2012年11月10日托福阅读真题解析
2012年11月真题及答案
北京地区成人本科学士学位英语统一考试2012年11月03日Part I Reading Comprehension (30%)Directions: There are three passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Y ou should decide on the best choice and blacken the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet.Passage 1Questions 1 to 5 are based on the following passage:It seems like every day there’s some new research about whether our favorite drinks are good for us. (76) One day, science says a glass of red wine a day will help us live longer. The next day, maybe not. It seems journalists are pretty interested in wine research and the same might be said for coffee. Now，there’s been a lot of research into whether co ffee’s good for our health.“The results have really been mixed，”admits Neal Freedman who led the coffee study and published his findings in a medical journal recently. “There’s been some evidence that coffee might increase the risk of certain diseases and there’s also been maybe more recent evidence that coffee may protect against other diseases as well.”Freedman and his colleagues undertook the biggest study yet to look at the relationship between coffee and health. They analyzed data collected from more than 400,000 Americans ages 50 to 71 participating in the study. “We found that the coffee drinkers had a modestly lower risk of death than the non-drinkers，”he said. Here’s what he means by“modestly”：those who drank at least two or three cups a day were about 10 percent or 15 percent less likely to die for any reason during the 13 years of the study. When the researchers looked at specific causes of death, coffee drinking appeared to cut the risk of dying from heart disease, lung disease, injuries, accidents and infections.Now, Freedman stressed that the study doesn’t prove coffee can make people live longer. A study like this can never prove a cause-and-effect relationship. (77) All it can really do is to point researchers in the right direction for further investigation. And even if it turns out that coffee is really good for you, scientists have no idea why.1. According to the first paragraph, reporters would like to know the research findings of .A. teaB. beerC. alcoholD. coffee2. According to the passage, which of the following is TRUE?A. Freedman and his colleagues hired 400,000 Americans to collect data.B. About four hundred thousand Americans worked for Freedman’s team full time for 13 years.C. People who took part in Freedman’s research are about 50 to 70 years old.D. People who are 50 to 70 years old seldom drink coffee.3. According to the author, scientists .A. have already proved that coffee is good for human healthB. have a long way to go before they find a way to study coffeeC. have avoided the cause-and-effect approach to study coffeeD. are still unable to figure out why coffee is good for us4. The word “mixed”in the first paragraph means “”.A. both good and badB. put togetherC. both sharp and softD. confused5. Which of the following is an appropriate title for this passage?A. Can Beer Help You Live Longer?B. Can Coffee Help You Live Longer?C. Can Wine Help You Live Longer?D. Can Tea Help You Live Longer?Passage 2Questions 6 to 10 are based on the following passage:When we’re learning a foreign language, making sense of what we hear is the first step toward fluency. It sounds obvious, but until recently, we didn’t know much about how listening works. New research demonstrates that effective listening involves more than simply hearing the words that float past our ears. Rather, it’s an active process of receiving information and making meaning. This kind of engaged listening is a skill that’s as critical for learning a range of subjects at school and work as it is for learning to understand a foreign tongue.(78) Studies of skilled language learners have identified specific listening strategies that lead to superior comprehension. Last year, for example, University of Ottawa researcher Larry Vandergrift published his study of 106 undergraduates who were learning French as a second language. Half of the students were taught in a conventional fashion, listening to and practicing texts spoken aloud. The other half, possessing the same initial (最初的) skill level and taught by the same teacher, were given detailed instruction on how to listen. It mined out that the second group “significantly outperformed”(胜过) the first one on a test of comprehension.So what are these listening strategies? Skilled learners go into a listening class with a sense of what they want to get out of it. (79) They set a goal for their listening and they generate predictions about what the speaker will say. Before the talking begins, they mentally review what they already know about the subject, and form an intention to “listen out for”what’s important or relevant. Once they begin listening, these learners maintain their focus; if their attention wanders, they bring it back to the words being spoken. They don’t allow themselves to be thrown off by confusing or unfamiliar details. Instead, they take note of what they don’t understand and make inferences about what those things might mean, based on other clues available to them: their previous knowledge of the subject, the context (语境) of the talk,, the identity of the speaker, and so on.6. What is the main idea of this passage?A. Effective listening means hearing the words that float past our ears.B. Developing your listening skills is the first step toward developing fluency.C. Skilled listeners use specific strategies to get the most out of what they hear.D. Listening is one of the most powerful tools we have to gain information.7. What does Vandergrift’s research show?A. Learners who adopt specific listening strategies become better listeners.B. Learners taught in the traditional way are better at reinforcing what they learn.C. Learners are more confident if they make fewer mistakes.D. Learners who listen on a regular basis improve faster.8. Which of the following statements about Vandergrift’s research is TRUE?A. The participants were postgraduates learning French as a second language.B. All the participants were taught using the conventional method, with the focus on listening strategies.C. The two groups were taught by different teachers.D. The participants were at the same initial skill level.9. The expression“thrown off”in the third paragraph is closest in meaning to“”.A. infectedB. confusedC. ruinedD. informed10. According to the passage, which of the following strategies is NOT used by skilled learners?A. Review their prior knowledge of the subject.B. Concentrate on the speaker’s words.C. Translate into their native language.D. Predict what the speaker will say.Passage 3Questions 11 to 15 are based on the following passage:(80) As the T itanic was sinking and women and children climbed into lifeboats, the musicians from the ship’s band stood and played. They died when the ship went down. Men stood on the deck and smoked cigarettes. They died, too. This behavior is puzzling to economists, who like to believe that people tend to act in their own self interest. “There was no pushing,”says David Savage, an economist at Queensland University in Australia who has studied witness reports from the survivors. It was “very, very orderly behavior.”Savage has compared the behavior of the passengers on the Titanic with those on the Lusitania, another ship that also sank at about the same time. But when the Lusitania went down, the passengers panicked(恐慌). There were a lot of similarities between these two events. These two ships were both luxury ones, they had a similar number of passengers and a similar number of survivors.The biggest difference, Savage concludes, was time. The Lusitania sank in less than 20 minutes. But for the Titanic, it was two-and-a-half hours. “If you’ve got an event that lasts two-and-a-half hours, social order will take over and everybody will behave in a social manner,”Savage says.“If you’re going down in under 17 minutes, basically it’s instinctual.”On the Titanic, social order ruled, and it was women and children first. On the Lusitania, instinct won out. The survivors were largely the people who could swim and get into the lifeboats.Yes, we’re self-interested, Savage says. But we’re also part of a society. Given time, social norms (规范) can beat our natural self-interest. A hundred years ago, women and children always went first. Men were stoic (坚忍的). On the Titanic, there was enough time for these norms to become forceful.11. According to the author, economists were confused because .A. people’s behavior was disorderly on the TitanicB. people did not act in their own interest on the TitanicC. most men did not act in their own interest on the LusitaniaD. women and children could not climb into the lifeboats12. The expression“won out” in the third paragraph is closest in meaning to“”.A. took the upper handB. went out of controlC. ran wildD. shut down13. According to David Savage, was a critical factor in determining people’s behavior in the sinking of these two ships.A. social orderB. placeC. instinctD. time14. According to the passage, which of the following is NOT TRUE?A. Both ships were expensive ones.B. A similar number of women and children from both ships survived.C. About the same number of people from each ship died.D. Both ships had a similar number of passengers.15. Which of the following is an appropriate title for this passage?A. Why Didn’t Musicians Play on the Lusitania?B. Why Did Musicians Play on the Titanic?C. Why Didn’t Passengers Panic on the Titanic?D. Why Did Men Smoke on the Titanic?Part ⅡVocabulary and Structure (30%)Directions: In this part there are 30 incomplete sentences. For each sentence there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the ONE answer that best completes the sentence. Then blacken the Corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet.16. Have you ever visited the Summer Palace，there are many beautiful halls, ridges and a huge lake?A. whichB. thatC. whereD. when17. Mr. Obama will give a speech on the current situation at the meeting next week in Beijing.A. to holdB. heldC. holdingD. to be held18. It was in a small village in the south he spent his childhood and met his life-long friend—the localschoolmaster.A. whereB. whenC. whichD. that19. First of all, a teacher should show love for his students on top of his academic knowledge. , he is notqualified for his position.A. ThereforeB. OtherwiseC. HoweverD. Because20. For many overseas Chinese, China is their real , because they were born and grew up there. A. homeB. familyC. houseD. household21. With all your brains you the math test, but you failed. You were too careless.A. should passB. should have passedC. must passD. must have passed22. When he entered the room he found a cat quietly under the desk.A. lieB. liesC. to lieD. lying23. Today Mrs Smith _ herself in white like a nurse at the garden party.A. woreB. putC. sentD. dressed24. In road rules the red light is a _ for traffic to stop.A. signB. sightC. siteD. size25. I can you for your rude manners but you must apologize in public.A. forbidB. forgetC. forecastD. forgive26. General Blair had been in the army for 35 years when he retired from the navy.A. serviceB. workC. jobD. homework27. Linda is quite different her sister in character：she likes friends and goes out a lot while her sisteralways stays alone at home.A. toB. fromC. atD. on28. Jim was absent from school for the whole week a bad cold.A. because ofB. in addition toC. according toD. in front of29. Some people like to a small sum of money in case of urgent need.A. deal withB. use upC. set asideD. take off30. Mr. Smith feels greatly with his son’s performance in school as he is always the top of his class.A. disturbedB. worriedC. distressedD. satisfied31.Skating is such a_____sport in the northeast of China that almost everybody there knows how to skate.A. likelyB. famousC. popularD. long32. The teacher suggested that they __ in the exercise at once.A. had handedB. should have handedC. handedD. hand33. He did not go to school yesterday because he _ __ his father who was ill.A. must have looked afterB. would have to look afterC. had to look afterD. should have looked after34. After walking for half an hour, she realized that she in the wrong direction.A. had been walkingB. has been walkingC. walkedD. would have walked35. Don’t smoke in the classroom, ?A. do