土木工程专业英语课文翻译戴俊
完整版土木工程专业英语课文原文及对照翻译
Civil EngineeringCivil engineering, the oldest of the engineering specialties, is the planning, design, construction, and management of the built environment. This environment includes all structures built according to scientific principles, from irrigation and drainage systems to rocket-launching facilities.土木工程学作为最老的工程技术学科，是指规划，设计，施工及对建筑环境的管理。
此处的环境包括建筑吻合科学规范的所有结构，从灌溉和排水系统到火箭发射设施。
Civil engineers build roads, bridges, tunnels, dams, harbors, power plants, water and sewage systems, hospitals, schools, mass transit, and other public facilities essential to modern society and large population concentrations. They also build privately owned facilities such as airports, railroads, pipelines, skyscrapers, and other large structures designed for industrial, commercial, or residential use. In addition, civil engineers plan, design, and build complete cities and towns, and more recently have been planning and designing space platforms to house self-contained communities.土木工程师建筑道路，桥梁，管道，大坝，海港，发电厂，给排水系统，医院，学校，公共交通和其他现代社会和大量人口集中地区的基础公共设施。
土木工程专业英语翻译
土木工程专业英语翻译土木工程专业外语翻译专业：铁道工程学号：20137084姓名：郭翔西南交通大学峨眉校区2016 年 6 月16 日Building construction concrete crack ofprevention and processingAbstractThe crack problem of concrete is a widespread existence but again difficult in solve of engineering actual problem, this text carried on a study analysis to a little bit familiar crack problem in the concrete engineering, and aim at concrete the circumstance put forward some prevention, processing measure. Keyword:Concrete crack prevention processingForewordConcrete's ising 1 kind is anticipate by the freestone bone, cement, water and other mixture but formation of the in addition material of quality brittleness not and all material.Because the concrete construction transform with oneself, control etc. a series problem, harden model of in the concrete existence numerous tiny hole, spirit cave and tiny crack, is exactly because these beginning start blemish of existence just make the concrete present one some not and all the characteristic of quality.The tiny crack is a kind of harmless crack and accept concrete heavy, defend Shen and a little bit other use function not a creation to endanger.But after the concrete be subjected to lotus carry, difference in temperature etc. function, tiny crack would continuously of expand with connect, end formation we can see without the aid of instruments of macro view the crack be also the crack that the concrete often say in the engineering.Concrete building and Gou piece usually all take sewer to make of, because of crack of existence and development usually make inner part of reinforcing bar etc. material creation decay, lower reinforced concrete material of loading ability, durable and anti- Shen ability, influence building of external appearance, service life, severity will threat arrive people's life and property safety.A lot of all ofcrash of engineerings is because of the unsteady development of the crack with the result that.Modern age science research with a great deal of of the concrete engineering practice certificate, in the concrete engineering crack problem is ineluctable, also acceptable in certainly of the scope just need to adopt valid of measure will it endanger degree control at certain of scope inside.The reinforced concrete norm is also explicit provision:Some structure at place of dissimilarity under the condition allow existence certain the crack of width.But at under construction should as far as possible adopt a valid measure control crack creation, make the structure don't appear crack possibly or as far as possible decrease crack of amount and width, particularly want to as far as possible avoid harmful crack of emergence, insure engineering quality thus.Concrete crack creation of the reason be a lot of and have already transformed to cause of crack:Such as temperature variety, constringency, inflation, the asymmetry sink to sink etc. reason cause of crack;Have outside carry the crack that the function cause;Protected environment not appropriate the crack etc. caused with chemical effect.Want differentiation to treat in the actual engineering, work°out a problem according to the actual circumstance.In the concrete engineering the familiar crack and the prevention1.Stem Suo crack and preventionStem the Suo crack much appear after the concrete protect be over of a period of time or concrete sprinkle to build to complete behind of around a week.In the cement syrup humidity of evaporate would creation stem Suo, and this kind of constringency is can't negative.Stem Suo crack of the creation be main is because of concrete inside outside humidity evaporate degree dissimilarity but cause to transform dissimilarity of result:The concrete is subjected to exterior condition of influence, surface humidity loss lead quick, transform bigger, inner part degree of humidity variety smaller transform smaller, bigger surface stem the Suo transform to be subjected to concrete inner part control, creation more big pull should dint but creation crack.The relative humidity is more low, cement syrup body stem Suo more big, stem the Suo crack be more easy creation.Stemthe Suo crack is much surface parallel lines form or the net shallow thin crack, width many between 0.05-0.2 mm, the flat surface part much see in the big physical volume concrete and follow it more in thinner beam plank short to distribute.Stem Suo crack usually the anti- Shen of influence concrete, cause the durable of the rust eclipse influence concrete of reinforcing bar, under the function of the water pressure dint would creation the water power split crack influence concrete of loading dint etc..Concrete stem the Suo be main with water ash of the concrete ratio, the dosage of the composition, cement of cement, gather to anticipate of the dosage of the property and dosage, in addition etc. relevant. Main prevention measure:While being to choose to use the constringency quantity smaller cement, general low hot water mire and powder ash from stove cement in the adoption, lower the dosage of cement.Two is a concrete of stem the Suo be subjected to water ash ratio of influence more big, water ash ratio more big, stem Suo more big, so in the concrete match the ratio the design should as far as possible control good water ash ratio of choose to use, the Chan add in the meantime accommodation of reduce water.Three is strict control concrete mix blend with under construction of match ratio, use of concrete water quantity absolute can't big in match ratio design give settle of use water quantity.Four is the earlier period which strengthen concrete to protect, and appropriate extension protect of concrete time.Winter construction want to be appropriate extension concrete heat preservation to overlay time, and Tu2 Shua protect to protect.Five is a constitution the accommodation is in the concrete structure of the constringency sew.2.The Su constringency crack and preventionSu constringency is the concrete is before condense, surface because of lose water quicker but creation of constringency.The Su constringency crack is general at dry heat or strong wind the weather appear, crack's much presenting in the center breadth, both ends be in the centerthin and the length be different, with each other not coherent appearance.Shorter crack general long 20-30 cm, the longer crack can reach to a 2-3 m, breadth 1-5 mm.It creation of main reasonis:The concrete is eventually almost having no strength or strength before the Ning very small, perhaps concrete just eventually Ning but strength very hour, be subjected to heat or compare strong wind dint of influence, the concrete surface lose water to lead quick, result in in the capillary creation bigger negative press but make a concrete physical volume sharply constringency, but at this time the strength of concrete again can't resist its constringency, therefore creation cracked.The influence concrete Su constringency open the main factor of crack to have water ash ratio, concrete of condense time, environment temperature, wind velocity, relative humidity...etc..Main prevention measure:One is choose to use stem the Suo value smaller higher Huo sour salt of the earlier period strength or common the Huo sour brine mire.Two is strict the control water ash ratio, the Chan add to efficiently reduce water to increment the collapse of concrete fall a degree and with easy, decrease cement and water of dosage.Three is to sprinkle before building concrete, water basic level and template even to soak through.Four is in time to overlay the perhaps damp grass mat of the plastics thin film, hemp slice etc., keep concrete eventually before the Ning surface is moist, perhaps spray to protect etc. to carry on protect in the concrete surface.Five is in the heat and strong wind the weather to want to establish to hide sun and block breeze facilities, protect in time.3.Sink to sink crack and preventionThe creation which sink to sink crack is because of the structure foundation soil quality not and evenly, loose soft or return to fill soil