专业英语论文翻译
英语专业翻译方向毕业论文
英语专业翻译方向毕业论文英语专业翻译方向毕业论文在当今全球化的时代背景下，英语专业翻译方向的毕业论文成为了英语专业学生不可或缺的一部分。
这篇文章将探讨英语专业翻译方向毕业论文的重要性、选题方法以及写作技巧。
首先，英语专业翻译方向的毕业论文对于学生的专业素养和实践能力的培养具有重要意义。
通过撰写毕业论文，学生可以深入研究翻译理论和实践，提高自己的翻译能力。
同时，毕业论文也是学生展示自己专业知识和研究成果的重要机会，对于未来的职业发展具有积极的影响。
其次，选择一个合适的论文题目是写作的第一步。
在选择论文题目时，学生可以根据自己的兴趣和专业方向进行选择。
例如，可以选择研究某个具体领域的翻译问题，如文学翻译、商务翻译或法律翻译等。
此外，学生还可以选择研究翻译理论或翻译实践中的某个具体问题，如翻译策略、翻译质量评估等。
无论选择何种题目，都需要确保论文的研究问题具有一定的深度和独创性。
在写作过程中，学生需要遵循一定的写作技巧。
首先，要进行充分的文献综述，了解已有的研究成果和学术观点。
通过阅读相关文献，可以帮助学生深入了解论文的研究背景和理论框架。
其次，要进行合理的研究设计和方法选择。
根据论文的研究目的和问题，学生可以选择不同的研究方法，如实证研究、实证研究或文献分析等。
在选择研究方法时，需要考虑方法的可行性和适用性。
最后，要进行严谨的数据分析和结论归纳。
通过对研究数据的分析和解释，学生可以得出科学合理的结论，并对研究问题进行深入的思考和讨论。
除了以上的写作技巧，学生还可以借鉴一些写作范例和指导。
例如，可以阅读一些优秀的毕业论文，了解其结构和写作风格。
此外，学生还可以参考一些学术写作指南，如《英语论文写作指南》等，了解学术写作的基本规范和要求。
通过学习和模仿优秀的写作范例，可以提高自己的写作水平和表达能力。
总之，英语专业翻译方向的毕业论文对于学生的专业素养和实践能力的培养具有重要意义。
选择一个合适的论文题目、遵循一定的写作技巧以及借鉴一些写作范例和指导，都是撰写一篇优秀毕业论文的关键。
专业英语原文和翻译
Basic Control Actions and Industrial Automatic Control An automatic controller compares the actual value of the plant output with the desired value, determines the deviation, and produces a control signal which will reduce the deviation to zero or to a small value.The manner in which the automatic conroller produces the control signal is called the control action.Classifications of industrial automatic controllers Induetrial automatic controllers may be classified according to their control action as:·two-position or on-off controllers;·proportional controllers;·integral controllers;·proportional-plus-integral controllers;·proportional-plus-derivative controllers;·proportional-plus-derivative-plus-integral controllers.Most industrial automatic controllers use eletricity or pressurized fluid such as oil or air as power sources. Automatic controllers may also be classified according to the kind of power employed in the operation, such as pneumatic controllers, hydraulic controllers, or electronic controllers.What kind of controller to use must be decided by the nature of the plant and the operating conditions,including such considerations as safety, availability, reliability, accuracy, weight, and size?Elements of industrial automatic controllers An automatic controller must detect the actuating error signal, which is usually at a very low power level, and amplify it to a sufficiently high level. Thus, an amplifier is necessary. The output of an automatic controller is fed to a power device, such as a pneumatic motor or valve, a hydraulic motor, or an electric motor.The controller usually consists of an error detector and amplifier. The measuring element is a device that converts the output variable into another suitable variable, such as a displacement, pressure, or electric signal, which can be used for comparing the output to the reference input signal. This element is in the feedback path of the closed-loop system. The set point of the controller must be converted to a reference input of the same units as the feedback signal from the measuring element. The amplifier amplifies the power of the actuating error signal, which in turn operates the actuator. The actuator is an element which alters the input to the plant according to the control signal so that the feedback signal may be brought into correspondence with the reference input signal.Self-operated controllers In most industrial automatic controllers, separate units are used for the measuring element and for the actuator. In a very simple one, however, such as a self-operated controller, these elements are assembled in one unit. Self-operated controllers utilize power developed by the measuring element and are very simple and inexpensive. The set point is determined by the adjustment of the spring force. The controlled pressure is measured by the diaphragm. The actuating error signal is the net force acting on the diaphragm. Its position determines the valve opening.The operation of self-operated controller is as follows: Suppose that the output pressure is lower than the reference pressure, as determined by the set point. Then the downward spring force is greater than the upward pressure force, resulting in a downward movement of the diaphragm. This increases the flow rate and raises the output pressure.When the upward pressure force equals the downward spring force, the valve plug stays stationary and the flow rate is constant. Comversely, if the output pressure is higher than the reference pressure, the valve opening becomes small and reduces the flow rate through the valve opening. Such a self-operated controller is widely used for water and gas pressure control. In such a controller, the flow rate through the valve opening is approximately proportional to the actuating error signal.Control actions The following six basic control actions are very common among industrial automatic controllers: two-position or on-off, proportional, integral, proportional-plus-integral,proportional-plus-derivative,andproportional-plus-derivative-plus-integral control action. Note that an understanding of the basic charateristics of the various actions is necessary in order for the control engineer to select the one best suited to his particular application.翻译：自动控制器把对象的实际输出与期望值进行比较，确定偏差，并产生一个使误差为零或微小值的控制信号。
机电专业英语翻译(中英文一行一行对照翻译)
专业英语(论文)英译汉课题名称机电专业英语学生姓名学号10411044系、年级专业10级机电一班指导教师2013年12月12日Design of StructuralMechanisms结构机制设计Melinda MayA dissertation submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophyin the Department of Engineering Science at the University of OxfordSt Hugh’s College牛津大学圣休斯学院工程科学系哲学博士学位论文Trinity Term 20032003年夏季学期Design of Structural Mechanisms结构机制设计Abstract摘要A dissertation submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophyin the Department of Engineering Science at the University of OxfordSt Hugh’s College牛津大学圣休斯学院工程科学系哲学博士学位论文Trinity Term 20032003年夏季学期In this dissertation, we explore the possibilities of systematically constructing largestructural mechanisms using existing spatial overconstrained linkages with onlyrevolute joints as basic elements.在这篇论文中，我们探讨利用只以旋转接头为基本元素的现存受空间限制过约束机构来系统地构建大型结构机制的可能性。
The first part of the dissertation is devoted to structural mechanisms (networks) basedon the Bennett linkage, a well-known spatial 4R linkage.该论文的第一部分专注于以贝内特机构为基础的结构机制（网络），一个众所周知的空间4R机构。
专业英语阅读 翻译文章
C o m m e n c e m e n t o f t h e Commercial Operation of 600M W U n i t , "H i ro n o N o. 5Thermal Power Station of The Tokyo Electric Power Co., Inc."Commercial operation of The Tokyo Electric Power Co., Inc. Hirono No. 5 Thermal Power Station commenced in July 2004. This plant is a 600 MW coal-fired supercritical power plant. The main line-up of the plant, which features a steam turbine and a boiler, are supplied by Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Ltd. (MHI). MHI set up this plant with a range of such key equipment along with ancillary facilities such as control systems, a flue gas treatment system, a wastewater treatment system, and stacks. This report gives a brief overview of the advanced technologies applied to the steam turbine and boiler of this plant supplied by MHI.1. IntroductionThe Hirono No. 5 Thermal Power Station began com-mercial operation in July 2004. It is a 600 MW coal-fired,supercritical power plant that operates under the high-est global standards for steam conditions (24.5MPa x 600/600o C).The steam turbine has various advanced MHI tech-nologies, including the first 600 MW class two-casing turbine, high- and intermediate-pressure combined cas-ing developed by utilizing high temperature materials and cooling structures to cope with the ultra supercritical steam condition, 48 inch steel integral shroud blade (ISB), a new type of condenser, and a single shell deaerator cum storage tank.The boiler adopted in this plant has MHI's advanced technologies. They are reduced emission of NOx and unburned carbon with the A-PM burner and MRS pul-verizer. In addition, the vertical waterwall furnace that uses high temperature compatible materials and rifled tubes are adopted.Further, the plant is very much streamlined through the use of such simple systems and equipment as de-scribed below:(1) unification of air duct and flue gas duct into a single line through the adoption of a maximum capacity class fan,(2) unification of all feed water heaters into a single line,(3) unification of circulating water pumps into a single line, and(4) adoption of a plant starting system that does not rely on the boiler circulating pump.Since the plant is located in a narrow site adjacent to existing units operated using oil and gas, the overall arrangement of the plant has been improved by consult-ing with the Owner and is arranged in a more compact manner.Advanced MHI technologies have also been adopted in ancillary facilities. This includes the use of a dry se-lective catalytic NOx removal system, a high performance flue gas treatment system based on the harmonious de-sign of a double contact flow scrubber type flue gas desulfurization system with a low-low temperature dry electrostatic precipitator, an overall waste water treat-ment system, and self-supporting group stacks. In this way, MHI has drawn upon all of its competencies in es-tablishing this plant.2. Steam turbineFigure 1Figure 1 shows an external view of the Hirono No. 5steam turbine.Fig. 1 View of the 600 MW Hirono No.5 steam turbineHIROMASA MOMMA*1TAKAYUKI SUTO*1RYUJI IWAMOTO*3JUNICHI ISHIGURO*1TOSHIHIRO MIYAWAKI*2TSUYOSHI NAKAHARA*4T able 1able 1 shows the major specifications of the turbine.The turbine is of a two-casing type consisting of a com-bined casing made up of a high-pressure turbine and an intermediate pressure turbine and a single low-pressure turbine casing. It has the world's largest capacity as two-casing structure.Usually, in the 600 MW class turbines, two low-pres-sure turbine casings (quadruple exhaust flows) were required in order to secure last stage exhaust area meet-ing the requirements for steam flow. Since 48 inches,the longest last stage steel blades in the world for the 3000 rpm machine were adopted in this turbine, it be-came possible to unify the low-pressure turbine into a single casing (double exhaust flows), thereby realizing a compact design.In addition, the high- and intermediate-pressure tur-bines are combined into one casing, and both main steam and reheat steam with a temperature of 600o C are led into it. MHI has developed a high performance and highly reliable frame drawing on the company's high tempera-ture technologies cultivated by the development of the 1000 MW -600o C class turbines (1) and the track record of the 700 MW class large capacity high- and intermedi-ate-pressure combined turbines (2).2.1 Design featuresHigh temperature materials and cooling structures with good track records for 600o C steam conditions have been adopted in the high- and intermediate-pressure turbines.Since ultra supercritical steam condition requires additional number of blade rows and the space for them due to the increase of heat drop in the turbine, perfor-mance of the blade rows and overall size of the frame were optimized in the design of the high- and intermedi-ate-pressure combined frame in order to secure the performance and reliability of shaft dynamics.As for the low-pressure turbine, various high perfor-mance and highly reliable technologies such as 48 inch last stage steel blades, a high performance exhaust hood,and a bearing base structure directly supported by foun-dation have been adopted.2.1.1 High temperature materialsThe new 12Cr forged steel is used for the high- and intermediate-pressure turbine rotor, while 12Cr cast steel is used for the inner casing, and 9Cr steel is used for the turbine inlet valves and the interconnecting pip-ing between the valves and the casing.2.1.2 Structure for high temperatureThe longitudinal center section of the rotor as well as blade grooves at intermediate-pressure inlet section are cooled by the leaking steam from the control stage outlet to