youB. will youC. can youD. could you36. There is not much time left, so I shall tell you about it .A. in detailB. in briefC. for shortD. in all37. _ _ the room than the telephone rang once more.A. Hardly when he enteredB. Hardly he enteredC. No sooner he had enteredD. No sooner had he entered38. My bike is old, it is in good condition.A. thereforeB. soC. neverthelessD. moreover39. There is that he has tried his best in the examination.A. not to denyB. not denyingC. no denyingD. without denying40. Would you to come to the meeting this weekend?A. be so kindB. be kind asC. be so kind asD. be kind41. He will write to me as soon as he home.A. will have returnedB. returnsC. returnedD. will return42. is generally believed, there is no water on the moon.A. AsB. WhatC. ThatD. It43. He devoted his whole life to care of the disabled children.A. takesB. takingC. tookD. take44.The student continued his university study his family -,vas poor.A. even thoughB. as thoughC. now thatD. since45. His father was put into_ prison，and he had to go to _prison to visit him once in a while.A. a; theB. the; aC. a;/D. /;thePart III Identification (10%)Directions: Each of the following sentences has four underlined parts marked A, B, C and D. Identify the one that is not correct. Then blacken the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet. 46. Putting the bottles, boxes and books back where they belong, please. Don’t leaveA B C Dthem on the desk.47. Though Jack is only 7 years old but he is clever enough to work out that puzzleA B Cdifficult even for a grown-up.D48. I opened the letter and it contained an important information that told us to stayA B Cwhere we were.D49. Unlike Jim, I go to work by foot instead of by car every morning.A B C D50. If heating, ice will change into water or steam.A B C D51. Weather permit, we’ll have the match tomorrow.A B C D52. Don’t you think it’s the most worst film we have seen since we came here ten years ago?A B C D53. She is as gifted as she is more intelligent.A B C D54. The teacher, as well as his students, were present at the meeting.A B C D55. Walking alone in the desert, the traveler is boring.A B C DPart IV Cloze (10%)Directions: There are 20 blanks in the following passage, and for each blank there are 4 choices marked A, B, C and D at the end of the passage. You should choose ONE answer that best fits into the passage. Then blacken the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet.Visitors to the zoo usually pity the animals owing to their particular emotional associations (联想). Which animals should be indeed pitied?The first type are those clever and 56 developed animals 57 lively intelligence and desire for activity can 58 no outlet behind the bars of the cage. Those animals living in a free state before 59 in the zoo have a strong desire for moving about 60 , but have to mm around repeatedly in their quarters. Owing to this disappointment, foxes and wolves 61 in places which are far too small, are among the most 62 of all zoo animals.Another sad scene, seldom 63 by ordinary zoo visitors, is the 64 flying trials of swans (天鹅) at migration (迁徙) time. These creatures, like most other water birds, are generally made unable to fly by the 65 of cutting off a tip of the wing bone. 66 such swans in the zoo generally seem happy under 67 care and they raise their young without any trouble, at migration time things become 68 . The birds never really 69 that they can no longer fly, and repeatedly swim to the 70 of the pond so that they can have the whole extent of its surface when trying to 71 against the wind. Meanwhile, their loud flying calls can be heard as they try to72 , and again and again the grand preparations end in 73 .I do not like seeing those 74 water birds in the zoo. The missing tip of one wing and the still sadder picture that the bird makes when it 75 its wings hurt me badly. What a truly sorry picture it is!56. A. high B. highly C. deep D. deeply57. A. whose B. whom C. that D. which58. A. find B. lose C. declare D. transform59. A. to be put B. being put C. to put D. putting60. A. partly B. highly C. deeply D. freely61. A. kept B. keeping C. rose D. rising62. A. victorious B. thoughtful C. miserable D. fortunate63. A. scattered B. written C. noticed D. wakened64. A. similar B. suitable C. apparent D. constant65. A. experiment B. operation C. treatment D. movement66. A. Although B. When C. Since D. Because67. A. original B. proper C. parallel D. precious68. A. private B. public C. different D. similar69. A. suggest B. assure C. underline D. realize70. A. limit B. side C. middle D. center71. A. take off B. stand up C. take up D. stand by72. A. spring B. raise C. swell D. rise73. A. passage B. support C. failure D. success74. A. upright B. powerful C. valuable D. unlucky75. A. spreads B. strengthens C. enlarges D. inspectsPart V Translation (20%)Section ADirections: In this part there are five sentences which you should translate into Chinese. These sentences are all taken from the 3 passages you have just read in Reading Comprehension. You can refer back to the passages to identify their meanings in the context.76.One day, science says a glass of red wine a day will help us live longer.77.All it can really do is to point researchers in the right direction for further investigation.78.Studies of skilled language learners have identified specific listening strategies that lead to superiorcomprehension.79.They set a goal for their listening, and they generate predictions about what the speaker will say.80.As the Titanic was sinking and women and children climbed into lifeboats, the musicians from the ship’s bandstood and played.SectionBDirections：In this part there are five sentences in Chinese．Y ou should translate them into English．Be sure to write clearly．81．他是第一个在月球上行走的人。
老托福阅读真题及答案：passage11
老托福阅读真题及答案:passage11为了帮助大家备考托福阅读，提高成绩，下面小编给大家带来老托福阅读真题及答案:passage 11，希望大家喜欢！老托福阅读真题及答案:passage 11Plants are subject to attack and infection by a remarkable variety of symbiotic species and have evolved a diverse array of mechanisms designed to frustrate the potential colonists. These can be divided into preformed or passive defense mechanisms and inducible or active systems. Passive plant defense comprises physical and chemical barriers that prevent entry of pathogens, such as bacteria, or render tissues unpalatable or toxic to the invader. The external surfaces of plants, in addition to being covered by an epidermis and a waxy cuticle, often carry spiky hairs known as trichomes, which either prevent feeding by insects or may even puncture and kill insect larvae. Other trichomes are sticky and glandular and effectively trap and immobilize insects.If the physical barriers of the plant are breached, then preformed chemicals may inhibit or kill the intruder, and plant tissues contain a diverse array of toxic or potentially toxic substances, such as resins, tannins, glycosides, and alkaloids, many of which are highly effective deterrents to insects that feed on plants. The success of the Colorado beetle in infesting potatoes, for example, seems to be correlated with its high tolerance to alkaloids that normally repel potential pests. Other possible chemical defenses, while not directly toxic to the parasite, may inhibit some essential step in the establishment of a parasitic relationship. For example, glycoproteins in plant cell walls may inactivate enzymes that degrade cell walls. These enzymes are often produced by bacteria and fungi.Active plant defense mechanisms are comparable to the immune system of vertebrate animals, although the cellular and molecular bases are fundamentally different. Both, however, are triggered in reaction to intrusion, implying that the host has some means of recognizing the presence of a foreign organism. The most dramatic example of an inducible plant defense reaction is the hypersensitive response. In the hypersensitive response, cells undergo rapid necrosis — that is, they become diseased and die —after being penetrated by a parasite; the parasite itself subsequently ceases to grow and is therefore restricted to one or a few cells around the entry site. Several theories have been put forward to explain the basis of hypersensitive resistance.1. What does the passage mainly discuss?(A) The success of parasites in resisting plant defense mechanisms(B) Theories on active plant defense mechanisms(C) How plant defense mechanisms function(D) How the immune system of animals and the defense mechanisms of plants differ2. The phrase "subject to" in line 1 is closest in meaning to(A) susceptible to(B) classified by(C) attractive to(D) strengthened by3. The word "puncture" in line 8 is closest in meaning to(A) pierce(B) pinch(C) surround(D) cover .4. The word "which" in line 12 refers to(A) tissues(B) substances(C) barriers(D) insects5. Which of the following substances does the author mention as NOT necessarily being toxic to the Colorado beetle?(A) resins(B) tannins(C) glycosides(D) alkaloids6. Why does the author mention "glycoproteins" in line 17?(A) to compare plant defense mechanisms to the immune system of animals(B) to introduce the discussion of active defense mechanisms in plants(C) to illustrate how chemicals function in plant defense(D) to emphasize the importance of physical barriers in plant defense7. The word "dramatic" in line 23 could best be replaced by(A) striking(B) accurate(C) consistent(D) appealing8. Where in the passage does the author describe an active plant-defense reaction?(A) Lines 1-3(B) Lines 4-6(C) Lines 13-15(D) Lines 24-279. The passage most probably continues with a discussion of theories on(A) the basis of passive plant defense(B) how chemicals inhibit a parasitic relationship.(C) how plants produce toxic chemicals(D) the principles of the hypersensitive response.正确答案:CAABD CADD托福阅读易错词汇的整理1) quite 相当 quiet 安静地2) affect v 影响, 假装 effect n 结果, 影响3) adapt 适应 adopt 采用 adept 内行4) angel 天使 angle 角度5) dairy 牛奶厂 diary 日记6) contend 奋斗, 斗争content 内容, 满足的context 上下文contest 竞争, 比赛7) principal 校长, 主要的 principle 原则8) implicit 含蓄的 explicit 明白的9) dessert 甜食 desert 沙漠 v 放弃 dissert 写论文10) pat 轻拍 tap 轻打 slap 掌击 rap 敲，打11) decent 正经的 descent n 向下, 血统 descend v 向下12) sweet 甜的 sweat 汗水13) later 后来 latter 后者 latest 最近的 lately adv 最近14) costume 服装 custom 习惯15) extensive 广泛的 intensive 深刻的16) aural 耳的 oral 口头的17) abroad 国外 aboard 上(船，飞机)18) altar 祭坛 alter 改变19) assent 同意 ascent 上升 accent 口音20) champion 冠军 champagne 香槟酒 campaign 战役21) baron 男爵 barren 不毛之地的 barn 古仓22) beam 梁，光束 bean 豆 been have 过去式23) precede 领先 proceed 进行，继续24) pray 祈祷 prey 猎物25) chicken 鸡 kitchen 厨房26) monkey 猴子 donkey 驴27) chore 家务活 chord 和弦 cord 细绳28) cite 引用 site 场所 sight 视觉29) clash (金属)幢击声 crash 碰幢，坠落 crush 压坏30) compliment 赞美 complement 附加物31) confirm 确认 conform 使顺从32) contact 接触 contract 合同 contrast 对照33) council 议会 counsel 忠告 consul 领事34) crow 乌鸦 crown 王冠 clown 小丑 cow 牛35) dose 一剂药 doze 打盹36) drawn draw 过去分词 drown 溺水托福阅读学术词汇的解析什么是学术词汇在托福阅读的课堂上，经常有学生对繁杂的学术词汇头疼不已。
2012年11月北京成人本科学位英语考试真题
2012.11北京成人本科学士学位英语考试真题及答案PartⅠ Reading Comprehension (30%) Directions: There are three passages in this part. Each passage is followed some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A,B,C and D. You should decide on the best choice and blacken the corresponding letter on the Answer sheet。
Passage 1 Questions 1 to 5 are based on the following passage : It seems like every day there's some new research about whether our favorite drinks are good for us ,(76)One day ,science says a glass of red wine a day will help us live longer The next day ,maybe not It seems journalists are pretty interested in wine research and the same might be said for coffee .Now there's been a lot of research into whether coffee's good for our health "the results have really been mixed", admits Neal freedman who led the coffee study and published his findings in a medical journal recently."There's been some evidence that coffee might increase the risk of certain diseases and there's also been maybe more recent evidence that coffee may protect against other diseases as well"。
2012年11月10日新托福写作考题回顾
独立写作讨论有关科目的最佳教学方法；着力点不仅在于科目上，更重要的是要注意与实践的结合。这其实也是不少学校的一些新型的探索，从传统常规的课堂死板教学变化成为与课外实际结合的方式；关键是对象为考生自己，因此类似的考题理由应该不难想到。府类
考题文字：
Do you agree or disagree with the following statement?It is the best way for teachers to make students more interested in a subject by explaining to them that this subject will help them in their life outside of the school.