dishonest or soak in water but result in the asymmetry sink to decline with the result that;Perhaps because of template just degree shortage, the template propped up to once be apart from big or prop up bottom loose move etc. to cause, especially at winter, the template prop up at jelly soil up, jelly the soil turn jelly empress creation asymmetry to sink to decline and cause concrete structure creation crack.This kind crack many is deep enter or pierce through sex crack, it alignment have something to do with sinking to sink a circumstance, general follow with groundperpendicular or present 30 °s-45 ° Cape direction development, bigger sink to sink crack, usually have certain of wrong, crack width usually with sink to decline quantity direct proportion relation.Crack width under the influence of temperature variety smaller.The foundation after transform stability sink to sink crack also basic tend in stability.Main prevention measure:One is rightness loose soft soil, return to fill soil foundation a construction at the upper part structure front should carry on necessity of Hang solid with reinforce.Two is the strength that assurance template is enough and just degree, and prop up firm, and make the foundation be subjected to dint even.Three is keep concrete from sprinkle infusing the foundation in the process is soak by water.Four is time that template tore down to can't be too early, and want to notice to dismantle a mold order of sequence.Five is at jelly soil top take to establish template to notice to adopt certain of prevention measure.4.Temperature crack and preventionTemperature crack much the occurrence is in big surface or difference in temperature variety of the physical volume concrete compare the earth area of the concrete structure.Concrete after sprinkling to build, in the hardening the process, cement water turn a creation a great deal of of water turn hot, .(be the cement dosage is in the 350-550 kg/m 3, each sign square the rice concrete will release a calories of 17500-27500 kJ and make concrete internal thus the temperature rise to reach to 70 ℃or so even higher)Because the physical volume of concrete be more big, a great deal of of water turn hot accumulate at the concrete inner part but not easy send forth, cause inner part the temperature hoick, but the concrete surface spread hot more quick, so formation inside outside of bigger difference in temperature, the bigger difference in temperature result in inner part and exterior hot the degree of the bulge cold Suo dissimilarity, make concrete surface creation certain of pull should dint.When pull should dint exceed the anti- of concrete pull strength extreme limit, concrete surface meeting creation crack, this kind of crack much occurrence after theconcrete under construction period.In the concrete of under construction be difference in temperature variety more big, perhaps is a concrete to be subjected to assault of cold wave etc., will cause concrete surface the temperature sharply descend, but creation constringency, surface constringency of the concrete be subjected to inner part concrete of control, creation very big of pull should dint but creation crack, this kind of crack usually just in more shallow scope of the concrete surface creation.The alignment of the temperature crack usually none settle regulation, big area structure the crack often maneuver interleave;The size bigger structure of the beam plank length, the crack run parallel with short side more;Thorough with pierce through sex of temperature crack general and short side direction parallelism or close parallelism, crack along long side cent the segment appear, in the center more airtight.Crack width the size be different, be subjected to temperature variety influence more obvious, winter compare breadth, summer more narrow.The concrete temperature crack that the heat inflation cause is usually in the center the thick both ends be thin, but cold Suo crack of thick thin variety not too obvious.The emergence of the this kind crack will cause the rust eclipse of reinforcing bar, the carbonization of concrete, the anti- jelly which lower concrete melt, anti- tired and anti- Shen ability etc..Main prevention measure:One is as far as possible choose to use low hot or medium hot water mire, like mineral residue cement, powder ash from stove cement...etc..Two is a decrease cement dosage, cement dosage as far as possible the control is in the 450 kg/m 3 following.Three is to lower water ash ratio, water ash of the general concrete ratio control below 0.6.Four is improvement the bone anticipate class to go together with, the Chan add powder ash from stove or efficiently reduce water etc. to come to reduce cement dosage and lower water to turn hot.Five is an improvement concrete of mix blend to process a craft, lower sprinkle of concrete to build temperature.Six is the in addition that the Chan add a have of fixed amount to reduce water and increase Su, slow Ning etc. function in the concrete, improvement the concrete mix to match a thing of mobility,protect water, lower water to turn hot, postpone hot Feng of emergence time.Seven is the heat season sprinkle to build can the adoption take to establish to hide sun plank etc. assistance measure control concrete of Wen Sheng, lower to sprinkle temperature of build the concrete.Eight is the temperature of big physical volume concrete should the dint relate to structure size, concrete structure size more big, temperature should dint more big, so want reasonable arrangement construction work preface, layering, cent the piece sprinkle to build, for the convenience of in spread hot, let up control.Nine is at great inner part constitution of the physical volume concrete cool off piping, cold water perhaps cold air cool off, let up concrete of inside outside difference in temperature.Ten is the supervision which strengthen concrete temperature, adopt to cool off in time, protection measure.11 is to reserve temperature constringency to sew.12 is to let up to control, sprinkle proper before building concrete in the Ji rock and old concrete top build a 5 mm or so sand mat a layer or usage asphalt etc. material Tu2 Shua.13 is to strengthen concrete to protect, the concrete after sprinkle build use moist grass Lian in time, hemp slice's etc. overlay, and attention sprinkle water to protect, appropriate extension protect time, assurance the concrete surface be slow-moving cool off.At the cold season, concrete surface should constitution heat preservation measure, in order to prevent cold wave assault.14 is the allocation be a little amount in the concrete of reinforcing bar perhaps add fiber material concrete of temperature crack control at certain of scope inside.5.Crack and prevention that the chemical reaction causeAlkali bone's anticipating the crack that reaction crack and reinforcing bar rust eclipse cause is the most familiar in the reinforced concrete structure of because of chemical reaction but cause of crack.The concrete blend a future reunion creation some alkalescence ion, these ion with some activity the bone anticipate creation chemical reaction and absorb surroundings environment in of water but the physical volume enlarge, make concrete crisp loose, inflation open crack.In this kind of crack general emergenceconcrete structure usage period, once appear very difficult remediable, so should at under construction adopt valid the measure carry on prevention.Main of prevention measure:While being to choose to anticipate with the alkali activity small freestone bone.Two is the in addition which choose to use low lye mire with low alkali or have no alkali.Three is the Chan which choose to use accommodation with anticipate to repress an alkali bone to anticipate reaction. Because the concrete sprinkle to build, flap Dao bad perhaps is a reinforcing bar protection layer thinner, the harmful material get into concrete to make reinforcing bar creation rust eclipse, the reinforcing bar physical volume of the rust eclipse inflation, cause concrete bulge crack, the crack of this kind type much is a crack lengthways, follow the position of reinforcing bar ually of prevent measure from have:One is assurance reinforcing bar protection the thickness of the layer.Two is a concrete class to go together with to want good.Three is a concrete to sprinkle to note and flap Dao airtight solid.Four is a reinforcing bar surface layer Tu2 Shua antisepsis coating.Crack processingThe emergence of the crack not only would influence structure of whole with just degree, return will cause the rust eclipse of reinforcing bar, acceleration concrete of carbonization, lower durable and anti- of concrete tired, anti- Shen ability.Therefore according to the property of crack and concrete circumstance we want differentiation to treat, in time processing, with assurance building of safety usage.The repair measure of the concrete crack is main to have the following some method:Surface repair method, infuse syrup, the Qian sew method, the structure reinforce a method, concrete displacement method, electricity chemistry protection