the intermediate-pressure turbine side along the rotor.In addition, a thermal shield is installed so that the inner surface of the outer casing at the intermediate-pressure inlet section is not directly exposed to the reheat steam of 600o C, and cooling steam from the high-pres-sure turbine exhaust is led into a space between the thermal shield and the outer casing.2.1.3 48 inch ISB low-pressure last stage steel blades Until the late 1990s, the length of the steel blades for 3000 rpm machines was limited to the 40 inch class. In 1998, ahead of the industry, MHI completed the devel-opment of a 3000 rpm 48 inch blade, which was the largest steel blade of its type in the world, along with a 3600 rpm 40 inch blade, which was the scaled design blade of the 3000 rpm 48 inch blade (3).A highly reliable ISB structure has been adopted for the blades, which were developed by latest vibration analysis technology. Three-dimensional multi-stage vis-cous flow analysis based on advanced computational fluid dynamics (CFD) technology was used in the aerodynamic design. Moreover, the rotating vibratory test using a full-size blade, and the verification tests for performance and vibratory strength using the model turbine on-load test facility in MHI are performed before the blades are ap-plied to an actual machine.Though the 48 inch blade is first applied in this unit,the 3600 rpm 40 inch blades, which are scaled design blade,has already been used in many number of units and are in operation since 2000. Use of these blades has made it pos-sible to obtain excellent operating results in terms ofperformance and reliability. Figure 2Figure 2 shows the appear-ances of the 48 inch ISB and the low-pressure turbine rotor.600000kW24.5MPa 600oC 600o C 3000 rpm -962.6 hPa 48 inches8Table 1 Major specifications of steam turbineItemSpecificationsTypeOutput (rated)Steam conditions Main steam pressure Main steam temperature Reheat steam temperature Rotational speed VacuumLast stage blade length Number of feed water heatersTandem compound, double exhaust,reheat condensing typeFig. 2 48 inch steel ISB and Hirono No.5 low-pressure rotor2.2 Operating experience and verification resultsVarious operational parameters were monitored, in-cluding shaft vibration, which showed sufficiently lower values than the allowable values. Namely, stable opera-tion was achieved and the reliability of the turbine was confirmed.2.2.1 High- and intermediate-pressure combinedcasingIn order to verify the reliability of the 600o C class high-and intermediate-pressure combined casing, approxi-mately fifty thermocouples were fitted onto the outer surface of the outer casing, and the distribution of metal temperatures was measured. As a result, the tempera-ture distribution was found to be as predicted, and the temperature gradient in the axial direction was suffi-ciently small. In this way, the effect of the casing cooling structure was confirmed.2.2.2 48 inch ISBAs the 48 inch last stage blades are first applied in this unit, a final confirmation test was performed for this unit. Strain gauges were attached to the last stage rotating blades, and signals from the rotating part were transmitted to the stationary side via a telemeter sys-tem to measure the vibration stress on the blades.As a result, the generated stress was very small in all operating ranges starting from the no-load to the rated load, and it was equivalent to stress levels measured during model turbine tests. Hence, it could be confirmed that the 48 inch blades have a sufficient reliability.2.2.3 PerformanceThe high efficiency technologies applied in this unit include a fully three-dimensional design reaction blade, high efficiency 48 inch last stage blades, and an opti-mized geometry for low-pressure exhaust hood.As a result of these improvements, it was verified through performance tests that the turbine efficiency surpasses the design values in all loads, as shown in FigFig..3, thereby providing a highly efficient unit.3. Boiler3.1 Major featuresThe major specifications of the boiler are shown in T able 2able 2, and a side view of the boiler is shown in FigFigFig..4.1770000kg/h25.40MPa604o C602o CTable 2 Major specifications of boilerBoiler typeRadiant reheat type sliding pressure operationonce-through vertical waterwall furnace boiler (Indoor type)At maximumcontinuousload(BMCR)Main steam flow rateSteam pressure atsuperheater outletSteam temperatureat superheater outletSteam temperatureat reheater outletFuel Coal, light oil (30% ECR capacity)Combustion system Circular firing withA-PM burner and A-MACT method Pulverizing system Unit direct pressurizing system Type of drafting system Balanced draftSteamtemperaturecontrol methodMain steam Fuel/Feed water ratio, sprayReheat steamGas biasing damper for back passSpray (transient) Fig. 3 Turbine performance test resultsFig. 4 Side view of boilerA vertical waterwall furnace system using rifled tubes has more advantages than spiral waterwall furnace sys-tems. The major advantages of this system are described below.(1) Since the mass velocity is low in the vertical waterwall tubes, pressure loss in the furnace system is less thereby making it possible to save auxiliary power consumption.(2) Since the boiler is formed with a simple structure in which the furnace wall tubes are placed in the vertical direction, the furnace can be supported eas-ily and the number of attached fittings for supporting is less. Hence, the reliability, ease of installation,and maintainability of the system are increased (Fig Fig Fig..5).(3) In the coal-fired unit, the adhesion of ash to the waterwall tubes cannot be avoided over time, how-ever, the natural fall of slag is facilitated and the amount of ash that adheres to the furnace waterwall is reduced.(4) The amount of friction loss of the heated waterwall tubes is small compared with total pressure loss, and variations in flow when the amount of heat absorp-tion of the waterwall is varied, are also small.MHI is a world's sole manufacturer of sliding pres-sure operation once-through boilers that adopt the vertical waterwall furnace system, which has such a large number of advantages as mentioned above. MHI has an extensive track record of delivery of these types of boilers.This boiler is rationally designed in which a forced draft fan, primary air fan, air preheater, and induced draft fan are integrated into a single line system with-out installation of a gas re-circulation fan and a boiler circulating pump for heat recovery during start-up.MHI's equipment with its exclusive technologies has also been adopted for the major boiler auxiliary equipment,such as regenerative air preheater, forced draft fan, in-duced draft fan, and primary air fan.During commissioning, excellent steam temperature characteristics, load variation characteristics, and start-up time that completely met design requirements were confirmed.3.2 Efforts to reduce NOxIn order for this boiler to satisfy strict environmen-tal requirements, it employs a low NOx combustion system formed by combining an A-PM (Advanced-Pollution Minimum) burner, an in-furnace DeNOx system (A-MACT), a high fineness MRS (Mitsubishi Rotary Separator) pulverizer, and Selective Catalytic NOx Removal System (SCR) with MHI circular fir-ing system.(1) A-PM burnerFurther reductions in NOx emissions have been achieved through the adoption of conc. and weak com-bustion, which is a basic MHI technology first applied in the original PM burners. In addition, an advanced A-PM burner realizes superior maintainability, reli-ability, and durability is adopted by reducing the number of wind box dampers and improving accessi-bility to the burner section (Fig Fig Fig..6).Fig. 5 Comparison of furnace structuresItem Vertical waterwall furnace systemSpiral waterwall furnace systemSupport plateSimpleBaseFurnace structureSupport lugFig. 6 A-PM burner(2) In-furnace DeNOx system (A-MACT)The in-furnace DeNOx system (A-MACT) has been adopted, and additional air (AA) is injected in order to complete the combustion of any unburned fuel re-maining after NOx reduction, while sufficiently ensuring a NOx reduction region for in-furnace DeNOx of the upper surface of the main burner.(3) MRS pulverizerThis unit adopts an MRS pulverizer capable of sta-bly realizing excellent fine particle characteristics and high fine particle operation that has a signifi-cant effect on low NOx and low unburned carbon combustion.(4) Selective Catalytic NOx Removal System (SCR)A Selective Catalytic NOx removal system with an extensive track record has been adopted to further reduce the NOx to acceptable level in the combustion gas emitted from the furnace. As a result, excellent performance was confirmed across all loads.3.3 Boiler performanceThe efficiency of the boiler was verified by the perfor-mance tests, and the results are shown in Fig. 7Fig. 7Fig. 7. As aresult of the adoption of a high performance A-PM burner plus A-MACT and MRS pulverizer, the actual efficiency of the boiler surpassed the design values, and it was con-firmed that these devices contribute greatly to the highly efficient operation of the plant.3.4 Reduction in construction time at siteIn order to reduce the length of construction time at the site, the installation of flat-blocked steel frames and large-sized parts (main pipes, ducts) were performed in parallel. The method used to construct pressure parts consists of lifting the pressure parts together with the ceiling girder (SBS construction method: Steel Structure Boiler Simultaneous Construction).4. ConclusionMHI is confident that, technologies that allow im-proved efficiency, and high reliability through the adoption of advanced technologies, especially suited to high steam conditions, are co-exist with each other could be established with the completion of the Hirono No. 5Thermal Power Station. Such technologies are expected to contribute greatly in the development of forthcoming plants in the future.MHI will make every effort possible to further achieve the successful development and commercialization of the technologies demanded by society to advance the dreams of an ever better future.Lastly, MHI wishes to express its sincere apprecia-tion to everyone of the Tokyo Electric Power Co., Inc.who guided us on the operation and design of this plant and to all others concerned for their support and encour-agement.References(1) Murayama et al., Design and Operating Experience of theTachibana-wan No.2 1050 MW Steam Turbine of the Elec-tric Power Development Co., Ltd., The Thermal And Nuclear Power Vol.54 No.566 (2003) p.40(2) Nakamura et al., Design for Kobe Power Station No.1,Mitsubishi Juko Giho Vol.40 No.4 (2003) p.208(3) Yamamoto et al., Development of 3000 rpm 48 Inch Low Pres-sure End Blade, Mitsubishi Juko Giho Vol.35 No.1 (1998) p.6Fig. 7 Results of boiler performance testsToshihiro Miyawaki Ryuji Iwamoto Tsuyoshi NakaharaHiromasa Momma Junichi Ishiguro T akayuki Suto。
英语专业毕业论文翻译类论文【最新范本模板】
毕业论文(设计）Title：The Application of the Iconicity to the Translation ofChinese Poetry题目:象似性在中国诗歌翻译中的应用学生姓名孔令霞学号BC09150201指导教师祁晓菲助教年级2009级英语本科（翻译方向)二班专业英语系别外国语言文学系黑龙江外国语学院本科生毕业论文（设计)任务书摘要索绪尔提出的语言符号任意性，近些年不断受到质疑，来自语言象似性的研究是最大的挑战。
语言象似性理论是针对语言任意性理论提出来的,并在不断发展。
象似性是当今认知语言学研究中的一个重要课题，是指语言符号的能指与所指之间的自然联系。
本文以中国诗歌英译为例,探讨象似性在中国诗歌翻译中的应用,从以下几个部分阐述：（1)象似性的发展；（2）象似性的定义及分类;(3)中国诗歌翻译的标准；（4）象似性在中国诗歌翻译中的应用，主要从以下几个方面论述:声音象似、顺序象似、数量象似、对称象似方面。
通过以上几个方面的探究，探讨了中国诗歌翻译中象似性原则的重大作用，在诗歌翻译过程中有助于得到“形神皆似”和“意美、音美、形美”的理想翻译效果。
关键词:象似性；诗歌;翻译AbstractThe arbitrariness theory of language signs proposed by Saussure is severely challenged by the study of language iconicity in recent years。
The theory of iconicity is put forward in contrast to that of arbitrariness and has been developing gradually。
Iconicity，which is an important subject in the research of cognitive linguistics, refers to a natural resemblance or analogy between the form of a sign and the object or concept。
英语专业全英毕业论文(汉英公示语翻译)