不过要注意这类相对绝对类的题目答案可以不用那么绝对，采用让步的形式来解答会更加容易完成任务和字数。但是建议考生在构思时以生活中某一具体的事物作为参考的切入点，然后寻找自己熟悉的理由来进行论证。如此一来，考生即使没有看过预测也能在考试中轻松应对。
新托福独立写作的重复规律还是比较明显的，2010, 2011的北美考题几乎在2012年中国大陆区不断出现，也完全在考试预测之中。因此考生可在备考过程中多加留意历年真题，做好准备。
但是也要留意大方向下小细节的变化，不可盲目的死记硬背。综合而言，本次新托福考试的题目难度适中。
本次写作考试点评：本次新托福考试完全重复2011.10.08北美考题。
综合写作有关red rain的形成原因的三种猜测；听力进行了逐一反驳；不过考生可能对于三种原因的英文名称有点陌生，若真遇到此类情况的时候，切记要懂得猜测大意或是利用上下语境来帮助自己解决生词的麻烦；即使做不到也不要因此有任何心理负担，只需当做是对象A和B即可。
[VIP专享]2012年11月真题(二级)
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第一部分职业道德（第1~25题，共25道题）一、职业道德基础理论与知识部分答题指导：◆该部分均为选择题，每题均有四个备选项，其中单项选项题只有一个选项是真确的，多项选择题有两个或两个以上选项是真确的。
◆请很据题意的内容和要求答题，并在答题卡上将所选答案的相应字涂黑。
◆错选、少选、多选，则该提均不得分。
（一）单项选择题（第1~8题）1、下述说法中，属于道德要求的是（）。
（A）每个员工都应该为企业多提好的建议（B）每个员工都应该是企业发展的重要成员（C）每个老板的背后都应该包含鲜为人知的故事（D）每个员工的成长历程都应该是他们的人生财富2、职业活动内在的道德准侧是（）。
（A）真诚、谨慎、勤勉（B）忠诚、谨慎、勤勉（C）真诚、审慎、勤奋（D）忠诚、审慎、勤勉3、关于职业化素养，正确的说法是（）。
（A）职业化素养是对高级从业人员的要求（B）培养职业化素养需要从业人员自主培养职业责任和职业道德（C）培养职业化素养要求从业人员尽量在职业活动中发挥主观性（D）职业化素养养成的基本手段在于他律4、古人所谓“才者，德之资也；德者，才之帅也”，其真确的含义是（）。
（A）一个人只要有才，就有了道德资本（B）“才”和“德”是对立统一的关系（C）德行居主导地位，对才能起统一作用（D）一个人有了才，他的德行就能从分彰显出来5、关于职业道德规范“敬业”，正确的说法是（）。
（A）敬业与否要看工作是否适合自己的愿望和能力（B）敬业的本资在于内心，与外在要求无关（C）敬业是对从业人员最根本、最核心的要求（D）敬业是带有激情色彩的最求6、作为职业道德规范的“诚信”，其特征是（）。
（A）通识性、智慧性、止损性、资质性（B）知识性、智慧性、破损性、资质性（C）知识性、益智性、对等性、资本性（D）通识性、合约性、平等性、资源性7、根据《禁止商业贿赂行为的暂行规定》，下列说法中正确的是（）。
（A）经营者不得在商品交易中向对方单位或者个人附赠任何形式的礼金礼品（B）经营者销售或者购买物品，不得以任何方式给中间人佣金（C）在帐外暗中给予单位或者个人回扣的，以行贿罪论处，对方以受贿赂罪论处（D）经营者给予对方折扣的，可以不入账8、在日常生活中，从业人员执行操作规程的具体要求包括（）。
托福阅读真题及答案解析分享整理
托福阅读真题及答案解析分享整理托福阅读如何进行备考?除了大量的托福词汇储备以外，大家可能最需要的就是托福阅读真题的练习。
那么除了官方真题Official你还有哪些托福阅读真题进行练习呢?今日我就为大家整理了托福阅读真题及答案解析共享，盼望可以关心到大家。
托福阅读真题练习：声音的文本+题目+答案托福阅读文本：A number of factors related to the voice reveal the personality of the speaker. The first is the broad area of communication, which includes imparting information by use of language, communicating with a group or an individual, and specialized communication through performance. A person conveys thoughts and ideas through choice of words, by a tone of voice that is pleasant or unpleasant, gentle or harsh, by the rhythm that is inherent within the language itself, and by speech rhythms that are flowing and regular or uneven and hesitant, and finally, by the pitch and melody of the utterance. When speaking before a group, a persons tone may indicate unsureness or fright, confidence or calm. At interpersonal levels, the tone may reflect ideas and feelings over and above the words chosen, or may belie them. Here the conversants tone can consciously or unconsciously reflect intuitive sympathy or antipathy, lack of concern or interest, fatigue, anxiety, enthusiasm or excitement, all of which are usually discernible by the acute listener. Public performance is a manner of communication that is highly specialized with its own techniques for obtaining effects by voice and /or gesture. The motivation derived from the text, and in the case of singing, the music, in combination with the performers skills, personality, and ability to create empathy will determine the success of artistic, political, or pedagogic communication.Second, the voice gives psychological clues to a persons self-image, perception of others, and emotional health. Self-image can be indicated by a tone of voice that is confident, pretentious, shy, aggressive, outgoing, or exuberant, to name only a few personality traits. Also the sound may give a clue to the facade or mask of that person, for example, a shy person hiding behind an overconfident front. How a speaker perceives the listeners receptiveness, interest, or sympathy in any given conversation can drastically alter the tone of presentation, by encouraging or discouraging the speaker. Emotional health is evidenced in the voice by free and melodic sounds of the happy, by constricted and harsh sound of the angry, and by dull and lethargic qualities of the depressed.托福阅读题目：1. What does the passage mainly discuss?(A) The function of the voice in performance(B) The connection between voice and personality(C) Communication styles(D) The production of speech2. What does the author mean by stating that, At interpersonal levels, tone may reflect ideas andfeelings over and above the words chosen (lines 9-10)?(A) Feelings are expressed with different words than ideas are.(B) The tone of voice can carry information beyond the meaning of words.(C)A high tone of voice reflects an emotional communication.(D) Feelings are more difficult to express than ideas.3. The word Here in line 10 refers to(A) interpersonal interactions(B) the tone(C) ideas and feelings(D) words chosen4. The word derived in line 15 is closest in meaning to(A) discussed(B) prepared(C) registered(D) obtained5. Why does the author mention artistic, political, or pedagogic communication in line 17?(A)As examples of public performance(B)As examples of basic styles of communication(C) To contrast them to singing(D) To introduce the idea of self-image6.According to the passage , an exuberant tone of voice, may be an indication of a persons(A) general physical health(B) personality(C) ability to communicate(D) vocal quality7.According to the passage , an overconfident front may hide(A) hostility(B) shyness(C) friendliness(D) strength8. The word drastically in line 24 is closest in meaning to(A) frequently(B) exactly(C) severely(D) easily9. The word evidenced in line 25 is closest in meaning to(A) questioned(B) repeated(C) indicated(D) exaggerated10.According to the passage , what does a constricted and harsh voice indicate?(A) lethargy(B) depression(C) boredom(D) anger托福（阅读答案）：BBADABBCCD托福阅读真题练习：（水彩画）的文本+题目+答案托福阅读文本：The year 1850 may be considered the beginning of a new epoch in America art, with respect to the development of watercolor painting. In December of that year, a group of thirty artists gathered in the studio of John Falconer in New York City and drafted both a constitution and bylaws, establishing The Society for the Promotion of Painting in Water Color. In addition to securing an exhibition space in the Library Society building in lower Manhattan, the society founded a small school for the instruction of watercolor painting. Periodic exhibitions of the members paintings also included works by noted English artists of the day, borrowed from embryonic private collections in the city. The societys activities also included organized sketching excursions along the Hudson River. Its major public exposure came in 1853, when the society presented works by its members in the Industry of All Nations section of the Crystal Palace Exposition in New York.The society did not prosper, however, and by the time of its annual meeting in 1854 membership had fallen to twenty-one. The group gave up its quarters in the Library Society building and returned to Falconers studio, where it broke up amid dissension. No further attempt to formally organize the growing numbers of watercolor painters in New York City was made for more than a decade. During that decade, though, Henry Warrens Painting in Water Color was published in New York City in 1856 — the book was a considerable improvement over the only other manual of instruction existing at the time, Elements of Graphic Art, by Archibald Roberson,published in 1802 and by the 1850s long out of print.In 1866 the NationalAcademy of Design was host to an exhibition of watercolor painting in its elaborate neo-Venetian Gothic building on Twenty-Third Street in New York City. The exhibit was sponsored by an independent group called The Artists Fund Society. Within a few months of this event, forty-two prominent artists living in and near New York City founded The American Society of Painters in Water Colors.托福阅读题目：1. This passage is mainly about(A) the most influential watercolor painters in the mid-1800s(B) efforts to organize watercolor painters in New York City during the mid-1800s(C) a famous exhibition of watercolor paintings in New York City in the mid-1800s(D) styles of watercolor painting in New York City during themid-1800s2. The year 1850 was significant in the history of watercolor painting mainly because(A) a group of artists established a watercolor painting society(B) watercolor painting was first introduced to New York City(C) John Falconer established his studio for watercolor painters(D) The first book on watercolor painting was published3. The word securing in line 5 is closest in meaning to(A) locking(B) creating(C) constructing(D) acquiring4. All of the following can be inferred about the Society for the promotion of Painting inWatercolor EXCEPT:(A) The society exhibited paintings in lower Manhattan.(B) Instruction in watercolor painting was offered by members of the society(C) The society exhibited only the paintings of its members.(D) Scenes of the Hudson River appeared often in the work of society members.5. The exhibition at the Crystal Palace of the works of the Society for the Promotion of Painting inWatercolor was significant for which of the following reasons?(A) It resulted in a dramatic increase in the popularity of painting with watercolor.(B) It was the first time an exhibition was funded by a private source.(C) It was the first important exhibition of the societys work.(D) It resulted in a large increase in the membership of the society.6. The word it in line 15 refers to(A) time(B) group(C) building(D) studio7. Which of the following is true of watercolor painters in New York City in the late 1850s?(A) They increased in number despite a lack of formal organization.(B) They were unable to exhibit their paintings because of the lackof exhibition space.(C) The Artists Fund Society helped them to form The American Society of Painters in WaterColors.(D) They formed a new society because they were not allowed to join groups run by other kinds ofartists.8. Henry Warrens Painting in Water Color was important to artists because it(A) received an important reward(B) was the only textbook published that taught painting(C) was much better than an earlier published fundamental of instruction(D) attracted the interest of art collectors9. The word considerable in line 19 is closest in meaning to(A) sensitive(B) great(C) thoughtful(D) planned10. The year 1866 was significant for watercolor painting for whichof the following reasons?(A) Elements of GraphicArt was republished.(B) Private collections of watercolors were first publicly exhibited.(C) The neo-Venetian Gothic building on Twenty-Third Street in New York City was built.(D) The NationalAcademy of Design held an exhibition of watercolor paintings.11. The word prominent in line 25 is closest in meaning to(A) wealthy(B) local(C) famous(D) organized托福阅读答案：BADCC BACBD C托福阅读真题练习：霍霍坎的文本+题目+答案托福阅读文本：The observation of the skies has played a special part in the lives andcultures of peoples since the earliest of times. Evidence obtained from a site known as the Hole in the Rock, in Papago Park in Phoenix, Arizona, indicates that it might have been used as an observatory by a prehistoric people known as the Hohokam.The physical attributes of the site allow its use as a natural calendar/clock. The hole at Hole in the Rock is formed by two large overhanging rocks coming together at a point, creating a shelter with an opening large enough for several persons to pass through. The northeast-facing overhang has a smaller opening in its roof. It is this smaller hole that produces the attributes that may have been used as a calendar/clock.Because of its location in the shelters roof, a beam of sunlight can pass through this second hole and cast a spot onto the shelters wall and floor. This spot of light travels from west to east as the sun moves across the sky. It also moves from north to south and back again as the Earth travels around the Sun, the west-to-east movement could have been used to establish a daily clock, much like a sundial, while the north-to-south movement could have been used to establish a seasonal calendar.The spot first appears and starts down the surface of the wall of the shelter at different times of the morning depending on the time of the year. The spot grows in size from its first appearance until its maximum size is achieved roughly at midday. It then continues its downward movement until it reaches a point where it jumps to the floor of the shelter. As the Sun continues to move to the west, the spot continues to move across the shelter floor and down the butte, or hill, toward a group of small boulders. If a person is seated on a certain one of these rocks as the spot reaches it, the Sun can be viewed through the calendar hole. This occurs at different times in the afternoon depending on the time of year.