method and imitate to living from heal method.Surface repair the method be a kind of simple, familiar of repair method, it main be applicable to stability and to structure loading the ability don't have the surface crack of influence and deep enter crack of processing.The processingmeasure that is usually is a surface in crack daubery cement syrup, the wreath oxygen gum mire or at concrete surface Tu2 Shua paint, asphalt etc. antisepsis material, at protection of in the meantime for keeping concrete from continue under the influence of various function to open crack, usually can adoption the surface in crack glue to stick glass fiber cloth etc. measure.1, infuse syrup, the Qian sew methodInfuse a syrup method main the concrete crack been applicable to have influence or have already defend Shen request to the structure whole of repair, it is make use of pressure equipments gum knot the material press into the crack of concrete, gum knot the material harden behind and concrete formation one be whole, thus reinforce of purpose.The in common use gum knot material has the cement the syrup, epoxy, A Ji C Xi sour ester and gather ammonia ester to equalize to learn material.The Qian sew a method is that the crack be a kind of most in common use method in, it usually is follow the crack dig slot, the Qian fill Su in the slot or rigid water material with attain closing crack of purpose.The in common use Su material has PVC gum mire, plastics ointment, the D Ji rubber etc.;In common use rigid water material is the polymer cement sand syrup.2, the structure reinforce a methodWhen the crack influence arrive concrete structure of function, will consideration adopt to reinforce a method to carry on processing to the concrete structure.The structure reinforce medium in common use main have the following a few method:The piece of enlargement concrete structure in every aspect accumulate, outside the Cape department of the Gou piece pack type steel, adoption prepare should the dint method reinforce, glue to stick steel plate to reinforce, increase to establish fulcrum to reinforce and jet the concrete compensation reinforce.3, concrete displacement methodConcrete displacement method is processing severity damage concrete of a kind of valid method, this method be first will damage of the concrete pick and get ridof, then again displacement go into new of concrete or other material.The in common use displacement material have:Common concrete or the cement sand syrup, polymer or change sex polymer concrete or sand syrup.4, the electricity chemistry protection methodThe electricity chemistry antisepsis is to make use of infliction electric field in lie the quality of electricity chemical effect, change concrete or reinforced concrete the environment appearance of the place, the bluntness turn reinforcing bar to attain the purpose of antisepsis.Cathode protection method, chlorine salt's withdrawing a method, alkalescence to recover a method is a chemistry protection method in three kinds of in common use but valid method.The advantage of this kind of method is a protection method under the influence of environment factor smaller, apply reinforcing bar, concrete of long-term antisepsis, since can used for crack structure already can also used for new set up structure.5, imitate to living from legal moreImitate to living from heal the method be a kind of new crack treatment, its mimicry living creature organization secrete a certain material towards suffering wound part auto, but make the wound part heal of function, join some and special composition(such as contain to glue knot of the liquid Xin fiber or capsule) in the concrete of the tradition the composition, at concrete inner part formation the intelligence type imitate to living from heal nerve network system, be the concrete appear crack secrete a parts of liquid Xin fiber can make the crack re- heal.ConclusionThe crack is widespread in the concrete structure existence of a kind of phenomenon, it of emergence not only will lower the anti- Shen of building ability, influence building of usage function, and will cause the rust eclipse of reinforcing bar, the carbonization of concrete, lower the durable of material, influence building of loading ability, so want to carry on to the concrete crackearnest research, differentiation treat, adoption reasonable of the method carry on processing, and at under construction adopt various valid of prevention measure to prevention crack of emergence and development, assurance building and Gou piece safety, stability work.From《CANADIAN JOURNAL OF CIVIL ENGINEERING》建筑施工混凝土裂缝的预防与处理混凝土的裂缝问题是一个普遍存在而又难于解决的工程实际问题，本文对混凝土工程中常见的一些裂缝问题进行了探讨分析，并针对具体情况提出了一些预防、处理措施。
土木工程专业英语课文 翻译 考试必备
土木工程专业英语课文翻译The principal construction materials of earlier times were wood and masonry brick, stone, or tile, and similar materials. The courses or layers were bound together with mortar or bitumen, a tar like substance, or some other binding agent. The Greeks and Romans sometimes used iron rods or claps to strengthen their building. The columns of the Parthenon in Athens, for example, have holes drilled in them for iron bars that have now rusted away. The Romans also used a natural cement called puzzling, made from volcanic ash, that became as hard as stone under water.早期时代的主要施工材料，木材和砌体砖，石，或瓷砖，和类似的材料。
这些课程或层密切联系在一起，用砂浆或沥青，焦油一个样物质，或其他一些有约束力的代理人。
希腊人和罗马人有时用铁棍或拍手以加强其建设。
在雅典的帕台农神庙列，例如，在他们的铁钻的酒吧现在已经生锈了孔。
罗马人还使用了天然水泥称为令人费解的，由火山灰制成，变得像石头一样坚硬在水中。
Both steel and cement, the two most important construction materials of modern times, were introduced in the nineteenth century. Steel, basically an alloy of iron and a small amount of carbon had been made up to that time by a laborious process that restricted it to such special uses as sword blades. After the invention of the Bessemer process in 1856, steel was available in large quantities at low prices. The enormous advantage of steel is its tensile force which, as we have seen, tends to pull apart many materials. New alloys have further, which is a tendency for it to weaken as a result of continual changes in stress.钢铁和水泥，两个最重要的现代建筑材料，介绍了在十九世纪。
(完整word版)土木工程专业英语翻译(武汉理工大学出版社段兵廷主编)完整版
第一课土木工程学土木工程学作为最老的工程技术学科，是指规划，设计，施工及对建筑环境的管理.此处的环境包括建筑符合科学规范的所有结构，从灌溉和排水系统到火箭发射设施。
土木工程师建造道路，桥梁,管道,大坝，海港,发电厂,给排水系统,医院,学校，公共交通和其他现代社会和大量人口集中地区的基础公共设施。
他们也建造私有设施，比如飞机场,铁路，管线，摩天大楼,以及其他设计用作工业，商业和住宅途径的大型结构.此外，土木工程师还规划设计及建造完整的城市和乡镇，并且最近一直在规划设计容纳设施齐全的社区的空间平台。
土木一词来源于拉丁文词“公民”.在1782年，英国人John Smeaton为了把他的非军事工程工作区别于当时占优势地位的军事工程师的工作而采用的名词。
自从那时起,土木工程学被用于提及从事公共设施建设的工程师，尽管其包含的领域更为广阔。
领域.因为包含范围太广，土木工程学又被细分为大量的技术专业。
不同类型的工程需要多种不同土木工程专业技术.一个项目开始的时候，土木工程师要对场地进行测绘，定位有用的布置,如地下水水位，下水道，和电力线.岩土工程专家则进行土力学试验以确定土壤能否承受工程荷载。
环境工程专家研究工程对当地的影响，包括对空气和地下水的可能污染,对当地动植物生活的影响，以及如何让工程设计满足政府针对环境保护的需要.交通工程专家确定必需的不同种类设施以减轻由整个工程造成的对当地公路和其他交通网络的负担。
同时，结构工程专家利用初步数据对工程作详细规划,设计和说明。
从项目开始到结束，对这些土木工程专家的工作进行监督和调配的则是施工管理专家。
根据其他专家所提供的信息，施工管理专家计算材料和人工的数量和花费，所有工作的进度表，订购工作所需要的材料和设备,雇佣承包商和分包商，还要做些额外的监督工作以确保工程能按时按质完成.贯穿任何给定项目,土木工程师都需要大量使用计算机。
计算机用于设计工程中使用的多数元件（即计算机辅助设计，或者CAD）并对其进行管理。
土木工程专业英语正文课文翻译1
第一课 土木工程学土木工程学作为最老的工程技术学科，是指规划，设计，施工及对建筑环境的管理。
此处的环境包括建筑符合科学规范的所有结构，从灌溉和排水系统到火箭发射设施。
土木工程师建造道路，桥梁，管道，大坝，海港，发电厂，给排水系统，医院，学校，公共交通和其他现代社会和大量人口集中地区的基础公共设施。
他们也建造私有设施，比如飞机场，铁路，管线，摩天大楼，以及其他设计用作工业，商业和住宅途径的大型结构。
此外，土木工程师还规划设计及建造完整的城市和乡镇，并且最近一直在规划设计容纳设施齐全的社区的空间平台。
土木一词来源于拉丁文词“公民”。
在 年，英国人 为了把他的非军事工程工作区别于当时占优势地位的军事工程师的工作而采用的名词。
自从那时起，土木工程学被用于提及从事公共设施建设的工程师，尽管其包含的领域更为广阔。
领域。
因为包含范围太广，土木工程学又被细分为大量的技术专业。
不同类型的工程需要多种不同土木工程专业技术。
一个项目开始的时候，土木工程师要对场地进行测绘，定位有用的布置，如地下水水位，下水道，和电力线。
岩土工程专家则进行土力学试验以确定土壤能否承受工程荷载。
环境工程专家研究工程对当地的影响，包括对空气和地下水的可能污染，对当地动植物生活的影响，以及如何让工程设计满足政府针对环境保护的需要。
交通工程专家确定必需的不同种类设施以减轻由整个工程造成的对当地公路和其他交通网络的负担。
同时，结构工程专家利用初步数据对工程作详细规划，设计和说明。
从项目开始到结束，对这些土木工程专家的工作进行监督和调配的则是施工管理专家。
根据其他专家所提供的信息，施工管理专家计算材料和人工的数量和花费，所有工作的进度表，订购工作所需要的材料和设备，雇佣承包商和分包商，还要做些额外的监督工作以确保工程能按时按质完成。
贯穿任何给定项目，土木工程师都需要大量使用计算机。
计算机用于设计工程中使用的多数元件（即计算机辅助设计，或者 ）并对其进行管理。
(建筑工程管理)土木工程专业英语正文课文翻译
（建筑工程管理）土木工程专业英语正文课文翻译第一课土木工程学土木工程学作为最老的工程技术学科，是指规划，设计，施工及对建筑环境的管理。
此处的环境包括建筑符合科学规范的所有结构，从灌溉和排水系统到火箭发射设施。
土木工程师建造道路，桥梁，管道，大坝，海港，发电厂，给排水系统，医院，学校，公共交通和其他现代社会和大量人口集中地区的基础公共设施。
他们也建造私有设施，比如飞机场，铁路，管线，摩天大楼，以及其他设计用作工业，商业和住宅途径的大型结构。
此外，土木工程师还规划设计及建造完整的城市和乡镇，并且最近一直在规划设计容纳设施齐全的社区的空间平台。
土木一词来源于拉丁文词“公民”。
在1782年，英国人JohnSmeaton为了把他的非军事工程工作区别于当时占优势地位的军事工程师的工作而采用的名词。
自从那时起，土木工程学被用于提及从事公共设施建设的工程师，尽管其包含的领域更为广阔。
领域。
因为包含范围太广，土木工程学又被细分为大量的技术专业。
不同类型的工程需要多种不同土木工程专业技术。
一个项目开始的时候，土木工程师要对场地进行测绘，定位有用的布置，如地下水水位，下水道，和电力线。
岩土工程专家则进行土力学试验以确定土壤能否承受工程荷载。
环境工程专家研究工程对当地的影响，包括对空气和地下水的可能污染，对当地动植物生活的影响，以及如何让工程设计满足政府针对环境保护的需要。
交通工程专家确定必需的不同种类设施以减轻由整个工程造成的对当地公路和其他交通网络的负担。
同时，结构工程专家利用初步数据对工程作详细规划，设计和说明。
从项目开始到结束，对这些土木工程专家的工作进行监督和调配的则是施工管理专家。
根据其他专家所提供的信息，施工管理专家计算材料和人工的数量和花费，所有工作的进度表，订购工作所需要的材料和设备，雇佣承包商和分包商，还要做些额外的监督工作以确保工程能按时按质完成。
贯穿任何给定项目，土木工程师都需要大量使用计算机。
土木工程专业英语带译文
Chapter 6
If a material with high strength in tension, such as steel, is placed in concrete, then the composite material, reinforced concrete, resists not only compression but also bending and other direct tensile actions. A reinforced concrete section where the concrete resists the compression and steel resists the tension can be made into almost any shape and size for the construction industry.