本科毕业论文题目：On English Translation of ChinesePublic Signs 院（系）：外语系班级：英语级班姓名：学号：指导教师：教师职称：汉英公示语的翻译摘要公示语向来被称作“城市的脸孔"，是给所有到中国来的外国人士留下第一印象的中国名片。
然而，公示语翻译的错误比比皆是，这大大影响了公示语作用的发挥，削弱了我国的国际形象。
为了树立我国良好的国际形象，不断规范和完善城市公示语的翻译成为了一项亟待完成的工作。
基于以上原因，作者尝试从理论和实践的角度分析现今汉英公示语翻译中所存在的一些问题。
通过对大量标准以及问题公示语翻译的深入观察分析，作者对公示语的一般特征进行了总结并对公示语翻译中出现的问题进行了分类，从而在实践观察和对相关理论深入研究的基础上提出相应的翻译策略。
翻译并不仅仅是跨语言行为，它更是一种文化信息的传递。
公示语的翻译同样如此。
得体的公示语翻译不仅在语言上要无懈可击，在文化信息传递上也要雅俗共赏。
本文还对公示语的概念做出了解释，并根据目的需求与功能两种标准对公示语做了分类。
在介绍公示语的特征时，作者将其分为语言特征与功能特征，特征与分类不同，也决定了需要采取不同的翻译策略。
关键词：汉英翻译；公示语；问题；翻译策略On English Translation of Chinese PublicSignsAbstractPublic signs, which have alway s been referred to “face of city”, are the first impression of China for the people who come to China. However, the ubiquitous translation mistakes of public signs greatly undermine the international image of China. So,specificating and constantly perfecting the translation of public signs have become an urgent work in order to establish a good international image.The paper ventures an attempt to analyze the current problems existing in the C-E translation of public signs and to seek proper translational strategies both from the perspectives of theory and practice．By closely observing numerous samples of both standard and problematic translation of signs，the author manages to generalize the characteristics of public signs and to categorize the problems and mistakes in the current C-E translation of public signs．Then, proper translational strategies are proposed on the basis of in-depth study of relevant theories and keen observation of practice．Translation is not merely a cross-linguistic activity, but more of a transmission of cultural information．The translation of public signs is no exception．An appropriate translation of public sign should not only belinguistically correct, but also culturally acceptable．This paper expresses the meaning of the public signs and classify the signs according to the standards of objective demand and function. And the characteristics of the public signs are different studied from linguistic features and functional features,which determines to adopt different translation strategies.Key words: Chinese-English translation public sign problems translation strategyContents摘要 (I)Abstract (II)CHAPTER I Introduction (1)1.1 O bjective of the study (1)1.2 Significance of the study (1)1.3 Structure of the paper (2)CHAPTER II General Introduction to Public Signs (3)2.1 Definition of Public Signs (3)2.2 Functions of Public Signs (3)2.2.1 Directing function (4)2.2.2 Prompting function (4)2.2.3 Restricting function (4)2.2.4 Compelling function (5)CHAPTER III Analysis on Problems in C-E Translation of Public Signs (6)3.1 Linguistic translation problems (6)3.1.1 Spelling errors (6)3.1.2 Grammatical errors (6)3.1.3 Wrong dictions (7)3.2 Cultural translation problems (7)CHAPTER IV Strategies of C-E Public Signs Translation and Requirementfor Translator (9)4.1 Principles of C-E translation of Public Signs (9)4.1.1 Clearness (9)4.1.2 Conciseness (10)4.1.3 Simple words (10)4.2 Methods of C-E translation of Public S igns (11)4.2.1 Modification (11)4.2.2 Addition (11)4.2.3 Omission (12)4.2.4 Mutual transformation of affirmative and negativee xpressions (13)4.3 Requirement for the t ranslators (13)CHAPTER V Conclusion (15)Acknowledgements (16)Works Cited (17)CHAPTER I Introduction1.1Objective of the studyThe research objective of the study is to examine the translation problems in the Chinese-English public signs translation and further propose the translation strategies as well as principles suitable for specific groups.The studies begin with the careful and long period of observation of the problems existing in the public signs translation. On the basis of the classification of the translation errors proposed by Christiane Nord, the author aims at the most appropriate translation strategies for each type. With the examination of sufficient sources, the author finds that it is not difficult to eliminate the errors at linguistic level since the text of the public signs is less complex than documentary and other instrumental texts due to its conciseness and directness features (Ni 18).1.2 Significance of the studyPublic S igns affect people’s life in a tremendous way. When somebody smokes, it is the public sign that stops him. In fascinating and mysterious spots where we have never been to, it is the public sign that teaches us related knowledge. Foreign visitors from all walks of life，such as entrepreneurs，professors，students and tourists come to China for various purposes．But for most of them，they know little about Chinese．In this case，it is necessary to translate Chinese public signs into English for the convenience of these foreign visitors．In this case, a proper translation helps establish a good image of China and enhance the cultural communication.1.3 Structure of the paperThe paper is structured with five chapters：The first chapter is a general introduction to the thesis, including the objective of the study, the structure of the thesis and the significance of the study. The second chapter makes a general introduction to public sign, including the definition and functions of public sign. The third chapter focuses on the problems of C-E translation of public signs from linguistics and cultural perspectives. The fourth chapter deals with translation strategies of C-E public signs in connection with principles, methods and the standardization for the translators, including modification, addition, omission and mutual transformation of affirmative and negative expressions. And the fifth chapter draws a conclusion to the paper，in which the author appeals for translators and scholars to make contributions to the C-E translation of public signs．CHAPTER II General Introduction to Public Signs2.1 Definition of Public SignsPublic Signs，which are usually called“signs”，include public notices，advertisements，slogans and expressions on the public signs．Public signs refer to “signs” in English and are defined in different ways.Ac cording to Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English(1997)，a sign is a piece of paper, metal, or wood with words or a picture that gives information，warnings，or instructions.In that sense, public sign is the general terms for indicators，signs，traffic signs, posters, slogans, warning, short notices，short instructions，stickers，and are becoming the catch word and the buzzword．All in all, public signs are so widely used and played important roles in our daily life.2.2 Functions of Public SignsPublic signs are essential to the normal operation of the society and their influence is also visible in almost every aspect of our daily life．Sometimes，we have to admit that our lives cannot do without the proper guidance that public signs provide to us．However, what usually happens is that we are prone to be bewildered by various public signs and the enormous information they convey to us．Therefore, it would be necessary to classify the public signs in terms of their functions as well as the status of information that they deliver．2.2.1 Directing functionDirecting is the most basic function of public signs, t his type of public signs is used to give readers related information about what the institution is，what it deals with and what kind of service it can provide．For example:Take Away(外卖)，Gas Station(加油站),Emergency Exit(紧急出口),Business Hours(营业时间)，Pause(暂停)，Menu(菜单)，Airport Security(机场安检).From the examples above we may tell that the language and the tone of these public signs are generally neutral，reflecting no attitude towards receptors．Therefore，public signs of this kind are purely informative rather than vocative．2.2.2 Prompting functionPromoting signs are similar to the directive ones in their informative function. While the difference is the former ．carries the tone of warning，reminding the readers to pay some attention to certain things or activities．For example：Keep Clear(请保持清洁), Keep Silence(请保持安静),Wet Paint(油漆未干)，Fully Booked(客满)，Beware of Pickpockets(小心扒手)，Maximum Height(限高).2.2.3 Restricting functionPublic Signs with restricting function impose restriction or even prohibition on receptors.The language used in this kind of signs are simple and direct but are not in rude，tough or impolite way．We can list some of them as following：Pay In Cash(现金支付),Slow Out(减速慢行),Keep Silence(保持安静),30 Minutes Parking(限停30分钟),Seat By Number(对号入座), Stand In Line(排队等候).2.2.4 Compelling functionCompelling function is the strongest considerable mood.It is used to prohibit the readers to do something or must do something.The language used is usually forceful，with no possibility of making a compromise．The sign with this function which we mostly often see is“No Smoking禁止吸烟”，that is to say that smoking iscompletely forbidden．Imperative sentence is not enough to express this strong mood，usually, we use“No+…”form，for example，“No Food禁止携带食物”．More examples：Don’t Touch(禁止触摸),No Cameras(禁止拍照)，No Visitors(游客止步),No Trucks(卡车禁止通行),Dogs Not Allowed(禁止带狗入内).Translation of the public signs, translators not only need to grasp their function features since we use different mood to express different function,but also should keep their language features in mind during the translating.CHAPTER III Analysis on Problems in C-E Translation ofPublic Signs3.1 Linguistic translation problemsLinguistic translation errors are often due to deficiencies in the translator's source or target language competence (Nord 77).And in his book Pragmatics and English Language He Ziran explained that by making linguistic errors，the translators and interpreters fail to conform to the target language structures，instead they blindly translate the source text in their own language structures(157).Professor Wang Yinquan, classifies linguistic translation errors into: spelling mistakes, grammar mistakes and wrong diction (32).3.1.1 Spelling errorsSpelling errors are typical translation problems in bilingual public signs. The reasons for this type of errors attribute to the three factors: the incompetent language acquisition, the laziness of the translator when writing, the uncertainty of the correct spelling, among which the third type is most difficult to be identified. For example: 3.1.2 Grammatical errorsApart from spelling mistakes，many grammatical errors also occur in the translated signs．These errors appear in various forms，most of which result from the translator’s poor command of the English language or irresponsible working attitude．As a result，the translated public signs cannot be of any help to the target readers．Sometimes they may do damage the image of our city．For example: 室内停车场(Car Park)—It may be apparent to tell that the translator intends to use the word“park”as a noun to express the meaning of parking place for automobiles．However, as a noun the word actually means a public place wherepeople can entertain themselves with the landscape or public facilities in it．Therefore, it will be advisable to use the gerund form of the word “park”and translate it as“Indoor Parking”．3.1.3 Wrong dictionsWrong Dictions occur when t he translator doesn’t make right choices of words in the target culture that will lead to unsuccessful expression of the correct information to the target text receivers. In fact, many English words have more than one meaning. Sometimes one word used to describe the source culture may not be applicable in another situation and the diction is conditioned. The words chosen for each text might vary according to different semantic and syntactic features in different situations. For example:请勿采摘花朵--Please Don’t Pick Flowers. Here use“pick”to describe the gesture. In fact, there is a variety of expression in English corresponding with “摘”, of which one of the expressions is “pick”. But in the given circumstances, “pick”doesn’t equate with “摘”. “Pick”means to select among a variety of choices, but here the sender wants to persuade people not to pluck the flowers. The error is due to the confusion about the seemingly identical usage of one word.3.2 Cultural translation problemsAs we all know, people in different cultures may view the same thing in different ways and differ in the perspective of cognition．