托福阅读题目：1. What does the passage mainly discuss?(A) observations of the stars by ancient people(B) rock formations of Arizona(C) a site used by ancient people to measure time(D) the movement of the earth around the Sun2. The word obtained in line 2 is closest in meaning to(A) acquired(B) transported(C) covered(D) removed3. The word attributes in line 5 is closest in meaning to(A) changes(B) characteristics(C) locations(D) dimensions4. The word its in line 10 refers to(A) roof(B) beam(C) hole(D) spot5. The word establish in line 15 is closest in meaning to(A) create(B) locate(C) consult(D) choose6. Which of the following is NOT true of the spot of light?(A) It is caused by sunlight passing through a hole.(B) It travels across the roof of the shelter.(C) Its movement is affected by the position of the Sun.(D) It movement could have been used to estimate the time of day.7. From which of the following can be the time of year be determined?(A) The movement of the spot of light from west to east(B) The speed with which the spot of light moves(C) The movement of the spot of light from north to south(D) The size of the sport of light at midday8. The word roughly in line 18 is closest in meaning to(A) finally(B) harshly(C) uneasily(D) approximately9. The passage mentions that the Hole in the Rock was used as all of the following EXCEPT(A) a calendar(B) a home(C) a clock(D) an observatory10. Which of the following can be inferred from the fourth paragraph?(A) The boulders are located below the rock shelter.(B) The person seated on the rock cannot see the shelter.(C)After it passes the boulders, the spot of light disappears.(D) The spot of light is largest when it first appears.托福阅读答案：CABCA BCDBA托福阅读真题及答案解析共享文档内容到此结束，欢迎大家下载、修改、丰富并分享给更多有需要的人。
211月18日托福阅读真题解析
2012年11月18日托福阅读真题解析2012年11月18日托福考试阅读部分重复北美2011年8月27日考题。
Topic1: personal trait一篇是心理学说PERSONAL TRAIT的。
说人们觉得性格决定人的行为吧。
然后一个科学家叫Walter Mischel，他做了一些研究，发现性格和人的行为之间的关系没有人们以前认为的那么大，人们在特定的环境下表现出来的行为不一样。
通过儿童实验，Mischel认为人的行为其实更主要的是由当时的SITUATION决定的，性格的作用很小。
Mischel的研究成果挑战了心理学家的研究和心理学在现实生活中的应用（这个是句子改写，要注意一个是挑战了研究，一个是挑战了现实中的应用，看清了可能会少选。
）然后其他科学家就批评Mischel的研究成果，这里有个括号，括号说，但是Mischel也赢得了行为学家的掌声，问为什么提这帮人，我答给出支持Mischel理论人的例子。
批评一指出Mischel的研究局限在LAB中，和EVERYDAY LIFE有距离（有题）。
还有一个批评，暂时想不起来。
但同时，大家也会认可Mischel的研究。
说他至少提出了SITUATION的重要性，可以让人具体情况具体分析吧。
后来大家认为，其实心理学家着重是要分析人们总体的表现，即性格决定这个人在处理事情上的一个总的态度，AGGREGATE BEHAVIOR。
而根据不同的SITUATION，又有不同的INDIVIDUAL BEHAVIOR。
所以心理学家的研究没有问题，还是有用的。
Trait Theory ①Personality consists of broad dispositions, called traits, that tend to lead to characteristic responses. People can be described in terms of the basic ways they behave, such as whether they are outgoing and friendly, or whether they are dominant and assertive.Basic Five Factors:oEmotional stability - Being calm rather than anxious, secures rather then insecure, self-satisfied than self-pitying.oExtraversion - Sociable instead of retiring, fun-loving instead of sober, and affectionate instead of reserved.oOpenness - Imaginative rather than practical, preferring variety to routine, and being independent rather than conforming.oAgreeableness - Being softhearted, not ruthless, trusting, not suspicious, and helpful not uncooperative.oConscientiousness - Being organized rather than disorganized, careful rather then careless, and disciplined, not impulsive.Criticism to Trait Theory(Walter Mischel (1968))oPersonality and AssessmentoCriticized the trait view of personality, as well as the psychoanalytic approachoBoth emphasis the interval organization of personalityoPersonality often changes according to a given situation - response to personality as consisting of broad, internal traits that are consistence across situations and timeoTrait measure do a poor job of predicting actual behavioroSituationism - personality often varies considerably from one context to another.Trait Situation Interaction TheoryoThey believe that both trait (person) and situation variables are necessary to understand personality. They also agree that the degree of consistency in personality depend on the kinds of persons, situations, and behaviors sampled. (Pervin, 1993, Mischel, 1995)oThe link between traits and situations has been more precisely specified.oThe narrowing and more limited trait is, the more likely it will predict behavior.oSome people are consistent on some traitsoPersonality traits exert a stronger influence on an individual's behavior when situational influence is less powerful.Walter Mischel (1968) - Personality and Assessment, criticized trait view of personality and psychoanalytic approach. Said personality often changes according tosituations, unlike the previous approaches which show consistency. Said trait measures poorly predict actual behavior. Made view of situationism - personality varies considerably from one context to another.Most psychologists today are interactionists, believing in both trait and situation ideas to describe personality. Link between traits and situations specified: more limited and narrower a trait is, more likely it will predict a behavior; not everyone consistent on the same trait; traits give a strong influence on an individual's behavior when situational influences are less likely to affect personality.Walter Mischel ②Walter Mischel (born 1930) is an American psychologist specializing in personality theory and social psychology. He is the Robert Johnston Niven Professor of Humane Letters in the Department of Psychology at Columbia University.Contributions to personality theoryIn 1968, Mischel published the now classic monograph, Personality and Assessment, which created a paradigm crisis in personality psychology that changed the agenda of the field for decades. The book touched upon the problem in trait assessment that was identified by Allport back in 1937. Mischel showed that study after study failed to support the fundamental traditional assumption of personality theory, that an individual's behavior with regard to a trait (e.g. conscientiousness, sociability) is highly consistent across diverse situations. Instead, Mischel's analyses revealed that the individual's behavior, when closely examined, was highly dependent upon situational cues, rather than expressed consistently across diverse situations that differed in meaning.Mischel maintained that behavior is shaped largely by the exigencies of a given situation. That people act in consistent ways across different situations, reflecting an underlying consistency of personality traits, is a myth.[4]Mischel made the case that the field of personality psychology was searching for consistency in the wrong places. Instead of treating situations as the noise or "error of measurement" in personality psychology, Mischel's work proposed that by including the situation as it is perceived by the person and by analyzing behavior in its situational context, the consistencies that characterize the individual would be found. He argued that these individual differences would not be expressed in consistent cross-situational behavior, but instead, he suggested that consistency would be found in distinctive but stable patterns ofif-then, situation-behavior relations that form contextualized, psychologically meaningful "personality signatures" (e.g., "she does A when X, but B when Y").These signatures of personality were in fact revealed in a large observational study of social behavior across multiple repeated situations over time (Mischel&Shoda, 1995). Contradicting the classic assumptions, the data showed that individuals who were similar inaverage levels of behavior, for example in their aggression, nevertheless differed predictably and dramatically in the types of situations in which they aggressed. As predicted by Mischel, they were characterized by highly psychologically informative if-then behavioral signatures. Collectively, this work has allowed a new way to conceptualize and assess both the stability and variability of behavior that is produced by the underlying personality system, and has opened a window into the dynamic processes within the system itself (Mischel, 2004).Topic2: 昆虫的优势还有一篇讲昆虫的。
2012年11月10日托福口语真题解析
2012年11月10日托福口语真题解析2012年11月10日托福口语真题解析T1: Describe the differences between two cities that you have visited before. Give details and examples to support your response. Begin your response after the beep.Though New York and Paris are both world-famous cultural centers for their respective regions, there are some big differences between them. For one thing, building heights differ dramatically between the two. New York is famous for its sprawling skyline, but in Paris, a building's height is officially limited according to the street it borders--this gives you a good view of the sky no matter where you are. Life also seems more leisurely in Paris; while in New York you have people jogging in place at stoplights, in Paris someone is more apt to break out a cigarette. Finally, something has to be said about the generally helpful and friendly nature of New Yorkers. Despite their reputation, they're actually quite nice. In Paris, the people seemed pretty aloof. （Richard）T2: Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Teachers should encourage students to use computers from primary school age on. Give details and examples to support your response.I disagree. Computers are everywhere nowadays, and proficiency with them is important if you want to succeed in modern society. However, I think early primary school is too young to start learning how to use a computer. It's important for children to learn how to explore the world around them, and I think using computers at such a young age would seriously hinder that. Children generally have terrible impulse control and computers have been shown to be addictive, so waiting until later to encourage them might be more appropriate. Otherwise, you risk them getting addicted and alienating themselves from their peers at a time when socializing is crucial to their personal development. And in any case, children these days will be exposed to computers no matter what, so further encouragement seems unnecessary. （Richard）T3: training advisor，可以方便学生工作，housing staff（是吧，忘记是H什么staff了）可以有更多说时间处理其他工作；女生同意这training,她举了一个她自己的经历说这样可以learn a lot,然后说staff可以省下时间做其他的工作；解析：阅读材料建议要有training advisor，因为这样可以方便学生工作，还能够让staff 有更多时间处理其他工作。
【往年机经】2012年11月30日托福口语真题解析