6. —We shall finish the civil work by the end of the year. 在年底前我们将完成土建工作。 —Cement steel and timber are the most important construction materials used in civil engineering. 水泥、钢材和木材是土建工程中最重要的建筑材料。 7. These are the anchor bolts (rivets, unfinished bolts, high-strength structural bolts) for the structure. 这是用于结构的锚定螺栓（铆钉、粗制螺栓、高强度结构用螺栓）。
Chapter 6
Chapter 6 Reinforced Concrete
土木工程专业英语课文译文
参考译文第一单元第一部分钢筋混凝土混凝土混凝土由水，砂，石子和水泥构成。
这些不同的，分散的材料混合在一起就构成了一种坚硬的大块状物体（形状各异），有着良好的性能。
混凝土被用作建筑材料已有150年的历史。
它的普遍应用主要由于以下几点：（1）恶劣环境下的耐久性（包括耐水）（2）极易被浇铸成不同的形状和尺寸（3）相对经济实惠，极易获得（4）有极强的抗压能力但众所周知，与其较强的抗压强度相比，混凝土抗拉和抗弯强度较低。
因此，每当荷载，限制收缩或是温度发生变化，产生的拉应力超过混凝土的拉伸强度时，就会有裂缝出现。
在结构应用方面，通常的做法是利用钢筋来抵抗拉力或者是给混凝土施加压力来抵消这些拉力。
预应力混凝土对混凝土构件加载之前，对其进行压缩的方法称为预应力。
把钢筋和混凝土使用很强的力结合在一起就被称为预应力混凝土。
预应力混凝土的优点如下：1.在预应力操作过程中，混凝土和钢筋经过严格测试，较低的安全系数也是正当的。
2.混凝土中可容许的工作压力通常是抗压强度的三分之一，从而使保证金来弥补劣质混凝土在临界区发生的风险。
3.预应力减少风险，是由于混凝土在预应力操作期间产生的应力可能是其抗压强度的50%到75%。
今天，预应力混凝土被应用于建筑物，地下结构，电视塔，浮动储藏器和海上结构，电站，核反应堆容器和包括拱形桥和斜拉桥在内的各种桥梁系统当中。
这说明了预应力概念的多方面适应性以及对它的广泛应用。
所有这些结构的发展和建造的成功都是由于材料技术的进步，尤其是预应力钢和在估计预应力长期和短期损失方面积累的知识。
钢筋钢筋是一种极好的建筑材料。
与其他材料相比，钢筋有着较高的抗拉强度。
尽管在体积上是木材的十倍以上。
钢筋有着较高的弹性模量，因此在荷载下容易发生小的变形。
到目前为止所描述的钢筋的特性只适用于温度保持在70F上下的情况，大约从30F到110F。
这个温度区间覆盖了大多数结构的运行状况，但搞清楚当温度远远超出正常水平时所发生的情况仍然非常重要。
土木工程专业英语课文原文及对照翻译
土木工程专业英语课文原文及对照翻译土木工程师建造道路、桥梁、隧道、水坝、港口、发电厂、水和污水系统、医院、学校、大众交通和其他对现代社会和大量人口集中地区至关重要的公共设施。
他们还建造私人拥有的设施，如机场、铁路、管道、摩天大楼和其他为工业、商业或住宅使用而设计的大型结构。
此外，土木工程师规划、设计和建造完整的城市和城镇，最近还在规划和设计太空平台，以容纳自给自足的社区。
___ passes the planning。
design。
n。
and management of the built ___ scientific principles。
from ___ are essential to modern society。
such as roads。
bridges。
___。
dams。
and hospitals.___ public facilities。
civil engineers also design and build privately-owned structures。
including airports。
railroads。
pipelines。
skyscrapers。
and other ___。
and ___.Overall。
___ civil engineers。
our modern infrastructure and public facilities would not exist.___。
n。
and maintenance of public and private infrastructure。
This includes roads。
bridges。
pipelines。
dams。
ports。
power plants。
water supply and sewage systems。
hospitals。
schools。
___。
and other structures that are essential to modern ___ as airports。
土木工程专业外语翻译
土木工程专业外语翻译土木工程专业外语翻译Lesson 1 Civil Engineering土木工程Civil engineering，the oldest of the engineering specialties，is the planning，design，construction, and management of the built environment．This environment includes all structures built according to scientific principles，from irrigation and drainage systems to rocket-launching facilities.土木工程，最老的工程专业，是建筑环境的规划、设计、施工和治理。
那个环境包括从灌溉和排水系统到火箭发射设施的所有依照科学原理建筑的结构物。
Civil engineers build roads，bridges，tunnels，dams，harbors，power plants，water and sewage systems，hospitals，schools，mass transit，and other public facilities essential to modern society and large population concentrations．土木工程师修建道路、桥梁、隧道、大坝、港口、发电站、水系统和污水系统，医院、学校、公共交通系统，以及现代化社会和大量人口集中的地点所必需的其他公共设施。
They also build privately owned facilities such as airports, railroads，pipelines, skyscrapers, and other large structures designed for industrial，commercial, or residential use．他们也修建私人拥有的设施，如机场、铁路、水渠、高楼大厦，和为工业、商业、民用设计的其他大型建筑。
土木工程英语文献原文及中文翻译
Civil engineering introduction papers[英语原文]Abstract: the civil engineering is a huge discipline, but the main one is building, building whether in China or abroad, has a long history, long-term development process. The world is changing every day, but the building also along with the progress of science and development. Mechanics findings, material of update, ever more scientific technology into the building. But before a room with a tile to cover the top of the house, now for comfort, different ideas, different scientific, promoted the development of civil engineering, making it more perfect.[key words] : civil engineering; Architecture; Mechanics, Materials.Civil engineering is build various projects collectively. It was meant to be and "military project" corresponding. In English the history of Civil Engineering, mechanical Engineering, electrical Engineering, chemical Engineering belong to to Engineering, because they all have MinYongXing. Later, as the project development of science and technology, mechanical, electrical, chemical has gradually formed independent scientific, to Engineering became Civil Engineering of specialized nouns. So far, in English, to Engineering include water conservancy project, port Engineering, While in our country, water conservancy projects and port projects also become very close and civil engineering relatively independent branch. Civil engineering construction of object, both refers to that built on the ground, underground water engineering facilities, also refers to applied materials equipment and conduct of the investigation, design and construction, maintenance, repair and other professional technology.Civil engineering is a kind of with people's food, clothing, shelter and transportation has close relation of the project. Among them with "live" relationship is directly. Because, to solve the "live" problem must build various types of buildings. To solve the "line, food and clothes" problem both direct side, but also a indirect side. "Line", must build railways, roads, Bridges, "Feed", must be well drilling water, water conservancy, farm irrigation, drainage water supply for the city, that is direct relation. Indirectly relationship is no matter what you do, manufacturing cars, ships, or spinning and weaving, clothing, or even production steel, launch satellites, conducting scientific research activities are inseparable from build various buildings, structures and build all kinds of project facilities.Civil engineering with the progress of human society and development, yet has evolved into large-scale comprehensive discipline, it has out many branch, such as: architectural engineering, the railway engineering, road engineering, bridge engineering, special engineering structure, waterand wastewater engineering, port engineering, hydraulic engineering, environment engineering disciplines. [1]Civil engineering as an important basic disciplines, and has its important attributes of: integrated, sociality, practicality, unity. Civil engineering for the development of national economy and the improvement of people's life provides an important material and technical basis, for many industrial invigoration played a role in promoting, engineering construction is the formation of a fixed asset basic production process, therefore, construction and real estate become in many countries and regions, economic powerhouses.Construction project is housing planning, survey, design, construction of the floorboard. Purpose is for human life and production provide places.Houses will be like a man, it's like a man's life planning environment is responsible by the planners, Its layout and artistic processing, corresponding to the body shape looks and temperament, is responsible by the architect, Its structure is like a person's bones and life expectancy, the structural engineer is responsible, Its water, heating ventilation and electrical facilities such as the human organ and the nerve, is by the equipment engineer is responsible for. Also like nature intact shaped like people, in the city I district planning based on build houses, and is the construction unit, reconnaissance unit, design unit of various design engineers and construction units comprehensive coordination and cooperation process.After all, but is structural stress body reaction force and the internal stress and how external force balance. Building to tackle, also must solve the problem is mechanical problems. We have to solve the problem of discipline called architectural mechanics. Architectural mechanics have can be divided into: statics, material mechanics and structural mechanics three mechanical system. Architectural mechanics is discussion and research building structure and component in load and other factors affecting the working condition of, also is the building of intensity, stiffness and stability. In load, bear load and load of structure and component can cause the surrounding objects in their function, and the object itself by the load effect and deformation, and there is the possibility of damage, but the structure itself has certain resistance to deformation and destruction of competence, and the bearing capacity of the structure size is and component of materials, cross section, and the structural properties of geometry size, working conditions and structure circumstance relevant. While these relationships can be improved by mechanics formula solved through calculation.Building materials in building and has a pivotal role. Building material is with human society productivity and science and technologyimproves gradually developed. In ancient times, the human lives, the line USES is the rocks