At the same time，they express the same idea in different way．As far as Chinese and English are concerned, culture differences are tremendous．Translation breaks down language barriers and thus realizes communication between cultures using different languages. In this sense, target readers approach to people of source culture whose beliefs, backgrounds, perception of the world are distinct from their own.For example:古装照相It is ancient to pack photo“古装照相”is a typical Chinese term. In English, people don’t have the correspondent term. According to the public signs translation convention, the signs which are composed of Chinese noun phrases are expected to have the same structure in English version, so the sentence is not correct in terms of the sentence structure. Also concerning the meaning of the sentence, it is wrongly translated that the foreigners can’t get the message which leads to the pragmatic failure of the assumed function. The correct version should be “Photos in ancient costume”.CHAPTER IV Strategies for C-E Public Signs Translation4.1 Principles of C-E translation of Public SignsAs we know, different functions need different language forms to convey and each language style possesses its special principles.Ni Chuanbin and Liu Zhi analyze the language principles of public signs in their essay“The Principles for C-E Translation of Public Signs and its Cases Study”，published in Shanghai Journal of Translators for Science and Technology(18)．Firstly, the signs are on a board，so the language on the signs should be in concise way due to the comparatively small space．Secondly, some public signs must draw the public’s attention at the first sight and the readers can catch its meaning very quickly and correctly, especially the traffic signs，such as“Abrupt Turn Left Ahead前方急转弯”，the applied words should be simple ones instead of rare ones．At last，the meaning of the signs should be clear and easy to read，the sign is set without ambiguity. So we can know the principles in details as following:4.1.1 ClearnessDue to the short time the target reader can spend on reading the signs the meaning of the signs should be clear and easy to be understood．As the target readers are the common people who have little knowledge related to the concerned topic，the signs should directly hit the point and there should exist no vagueness．“严禁客货混装Don’t put passengers and cargos together”. It is hazy and not clearness. So the sign“严禁客货混装”should be translated into“No passengers on Trucks”．The signs are set for the public and not every reader is professional，therefore when we translate signs，we should hit the point directly and clearly and should notjust talk around the bush.4.1.2 ConcisenessAccording to William Strunk，Jr．and E．B．White in 1979(Joan Pinkham)：“Vigorous writing is concise．A sentence should contain no unnecessary words，a paragraph no unnecessary sentences，for the same reason that a drawing should have no unnecessary lines and a machine no unnecessary parts．”It is also true of language of public signs．Usually, the readers for public signs just give a quick look at the board with signs on when they pass by．So the language on it need not be in a complete sentence，a phrase or just a word is enough，for example，“No Smoking禁止吸烟”，“Open正在营业”，we need not use sentences“Please do not smoke”an“We are on business”.4.1.3 Simple wordsPublic Signs are set for the public，target readers of this kind of materials are ordinary people，not only the native English speakers，but also other foreigners who know a little English and English is not his mother language，and target readers also include overseas Chinese who is not a English native speaker．If the English version is full of rare words and expression，it will cause a pragmatic failure of communication for public signs．There is always a small restaurant at the airport to provide fast food for the passengers，the English tablet should be“Snacks”instead of“Refection”，the later one is not often be used nowadays and we cannot find it in the dictionaries published in recent years．Take all another example，“景区环境卫生，需要您的维护”，should we translate it into“Environmental Sanitation of the Scenic Spot Needs Your Conserve”? The words“sanitation”and“environmental”are not familial words for the public，we had better use“Keep Clear”or“No Littering”．From the above，in order to make target readers catch the meaning at first glance，we should use the concise，clear, simple words and expressions in C-E translation of public signs．4.2 Strategies of C-E translation of Public Signs4.2.1 ModificationGenerally speaking, it is always the case that the reader in the culture of the target language may not share the cultural background of the source language．Therefore，when dealing with culture-loaded words and idioms，the translator sometimes has to make cultural modification so as to generate the same feedback from the target text reader with that of the source text reader, and as for the translation of public signs, it is no exception．For examples：西湖的虎跑泉—Tiger Running Spring, in this public sign,the translator obviously take the actual meaning of the sign for granted by translating the word“虎跑”as“tiger running”which means that a tiger runs for the spring．4.2.2 AdditionSome public signs，especially signs at scenic spots，tend to include dynasties，legends or other cultural elements，while most foreign visitors lack the background knowledge of China．If the public signs are translated literally, the English versions may confuse the target readers．Thus we should adopt the translation strategy of addition to supply necessary information on the basis of accurate comprehension of the original public signs．For example：谢绝游客入内Closed To Visitors禁止在墙上涂写No Scribbling On The Wall4.2.3 OmissionDue to different aesthetic standards and cultures，Chinese writing tends to include flowery words，four-word phrases or some culture elements which are special to the Chinese culture．However, English writing pursues clear and simple expressions．In How to Help Foreigners Know China，Duan Liancheng holds a view that with the development of tourism in recent years，large numbers of brochures pamphlets and pictorials have been published for foreign tourists．A common weakness of these materials is full of flowery words and cultural elements of China which may confuse the target readers (Duan 286). So the translator should omit some adjectives or cultural elements which may pose barriers to the target readers．Then the English version will be easily understood by them．For example：1.Source Text：慢速行驶Version A：You must drive slowly．Version B：Drive slowly2.Source Text：前方学校Version A：There is a school ahead．Version B：School Ahead4.2.4 Mutual transformation of affirmative and negative expressionsMutual transformation of affirmative and negative expressions is a common strategy in translating the text of one language to the other．It is especially useful for transcending the translational difficulties due to different ways or habits of expressing ideas in Chinese and English．In translating public signs，mutual transformation of affirmative and negativeexpressions is necessary as well．In western countries especially in English—speaking countries，people tend to avoid using negative expressions in public literatures as much as possible in case that unpleasant emotion or feeling would be aroused on the part of the receptor．However, because of the difference in cultural values,negative expressions are more frequently used in Chinese public signs．Therefore，according to the theory of cultural translation, we should adopt the translational method of“Domestication”．For example: “社会车辆禁止入内”，it is a kind of negative expression in Chinese language. While it should be translated into “Staff Only” in English, it is affirmative.4.3 Requirement for the translatorsThe C-E translation of public signs is by no means an easy job and it requires that a translator be serious and accountable in attitude, and proficient in both the source and the target languages at the same time．A good translator should always bear in mind the features and characteristics of public signs.Only if the translators acquire the expertise in the source and target languages as well as the source and target cultures can they produce qualified versions. In addition, as for the making process of signs, the local governments should choose reliable and efficient sign-making units by means of bidding to undertake the job.And the translation should be tested in the foreigners to ensure the acceptability.Then a supervision organization in charge of public signs should be established to make sure that some common English versions are accurate and unified.CHAPTER V ConclusionBased on the previous discussions and analyses, the major findings of this study can be summarized as follow:Firstly, the linguistic translation problems account for the reasons for spelling, grammatical and wrong dictions problems. Translators should improve their language acquisition in dealing with the problems.Secondly, as to cultural problems, the translators are advised to adopt communicative translation. To be more specific, the translation strategies are adaptation, restructuring, semi-literal translation, etc.Thirdly, the C-E translation involves the principles and the methods. The principles include three points of clearness, conciseness and simple words. The translation takes place in a given situation or in another sense, the methods of C-E translation of public signs should be divided into four: modification, addition, omission and mutual transformation of affirmative and negative expressions.Actually, the problems of the translation of public signs are far more complicated than the thesis．The problems that have been discussed and proposed with strategies to are just a tiny tip of the whole iceberg．With the development of the society, it is sure that more and more public signs will come out by taking various forms，and new problems in translating them will turn up．Therefore，the classification of public signs and mistranslation, as well as the strategies for the betterment of the current status of sign translation, although the author attempts to let them be, are not all-inclusive and universally accurate. It is a long and hard way for us to go.AcknowledgementsI would like to express my heartfelt thanks to those who offered me their sincere support and encouragement in the process of my thesis writing．First of all, I’d like to give my sincere thanks to my teacher, Kangbing. She has given me valuable instructions on my study. Whenever I need her help, she always enthusiastically offers me. During the process of the completion of the thesis, from the researches chosen to be analyzed to the final composition, her patient and helpful instructions have benefited me a great deal. Her strict requirements have enabled me to learn how to do research work, and her kind encouragement have been supporting me to the end.Second, my true thanks also go to all the teachers who guide me in the field of business English.Finally, my family and friends give me great encouragement and support during the composition of the thesis. I’d like to send them my heartfelt thanks too.Work CitedBaker, Mona. Encyclopedia of Translation Studies[M]. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 2004：104.Nida, Eugene A.&C. R. Taber. The Theory and Practice of Translation[M]. Leiden:E.J. Brill, 1969：89-97.Nord, Christiane. Translating as a Purposeful Activity[M]. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 2001：77.Pinkham John．The Translator’s Guide to Chinglish[M]．Beijing：Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press, 2000：99.Snell-Hornby, Marry. Translation Studies: an Integrated Approach[M]. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 2001：267-271.Wilss，Wolfman．The Science of Translation-Problems and Methods[M]．Shanghai：Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 2001：125.包惠南.文化语境与语言翻译[M]. 北京：中国对外翻译出版公司, 2002:78-86. 陈定安.英汉比较与翻译[M]. 北京：中国对外翻译出版公司, 1988:271-275. 陈淑莹.标示语英译的语用失误探析[J]. 四川外语学院学报, 2006 ,1:117-120.戴宗显, 吕和发. 公示语汉英翻译研究---以2012年奥运会主办城市伦敦为例[J]. 中国翻译, 2005,6:38-42.何自然．语用学概论[M]．长沙：湖南教育出版社，1988:157.赖少华.浅谈公示语的翻译现状及对策----以广州地铁站公示语翻译为例[J].湖北广播电视大学学报, 2009,6:112-112.吕和发, 单丽平.汉英公示语词典[M]. 北京: 商务印书馆, 2004:38．.倪传斌，刘治．标记语的英译原则及实例分析[J]．上海科技翻译, 1998,2:18-20.单爱民.谈英语公示用语的语言特点与汉英翻译[J]. 北京第二外国语学院学报, 2002,5:76-79.王晓娟. 从功能理论看公示语翻译---以南京城市公示语为例[J]. 湖北经济学院学报:人文社会科学版, 2008,4:119-120.。