【往年机经】2012年11月30日托福口语真题解析小马过河为大家准备了“小马过河2012年11月30日托福口语真题解析”，供各位备考托福的考生们参考使用，来提高自己的托福成绩！免费咨询电话：400-0123-267口语1Your friend wants to drop out of college, do you agree with this choice? Give details and examples in your response. Begin your response after the beep.If I had a friend that wanted to drop out of college, I would try and persuade him to stay in school. Maybe in the past it was easy to be successful without a college degree, but nowadays, it is impossible to find a decent job without a degree from a university. In this economy it is even hard to find a good job with a college degree! I know people like Steve Jobs never finished college, but I think he is an exception. My brother had trouble in school and he decided to drop out. For a few years he tried to find a job, but it was nearly impossible without a degree. So he went back to school, got his degree, and is now a manager.口语2Do you agree that if students hand their assignments in past the deadline, the teacher should reduce students' scores? Give details and examples to support your response. Begin your response after the beep.I agree that students should be marked down for late work. This is a good way to motivate students. When they know they will be punished for late work, students tell themselves that everything should be done before the deadline. Besides, reducing the score of the students who hand in the paper later will is only fair to the other students who work hard to hand it in on time. If students are penalized for late work, they will spend more energy and put more effort into finishing the assignment on time in order to get a good score. This makes students take assignments more seriously and increases the efficiency of the whole class. I think it motivates students also.口语3：【学校通知】：化学专业top student应该拿奖学金：1. 可以让学生们更好学习;2. 对学院获得的钱可以很好利用。
2012年11月10日托福阅读真题解析
2012年11月10日托福阅读真题解析第一篇：EARTH AGE第一篇是讲的早期科学家们估计地球寿命。
首先说人们很早就在预估地球寿命了；之后一段讲的近代一位科学家采用生物一代代进化速度的方式预估了三叠纪的长度，但基于的假设是进化速率基本相同，其估计已经有一定准确度了。
后来讲科学家利用这种方式预估地球寿命，其弱点是有部分化石找不到而且更基本的错误是地球在生物诞生之前那段时间无法估计。
（这里有插空题）之后讲了科学家用其他方式预估，有种是采用测算地壳沉积岩石厚度的方法，但问题是没有考虑板块运动以及腐蚀。
另一种是计算海水盐度发，理想地认为一开始地球海洋是淡水，不断地填充盐才有了现在这样子，但这也忽略了盐分与海底大陆架之间的复杂作用以及其他（这里会考题问科学家忽略了什么）。
但作者对于科学家基于盐度推出的几千万年的寿命还是给予肯定的。
因为这已经验证了地球寿命远比原先预计的几百万年要多得多。
而且也有一批科学家从其他领域验证了这个结果。
The age of the Earth is 4.54 ± 0.05 billion years.This age is based on evidence from radiometric age dating of meteorite material and is consistent with the ages of theoldest-known terrestrial and lunarsamples. Following the scientific revolution and the development of radiometric age dating, measurements of lead in uranium-rich minerals showed that some were in excess of a billion years old.Because the exact accretion time of Earth is not yet known, and the predictions from different accretion models range from a few millions up to about 100 million years, the exact age of Earth is difficult to determine. It is also difficult to determine the exact age of the oldest rocks on Earth, exposed at the surface, as they are aggregates of minerals of possibly different ages.【岩层研究法】Studies of strata, the layering of rocks and earth, gave naturalists an appreciation that Earth may have been through many changes during its existence. These layers often contained fossilized remains of unknown creatures, leading some to interpret a progression of organisms from layer to layer.In the 1790s, the British naturalist William Smith hypothesized that if two layers of rock at widely differing locations contained similar fossils, then it was very plausible thatthe layers were the same age. William Smith's nephew and student, John Phillips, later calculated by such means that Earth was about 96 million years old.The naturalist Mikhail Lomonosov, regarded as the founder of Russian science, suggested in the mid-18th century that Earth had been created separately from the rest of the universe, several hundred thousand years before. Lomonosov's ideas were mostly speculative, but in 1779, the French naturalist the Comte du Buffon tried to obtain a value for the age of Earth using an experiment: He created a small globe that resembled Earth in composition and then measured its rate of cooling. This led him to estimate that Earth was about 75,000 years oldIn 1862, the physicist William Thomson （who later became Lord Kelvin）of Glasgow published calculations that fixed the age of Earth at between 20 million and 400 million years. He assumed that Earth had formed as a completely molten object, and determined the amount of time it would take for the near-surface to cool to its present temperature. His calculations did not account for heat produced via radioactive decay （a process then unknown to science）or convection inside the Earth, which allows more heat to escape from the interior to warm rocks near the surface.【生物进化方法】Geologists had trouble accepting such a short age for Earth. Biologists could accept that Earth might have a finite age, but even 100 million years seemed much too short to be plausible. Charles Darwin, who had studied Lyell's work, had proposed his theory of the evolution of organisms by natural selection, a process whose combination of random heritable variation and cumulative selection implies great expanses of time. （Geneticists have subsequently measured the rate of genetic divergence of species, using the molecular clock, to date the last universal ancestor of all living organisms no later than 3.5 to 3.8 billion years ago）。
2012年TOEFL真题：笑谈大学无用
2012年TOEFL真题：笑谈大学无用对付雅思或托福的写作测验，五段的论文不如起承转合的四段结构。
学院派的课外作业大多倾向五段的写法，主要是因为没有强迫的限制时间，所以可以长篇大论。
谢振礼老师和多数同行建议候选人写雅思或写托福时，坚持布局四段。
企图五段则可能时间不足。
少于四段，则恐怕字数不够。
下面一篇原著五段范文倾向唱反调，只供搞笑。
很多人上大学，种种原因。
主要有三点》1. 尝试经验。
2.职业培训。
3. 增进知识。
本篇范文嘲笑这三点，因为更大的原因也许是父母的期待与逼迫。
>People attend college or university for many different reasons, for example, new experience, career preparation, increased knowledge. What do you think that people attend college or university? Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.>Sample Essay:Some young people probably would not consider attending a university seriously were it not for the pressure from their parents. It is absolutelyunderstandable that parents wish to send their sons and daughters to higher education either because they went to college or they didn’t. But for this kind of pressure as the most motivational factor, some children might think twice before hastily deciding to go to a university, simply for such doubtful reasons as increased knowledge, new experience and career preparation. Independent of the financial situation, there are good reasons why some smart boys and girls are not actually interested in college education. To begin with, they would think that a university is not the only place where knowledge is. Now that so much information is made accessible so easily via the Internet, it makes little sense studying in a library on the campus just to have a chance once in a while reading a collection of ancient books. Besides, one may just as well feel uneducated even if being filled with a million facts. Moreover, it can be seen that the university brings out all abilities, including‘incapability’. What is more, any academic subject can become boring when a professor becomes a broken recorder who is talking in som eone else’s sleep. Tobe sure, going through a college education can increase one’s knowledge, and so what? To quote Oscar Wilde: “Education is an admirable thing, but it is well to remember from time to time that nothing worth learning can be taught.” Ind eed, what cannot be taught is exactly “thinking independently.” You can lead a horse to water, but you cannot make it drink. Likewise, you can send one to a university, but you cannot make one think. Ironic but true, a new experience in a university can be a lot of fun, if referring particularly to football in a great university with a stadium seating over 3,000. Aside from that, a university is no place to learn real experience in life. Rather, for quite a few young people it is an ideal place to keep warm between high school and an early marriage. Wise boys and girls therefore need not necessarily obtain a higher education and follow where the path leads. Instead, they may go where there is no path and leave a trail. As such, those who have no vanity for academic degrees can learn examples from many celebrities not having any college education, to whom it used to be a joke if one studied at a university.Imagine, without university experience, one is likely to be a first-rate version of oneself instead of a second-rate version of somebody else. Last but not least, nor is a university the best dream-land for career preparation. Although it may be true that a university degree is associated with generating more income than the average, it is also true that most billionaires on the planet have never finished higher education. For example, the average professor earns more money in a ‘year’ than a professional athlete or movie star in a whole ‘week’. Sadly, nowadays a lot of graduates with a B.A, M.A., PhD even do not have a JOB. Economists report, jokingly, that a college education does add many thousands of dollars to one’s lifetime income, then only to be spent on sending one’s children to college. This fact clearly raises doubts about the wisdom of so many parents investing so much in giving their children some kind of career preparation in vain. To sum up, many people attend college or university for different reasons, but for some of them who do, there is no other factor more influential than pressure from their parents who wouldnot take ‘No’ for an answer. The logic is simple. If parents went to college, it follows that their children should not be different. If they did n’t go to college, nothing could please them more than seeing their children turn out to be different and even better.。
2012年 11月大学英语四级真题答案完整版
2011年12月英语四级真题及详细答案Part I WritingDirections: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay on the topic of Where There Is a Will There Is a Way. You should write at least 120 words following the outline given below: Where There Is a Will There Is a Way1．坚强的意志是成功的重要保证。
2．意志坚定的人才能完成伟大的使命，3．学生也是这样，不刻苦学习，才用。
Nothing Succeeds Without a Strong WillNothing runs smoothly in our life. To achieve things successfully, a strong will is essential. Life is like a Marathon. Many people can’t get to the terminal. This is not because they are lack of vitality but because their will of success is not strong enough.To take quitting smoking as an example, some regard it as a piece of cake. They make up their minds to quit it in the morning, but in the evening they feel that the smell of cigarettes is tempting. Their throats are sore, their mouths are thirsty, and their hands are shaking. After the painful mental struggle, th ey tell themselves that “One cigarette is enough. Just take one, and the next day I will quit it.” By doing this, they surrender to their weak will. In the end, they have quitted smoking “a hundred times”, but in no time they succeed.Just like quitting sm oking, nothing succeeds without a strong will. To be successful in one’s life, a strong will means that you know where you go and you will persist on the road you choose. Undoubtedly success belongs to those who overcome their weak will and who hang in there until the last minute.注意：此部分试题在答题卡1上．