andTrees. The 4th century BC, 12 ~ has created a tile and brick, humans are only useful synthetic materials made of housing. The 17th century had cast iron and ShouTie later, until the eighteenth century had Portland cement, just make later reinforced concrete engineering get vigorous development. Now all sorts of high-strength structural materials, new decoration materials and waterproof material development, criterion and 20th century since mid organic polymer materials in civil engineering are closely related to the widely application. In all materials, the most main and most popular is steel, concrete, lumber, masonry. In recent years, by using two kinds of material advantage, will make them together, the combination of structure was developed. Now, architecture, engineering quality fit and unfit quality usually adopted materials quality, performance and using reasonable or not have direct connection, in meet the same technical indicators and quality requirements, under the precondition of choice of different material is different, use method of engineering cost has direct impact.In construction process, building construction is and architectural mechanics, building materials also important links. Construction is to the mind of the designer, intention and idea into realistic process, from the ancient hole JuChao place to now skyscrapers, from rural to urban country road elevated road all need through "construction" means. A construction project, including many jobs such as dredging engineering, deep foundation pit bracing engineering, foundation engineering, reinforced concrete structure engineering, structural lifting project, waterproofing, decorate projects, each type of project has its own rules, all need according to different construction object and construction environment conditions using relevant construction technology, in work-site.whenever while, need and the relevant hydropower and other equipment composition of a whole, each project between reasonable organizing and coordination, better play investment benefit. Civil engineering construction in the benefit, while also issued by the state in strict accordance with the relevant construction technology standard, thus further enhance China's construction level to ensure construction quality, reduce the cost for the project.Any building built on the surface of the earth all strata, building weight eventually to stratum, have to bear. Formation Support building the rocks were referred to as foundation, and the buildings on the ground and under the upper structure of self-respect and liable to load transfer to the foundation of components or component called foundation. Foundation, and the foundation and the superstructure is a building of three inseparable part. According to the function is different, but in load, under the action of them are related to each other, is theinteraction of the whole. Foundation can be divided into natural foundation and artificial foundation, basic according to the buried depth is divided into deep foundation and shallow foundation. , foundation and foundation is the guarantee of the quality of the buildings and normal use close button, where buildings foundation in building under loads of both must maintain overall stability and if the settlement of foundation produce in building scope permitted inside, and foundation itself should have sufficient strength, stiffness and durability, also consider repair methods and the necessary foundation soil retaining retaining water and relevant measures. [3]As people living standard rise ceaselessly, the people to their place of building space has become not only from the number, and put forward higher requirement from quality are put car higher demands that the environment is beautiful, have certain comfort. This needs to decorate a building to be necessary. If architecture major engineering constitutes the skeleton of the building, then after adornment building has become the flesh-and-blood organism, final with rich, perfect appearance in people's in front, the best architecture should fully embody all sorts of adornment material related properties, with existing construction technology, the most effective gimmick, to achieve conception must express effect. Building outfit fix to consider the architectural space use requirement, protect the subject institutions from damage, give a person with beautifulenjoying, satisfy the requirements of fire evacuation, decorative materials and scheme of rationality, construction technology and economic feasibility, etc. Housing construction development and at the same time, like housing construction as affecting people life of roads, Bridges, tunnels has made great progress.In general civil engineering is one of the oldest subjects, it has made great achievements, the future of the civil engineering will occupy in people's life more important position. The environment worsening population increase, people to fight for survival, to strive for a more comfortable living environment, and will pay more attention to civil engineering. In the near future, some major projects extimated to build, insert roller skyscrapers, across the oceanBridges, more convenient traffic would not dream. The development of science and technology, and the earth is deteriorating environment will be prompted civil engineering to aerospace and Marine development, provide mankind broader space of living. In recent years, engineering materials mainly is reinforced concrete, lumber and brick materials, in the future, the traditional materials will be improved, more suitable for some new building materials market, especially the chemistry materials will promote the construction of towards a higher point. Meanwhile, design method of precision, design work of automation, information and intelligent technology of introducing, will be people have a morecomfortable living environment. The word, and the development of the theory and new materials, the emergence of the application of computer, high-tech introduction to wait to will make civil engineering have a new leap.This is a door needs calm and a great deal of patience and attentive professional. Because hundreds of thousands, even hundreds of thousands of lines to building each place structure clearly reflected. Without a gentle state of mind, do what thing just floating on the surface, to any a building structure, to be engaged in business and could not have had a clear, accurate and profound understanding of, the nature is no good. In this business, probably not burn the midnight oil of courage, not to reach the goal of spirit not to give up, will only be companies eliminated.This is a responsible and caring industry. Should have a single responsible heart - I one's life in my hand, thousands of life in my hand. Since the civil, should choose dependably shoulder the responsibility.Finally, this is a constant pursuit of perfect industry. Pyramid, spectacular now: The Great Wall, the majestic... But if no generations of the pursuit of today, we may also use the sort of the oldest way to build this same architecture. Design a building structure is numerous, but this is all experienced centuries of clarification, through continuous accumulation, keep improving, innovation obtained. And such pursuit, not confined in the past. Just think, if the design of a building can be like calculation one plus one equals two as simple and easy to grasp, that was not for what? Therefore, a civil engineer is in constant of in formation. One of the most simple structure, the least cost, the biggest function. Choose civil, choosing a steadfast diligence, innovation, pursuit of perfect path.Reference:[1] LuoFuWu editor. Civil engineering (professional). Introduction to wuhan. Wuhan university of technology press. 2007[2] WangFuChuan, palace rice expensive editor. Construction engineering materials. Beijing. Science and technology literature press. 2002[3] jiang see whales, zhiming editor. Civil engineering introduction of higher education press. Beijing.. 1992土木工程概论 [译文]摘要：土木工程是个庞大的学科，但最主要的是建筑，建筑无论是在中国还是在国外，都有着悠久的历史，长期的发展历程。
土木工程专业英语课文翻译戴俊
第一单元土木工程前言或许，工程师对于人类文明形成所做出的贡献多于其他专业人才群体。
在各个社会中，工程师的作用就是发展技术应用以满足实际需要。
例如，应用电力系统向城市供电，应用水轮驱动水碾，应用人造心脏延长生命，等。
向我们提供水、燃料、电力的系统，交通网络系统，通讯系统，以及带来其他方便的系统是工程技术应用的产物。
尽管真正的工程师们在以上进步和人类幸福中所起的作用，但对他们所起作用的理解仍是不完全的。
工程是将知识转化为实际有效应用的技术，工程师则是在这样的转化中起关键作用的人。
工程是服务人类的职业，人类环境是需要考虑的重要事项。
通常，区分工程师和科学家一直存在困难，决定科学家的工作在哪里终止，工程师的工作从哪里开始也存在困难。
科学与工程中有联系的工作的基本区别在于它们的目的不同。
科学家以发明为目的，而工程师坚持有效使用发明来满足人类的需要。
例如，德国物理学家亨利奇·赫兹发现了无线电波，而古里耶尔莫·马克尼则利用无线电波发展了无线电信技术，这是一项工程奇迹。
在相关科学家建立了核裂变的科学原理后，制造原子武器、建造核电厂的艰难工作则由电力、化学和机械工程师来完成。
土木工程是以向人类提供安全、舒适住所为目的的工程分支。
住所是人类的基本需要之一，它由土木工程师负责提供。
供水和灌溉系统的有效规划能增加一个国家的粮食产量。
住所除了简单的掩蔽功能外，土木工程师还能将其建造来为居住者提供安宁、舒适的生活。
世界上的工程奇迹——从塔形结构到今天的薄壳结构——都是土木工程发展的结果。