关于剪纸的论文英语带翻译
关于剪纸的论文英语带翻译Paper cutting can be seen in many parts of China during the Spring Festival.People paste patterns on thewindow,door lintel or desks for the festival atmosphere.It's difficult to tell when it originated.One saying is that it originated from the religious ceremony or offering sacrifices.The ancient people cut papers into animals or people.They either buried them with the dead or burned them on the funerals,wishing that things that paper stand for could be with the dead.A thousand years ago,paper cut was used for decoration.According to historic books,women in the Tang Dynasty used paper cut as headdress.In the Song Dynasty,it was the decoration of the gifts.People pasted on windows or doors or used it as decorations on walls,mirrors or lanterns.Some people made a living by it.Paper cutting is all made by hand.It is easy to learn the rudiments.Non-craftsmen need only a knife and paper.For craftsman,they need knives and graver of various types to make complicated patterns.It can be one piece of paper or many pieces.Simple patterns can be cut with a knife.For complicated patterns,people first pasted the pattern on the paper and then used various kinds of knives to make it.No mistake can be made during the process otherwise the work would fail.Paper cutting covers nearly all topics,fromflowers,birds,animals,legendary people,figures in classic novels,to types of facial make-up in Peking opera.Paper cutting has various styles in different parts of China.In the past,women living in the countryside gathered in their free time to make paper cutting,which is a way to judge their skillfulness.As society develops,fewer andfewer people learn this skill while there are some whostill regard it as a profession.At present,there are factories and associations for paper cutting inChina.Exhibitions and exchanges are held regularly andbooks of this kind are published.Paper cutting has changed from decoration to a kind of art.At the same time,paper cutting also appears in cartoons,on stage,in magazines orin TV series.翻译：剪纸是中国最为流行的民间艺术之一根据考古其历史可追朔到公元六世纪,但人们认为它的实际开始时间比这还要早几百年剪纸常用于宗教仪式,装饰和造型艺术等方面。
英语专业翻译方向论文完整版 (1)
石河子大学毕业论文题目：如何处理英翻汉中的省略How to Deal with Ellipsis inEnglish-Chinese Translation院（系）：外国语学院专业：英语班级：20095学号：2009051431姓名：指导教师：完成日期： 2013年5月6日ContentsI. Introduction (1)II. Literature Review (2)III. The Principles of Ellipsis (4)A. Omitted words must be useless and unnecessary in the translated works. (5)B. The meaning of the omitted words is implied in the test. (5)C. Omitted words are self-evident. (5)IV. The functions and application of ellipsis (5)A. The Coherence of the Meaning of Expression (6)B. The Coincidence of the Manner of Expression (6)1. Ellipsis of Articles (6)2. Ellipsis of Prepositions (7)3. Ellipsis of Pronouns (7)a. Ellipsis of Personal Pronouns (7)b. Ellipsis of Impersonal Indefinite Pronouns (8)c. Ellipsis of Relative Pronouns (8)4. Ellipsis of Conjunctions (9)a. Ellipsis of Coordinating Conjunctions (9)b. Ellipsis of Subordinate Conjunctions (9)5. Ellipsis of Rhetorics (9)V. Conclusion (10)Works Cited (11)AbstractWith the development of globalization, the world's political, economic and cultural communications are becoming increasingly frequent. Meanwhile, the role of translation cannot be ignored. Due to language and cultural disparity, reasonable translation is particularly important. How to deal with ellipsis in translation is one of the important aspects. The paper will explore ellipsis in English-Chinese translation from five aspects, which are ellipsis of pronouns, conjunctions, articles, prepositions, modifications, so as to achieve the purpose of smoother and clearer communication among China and English-speaking countries.Key words: cultural disparity; translation; ellipsis摘要随着全球化的不断发展，各国之间的政治、经济、文化交流日渐频繁。
机械类英语论文及翻译
Mechanical DesignAbstract:A machine is a combination of mechanisms and other components which transforms, transmits. Examples are engines, turbines, vehicles, hoists, printing presses, washing machines, and movie cameras. Many of the principles and methods of design that apply to machines also apply to manufactured articles that are not true machines. The term "mechanical design" is used in a broader sense than "machine design" to include their design. the motion and structural aspects and the provisions for retention and enclosure are considerations in mechanical design. Applications occur in the field of mechanical engineering, and in other engineering fields as well, all of which require mechanical devices, such as switches, cams, valves, vessels, and mixers.Keywords: Mechanical Design ；Rules for Design ；Design ProcessThe Design ProcessDesigning starts with a need real.Existing apparatus may need improvements in durability, efficiency, weight, speed, or cost. New apparatus may be needed to perform a function previously done by men, such as computation, assembly, or servicing. With the objective wholly or partly.In the design preliminary stage, should allow to design the personnel fullyto display the creativity, not each kind of restraint. Even if has had many impractical ideas, also can in the design early time, namely in front of the plan blueprint is corrected. Only then, only then does not send to stops up the innovation the mentality. Usually, must propose several sets of design proposals, then perform the comparison. Has the possibility very much in the plan which finally designated, has used certain not in plan some ideas which accepts.When the general shape and a few dimensions of the several components become apparent, analysis can begin in earnest. The analysis will have as its objective satisfactory or superior performance, plus safety and durability with minimum weight, and a competitive cost. Optimum proportions and dimensions will be sought for each critically loaded section, together with a balance between the strengths of the several components. Materials and their treatment will be chosen. These important objectives can be attained only by analysis based upon the principles of mechanics, such as those of static for reaction forces and for the optimum utilization of friction; of dynamics for inertia, acceleration, and energy; of elasticity and strength of materials for stress and deflection; of physical behavior of materials; and of fluid mechanics for lubrication and hydrodynamic drives. The analyses may be made by the same engineer who conceived the arrangement of mechanisms, or, in a large company, they may be made by a separate analysis division or research group. Design is a reiterative and cooperative process, whetherdone formally or informally, and the analyst can contribute to phases other than his own. Product design requires much research and development. Many Concepts of an idea must be studied, tried, and then either used or discarded. Although the content of each engineering problem is unique, the designers follow the similar process to solve the problems.Product liability suits designers and forced in material selection, using the best program. In the process of material, the most common problems for five (a) don't understand or not use about the latest application materials to the best information, (b) failed to foresee and consider the reasonable use material may (such as possible, designers should further forecast and consider due to improper use products. In recent years, many products liability in litigation, the use of products and hurt the plaintiff accused manufacturer, and won the decision), (c) of the materials used all or some of the data, data, especially when the uncertainty long-term performance data is so, (d) quality control method is not suitable and unproven, (e) by some completely incompetent persons choose materials.Through to the above five questions analysis, may obtain these questions is does not have the sufficient reason existence the conclusion. May for avoid these questions to these questions research analyses the appearance indicating the direction. Although uses the best choice of material method not to be able to avoid having the product responsibility lawsuit, designs the personnel and the industry carries on the choice of material according to thesuitable procedure, may greatly reduce the lawsuit the quantity.May see from the above discussion, the choice material people should to the material nature, the characteristic and the processing method have comprehensive and the basic understanding.Finally, a design based upon function, and a prototype may be built. If its tests are satisfactory, the initial design will undergo certain modifications that enable it to be manufactured in quantity at a lower cost. During subsequent years of manufacture and service, the design is likely to undergo changes as new ideas are conceived or as further analyses based upon tests and experience indicate alterations. Sales appeal.Some Rules for DesignIn this section it is suggested that, applied with a creative attitude, analyses can lead to important improvements and to the conception and perfection of alternate, perhaps more functional, economical,and durable products.To stimulate creative thought, the following rules are suggested for the designer and analyst. The first six rules are particularly applicable for the analyst.1. A creative use of need of physical properties and control process.2. Recognize functional loads and their significance.3. Anticipate unintentional loads.4. Devise more favorable loading conditions.5. Provide for favorable stress distribution and stiffness with minimum weight.6. Use basic equations to proportion and optimize dimensions.7. Choose materials for a combination of properties.8. Select carefully, stock and integral components.9. Modify a functional design to fit the manufacturing process and reduce cost.10. Provide for accurate location and noninterference of parts in assembly.Machinery design covers the following contents.1. Provides an introduction to the design process , problem formulation ,safety factors.2. Reviews the material properties and static and dynamic loading analysis ,Including beam , vibration and impact loading.3. Reviews the fundamentals of stress and defection analysis.4. Introduces fatigue-failure theory with the emphasis on stress-life approaches to high-cycle fatigue design, which is commonly used in the design of rotation machinery.5. Discusses thoroughly the phenomena of wear mechanisms, surface contact stresses ,and surface fatigue.6. Investigates shaft design using the fatigue-analysis techniques.7. Discusses fluid-film and rolling-element bearing theory and application8. Gives a thorough introduction to the kinematics, design and stress analysis of spur gears , and a simple introduction to helical ,bevel ,and worm gearing.9. Discusses spring design including compression ,extension and torsion springs.10. Deals with screws and fasteners including power screw and preload fasteners.11. Introduces the design and specification of disk and drum clutches and brakes.Machine DesignThe complete design of a machine is a complex process. The machine design is a creative work. Project engineer not only must have the creativity in the work, but also must in aspect and so on mechanical drawing, kinematics, engineerig