For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay entitled Nothing Succeeds Without a Strong Will by commenting on the humorous saying, "Quitting smoking is the easiest thing in the world. I've done it hundreds of times." You should write at least 120 words but no more than 180 words. Part II Reading Comprehension (Skimming and Scanning)Why Integrity MattersWhat is Integrity?The key to integrity is consistency--not only setting high personal standards for oneself (honesty, responsibility, respect for others, fairness) but also living up to those standards each day. One who has integrity is bound by and follows moral and ethical standards even when making life's hard choices, choices which may be clouded by stress, pressure to succeed, or temptation.What happens if we lie, cheat, steal, or violate other ethical standards? We feel disappointed in ourselves and ashamed. But a lapse of integrity also affects our relationships with others. Trust is essential in any important relationship, whether personal or professional. Who can trust someone who is dishonest or unfair? Thus, integrity must be one of our most important goals.Risky BusinessWe are each responsible for our own decisions, even if the decision-making process has been undermined by stress or peer pressure. The real test of character is whether we can learn from our mistake, by understanding why we acted as we did, and then exploring ways to avoid similar problems in the future.Making ethical decisions is a critical part of avoiding future problems. We must learn to recognize risks, because if we can't see the risks we're taking, we can't make responsible choices. To identifyrisks, we need to know the rules and be aware of the facts. For example, one who doesn't know the rules about plagiarism may accidentally use words or ideas without giving proper credit, or one who fails to keep careful research notes may unintentionally fail to quote and cite sources as required. But the fact that such a violation is "unintentional" does not excuse the misconduct. Ignorance is not a defense."But Everybody Does It"Most people who get in trouble do know the rules and facts, but manage to fool themselves about the risks they're taking by using excuses: "Everyone else does it," "I'm not hurting anyone," or "I really need this grade." Excuses can get very elaborate: "I know I'm looking at another's exam, even though I'm supposed to keep my eyes on my own paper, but that's not cheating because I'm just checking my answers, not copying." We must be honest about our actions, and avoid excuses. If we fool ourselves into believing we're not doing anything wrong, we can't see the real choice we're making--and that leads to bad decisions.To avoid fooling yourself, watch out for excuses and try this test: Ask how you would feel if your actions were public, and anyone could be watching over your shoulder. Would you feel proud or ashamed of your actions? If you'd rather hide your actions, that's a good indication that you're taking a risk and rationalizing it to yourself.Evaluating RisksTo decide whether a risk is worth taking, you must examine the consequences, in the future as well as right now, negative as well as positive, and to others as well as to yourself. Those who take risks they later regret usually focus on immediate benefits ("what's in it for me"), and simply haven't considered what might go wrong. The consequences of getting caught are serious, and may include a "0" on a test or assignment; an "F" in the class; suspension or dismissal from school; transcript notation; and a tarnished reputation. In fact, when you break a rule or law, you lose control over your life, and give others the power to impose punishment: you have no control over what that punishment might be. This is an extremely precarious and vulnerable position. There may be some matters of life and death, or highest principle, which might justify such a risk, but there aren't many things that fall in this category.Getting Away With It--Or NotThose who don't get caught pay an even higher price. A cheater doesn't learn from the test, depriving him/herself of an education. Cheating undermines confidence and independence: the cheater is a fraud, and knows that without dishonesty, he/she would have failed. Cheating destroys self-esteem and integrity, leaving the cheater ashamed, guilty, and afraid of getting caught. Worst of all, a cheater who doesn't get caught the first time usually cheats again, not only because he/she is farther behind, but also because it seems "easier." This slippery slope of eroding ethics and bigger risks leads only to disaster. Eventually, the cheater gets caught, and the later he/she gets caught, the worse the consequences. Students have been dismissed from school because they didn't get this simple message: Honesty is the ONLY policy that works.Cheating Hurts Others, TooCheaters often feel invisible, as if their actions "don't count" and don't really hurt anyone. But individual choices have a profound cumulative effect. Cheating can spread like a disease, and a cheater can encourage others just by being seen from across the room. Recent statistics suggest 30% or more of college students cheat. If a class is graded on a curve, cheating hurts others' grades. Even if there is no curve, cheating "poisons" the classroom, and others may feel pressured to join in. ("If I don't cheat, I can't compete with those who do.") Cheating also has a destructive impact on teachers. The real reward of good teaching is seeing students lear n, but ⑧.a cheater says, "I'mnot interested in what you're trying to teach; all I care about is stealing a grade, regardless of the effect on others." The end result is a blatant and destructive attack on the quality of your education. Finally, cheating can hurt the reputation of the University, and harm those who worked hard for their degree.Why Integrity MattersIf cheating becomes the norm, then we are in big trouble. ⑨.We must rely on the honesty and good faith of others every day. If not, we couldn't put money in the bank, buy food, clothing, or medicine from others, drive across a bridge, get on a plane, go to the dentist--the list is endless. There are many examples of the vast harm that is caused when individuals forget or ignore the effect their dishonesty can have. The savings and loan scandal, the stock market and junk bond swindles, and, of course, ⑩.Watergate, have undermined the faith of many Americans in the integrity of political and economic leaders and society as a whole. Such incidents take a tremendous toll on our nation's economy and our individual well-being. For example, but for the savings and loan debacle, there might be funds available to reduce the national debt and pay for education.In sum, we all have a common stake in our school, our community, and our society. Our actions do matter. It is essential that we act with integrity in order to build the kind of world in which we want to live.1. A person of integrity not only sets high moral and ethical standards but also _______。
2012年考研英语真题及答案完整解析
2012年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（一）Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)The ethical judgments of the Supreme Court justices have become animportant issue recently. The court cannot _1_ its legitimacy as guardian of therule of law _2_ justices behave like politicians. Yet, in several instances, justicesacted in ways that _3_ the court’s reputation for being independent andimpartial.Justice Antonin Scalia, for example, appeared at political events. That kind ofactivity makes it less likely that the court’s decisi ons will be _4_ as impartialjudgments. Part of the problem is that the justices are not _5_by an ethics code.At the very least, the court should make itself _6_to the code of conduct that _7_tothe rest of the federal judiciary.This and other similar cases _8_the question of whether there is still a_9_between the court and politics.The framers of the Constitution envisioned law _10_having authority apartfrom politics. They gave justices permanent positions _11_they would be free to_12_ those in power and have no need to _13_ political support. Our legal systemwas designed to set law apart from politics precisely because they are so closely_14_.Constitutional law is political because it results from choices rooted infundamental social _15_ like liberty and property. When the court deals withsocial policy decisions, the law it _16_ is inescapably political-which is why decisions split along ideological lines are so easily _17_ as unjust.The justices must _18_ doubts about the court’s legitimacy by making themselves _19_ to the code of conduct. That would make rulings more likely to be seen as separate from politics and, _20_, convincing as law.1. [A]emphasize [B]maintain [C]modify [D] recognize2. [A]when [B]lest [C]before [D] unless3. [A]restored [B]weakened [C]established [D] eliminated4. [A]challenged [B]compromised [C]suspected [D] accepted5. [A]advanced [B]caught [C]bound [D]founded6. [A]resistant [B]subject [C]immune [D]prone7. [A]resorts [B]sticks [C]loads [D]applies8. [A]evade [B]raise [C]deny [D]settle9. [A]line [B]barrier [C]similarity [D]conflict10. [A]by [B]as [C]though [D]towards11. [A]so [B]since [C]provided [D]though12. [A]serve [B]satisfy [C]upset [D]replace13. [A]confirm [B]express [C]cultivate [D]offer14. [A]guarded [B]followed [C]studied [D]tied15. [A]concepts [B]theories [C]divisions [D]conceptions16. [A]excludes [B]questions [C]shapes [D]controls17. [A]dismissed [B]released [C]ranked [D]distorted18. [A]suppress [B]exploit [C]address [D]ignore19. [A]accessible [B]amiable [C]agreeable [D]accountable20. [A]by all mesns [B]atall costs [C]in a word [D]as a resultSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Text 1Come on –Everybody’s doing it. That whispered message, half invitation and half forcing, is what most of us think of when we hear the words peer pressure. It usually leads to no good-drinking, drugs and casual sex. But in her new book Join the Club, Tina Rosenberg contends that peer pressure can also be a positive force through what she calls the social cure, in which organizations and officials use the power of group dynamics to help individuals improve their lives and possibly the word.Rosenberg, the recipient of a Pulitzer Prize, offers a host of example of the social cure in action: In South Carolina, a state-sponsored antismoking program called Rage Against the Haze sets out to make cigarettes uncool. In South Africa, an HIV-prevention initiative known as LoveLife recruits young people to promote safe sex among their peers.The idea seems promising，and Rosenberg is a perceptive observer. Her critique of the lameness of many pubic-health campaigns is spot-on: they fail to mobilize peer pressure for healthy habits, and they demonstrate a seriously flawed understanding of psychology.” Dare to be different, please don’t smoke!” pleads one billboard campaign aimed at reducing smoking amongteenagers-teenagers, who desire nothing more than fitting in. Rosenberg argues convincingly that public-health advocates ought to take a page from advertisers, so skilled at applying peer pressure.But on the general effectiveness of the social cure, Rosenberg is less persuasive. Join the Club is filled with too much irrelevant detail and not enough exploration of the social and biological factors that make peer pressure so powerful. The most glaring flaw of the social cure as it’s presented here is that it doesn’t work very well for very long. Rage Against the Haze failed once state funding was cut. Evidence that the LoveLife program produces lasting changes is limited and mixed.There’s no doubt that our peer groups exert enormous influence on our behavior. An emerging body of research shows that positive health habits-as well as negative ones-spread through networks of friends via social communication. This is a subtle form of peer pressure: we unconsciously imitate the behavior we see every day.Far less certain, however, is how successfully experts and bureaucrats can select our peer groups and steer their activities in virtuous directions. It’s like the teacher w ho breaks up the troublemakers in the back row by pairing them with better-behaved classmates. The tactic never really works. And that’s the problem with a social cure engineered from the outside: in the real world, as in school, we insist on choosing our own friends.21. According to the first paragraph, peer pressure often emerges as[A] a supplement to the social cure[B] a stimulus to group dynamics[C] an obstacle to school progress[D] a cause of undesirable behaviors22. Rosenberg holds that public advocates should[A] recruit professional advertisers[B] learn from advertisers’ experience[C] stay away from commercial advertisers[D] recognize the limitations of advertisements23. In the author’s view, Rosenberg’s book fails to[A] adequately probe social and biological factors[B] effectively evade the flaws of the social cure[C] illustrate the functions of state funding[D]produce a long-lasting social effect24. Paragraph 5shows