Principle” which created quite a stir in the linguistic world and generated a large number of linguistic publications that are built on Grice's postulates.According to Grice, in conversational exchange, people usually try to reach a common goal by mutual efforts or at least make the conversation develop in the direction of their expectation. To achieve this, people need to cooperate with each other. Grice' theory of the cooperative principle explains how it is possible for the speaker to convey more than what is literally said and foe the hearer to understand.The four maxims of CP are Quantity Maxim, Quality Maxim, Manner Maxim and Relation Maxim. The maxim of quantity has two sub-maxims that require the cooperative speaker to say as much as but no more than is required for his particular purposes in the talk exchange. The maxim of quality also has two sub-maxims, which demands that the speaker say only what he believes to be true and for which he hassufficient evidence. The maxim of relation urges the speaker to make his contribution relevant to the communication context. The maxim of manner requires the speaker to be methodical and to avoid ambiguity, prolixity, and obscurity. In short, as Grice put it for the cooperative principle, "make your conversational contribution such as is required,at the stage at which it occurs, by the accepted purpose or direction of the talk exchange in which you are engaged". The cooperative principle is the foundation of pragmatic interpretation of humor, of which the flouting of maxims plays a very important role.2. Floutings of CP Maxims and Humor ProductionIn actual conversation, a participant may deliberately flout CP maxims for some reason or special need. As an important category of non-observance of the conversational maxims, a flout is distinguished by deliberately triggering the hearer's search for an implicature. The speaker employs this way seemingly against the cooperative principle to reinforce the communicative effect. In this way the speaker can make his conversation humorous and thus produce the effect of humor. In fact, flouting of the CP is often seen in Chinese sitcoms. Of course, sitcom writers also deliberately flout the principle in order to achieve humorous effects.2.1 Flouting the Quantity MaximWhen a speaker offers more or less information than is required by the situation with the intention of generating an implicature, he flouts the maxim of quantity. Look at the following example:(1) (In Episode 093, Liu Xing goes to Internet café and Liu Mei keeps asking what he did there.)Xing: You'd better not interfere with my business from now on!(以后我的事情你少管.)Mei: What did you say? I don't interfere with your business? Why didn't you say it when I breast-fed you? Why didn't you say it when you were sick? Why didn't you say it when you fell to the ground?Why didn't you say it when you couldn'twalk? You don't want me to interfere with you now, because you are grown up and can do whatever you want?(你说什么呢?再说一遍!我少管?你小时候喝奶的时候怎么不说?小时候生病的时候怎么不说呀? 摔跟头时候怎么不说呀?学会走路时候怎么不说?这时候让我少管。
你翅膀硬了,自个会飞了?)In this episode, the mother is very angry about what Liu Xing did and said; she is so angry that she can’t help talking excessively about the matter, which sounds humorous. This obviously violates the second sub-maxim of quantity: Do not make your contribution more informative than is required.(2) Let's take another episode as an example:Dad didn't get home on time, Liu Mei ask Xiao Yu to call his cell phone, after made the phone callMei: Who answered the phone? (谁接的电话?)Yu: A woman. (一个女的。