道路、铁路、桥梁等交通网线是土木工程师的劳动果实，没有这样的交通网线，社会将不可能得到发展。
任何工程学科都是由各种专业分支构成的巨大领域，土木工程的主要专业分支如下：1.结构工程结构工程是土木工程的最重要专业分支，结构的建造需要有效的规划、设计和施工方法，以实现完整的建造目的。
一般地，结构工程建造包含五个步骤：●定位，并合理排列结构构件，形成确定的形式，以实现最佳的使用功能。
土木工程专业英语正文课文翻译
第一课土木工程学土木工程学作为最老的工程技术学科，是指规划，设计，施工及对建筑环境的管理。
此处的环境包括建筑符合科学规范的所有结构，从灌溉和排水系统到火箭发射设施。
土木工程师建造道路，桥梁，管道，大坝，海港，发电厂，给排水系统，医院，学校，公共交通和其他现代社会和大量人口集中地区的基础公共设施。
他们也建造私有设施，比如飞机场，铁路，管线，摩天大楼，以及其他设计用作工业，商业和住宅途径的大型结构。
此外，土木工程师还规划设计及建造完整的城市和乡镇，并且最近一直在规划设计容纳设施齐全的社区的空间平台。
土木一词来源于拉丁文词“公民”。
在1782年，英国人John Smeaton为了把他的非军事工程工作区别于当时占优势地位的军事工程师的工作而采用的名词。
自从那时起，土木工程学被用于提及从事公共设施建设的工程师，尽管其包含的领域更为广阔。
领域。
因为包含范围太广，土木工程学又被细分为大量的技术专业。
不同类型的工程需要多种不同土木工程专业技术。
一个项目开始的时候，土木工程师要对场地进行测绘，定位有用的布置，如地下水水位，下水道，和电力线。
岩土工程专家则进行土力学试验以确定土壤能否承受工程荷载。
环境工程专家研究工程对当地的影响，包括对空气和地下水的可能污染，对当地动植物生活的影响，以及如何让工程设计满足政府针对环境保护的需要。
交通工程专家确定必需的不同种类设施以减轻由整个工程造成的对当地公路和其他交通网络的负担。
同时，结构工程专家利用初步数据对工程作详细规划，设计和说明。
从项目开始到结束，对这些土木工程专家的工作进行监督和调配的则是施工管理专家。
根据其他专家所提供的信息，施工管理专家计算材料和人工的数量和花费，所有工作的进度表，订购工作所需要的材料和设备，雇佣承包商和分包商，还要做些额外的监督工作以确保工程能按时按质完成。
贯穿任何给定项目，土木工程师都需要大量使用计算机。
计算机用于设计工程中使用的多数元件（即计算机辅助设计，或者CAD）并对其进行管理。
土木工程专业英语第二版 绪论部分翻译3000字
Civil EngineeringCivil engineering, the oldest of the engineering specialties, is the planning, design, construction, and management of the built environment. This environment includes all structures built acco rding to scientific principles, from irrigation and drainage syste ms to rocket-launching facilities. Civil engineers build roads, bri dges, tunnels, dams, harbors, power plants, water and sewage sy stems, hospitals, schools, mass transit, and other public facilities essential to modern society and large population concentrations. They also build privately owned facilities such as airports, railr oads, pipelines, skyscrapers, and other large structures designed for industrial, commercial, or residential use. In addition, civil e ngineers plan, design, and build complete cities and towns, and more recently have been planning and designing space platforms to house self-contained communities.The word civil derives from the Latin for citizen. In 1782, En glishman John Smeaton used the term to differentiate his nonmil itary engineering work from that of the military engineers who p redominated at the time. Since then, the term civil engineering h as often been used to refer to engineers who build public faciliti es, although the field is much broader .Scope.Because it is so broad, civil engineering is subdivided into a number of technical specialties. Depending on the type of projec t, the skills of many kinds of civil engineer specialists may be ne eded. When a project begins, the site is surveyed and mapped by civil engineers who locate utility placement—water, sewer, and power lines. Geotechnical specialists perform soil experiments t o determine if the earth can bear the weight of the project. Envir onmental specialists study the project’s impact on the local area: the potential for air and groundwater pollution, the project’s im pact on local animal and plant life, and how the project can be d esigned to meet government requirements aimed at protecting th e environment. Transportation specialists determine what kind of facilities are needed to ease the burden on local roads and oth er transportation networks that will result from the completed pr oject. Meanwhile, structural specialists use preliminary data to make detailed designs, plans, and specifications for the project. Supervising and coordinating the work of these civil engineer sp ecialists, from beginning to end of the project, are the constructi on management specialists. Based on information supplies by th e other specialists, construction management civil engineers esti mate quantities and costs of materials and labor, schedule all work, order materials and equipment for the job, hire contractors an d subcontractors, and perform other supervisory work to ensure t he project is completed on time and as specified. Throughout any given project, civil engineers make extensive useof people and goods. They specialize in designing and mai ntaining all types of transportation facilities, highways and street s, mass transit systems, railroads and airfields, ports and harbors . Transportation engineers apply technological knowledge as we ll as consideration of the economic, political, and social factors i n designing each project. They work closely with urban planners , since the quality of the community is directly related to the qua lity of the transportation system.Pipeline engineering.In this branch of civil engineering, engineers build pipelines and related facilities which transport liquids, gases, or solids ran ging from coal slurries (mixed coal and water) and semiliquid w astes, to water, oil, and various types of highly combustible and noncombustible gases. The engineers determine pipeline design, the economic and environmental impact of a project on regions it must traverse, the type of materials to be used-steel, concrete, plastic, or combinations of various materials-installation techniques, methods for testing pipeline strength, and controls for maint aining proper pressure and rate of flow of materials being transp orted. When hazardous materials are being carried, safety is a m ajor consideration as well.Construction engineering.Civil engineers in this field oversee the construction of a proj ect from beginning to end. Sometimes called project engineers, t hey apply both technical and managerial skills, including knowl edge of construction methods, planning, organizing, financing, a nd operating construction projects. They coordinate the activitie s of virtually everyone engaged in the work: the surveyors; work ers who lay out and construct the temporary roads and ramps, ex cavate for the foundation, build the forms and pour the concrete; and workers who build the steel framework. These engineers al so make regular progress reports to the owners of the structure. Community and urban planning.Those engaged in this area of civil engineering may plan and develop community within a city, or entire cities. Such planning involves far more than engineering consideration; environmental , social, and economic factors in the use and development of lan d and natural resources are also key elements. These civil engineers coordinate planning of public works along with private devel opment. They evaluate the kinds of facilities needed, including s treets and highways, public transportation systems, airports, port facilities, water-supply and waste water-disposal systems, publi c buildings, parks, and recreational and other facilities to ensure social and economic as well as environmental well-being. Photogrametry, surveying, and mapping.The civil engineers in this specialty precisely measure the Ear th’s surface to obtain reliable information for locating and desig ning engineering projects. This practice often involves high-tech nology methods such as satellite and aerial surveying, and comp uter-processing of photographic imagery. Radio signal from sat ellites, scans by laser and sonic beams, are converted to maps to provide far more accurate measurements for boring tunnels, buil ding highways and dams, plotting flood control and irrigation pr oject, locating subsurface geologic formations that may affect a construction project, and a host of other building uses.Other specialties.Two additional civil engineering specialties that are not entire ly within the scope of civil engineering but are essential to the discipline are engineering management and engineering teaching. Engineering management.Many civil engineers choose careers that eventually lead to management. Others are able to start their careers in managemen t positions. The civil engineer-manager combines technical kno wledge with an ability to organize and coordinate worker power, materials, machinery, and money. These engineers may work in government—municipal, county, state, or federal; in the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers as military or civilian management en gineers; or in semiautonomous regional or city authorities or sim ilar organizations. They may also manage private engineering fir ms ranging in size from a few employees to hundreds. Engineering teaching.The civil engineer who chooses a teaching career usually teac hes both graduate and undergraduate students in technical specia lties. Many teaching civil engineers engage in basic research tha t eventually leads to technical innovations in construction materi als and methods. Many also serve as consultants on engineering projects, or on technical boards and commissions associated wit h major projects.土木工程学土木工程学作为最老的工程技术学科，是指规划，设计，施工及对建筑环境的管理。
土木工程专业英语完整版本
Most structural engineer work for apartment or public construction and factory constructions.