that our imitation of behaviors[A] is harmful to our networks of friends[B] will mislead behavioral studies[C] occurs without our realizing it[D] can produce negative health habits25. The author suggests in the last paragraph that the effect of peer pressure is[A] harmful[B] desirable[C] profound[D] questionableText 2A deal is a deal-except, apparently ,when Entergy is involved. The company, a major energy supplier in New England, provoked justified outrage in Vermont last week when it announced it was reneging on a longstanding commitment to abide by the strict nuclear regulations.Instead, the company has done precisely what it had long promised it would not challenge the constitutionality of Vermont’s rules in the federal court, as part of a desperate effort to keep its Vermont Yankee nuclear powe r plant running. It’s a stunning move.The conflict has been surfacing since 2002, when the corporation bought Vermont’s only nuclear power plant, an aging reactor in Vernon. As a condition of receiving state approval for the sale, the company agreed to seek permission from state regulators to operate past 2012. In 2006, the state went a step further, requiring that any extension of the plant’s license be subject to Vermont legislature’s approval. Then, too, the company went along.Either Entergy never real ly intended to live by those commitments, or it simply didn’t foresee what would happen next. A string of accidents, including the partial collapse of a cooling tower in 207 and the discovery of an underground pipe system leakage, raised serious questions about both Vermont Yankee’s safety and Entergy’s management–especially after the company made misleading statements about the pipe. Enraged by Entergy’s behavior, the Vermont Senate voted 26 to 4 last year against allowing an extension.Now the company is suddenly claiming that the 2002 agreement is invalid because of the 2006 legislation, and that only the federal government has regulatory power over nuclear issues. The legal issues in the case are obscure: whereas the Supreme Court has ruled that states do have some regulatory authority over nuclear power, legal scholars say that Vermont case will offer a precedent-setting test of how far those powers extend. Certainly, there are valid concerns about the patchwork regulations that could result if every state sets its own rules. But had Entergy kept its word, that debate would be beside the point.The company seems to have concluded that its reputation in Vermont is already so damaged that it has noting left to lose by going to war with the state. But there should be consequences. Permission to run a nuclear plant is a poblic trust. Entergy runs 11 other reactors in the United States, including Pilgrim Nuclear station in Plymouth. Pledging to run Pilgrim safely, the company has applied for federal permission to keep it open for another 20 years. But as the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) reviews the company’s application, it should keep it mind what promises from Entergy are worth.26. The phrase “reneging on”(Line 3.para.1) is closest in meaning to[A] condemning.[B] reaffirming.[C] dishonoring.[D] securing.27. By entering into the 2002 agreement, Entergy intended to[A] obtain protection from Vermont regulators.[B] seek favor from the federal legislature.[C] acquire an extension of its business license .[D] get permission to purchase a power plant.28. According to Paragraph 4, Entergy seems to have problems with its[A] managerial practices.[B] technical innovativeness.[C] financial goals.[D] business vision29. In the author’s view, th e Vermont case will test[A] Entergy’s capacity to fulfill all its promises.[B] the mature of states’ patchwork regulations.[C] the federal authority over nuclear issues .[D] the limits of states’ power over nuclear issues.30. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that[A] Entergy’s business elsewhere might be affected.[B] the authority of the NRC will be defied.[C] Entergy will withdraw its Plymouth application.[D] Vermont’s reputation might be damaged.Text 3In the idealized version of how science is done, facts about the world are waiting to be observed and collected by objective researchers who use the scientific method to carry out their work. But in the everyday practice of science, discovery frequently follows an ambiguous and complicated route. We aim to be objective, but we cannot escape the context of our unique life experience. Prior knowledge and interest influence what we experience, what we think our experiences mean, and the subsequent actions we take. Opportunities for misinterpretation, error, and self-deception abound.Consequently, discovery claims should be thought of as protoscience. Similar to newly staked mining claims, they are full of potential. But it takes collective scrutiny and acceptance to transform a discovery claim into a mature discovery. This is the credibility process, through which the individual researcher’s me, here, now becomes the community’s anyone, anywhere, anytime. Objective knowledge is the goal, not the starting point.Once a discovery claim becomes public, the discoverer receives intellectual credit. But, unlike with mining claims, the community takes control of what happens next. Within the complex social structure of the scientific community, researchers make discoveries; editors and reviewers act as gatekeepers by controlling the publication process; other scientists usethe new finding to suit their own purposes; and finally, the public (including other scientists) receives the new discovery and possibly accompanying technology. As a discovery claim works it through the community, the interaction and confrontation between shared and competing beliefs about the science and the technology involved transforms an individual’s discovery claim into the community’s credible discovery.Two paradoxes exist throughout this credibility process. First, scientific work tends to focus on some aspect of prevailing Knowledge that is viewed as incomplete or incorrect. Little reward accompanies duplication and confirmation of what is already known and believed. The goal is new-search, not re-search. Not surprisingly, newly published discovery claims and credible discoveries that appear to be important and convincing will always be open to challenge and potential modification or refutation by future researchers. Second, novelty itself frequently provokes disbelief. Nobel Laureate and physiologist AlbertAzent-Gyorgyi once described discovery as “seeing what everybody has seen and thinking what nobody has thought.” But thinking what nobody else has thought and telling others what they have missed may not change their views. Sometimes years are required for truly novel discovery claims to be accepted and appreciated.In the end, credibility “happens” to a discovery claim – a process that corresponds to what philosopher Annette Baier has described as the commons of the mind. “We reason together, challenge, revise, and complete each other’s reasoning and each other’s conceptions of reason.”31. According to the first paragraph, the process of discovery is characterized by its[A] uncertainty and complexity.[B] misconception and deceptiveness.[C] logicality and objectivity.[D] systematicness and regularity.32. It can be inferred from Paragraph 2 that credibility process requires[A] strict inspection.[B]shared efforts.[C] individual wisdom.[D]persistent innovation.33.Paragraph 3 shows that a discovery claim becomes credible after it[A] has attracted the attention of the general public.[B]has been examined by the scientific community.[C] has received recognition from editors and reviewers.[D]has been frequently quoted by peer scientists.34. Albert Szent-Györgyi would most likely agree that[A] scientific claims will survive challenges.[B]discoveries today inspire future research.[C] efforts to make discoveries are justified.[D]scientific work calls for a critical mind.35.Which of the following would be the best title of the test?[A] Novelty as an Engine of Scientific Development.[B]Collective Scrutiny in Scientific Discovery.[C] Evolution of Credibility in Doing Science.[D]Challenge to Credibility at the Gate to Science.Text 4If the trade unionist Jimmy Hoffa were alive today, he would probably represent civil servant. When Hoffa’s Teamsters were in their prime in 1960, only one in ten American government workers belonged to a union; now 36% do. In 2009 the number of unionists in America’s public sector passed that of their fellow members in the private sector. In Britain, more than half of public-sector workers but only about 15% of private-sector ones are unionized.There are three reasons for the public-sector unions’ thriving. First, they can shut things down without suffering much in the way of consequences. Second, they are mostly bright and well-educated. A quarter of America’s public-sector workers have a university degree. Third, they now dominate left-of-centre politics. Some of their ties go back a long way. Britain’s Labor Party, as its name implies, has long been associated with trade unionism. Its current leader, Ed Miliband, owes his position to votes from public-sector unions.At the state level their influence can be even more fearsome. Mark Baldassare of the Public Policy Institute of California points out that much of the state’s budget is patrolled by unions. The teachers’ unio ns keep an eye on schools, the CCPOA on prisons and a variety of labor groups on health care.In many rich countries average wages in the state sector are higher than in the private one. But the real gains come in benefits and work practices. Politicians h ave repeatedly “backloaded” public-sector pay deals, keeping thepay increases modest but adding to holidays and especially pensions that are already generous.Reform has been vigorously opposed, perhaps most egregiously in education, where charter schools, academies and merit pay all faced drawn-out battles. Even though there is plenty of evidence that the quality of the teachers is the most important variable, teachers’ unions have fought against getting rid of bad ones and promoting good ones.As the cost to everyone else has become clearer, politicians have begun to clamp down. In Wisconsin the unions have rallied thousands of supporters against Scott Walker, the hardline Republican governor. But many within the public sector suffer under the current system, too.John Donahue at Harvard’s Kennedy School points out that the norms of culture in Western civil services suit those who want to stay put but is bad for high achievers. The only American public-sector workers who earn well above $250,000 a year are university sports coaches and the president of the United States. Bankers’ fat pay packets have attracted much criticism, but apublic-sector system that does not reward high achievers may be a much bigger problem for America.36. It can be learned from the first paragraph that[A] Teamsters still have a large body of members.[B] Jimmy Hoffa used to work as a civil servant.[C] unions have enlarged their public-sector membership.[D]the government has improved its relationship with unionists.37. Which of the following is true of Paragraph 2?[A] Public-sector unions are prudent in taking actions.[B] Education is required for public-sector union membership.[C] Labor Party has long been fighting against public-sector unions.[D]Public-sector unions seldom get in trouble for their actions.38. It can be learned from Paragraph 4 that the income in the state sector is[A] illegally secured.[B] indirectly augmented.[C] excessively increased.[D]fairly adjusted.39. The example of the unions in Wisconsin shows that unions[A]often run against the current political system.[B]can change people’s political attitudes.[C]may be a barrier to public-sector reforms.