material, materials mechanics and machine manufacture technology has the deep elementary knowledge.One of the first steps in the design of any product is to select the material from which each part is to be made. Numerous materials are available to today's designers. The function of the product, its appearance, the cost of thematerial, and the cost of fabrication are important in making a selection. A careful evaluation of the properties of a. material must be made prior to any calculations.Careful calculations are necessary to ensure the validity of a design. In case of any part failures, it is desirable to know what was done in originally designing the defective components. The checking of calculations (and drawing dimensions) is of utmost importance. The misplacement of one decimal point can ruin an otherwise acceptable project. All aspects of design work should be checked and rechecked.The computer is a tool helpful to mechanical designers to lighten tedious calculations, and provide extended analysis of available data. Interactive systems, based on computer capabilities, have made possible the concepts of computer aided design (CAD) and computer-aided manufacturing (CAM). How does the psychologist frequently discuss causes the machine which the people adapts them to operate. Designs personnel''s basic responsibility is diligently causes the machine to adapt the people. This certainly is not an easy work, because certainly does not have to all people to say in fact all is the most superior operating area and the operating process. Another important question, project engineer must be able to carry on the exchange and the consultation with other concerned personnel. In the initial stage, designs the personnel to have to carry on the exchange and the consultation on the preliminary design with the administrative personnel, and is approved.This generally is through the oral discussion, the schematic diagram and the writing material carries on.If front sues, the machine design goal is the production can meet the human need the product. The invention, the discovery and technical knowledge itself certainly not necessarily can bring the advantage to the humanity, only has when they are applied can produce on the product the benefit. Thus, should realize to carries on before the design in a specific product, must first determine whether the people do need this kind of productMust regard as the machine design is the machine design personnel carries on using creative ability the product design, the system analysis and a formulation product manufacture technology good opportunity. Grasps the project elementary knowledge to have to memorize some data and the formula is more important than. The merely service data and the formula is insufficient to the completely decision which makes in a good design needs. On the other hand, should be earnest precisely carries on all operations. For example, even if places wrong a decimal point position, also can cause the correct design to turn wrongly.A good design personnel should dare to propose the new idea, moreover is willing to undertake the certain risk, when the new method is not suitable, use original method. Therefore, designs the personnel to have to have to have the patience, because spends the time and the endeavor certainlycannot guarantee brings successfully. A brand-new design, the request screen abandons obsoletely many, knows very well the method for the people. Because many person of conservativeness, does this certainly is not an easy matter. A mechanical designer should unceasingly explore the improvement existing product the method, should earnestly choose originally, the process confirmation principle of design in this process, with has not unified it after the confirmation new idea.外文论文翻译译文机械设计摘要：机器是由机械装置和其它组件组成的。
英语专业毕业论文翻译选题
英语专业毕业论文翻译选题英语专业毕业论文翻译选题在英语专业的学习过程中，毕业论文是一项重要的任务。
选择一个合适的翻译选题对于论文的成功完成至关重要。
本文将探讨如何选择一个合适的翻译选题，并提供一些示例供参考。
首先，选择一个自己感兴趣的翻译选题是非常重要的。
对于大多数学生来说，毕业论文是他们在大学期间最重要的研究项目之一。
如果选择一个自己感兴趣的翻译选题，将会更容易保持动力和激情，从而更好地完成论文。
例如，如果你对文学翻译感兴趣，可以选择一个经典小说或诗歌的翻译问题作为选题。
如果你对商务翻译感兴趣，可以选择一个与国际贸易相关的翻译选题。
其次，选择一个有研究价值的翻译选题也是很重要的。
一个有研究价值的翻译选题可以为相关领域的研究做出贡献，并为学术界提供新的见解。
例如，你可以选择一个在翻译理论方面存在争议的问题，并进行深入研究和分析。
或者，你可以选择一个在实践中普遍存在的翻译问题，并提出解决方案。
无论选择哪种方式，都要确保你的研究能够为学术界提供新的观点和见解。
此外，选择一个符合自己能力和资源的翻译选题也是很重要的。
在选择翻译选题时，要考虑自己的语言能力、研究方法和资源。
如果你的语言能力有限，选择一个相对简单的翻译选题可能更合适。
如果你对定量研究方法不熟悉，选择一个适合定性研究方法的翻译选题可能更合适。
此外，还要考虑你可以获得的资源，如书籍、文献、数据等。
选择一个符合自己能力和资源的翻译选题将有助于你更好地完成论文。
最后，选择一个与当前翻译行业相关的翻译选题也是很重要的。
随着全球化的发展，翻译行业正变得越来越重要。
选择一个与当前翻译行业相关的翻译选题将有助于你了解行业的最新发展和趋势。
例如，你可以选择一个与机器翻译或自然语言处理相关的翻译选题，以了解这些新技术对翻译行业的影响。
或者，你可以选择一个与跨文化沟通或语言服务行业相关的翻译选题，以了解这些领域的最新研究和实践。
综上所述，选择一个合适的翻译选题对于英语专业毕业论文的成功完成非常重要。
机械类英语论文及翻译
机械类英语论文及翻译Mechanical design involves the n of machines。
which are composed of mechanisms and other components that can transform and transmit ___ machines include engines。
turbines。
vehicles。
hoists。
printing presses。
washing machines。
and ___ and methods of design that apply to machines also apply to ___。
the term "mechanical design" is used in a broader sense than "machine design" to include their design.When ___。
___ to take into account。
The n and structural aspects of the device。
as well as the ___。
___ apply not only to machines but also to other mechanical devices。
such as switches。
cams。
valves。
vessels。
and mixers.Mechanical design is a critical field in ___ disciplines。
It plays an essential role in the ___ the success of a mechanical design project。
it is essential to follow a set of rules for design。
关于英语翻译方向的论文范文
关于英语翻译方向的论文范文翻译在跨文化、跨民族之间的交流和合作中功不可没，英语翻译，它既是语言之间的相互转换，同时也是不同文化间的交流。
下文是店铺为大家整理的英语翻译的论文的范文，欢迎大家阅读参考!英语翻译的论文篇1文化空缺与英汉翻译摘要：不同民族的语言产生于不同的文化背景，所承载的文化也不尽相同，这就必然导致两种语言在表达方式上存在很多相异之处，文化空缺就是这些差异的极端表现，它是一个民族语言和文化与其它民族语言和文化的异质性的充分体现，这无疑增加了翻译的难度。
所以文化空缺的翻译不仅是语言的迁移，更是文化的传播。
关键词：文化空缺英汉翻译翻译作为人类最早进行的交流活动之一，一直在不同的语言集团间沟通信息，对人类社会的发展和进步有非常重要的作用。
正是由于翻译所起的中介作用，民族间才可以互通有无、互相学习、共同发展。
跨文化交际学和文化语言学的兴起与发展，为语言与文化的研究带来了勃勃生机。
而作为跨文化交际的翻译，也因此而更加受到重视，对它的研究也呈现出多角度、多侧面、开放性的特点。
翻译作为不同语言之间人们交流思想和文化不可或缺的手段，在传播文化信息、促进不同民族间的相互了解与民族融合的过程中的重要作用已日益凸显。
翻译界对翻译理论研究的重心从译意到译信息再到以文化为导向的翻译，正说明翻译实质是文化的翻译。
如Bassnet & Lefevele就指出翻译的研究实际上就是文化互动的研究，Nida亦强调译者的双文化能力。
而在交流与翻译活动过程中，各民族由于语言文化异质性的客观存在，会不可避免地出现信息交流的障碍。
其中作为语言文化异质性极致体现形式的文化空缺现象更使交流者进入了两难的境地。
为积极应对空缺现象带来的问题，促使交流与翻译的顺利进行，就必须在交流与翻译过程中逐步探寻处理文化空缺的有效途径和办法。
翻译，在古时候叫做“象寄”或“通事”。
《说文解字》里说：“传译四夷之言者。
”《义疏》里也提到：“译即易，谓换易言语使相解也。
英语翻译专业必翻经典文章英文原文+参考译文
文档简介文档简介一，一， 英语翻译经典文章之英语翻译经典文章之 英文原稿英文原稿 二，二， 中文翻译中文翻译：这篇英语文章的最好翻译版本！不是俺说的，是俺老师说哒！！英文原稿BrianIt seems my only request (It seems my only request (““please, let me sleep please, let me sleep””) is not clear enough, so I made this simple table that can help you when you that can help you when you’’re in doubt. Especially during the night Situa on what to do I’I’m sleeping m sleeping Do not enter my roomYou You’’re not sure if re not sure if I’I’I’m sleeping m sleeping and you want to checkNot your business Don Don’’t enter my room You You’’re under the re under the effect effect of drug of drugs s and you feel like entering my roomDon Don’’t enter my fucking room You saw a super cute video on you tu be and you want me to see it Don Don’’t enter my room Send me the link on FB World war 3 just started Don Don’’t care Don Don’’t enter my fucking room You or one of your friends want to want to ““have fun have fun”” with me I’I’m straight. m straight. m straight. I’I’I’m sorry m sorryDon't even touch my room door You want to clean my room Thanks but Thanks but I’I’I’ll take care of it myself ll take care of it myself Pu n just legalized gay marri agesThat That’’s wonderful! Finally !But don But don’’t enter my roomI’I’m not home m not homeDon Don’’t even think of entering my roomI’I’m m home, it it’’s day me, you knocked and I answered answered ““yes, come in yes, come in”” You can enter my room中文翻译中文翻译小子：小子：我只想好好地睡觉，你不明白吗？！所以，我做了这个简表。
通信工程专业英语论文
通信工程专业英语论文外文翻译(原文)The General Situation of AT89C51The AT89C51 is a low-power, high-performance CMOS 8-bit microcomputer with 4K bytes of Flash Programmable and Erasable Read Only Memory (PEROM) and 128 bytes RAM. The device is manufactured using Atmel’s high density nonvolatilememory technology and is compatible with the industry standard MCS-51?instruction set and pin out. The chip combines a versatile 8-bit CPU with Flash on a monolithic chip; the Atmel AT89C51 is a powerful microcomputer which provides a highly flexible and cost effective solution to many embedded control applications.Features:• Compatible with MCS-51? Products• 4K Bytes of In-System Reprogrammable Flash Memory• Endurance: 1,000 Write/Erase Cycles• Fully Static Operatio n: 0 Hz to 24 MHz• Three-Level Program Memory Lock• 128 x 8-Bit Internal RAM• 32 Programmable I/O Lines• Two 16-Bit Timer/Counters• Six Interrupt Sources• Programmable Serial Channel• Low Power Idle and Power Down ModesThe AT89C51 provides the following standard features: 4K bytes of Flash, 128 bytes of RAM, 32 I/O lines, two 16-bit timer/counters, a five vector two-level interrupt architecture, a full duplex serial port, on-chip oscillator and clock circuitry. In addition, the AT89C51 is designed with static logic for operation down to zero frequency and supports two software selectable power saving modes. 1外文翻译(原文)The Idle Mode stops the CPU while allowing the RAM, timer/counters, serial port and interrupt system to continue functioning. The Power Down Mode saves the RAM contents but freezes the oscillator disabling all other chip functions until the next hardware reset.Block DiagramPin Description:VCC Supply voltage.GND Ground.Port 0:Port 0 is an 8-bit open drain bidirectional I/O port. As an output port eachpin can sink eight TTL inputs. When 1s are written to port 0 pins, the pins can be used as high impedance inputs. (Sink/flow) Port 0 may also be configured to be the multiplexed low order address/data bus during accesses to external program and data memory. In this mode P0 has 2外文翻译(原文)internal pull-ups.Port 0 also receives the code bytes during Flash programming, and outputs the code bytes during program verification. External pull-ups are required during program verification.Port 1:Port 1 is an 8-bit bidirectional I/O port with internal pull-ups. The Port 1 output buffers can sink/source four TTL inputs. When 1s are written to Port 1 pins they are pulled high by the internal pull-ups and can be used as inputs. As inputs, Port 1 pins that are externally being pulled low will source current (IIL) because of the internal pull-ups.Port 1 also receives the low-order address bytes during Flash programming and verification.Port 2 is an 8-bit bidirectional I/O port with internal pull-ups. The Port 2 Port 2:output buffers can sink/source four TTL inputs. When 1s are written to Port 2 pins they are pulled high by the internal pull-ups and can be used as inputs. As inputs, Port 2 pins that are externally being pulled low will source current (IIL) because of the internal pull-ups.Port 2 emits the high-order address byte during fetches fromexternal program memory and during accesses to external data memory that uses 16-bit addresses (MOVX @ DPTR). In this application it uses strong internal pull-ups when emitting 1s. During accesses to external datamemories that use 8-bit addresses (MOVX @ RI), Port 2 emits the contents of the P2 Special Function Register.Port 2 also receives the high-order address bits and some control signals during Flash programming and verification.Port 3:Port 3 is an 8-bit bidirectional I/O port with internal pull-ups. The Port 3 output buffers can sink/source four TTL inputs. When 1s are written to Port 3 pins they are pulled high by the internal pull-ups and can be used as inputs. As inputs, Port 3 pins that are externally being pulled low will source current (IIL) because of the pull-ups.3外文翻译(原文)Port 3 also serves the functions of various special features of the AT89C51 as listed below:Port 3 also receives some control signals for Flash programming and verification.RST:Reset