大多数结构工程师从事公寓建筑、公共建筑和厂房建筑工作。
这些工程师要分析支撑结构和影响结构性能的土壤及岩石的性能。 They evaluate and work to minimize the potential settlement of buildings and other structures, which stems from the pressure of their weight on the earth. 他们评估并采取措施使建筑物和其他结构的重量对地面的压力引 起的潜在的沉降最小化。
工程师们设计并维护港口、水电坝、河流设施，控制水流量，控 制并治理不同的水资源，他们建造坝、水库并把水渠分布到耕地。
Contents
Those engaged in environmental engineering design systems to sanitize water and air, they provide safety drinking water for people and control pollution of water supplies, they help to build water and wastewater treatment plants, dump sites to eliminate hazardous or toxic wastes and prevent pollution of surrounding land.
(完整word版)《土木工程专业英语》段兵延第二版全书文章翻译
第一课土木工程学土木工程学作为最老的工程技术学科，是指规划，设计，施工及对建筑环境的管理。
此处的环境包括建筑符合科学规范的所有结构，从灌溉和排水系统到火箭发射设施。
土木工程师建造道路，桥梁，管道，大坝，海港，发电厂，给排水系统，医院，学校，公共交通和其他现代社会和大量人口集中地区的基础公共设施。
他们也建造私有设施，比如飞机场，铁路，管线，摩天大楼，以及其他设计用作工业，商业和住宅途径的大型结构。
此外，土木工程师还规划设计及建造完整的城市和乡镇，并且最近一直在规划设计容纳设施齐全的社区的空间平台。
土木一词来源于拉丁文词“公民”。
在1782年，英国人John Smeaton为了把他的非军事工程工作区别于当时占优势地位的军事工程师的工作而采用的名词。
自从那时起，土木工程学被用于提及从事公共设施建设的工程师，尽管其包含的领域更为广阔。
领域。
因为包含范围太广，土木工程学又被细分为大量的技术专业。
不同类型的工程需要多种不同土木工程专业技术。
一个项目开始的时候，土木工程师要对场地进行测绘，定位有用的布置，如地下水水位，下水道，和电力线。
岩土工程专家则进行土力学试验以确定土壤能否承受工程荷载。
环境工程专家研究工程对当地的影响，包括对空气和地下水的可能污染，对当地动植物生活的影响，以及如何让工程设计满足政府针对环境保护的需要。
交通工程专家确定必需的不同种类设施以减轻由整个工程造成的对当地公路和其他交通网络的负担。
同时，结构工程专家利用初步数据对工程作详细规划，设计和说明。
从项目开始到结束，对这些土木工程专家的工作进行监督和调配的则是施工管理专家。
根据其他专家所提供的信息，施工管理专家计算材料和人工的数量和花费，所有工作的进度表，订购工作所需要的材料和设备，雇佣承包商和分包商，还要做些额外的监督工作以确保工程能按时按质完成。
贯穿任何给定项目，土木工程师都需要大量使用计算机。
计算机用于设计工程中使用的多数元件（即计算机辅助设计，或者CAD）并对其进行管理。
土木工程专业外语翻译
土木工程专业外语翻译Lesson 1 Civil Engineering土木工程Civil engineering，the oldest of the engineering specialties，is the planning，design，construction, and management of the built environment．This environment includes all structures built according to scientific principles，from irrigation and drainage systems to rocket-launching facilities.土木工程，最老的工程专业，是建筑环境的规划、设计、施工和管理。
这个环境包括从灌溉和排水系统到火箭发射设施的所有根据科学原理建造的结构物。
Civil engineers build roads，bridges，tunnels，dams，harbors，power plants，water and sewage systems，hospitals，schools，mass transit，and other public facilities essential to modern society and large population concentrations．土木工程师修建道路、桥梁、隧道、大坝、港口、发电站、水系统和污水系统，医院、学校、公共交通系统，以及现代化社会和大量人口集中的地方所必需的其他公共设施。
They also build privately owned facilities such as airports, railroads，pipelines, skyscrapers, and other large structures designed for industrial，commercial, or residential use．他们也修建私人拥有的设施，如机场、铁路、水渠、高楼大厦，和为工业、商业、民用设计的其他大型建筑。
(完整版)土木工程专业英语课文原文及对照翻译
Civil EngineeringCivil engineering, the oldest of the engineering specialties, is the planning, design, construction, and management of the built environment. This environment includes all structures built according to scientific principles, from irrigation and drainage systems to rocket-launching facilities.土木工程学作为最老的工程技术学科，是指规划，设计，施工及对建筑环境的管理。
此处的环境包括建筑符合科学规范的所有结构，从灌溉和排水系统到火箭发射设施。
Civil engineers build roads, bridges, tunnels, dams, harbors, power plants, water and sewage systems, hospitals, schools, mass transit, and other public facilities essential to modern society and large population concentrations. They also build privately owned facilities such as airports, railroads, pipelines, skyscrapers, and other large structures designed for industrial, commercial, or residential use. In addition, civil engineers plan, design, and build complete cities and towns, and more recently have been planning and designing space platforms to house self-contained communities.土木工程师建造道路，桥梁，管道，大坝，海港，发电厂，给排水系统，医院，学校，公共交通和其他现代社会和大量人口集中地区的基础公共设施。
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第一单元土木工程前言或许，工程师对于人类文明形成所做出的贡献多于其他专业人才群体。
在各个社会中，工程师的作用就是发展技术应用以满足实际需要。
例如，应用电力系统向城市供电，应用水轮驱动水碾，应用人造心脏延长生命，等。
向我们提供水、燃料、电力的系统，交通网络系统，通讯系统，以及带来其他方便的系统是工程技术应用的产物。
尽管真正的工程师们在以上进步和人类幸福中所起的作用，但对他们所起作用的理解仍是不完全的。
工程是将知识转化为实际有效应用的技术，工程师则是在这样的转化中起关键作用的人。
工程是服务人类的职业，人类环境是需要考虑的重要事项。
通常，区分工程师和科学家一直存在困难，决定科学家的工作在哪里终止，工程师的工作从哪里开始也存在困难。
科学与工程中有联系的工作的基本区别在于它们的目的不同。
科学家以发明为目的，而工程师坚持有效使用发明来满足人类的需要。
例如，德国物理学家亨利奇·赫兹发现了无线电波，而古里耶尔莫·马克尼则利用无线电波发展了无线电信技术，这是一项工程奇迹。