input. A high on this pin for two machine cycles while the oscillator is running resets the device.ALE/PROG:Address Latch Enable output pulse for latching the low byte of theaddress during accesses to external memory. This pin is also the program pulse input (PROG) during Flash programming.In normal operation ALE is emitted at a constant rate of 1/6 the oscillator frequency, and may be used for external timing or clockingpurposes. Note, however, that one ALE pulse is skipped during each access to external Data Memory.If desired, ALE operation can be disabled by setting bit 0 of SFR location 8EH. With the bit set, ALE is active only during a MOVX or MOVC instruction. Otherwise, the pin is weakly pulled high. Setting the ALE-disable bit has no effect if the microcontroller is in externalexecution mode.PSEN:Program Store Enable is the read strobe to external program memory. When the AT89C51 is executing code from external program memory, PSEN is activated twice each machine cycle, except that two PSEN activations are skipped during each access to external data memory.4外文翻译(原文)EA/VPP:External Access Enable. EA must be strapped to GND in orderto enable the device to fetch code from external program memorylocations starting at 0000H up to FFFFH. Note, however, that if lock bit 1(LB1) is programmed, EA will be internally latched (fasten with a latch) on reset.EA should be strapped to VCC for internal program executions.This pin also receives the 12-volt programming enable voltage(VPP) during Flashprogramming, for parts that require 12-volt VPP.XTAL1:Input to the inverting oscillator amplifier and input to the internal clock operating circuit.XTAL2:Output from the inverting oscillator amplifier.Oscillator Characteristics:XTAL1 and XTAL2 are the input and output, respectively, of an inverting amplifier which can be configured for use as an on-chip oscillator, as shown in Figure 1. Either a quartz crystal or ceramic resonator may be used. To drive the device from an external clock source, XTAL2 should be left unconnected while XTAL1 is driven as shown in Figure 2. There are no requirements on the duty cycle of the external clock signal, since the input to the internal clockingcircuitry is through a divide-by-two flip-flop, but minimum and maximum voltage high and low times specifications must be observed.Idle Mode:In idle mode, the CPU puts itself to sleep while all theon chip peripherals remain active. The mode is invoked by software. The content of the on-chip RAM and all the special functions registersremain unchanged during this mode. The idle mode can be terminated byany enabled interrupt or by a hardware reset.It should be noted that when idle is terminated by a hard ware reset, the device normally resumes program execution, from where it left off,up to two machine cycles before the internal reset algorithm takes control. On-chip hardware inhibits access to internal RAM in this event, but access to the port pins is not inhibited. To eliminate thepossibility of an unexpected write to a port pin when Idle is terminated by reset, the instruction following the one that invokes Idle 5 外文翻译(原文)should not be one that writes to a port pin or to external memory.Power Down ModeIn the power down mode the oscillator is stopped, and theinstruction that invokes power down isthe last instruction executed. The on-chip RAM and Special Function Registers retain their values until the power down mode is terminated. The only exit from power down is a hardware reset. Reset redefines the SFRs but does not change the on-chip RAM. The reset should not be activated before VCC is restored to its normal operating level and must be held active long enough to allow the oscillator to restart and stabilize.Program Memory Lock BitsOn the chip are three lock bits which can be left unprogrammed (U)or can be programmed (P) to obtain the additional features listed in the table below:When lock bit 1 is programmed, the logic level at the EA pin is sampled and latched during reset. If the device is powered up without a reset, the latch initializes to a random value, and holds that value until reset is activated. It is6外文翻译(原文)necessary that the latched value of EA be in agreement with the current logic level at that pin in order for the device to function properly.Programming the Flash:The AT89C51 is normally shipped with the on-chip Flashmemory array in the erased state (that is, contents = FFH) and ready to be programmed. The programming interface accepts either a high-voltage (12-volt) or alow-voltage (VCC) program enable signal. The low voltage programming mode provides a convenient way to program the AT89C51 inside the user’s system, whilethe high-voltage programming mode is compatible with conventional third party Flash or EPROM programmers.The AT89C51 is shipped with either the high-voltage or low-voltage programming mode enabled. The respective top-side marking and device signatureThe AT89C51 code memory array is programmed byte-bybyte in either programming mode. To program any nonblank byte in the on-chip Flash Programmable and Erasable Read Only Memory, the entire memory must be erased using the Chip Erase Mode.Programming Algorithm: Before programming the AT89C51, the address, data and control signals should be set up according to the Flash programming mode table and Figures 3 and 4. To program the AT89C51, take the following steps.1. Input the desired memory location on the address lines.2. Input the appropriate data byte on the data lines.3. Activate the correct combination of control signals.4. Raise EA/VPP to 12V for the high-voltage programming mode.7外文翻译(原文)5. Pulse ALE/PROG once to program a byte in the Flash array or thelock bits. The byte-write cycle is self-timed and typically takes nomore than 1.5 ms. Repeat steps 1 through 5, changing the address anddata for the entire array or until the end of the object file is reached.Data Polling: The AT89C51 features Data Polling to indicate the endof a write cycle. During a write cycle, an attempted read of the lastbyte written will result in the complement of the written datum on PO.7. Once the write cycle has been completed, true data are valid on all outputs, and the next cycle may begin. Data Polling may begin any time after a write cycle has been initiated.Ready/Busy: The progress of byte programming can also be monitoredby the RDY/BSY output signal. P3.4 is pulled low after ALE goes high during programming to indicate BUSY. P3.4 is pulled high again when programming is done to indicate READY.Program Verify: If lock bits LB1 and LB2 have not been programmed,the programmed code data can be read back via the address and data lines for verification. The lock bits cannot be verified directly.Verification of the lock bits is achieved by observing that theirfeatures are enabled.Chip Erase: The entire Flash Programmable and Erasable Read Only Memory array is erased electrically by using the proper combination of control signals and byholding ALE/PROG low for 10 ms. The code array is written with all “1”s. The chiperase operation must be executed before the code memory can be re-programmed.Reading the Signature Bytes: The signature bytes are read by the same procedure asa normal verification of locations 030H, 031H, and 032H, except that P3.6 and P3.7must be pulled to a logic low. The values returned are as follows.(030H) = 1EH indicates manufactured by Atmel(031H) = 51H indicates 89C51(032H) = FFH indicates 12V programming(032H) = 05H indicates 5V programming8外文翻译(原文)Programming InterfaceEvery code byte in the Flash array can be written and the entire array can be erasedby using the appropriate combination of control signals. The write operation cycle isselftimed and once initiated, will automatically time itself to completion.9单片机温度控制系统中英文翻译资料AT89C51的概况AT89C51是美国ATMEL公司生产的低电压，高性能CMOS8位单片机，片内含4Kbytes的快速可擦写的只读程序存储器(PEROM)和128 bytes 的随机存取数据存储器(RAM)，器件采用ATMEL公司的高密度、非易失性存储技术生产，兼容标准MCS-51产品指令系统，片内置通用8位中央处理器(CPU)和flish 存储单元，功能强大AT89C51单片机可为您提供许多高性价比的应用场合，可灵活应用于各种控制领域。
机械专业英语论文翻译
RisersRisers are designed and placed so as to ensure filling the cavity during solidification.They also act to relieve gas pressure in the mold and to reduce pressure on the lifting surfaces of the mold.The volume of metal in the riser should be sufficient to retain heat long enough to feed the shrinkage cavity and to equalize the temperature in the mold, avoiding casting strains.The riser requirements vary with the type of metal being poured.Gray cast iron, for example, needs less feeding than some alloys because a period of graphitization occurs during the final stages of solidification, which causes an expansion that tends to counteract the metal shrinkage.Many nonferrous metals require elaborate feeding that tends to counteract the casting.Two riser designs for the same casting are shown in Fig.7-4.Risers are placed near the heavy sections of the casting. The feed metal must be located above the highest point of the point of the casting.Chill BlocksChill blocks are metal blocks placed in the mold for localized heat dissipation.They may be placed at an intersection or joint where there is a comparatively large volume of metal to cool, thus relieving a hot spot or maintaining a more uniform cooling rate and better microstructure.They may also be placed at far surface of a mold, away from a riser or sprue.This will help the far end of the mold to freeze rapidly, promoting directional solidification.Chill blocks are also used at points where it is designable to have localized hardening, as in the case of bearings or wear surfaces.PaddingPadding consists of adding to or building up a section to obtain adequate feeding of isolated sections.Fig.7-4showed two methods of feeding the central and outside boss .Shown at (b) is the plan of using two risers and at (c) one riser with a pad. The second plan provides a yield of 45% of the metal poured, compared to 30% when two risers are used. The feeding distance to the central hub is 4.5t, where t= the thickness of the feed path. By rule of thumb, the total thickness of pad and castinuld not be less than one-fifth of the metal-feeding distance. This rule is not absolute but a good generalization.
英语专业毕业论文翻译方向
英语专业毕业论文翻译方向英语专业毕业论文翻译方向随着全球化的发展，英语专业毕业论文翻译方向成为越来越多学生选择的方向。
翻译作为一门语言学科，不仅需要掌握语言的基本知识，还需要具备一定的文化素养和专业背景。
本文将从翻译的定义、翻译方向的选择、翻译技巧和翻译的前景等方面进行探讨。
首先，翻译是将一种语言转化为另一种语言的过程。
翻译的目的是为了使不同语言之间的信息得以传递和理解。
翻译的难度在于不同语言之间的差异，包括语法、词汇、语义和语用等方面。
因此，翻译需要翻译者具备良好的语言能力和跨文化交际能力。
在选择翻译方向时，应根据个人的兴趣和专业背景进行选择。
英语专业毕业论文翻译方向可以包括文学翻译、商务翻译、法律翻译、科技翻译等。
文学翻译要求翻译者具备良好的文学素养和文化背景，能够准确传达原文的意境和风格。
商务翻译要求翻译者具备商务知识和跨文化交际能力，能够准确传达商务文件和会议内容。
法律翻译要求翻译者具备法律知识和专业术语的掌握，能够准确传达法律文件和合同条款。
科技翻译要求翻译者具备科技知识和专业术语的掌握，能够准确传达科技文献和研究成果。
在进行翻译时，需要掌握一些翻译技巧。
首先，要注意语言的准确性和流畅性。
翻译不仅要准确传达原文的意思，还要使译文符合目标语言的语法和习惯用法。
其次，要注意文化的适应性。
不同语言和文化之间存在差异，翻译者要根据目标读者的文化背景进行适当的调整。
再次，要注意上下文的理解和转化。
翻译不仅要理解句子的表面意思，还要理解句子的语境和语用功能，以便进行准确的转化。
英语专业毕业论文翻译方向具有广阔的前景。
随着全球化的深入发展，跨国公司和国际组织对翻译人才的需求越来越大。
翻译人才不仅可以从事翻译工作，还可以从事口译、笔译、翻译管理、翻译教学等相关工作。
同时，随着互联网的普及，网站翻译和软件翻译也成为热门的翻译方向。
因此，选择英语专业毕业论文翻译方向将为学生提供广阔的就业机会和发展空间。
总之，英语专业毕业论文翻译方向是一门既有挑战性又有前景的学科。
英文学术论文翻译-中英文对照(三)
•These new measures will, we believe, increase the people’s purchasing power and lead to thriving financial and commercial conditions rather than make a mess of the country’s finances as some people argue.
一、主谓单句
汉语的主谓单句，从外形结构 上来看，跟英语的“主谓”结构是 相似的，但它的主语和谓语表达却 与英语有许多不同的地方。所以翻 译汉语主谓单句时，至少应注意几 个问题。
1、防止主语的机械对应。 中国近几年来发生了巨变。 ①There have been great changes in China these years. ②These years have seen (witnessed) great changes in China. ③Great changes have taken place in China these years. ④China crackles with the dynamics of changes these years.
汉语的基本句型及其翻译
汉语造句以名词为重心，以词组、散句和 分句为手段，善于按时间、逻辑顺序进行横 排式叙述，有时断句不严，外形松散。有人 称汉语是时间型的动态结构，主要体现于形 式自由，富于弹性。
英语则以“主—谓”主干结构为重心来统 领各种语言成分，句界分明，外形严密。 因此，汉语各种句型译成英语时，不仅在 逻辑关系上而且在外形上都应该体现出英语 句法结构的特点。
2-3 Reversing • 1）沿路都是小商店。 Small shops dot the way. • 2）他这样悍然行事使我们非常气恼。 Hot anger burned in our minds against him at his rashness.
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专业英语班级：姓名：学号：英文出处：/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.132.1671&rep=rep1&type=pdf Daniel N. Liu and Michael P. FitzDepartment of Electrical EngineeringUniversity of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095译文：STBC-MTCM 译码算法复杂度在快速衰落信道的简化摘要：STBC-MTCM 方案在多收发天线系统中是一个非常著名的传输分集方案，实现高速率，全分集和高的编码增益。
在时间选择性快速衰落信道或频率选择性衰落信道中，现有的STBC-MTCM 译码器性能具有不能降低的误码底板。
本文阐述两种计算有效的译码算法来抵偿快速衰落信道：归零（ZF ）检测器和线性最小均方误差检测器（LMMSE ）。
所提出的译码算法在信道条件从准静态衰落到时间选择性快速衰落（TSFF ）或频率选择性衰落(FSF)变化时都有表现出了很好的特性。
仿真结果表明我们提出的译码算法接近ML 算法的性能，同时具有较好的计算效率。
I.引言在过去的十年里Telatar ，Foschini 和Gans 在无线通信系统多收发天线的理论容量方面进行了大量的研究。
为了能够充分利用分集技术和接近多入多出系统的信道容量，多年来提出了各种空时码方案，如：分层空时编码结构（LST ），空时分组码（STBC ），空时网格码（STTC ），以及空时分组码与—多维网格编码调制级联的STBC-MTCM 。
STBC 如文献[10]指出，空时分组码（STBC ）以非常低的编码复杂度就可以提供全分集，但是它不能获得编码增益；STTC 不仅提供了全分集而且还能获得编码增益，但它以较高的编码复杂度为代价。
因此，用级联外码方法来折衷STBC 和STTC 的缺点是很自然的事，如在MTCM 的内部级联STBC ，这就是所谓的STBC —MTCM 的设计理念（这就产生了STBC-MTCM ）。
在文[12]中，Siwamogsatham 和Fitz 通过扩展内码正交的STBC 码本，进一步加强了空时分组码原始速率损耗的STBC-MTCM 的设计。
由于内部STBC 的正交性，在准静态（慢）衰落信道中可以采用复杂度低的ML 译码算法。
在所有已被提出的空时编码方案中，准静态分组衰落是广泛应用的前提假设。
虽然这样的假设在很多的情况下均适用，但是时间选择性快衰落或频率选择性信道确实存在。
例如，zhu 等人证明：在一个正常的高速公路上以h Km /110的速度行驶，可以导致归一化的多普勒效应扩展T f d 达到0.9%。
在这种情况下，信道从一个符号到另一个符号将会有特别显著变化。
因此，我们在STBC-MTCM 方案中取消了对准静态衰落信道假设的约束。
在快速衰落信道中，内部的STBC 的最佳译码复杂度激励着人们寻求低复杂度的译码算法。
实际上,最佳译码器ML 内部的STBC 的复杂度是与吞吐量幂指数增长的。
主要原因是由于主要原因是似然函数是联合函数，不能分解为单一的符号函数之和的形式。
为了解决复杂度的问题，我们提出了两种计算简单的次最优的检测：归零检测器ZF 和线性最小均方值检测器LMMSE 。
由于STBC-MTCM 扩展码本的内部结构，一旦其他信号的子集属于另一信号的子集，滤波器的系数便可以通过酉变换来构造。
本文所提出的译码算法在信道条件由准静态衰落到TSFF 或FSF 状态变化时都能很好的特性。
而且，仿真结果表明，所提出的译码算法在快速衰落信道中接近ML 的特性，同时计算效率也更有效。
论文剩余部分的结构如下：第二部分概述了系统模型并引入相关符号，第三部分详细介绍了STBC-MTCM 低复杂度的译码算法，第四部分给出了STBC-MTCM 在快速衰落信道不同空间效率的几个计算例子。
第五部分为论文的总结。
II.系统模型A.外部编码器我们考虑一个有t n 条传输天线和r n 条接收天线的空时多入多出（MIMO ）无线通信体系。
这种传输方案在图1的上部给出了详细的介绍。
值得注意的是：级联体系外码的级联可以是任意的（如BBC,LDPC 编码）。
例如：Nm 的网格MTCM 编码的通常可作为一个外码，一个m t N N *的STBC 通常作为内码。
假设长度为0Nk 的b 矢量作为源信息输入到码率为1/0k k Roc =的MTCM 编码器中。
每k 段编码区间，编码一个0k 比特的数据字时会产生一个1k 比特的数据字，它被速率为Nm k Ric /1=的内部STBC 映射输出空时码字C k ∈)(H 具有以下形式： )]1()([)(-+⋅⋅⋅=Nm kNm x kNm x k X （1）此时⎥⎥⎥⎥⎦⎤⎢⎢⎢⎢⎣⎡=)(...)()()(21t x t x t x t nt x （2） }1.,1,{-+⋅⋅⋅+∈m m m m N kN kN kN t 。
假设符号)(t x i 是与符号线性调制相对应的，并且是在时间t 第i 条天线传输的传输信号。
此外，我们假设符号的平均能量|)(|2t x i Ex E ≡且信号在复杂的星座图中被选择的概率相同。
总的谱效率是R 可以定义为mic oc N k R R R /0==比特/信道利用位（BPCU ）。
图1 STBC-MTCM 体系假设在信道中传输的相邻两个符号发生变化，且从一个天线到另一个天线的衰落是互相独立的。
在接收端，假设完全同步，接收信号Nm nr C k Y *)(∈可以表示成 )]1()([)(-+⋅⋅⋅=Nm kNm y kNm y k Y （3）特殊地，我们认为一个线性模型在符号瞬时时间t 接收的向量为1*1)](,),([)(nr T n C t y t y t y r ∈⋅⋅⋅=可以通过传输向量)(t x 表示为:)()()()(t t t t y n x H += （4）其中nt nr C t *)(∈H 是一个复杂的信道矩阵，在接收端是完全已知的，向量1*)(nr C t ∈n 是一个独立复杂的零均值高斯噪声，每个实分量的方差为2/02N =δ。
专门指出，)(k H 可以完全描述为:)]()()([)(21t h t h t h t nt ⋅⋅⋅=H （5） 此时T nri i i i t h t h t h t h )]()(),([)(21⋅⋅⋅=，)(t h ji 则描述了在时间t 时从天线传输端i 到天线接收端,...2,1,=j j 复杂的信道系数。
我们定义信噪比0/SNR N E b =，bE 是每条接收天线上传输一位信息所需的能量。
B ．外部译码器 外部译码器的结构在图1下半部分给出了描述。
由于我们采用了MTCM 的编码器，级联的STBC-MTCM 系统的译码过程可以分为两个阶段：并行转换过程和非并行转换过程（i.e. MTCM 译码）。
一旦并行转换过程结束，接下来的任务就由Viterbi 算法直接给出。
并行转换过程包括可能性计算和为每个非并行转换过程选择最可能的并行转换过程。
由于信道的时间选择性，文献[12]中简化的ML 检测方法对于并行转换过程不再是最理想的了。
因为信号的正交性被毁坏以及似然函数在每个编码或译码区间内变成了联合的符号信息。
真正的ML 译码器为每个给定的网格分支寻找所有的并行转换。
与文[12]中简化的ML 检测器不同，复杂的全开ML 译码器以吞吐量的指数倍增长和以||ρ为基数的并行转换。
假设在第k 段译码区间里，从输出状态u 到输入状态v 的分支度量uv T 计算为21||);;()()(||)(min ∑-+=∈→-=Nm kNm kNm t p uv v u p t x t H t y k T ρ （6） 其中),;(v u p t x →定义为在瞬时信号时间t ，第p 个从状态u 到状态v 的并行转换向量。
此外，最可能的并行转换),(k v u p ML→∧从状态u 到状态v 在译码区间k 里可以选为),(k v u p ML →∧=21||);;()()(||arg m in ∑-+=∈→-Nm kNm kNm t p v u p t x t H t y ρ (7)为了简洁的讨论，我们定义),(k v u p ML →∧为ML p ∧。
一旦计算出了所有的分支度量，Viterbi 的算法则可以用于寻找信道的最小累加度量。
英文：Abstract —STBC-MTCM scheme which achieves high rate, full diversity and large coding gains is an outstanding example of transmit diversity scheme for multiple-antenna system. In the case of time selective fast fading (TSFF) or frequency selective fading (FSF) channels, the performance of current existing STBC-MTCM decoder suffers from an irreducible error poor. In this paper, we present two computational efficient decoding algorithms: zero-forcing (ZF) detector and linear minimum mean square error (LMMSE) detector to combat the fast fading channels. The proposed decoding algorithms provide a robust performance across range of channel conditions from quasi-static (slow) fading to TSFF or FSF. Simulation results suggest that our proposed decoding algorithms have near Maximum-Likelihood (ML) performance while beingcomputational more efficient.I. INTRODUCTIONThe seminal work by Telstar [1], Foschini and Gains [2] on theoretical capacity of multiple transmit-receive antennas in a wireless communication system has spawned a great dealof research in the last decade. In order to fully capture the Benet of the available diversity and to approach the multiple input multiple-output (MIMO) channel capacity, many space-time coding schemes have been proposed over the years: layered space-time (LST) architecture [3]; space-time block codes (STBC) [4], [5]; space-time trellis codes (STTC) [6]–[8] and STBC-multiple trellis-coded modulation (STBC-MTCM) [9]. As pointed out in [10], STBC provides full diversity with very low encoder/decoder complexity; it does not provide any coding gain; while STTC provides full diversity as well as coding gain but at the cost of much higher decoder complexity. Thus, it seems natural to compromise the two extremes of STBC and STTC by concatenate an outer code such as MTCM [11] with an inner STBC. This resulted in the so-called STBC-MTCM designs. In [12], Siwamogsatham and Fitz further enhance the original rate-flossy STBC-MTCM designs by expanding the codebook of the inner orthogonal STBC. Due to orthogonality of inner STBC, a complexity advantage for ML decoding is available for quasi-static (slow)fading channels.Among all these proposed space-time coding schemes [4]–[9], [12], quasi-static block fading has been a widely used assumption. While such an assumption can be met in fairly large number of scenarios, time selective (TS) fast fading [13], [14] or frequency selective (FS) [15] channels do exist. For example, Zhu et al. showed at a normal high way driving speed about 110 Km/h, which can induce normalized Doppler spread d up to 0.9% [13]. In such case, the channel may very significantly from symbol to symbol. Thus, we relax the constraint of quasi-static fading channel assumption in decoding STBC-MTCM schemes. The complexity of optimal ML decoder on the inner STBC in fast fading channels motivates the search for low complexity decoding algorithms. In fact, the optimal ML decoder on the inner STBC has complexity that grows exponentially with throughput. The main reason is that the likelihood function becomes joint and no longer able to decompose into the sum of individual symbol functions. To address the complexity issue, we derive two computational simple suboptimal detectors: zero-forcing (ZF) detectors and linear minimum mean square (LMMSE) detector. Due to the inherent structure of the expanded cookbook in STBC-MTCM, later coefficients can be constructed via unitary transformation for every other signal subsets once it is formed within one subset. The proposed decoding algorithms provide a robust performance across a range of channel conditions from quasi-static (slow) fading to TSFF or FSF. Furthermore, simulation results suggest that the proposed decoding algorithms has a near ML performance in fast fading channels, while being computational more efficient.fast fading channels, while being computational more efficient.The remainder of the paper is organized as follows: section II outlines the system model and introduces our notation. Section III details the reduced complexity decoding algorithms for STBC-MTCM. Section IV presents several numerical examples for different spatial efficiencies of STBC-MTCM in fast fading channels. Section V concludes the paper.II. SYSTEM MODELA. Outer EncoderWe consider a space-time multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) wireless communication system with t transmit and receive antennas. The transmission scheme is detailed in the upper half ofFig. 1. Notice that the outer code for the concatenated system can be arbitrary (i.e. BCC, LDPC Code). For example: A MTCM encoder with trellis multiplicity of m is used as an outer code and a t × m STBC is used as an inner code. Let vector b with size 0 be source information bits entering the rate oc = 0 1 MTCM encoder. At the encoding interval, a 0-bit data word is encoded, yielding a 1-bit data word, which is then mapped by an inner STBC with rate ice = 1 m to output a space-time codewords.for ∈{ m m+1 ··· m+ m−1}.We denote that symbol corresponds to the symbol linear modulated and transmitted on the th antenna at time . Moreover, we assume the average symbol energy and symbols are equally likely chosen from a complex constellation. The overall spectral efficiency is then definedbits per channel use (BPCU). The channel is assumed to be varying from symbol to symbol of transmission and fades independently from antenna to antenna.At the receiver side, assuming perfect synchronization, the received signalNmnrCkY*)(。