在相关科学家建立了核裂变的科学原理后，制造原子武器、建造核电厂的艰难工作则由电力、化学和机械工程师来完成。
土木工程是以向人类提供安全、舒适住所为目的的工程分支。
住所是人类的基本需要之一，它由土木工程师负责提供。
供水和灌溉系统的有效规划能增加一个国家的粮食产量。
住所除了简单的掩蔽功能外，土木工程师还能将其建造来为居住者提供安宁、舒适的生活。
世界上的工程奇迹——从塔形结构到今天的薄壳结构——都是土木工程发展的结果。
道路、铁路、桥梁等交通网线是土木工程师的劳动果实，没有这样的交通网线，社会将不可能得到发展。
任何工程学科都是由各种专业分支构成的巨大领域，土木工程的主要专业分支如下：1.结构工程结构工程是土木工程的最重要专业分支，结构的建造需要有效的规划、设计和施工方法，以实现完整的建造目的。
一般地，结构工程建造包含五个步骤：●定位，并合理排列结构构件，形成确定的形式，以实现最佳的使用功能。
●决定作用于结构上不同力的大小、方向和性质。
●结构分析，弄清受上述作用力的结构构件的行为特征。
●结构设计，以保证不同载荷作用下的结构稳定性。
●结构施工，采用精心选择的材料，由熟练工人完成。
2.岩土工程为了实现建筑于地面结构的有效功能，必须知道土的特征。
岩土工程给出土的基本知识体系，这一分支涉及以下方面：●土——“土力学”下的材料——的性质和行为特征。
●结构、机器等基础的不同类型及其稳定性。
岩土工程也涉及基础的分析、设计和施工。
3.流体力学、水力学和水力机械流体力学讲述静止或运动流体的性质和特征，流体力学原理可以用到日常生活中，如：飞机的飞行，水中鱼的游动，以及血管中的血液循环等。
水力结构，如大坝和配水结构的设计需要知道水的作用力和压力水的特征。
利用水能的机械称为水力机械，如：涡能机利用水的势能发电，水泵是利用机械能提升水的装置。
这些机械的工作有效性取决于该学科中涉及到的流体特征。
4.交通工程一个国家的发展主要取决于可用的交通设施，一个国家的财富用可用的道路和航空设施来衡量。
有三种交通模式，即：陆路、水路和空中运输，本专业涉及交通路线的设计、施工和运营。
交通工程包含以下分支：公路工程、铁路工程、港口工程、机场工程，分别涉及道路的规划和设计和铁道、港口和机场。
供水、净化水和环境工程没有食品人可以生存几天，但没有水人则活不了多久。
向公众供给饮用水和废水的安全处理是土木工程师的责任。
水来自于降水和地下水。
供水工程涉及水的定位和收集、水处理方法、标准极限试验和水的有效供给。
废水、固体废料、有毒废料等不能直接排放，因为这样会影响环境。
因此，必须对这些废料进行处理和标准极限试验，然后再排放。
卫生工程涉及废水的收集，处理方法和有效排放，保证世界安全。
自然和人为产生并排入大气中的废料破坏自然平衡。
人为或人类活动引起的污染物已经超过了大气系统的承受能力。
环境工程师的作用是通过将各种技术应用到废料净化工作中，架设起生物学和技术之间的桥梁。
环境工程涉及保护环境免受人类活动有害影响的方法，从而使得人类富裕生活的环境质量得到改善。
5.灌溉工程灌溉可定义为通过人工方法，向耕种土地供水的过程，灌溉工程包括与江河水的控制有关的工程，以及水涝区排水的研究和设计。
因此，灌溉工程涉及不同水源的控制和利用，这一工作通过修建大坝、水库、沟渠、增压站、通往耕种土地的配水渠来实现。
6.测量、水准测量和遥感在重要的土木工程，如：铁路、公路、大坝和房屋建设开工前，需要有详细的测量图表明工程区域的精确边界。
测量定义为收集数据，以便将地表面上各种点的相对位置绘制在水平面图上的技术，水准测量则是在垂直平面上确定地面各点相对高程的过程。
测量工作的主要目的是准备出测量物体的平面图。
测量和收集必要资料，画出平面图需要使用各种仪器。
遥感是利用空中摄影，获取某地区周围数据的技术，智能解释将给出地形的清晰图像。
第2单元土木工程师土木工程师的任务是：规划与设计道路、桥梁、管线、区域排水渠、机场、污水处理系统、以及其它的多种设施，并指导这些设施的施工和维护。
土木工程师可能工作在某个特定领域，如：施工、土地开发、结构或水力设计、土力学、污水处理、或固体废料管理，他们也可能与不同专家就更广泛的问题进行合作，如：土地污染或地下水污染、或能源开发与保护。
土木工程师可能设计工程项目的主要特征，然后指导绘图工作，写出设计说明，并为最后的成本估算做准备，他们也可能准备契约，财产记述，公共道路图等。
在现场，他们常常完成测量、现场勘查、或施工检查或监管，他们也可能取土样并进行土体试验，或进行建筑材料的试验室或现场试验。
在很多情况下，土木工程师的作用是保证工程项目安全、及时完成，并有效利用资源，这些工程包括：公路建设、废料管理、海岸开发和岩土工程。
为对工程项目进行规划、管理、设计和施工监管，咨询土木工程师与客户保持联络，他们工作在不同项目现场，他们富有经验，可以作为项目经理运作项目。
土木工程提供多种机会，并满足有助于改进和提高多个场地的大众生活质量，在土木工程范围内，咨询工程师是设计者，合同工程师将他们的设计转变为现实。
土木咨询工程师向用户提供各种各样的服务，在他们事业的开始阶段，他们的工作是对小的工程项目负责，但项目的规模可能随他们获得经验的增加而增加。
结构工程中，工程师可能完成详细的计算，保证设计性能满足结构要求，这些工程师也可能去现场，确保进行中的工作符合设计图和说明书，他们还可能检查需要修理或替换的现有结构。
交通工程中，工程师设计街道、公路及进行设计变更，以改善交通流动，他们完成勘测工作，做出初步设计，并对施工中将使用的材料进行检查和试验，他们也可能准备环境影响报告。
这些工程师还可能进一步擅长于特定部分的工作，如：改善交通标志，规划设计防撞装置，或研究行人交通。
除此之外的工程师研究人口增长和工业发展趋势，以决定未来的交通需要。
土木工程师工作在许多不同的场所，从安静的现代办公室到遥远地区的工作现场，他们可能频繁旅行，或在进行远距离项目时的临时移居。
他们还可能与其他的专业技术人员组成临时项目工作队，一道工作。
有很多的土木工程师工作在城市、乡村、州或联邦政府，其他的则工作在咨询公司，或担当独立顾问，有的工程师为建筑公司工作，有少数在大学全职或兼职从事教学。
这一行业的就业情况受到建筑活动及政府聘用波动的严重影响。
现阶段，该行业各个方面的就业增长略受限制，尽管无工作经验大学毕业生数量一般能满足入门级岗位数量的需求，但有特殊技能和经验的高素质工程师短缺，最大短缺将最可能在施工、交通、能源产生和分配、环境保护和抗震工程等领域。
由于该行业对现场计算机技术的巨大依赖性，具有计算机科学培训或经验的土木工程师将有特别好的机会。
抗震工程师、能源生产与分配工程师、及环保工程师特别短缺。
加利福利亚土木工程师的中等小时工资为29.71美元，附加福利通常包括带薪度假、病假和健康保险，一些雇主还提供退休养老计划和利润分享。
通常，土木工程师每周工作40小时，但当工程期限有要求时工作延时，例如施工项目的工程师常常在繁忙期超时工作。
土木工程师必需将数学和力学的喜好与对社区事务和环境问题的兴趣结合起来，他们必须能够组织、分析、评估技术资料，以解决详细的工程问题，并作为队员之一工作。
打算成为土木工程师的高中学生应该学习大学的预备课程，如：化学、物理和英语，以及业务和绘图课程。
这些人应该尽可能多地学习数学课程，包括：代数、几何、三角和微积分。
土木工程的理工科学士是大多数入门级岗位的最低要求，研究和大学教学要求硕士或博士，某些学校开设了工程技术认定委员会（ABET）认定的土木工程必修课。
雇主建议学生通过暑假工作或大学的工作学习计划获得实践经验，雇主也给学生推荐计算机课程，因为这一职业对计算机技术有依赖性。
所有的咨询土木工程师都要求获得州职业工程师注册委员会的登记，负责批准计划、技术说明书和报告的土木工程师也要求获得这样的登记注册，很多雇主要求特定水平的进一步注册（大多数公共机构中的副土木工程师）。
注册要求通过两门考试和一到六年的土木工程工作经验，成功的候选者将收到土木工程师注册证书。
在政府工作的土木工程师常常从实习工程师开始他们的事业生涯。
当他们获得经验后，他们可能晋升到助理工程师、副工程师和高级工程师岗位。
为了获得更高的薪水，有资历的文职工程师可以转移到管理和行政岗位。
在私人企业工作的土木工程师可以晋升在责任更大的工作岗位，如：职员工程师、项目工程师、或主任工程师。
获得资质后，这些人可以担当私人公司的顾问，或进入他们有可能晋升到高级管理层次的行政岗位。
为了推动土木工程的进步，理工科硕士学位正变得愈加重要。
在招聘入门级岗位时，某些雇主举行校园面试，其他的雇主则需要来自大学就业中心或工程教研组的推荐。
高级岗位的招聘可能在报纸和专业杂志上刊登广告，雇主和应聘者也可以利用专业协会、私人就业服务机构、或加州就业局的招聘服务，政府机构一般会发布行政事务公告，告知所有通过行政事务招聘程序获得的当前岗位。
第3单元多层建筑设计结构框架。
多层建筑的钢框架是梁、次梁或桁架和柱的系统，设计来承受结构的全部重力载荷，并抵抗风力和地震力。
屋面和楼板系统由跨于两垂直立柱之间的水平梁、格栅梁直接支撑，典型的层或楼面通常可以在水平方向延伸到更大的范围和在垂直方向重复到摩天高度，除非遇到高风力或地震载荷，要求对框架设计进行修改。
在结构框架的设计中，一开始应该注意到对特殊设施的规定，如电梯井和楼梯间，这些构件穿过几个楼层，要求固定某些立柱的位置。
其余立柱可以排列成基于建筑学布置和屋面、楼面、墙体和隔墙采用的典型施工考虑的规则形式。
根据连接的型式和特点，美国钢结构学会的规范允许三种钢框架结构类型。