[D]are dominant in the government.40. John Donahue’s attitude towards the public-sector system is one of[A]disapproval.[B]appreciation.[C]tolerance.[D]indifference.Part BDirections:In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blanks. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the blanks. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET1.（10 points）Think of those fleeting moments when you look out of an aeroplane window and realise that you are flying, higher than a bird. Now think of your laptop, thinner than a brown-paper envelope, or your cellphone in the palm of your hand. Take a moment or two to wonder at those marvels. You are the lucky inheritor of a dream come true.The second half of the 20th century saw a collection of geniuses, warriors, entrepreneurs and visionaries labour to create a fabulous machine that could function as a typewriter and printing press, studio and theatre, paintbrush and gallery, piano and radio, the mail as well as the mail carrier. (41)The networked computer is an amazing device, the first media machine that serves as the mode of production, means of distribution, site of reception, and place of praise and critique. The computer is the 21st century's culture machine.But for all the reasons there are to celebrate the computer, we must also tread with caution. (42)I call it a secret war for two reasons. First, most people do not realise that there are strong commercial agendas at work to keep them in passive consumption mode. Second, the majority of people who use networked computers to upload are not even aware of the significance of what they are doing.All animals download, but only a few upload. Beavers build dams and birds make nests. Yet for the most part, the animal kingdom moves through the world downloading. Humans are unique in their capacity to not only make tools but then turn around and use them to create superfluous material goods - paintings, sculpture and architecture - and superfluous experiences - music, literature, religion and philosophy. (43)For all the possibilities of our new culture machines, most people are still stuck in download mode. Even after the advent of widespread social media, a pyramid of production remains, with a small number of people uploading material, a slightly larger group commenting on or modifying that content, and a huge percentage remaining content to just consume. (44)Television is a one-way tap flowing into our homes. The hardest task that television asks of anyone is to turn the power off after he has turned it on.(45)What counts as meaningful uploading? My definition revolves around the concept of "stickiness" - creations and experiences to which others adhere.[A] Of course, it is precisely these superfluous things that define human culture and ultimately what it is to be human. Downloading and consuming culture requires great skills, but failing to move beyond downloading is to strip oneself of a defining constituent of humanity.[B] Applications like , which allow users to combine pictures, words and other media in creative ways and then share them, have the potential to add stickiness by amusing, entertaining and enlightening others.[C] Not only did they develop such a device but by the turn of the millennium they had also managed to embed it in a worldwide system accessed by billions of people every day.[D] This is because the networked computer has sparked a secret war between downloading and uploading - between passive consumption and active creation - whose outcome will shape our collective future in ways we can only begin to imagine.[E] The challenge the computer mounts to television thus bears little similarity to one format being replaced by another in the manner of record players being replaced by CD players. [F] One reason for the persistence of this pyramid of production is that for the pasthalf-century, much of the world's media culture has been defined by a single medium - television - and television is defined by downloading.[G]The networked computer offers the first chance in 50 years to reverse the flow, to encourage thoughtful downloading and, even more importantly, meaningful uploading.Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)Since the days of Aristotle, a search for universal principles has characterized the scientific enterprise. In some ways, this quest for commonalities definesscience. Newton’s laws of motion and Darwinian evolution each bind a host of different phenomena into a single explicatory frame work.(46)In physics, one approach takes this impulse for unification to its extreme, and seeks a theory of everything—a single generative equation for all we see.It is becoming less clear, however, that such a theory would be a simplification, given the dimensions and universes that it might entail, nonetheless, unification of sorts remains a major goal.This tendency in the natural sciences has long been evident in the social sciences too. (47)Here, Darwinism seems to offer justification for it all humans share common origins it seems reasonable to suppose that cultural diversity could also be traced to more constrained beginnings. Just as the bewildering variety of human courtship rituals might all be considered forms of sexual selection, perhaps the world’s languages, music, so cial and religious customs and even history are governed by universal features. (48)To filter out what is unique from what is shared might enable us to understand how complex cultural behavior arose and what guides it in evolutionary or cognitive terms.That, at least, is the hope. But a comparative study of linguistic traits published online today supplies a reality check. Russell Gray at the University of Auckland and his colleagues consider the evolution of grammars in the light of two previous attempts to find universality in language.The most famous of these efforts was initiated by Noam Chomsky, who suggested that humans are born with an innate language—acquisition capacity that dictates a universal grammar. A few generative rules are then sufficient to unfold the entire fundamental structure of a language, which is why children can learn it so quickly.(49)The second, by Joshua Greenberg, takes a more empirical approach to universality identifying traits (particularly in word order) shared by many language which are considered to represent biases that result from cognitive constraintsGray and his colleagues have put them to the test by examining four family trees that between them represent more than 2,000 languages.(50)Chomsky’s grammar should show patterns of language change that are independent of the family tree or the pathway tracked through it. Whereas Greenbergian universality predicts strong co-dependencies between particular types of word-order relations. Neither of these patterns is borne out by the analysis, suggesting that the structures of the languages are lire age-specific and not governed by universalsSection III WritingPart A51. Directions:Some internationals students are coming to your university. Write them an email in the name of the Students’ Union to1)extend your welcome and2)provide some suggestions for their campus life here.You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET2.Do not sign your name at the end of the letter. Use “Li Ming” instead.Do not write the address(10 points)Part B52. Directions: write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following drawing. In youressay you should1) describe the drawing briefly2) explain its intended meaning, and3) give your commentsYou should write neatly on ANSWER SHEET2.（20 points）1.【答案】B【解析】从空后信息可以看出，这句表达的是“_ _法官表现得像政治家”的情况下，法庭就不能保持其作为法律法规的合法卫士的形象，所以应该选C,maintain“维持，保持”，其他显然语义不通。
2024托福考试阅读理解历年题目综合解析
2024托福考试阅读理解历年题目综合解析近年来，全球范围内的留学热愈演愈烈。
而作为留学申请的重要组成部分，托福考试备受关注。
其中，阅读理解部分一直是考生们的重点和难点。
为了帮助考生们更好地备考2024年托福考试，本文将综合解析历年阅读理解题目，以期为考生提供有效的备考参考。
1. 生态学与环境保护题目背景：生态学在环境保护中起着重要的作用。
了解生态学的相关概念和原理对于解决环境问题具有重要意义。
以下是一道关于生态学的阅读理解题目。
题目内容概述：根据所提供的文章，回答问题或选择正确的选项。
文章摘录：生态学是一门研究生物与环境相互关系的学科，旨在揭示不同生物种群及其栖息地之间的相互作用。
生态学的核心理论包括食物链、能量流动、物种多样性等。
生态学的研究有助于我们理解环境变化对生物群落和生态系统的影响。
解析和思路引导：考生需要理解生态学的定义和重要概念，如生物和环境的相互关系以及相关理论。
通过阅读文章，选手可以获得与生态学相关的知识，并据此回答问题。
2. 文学与历史题目背景：文学作为人类文明的一部分，与历史密不可分。
通过阅读具有历史背景的文学作品，我们可以更深入地了解某一时期的社会风貌、人们的思想与情感。
以下是一道关于文学与历史的阅读理解题目。
题目内容概述：根据所提供的文章，回答与文学与历史有关的问题或选择正确的选项。
文章摘录：文学作品往往可以反映出特定历史时期的社会背景和人们的情感状态。
例如，19世纪末的作家笛福通过其小说《鲁滨逊漂流记》，揭示了当时英国的殖民主义思潮与人类文明的冲突。
通过这样的作品，我们可以更深入地了解当时的历史背景和社会动态。
解析和思路引导：考生需要通过阅读文学作品和相关文章，了解文学与历史之间的密切关系。
掌握小说、戏剧等文学体裁以及相关背景知识，可以帮助考生回答与文学与历史有关的问题。
3. 科学与技术题目背景：科学与技术的快速发展改变了人们的生活方式和社会结构。
对于当代社会而言，了解科学与技术的相关知识显得尤为重要。
老托福阅读真题及答案解析
老托福阅读真题及答案解析托福从听、说、读、写四方面进行英语能力全面考核。
托福频道为大家提供了这四个方面的资料，希望对大家有所帮助。
Aviculturists, people who raise birds for commercial sale, have not yet learned how to simulate the natural incubation of parrot eggs in the wild. They continue to look for better ways to increase egg production and to improve chick survival rates.When parrots incubate their eggs in the wild, the temperature and humidity of the nest are controlled naturally. Heat is transferred from the bird's skin to the top portion of the eggshell, leaving the sides and bottom of the egg at a cooler temperature. This temperature gradient may be vital to successful hatching. Nest construction can contribute to this temperature gradient. Nests of loosely arranged sticks, rocks, or dirt are cooler in temperature at the bottom where the egg contacts the nesting material. Such nests also act as humidity regulators by allowing rain to drain into the bottom sections of the nest so that the eggs are not in direct contact with the water. As the water that collects in the bottom of the nest evaporates, the water vapor rises and is heated by the incubating bird, which adds significant humidity to the incubation environment.In artificial incubation programs, aviculturists remove eggs from the nests of parrots and incubate them under laboratory conditions. Most commercial incubators heat the eggs fairly evenly from top to bottom, thus ignoring the bird's method of natural incubation, and perhaps reducing the viability and survivability of the hatching chicks. When incubators are not used, aviculturists sometimes suspend wooden boxes outdoors to use as nests in which to place eggs. In areas where weather can become cold after eggs are laid, it is very important to maintain a deep foundation of nesting material to act as insulator against the cold bottom of the box. If eggs rest against the wooden bottom in extremely cold weather conditions, they can become chilled to a point where the embryo can no longer survive. Similarly, these boxes should be protected from direct sunlight to avoid high temperatures that are also fatal to the growing embryo. Nesting material should be added in sufficient amounts to avoid both extreme temperature situations mentioned above and assure that the eggs have a soft, secure place to rest.1. What is the main idea of the passage(A) Nesting material varies according to the parrots' environment.(B) Humidity is an important factor in incubating parrots' eggs.(C) Aviculturists have constructed the ideal nest box for parrots.(D) Wild parrots' nests provide information useful for artificial incubation.2. The word "They" in line 2 refers to(A) aviculturists(B) birds(C) eggs(D) rates3. According to paragraph 2, when the temperature of the sides and bottom of the egg are cooler than the top, then(A) there may be a good chance for successful incubation(B) the embryo will not develop normally(C) the incubating parent moves the egg to a new position.(D) the incubation process is slowed down4. According to paragraph 2, sticks, rocks, or dirt are used to(A) soften the bottom of the nest for the newly hatched chick(B) hold the nest together(C) help lower the temperature at the bottom of the nest(D) make the nest bigger5. According to paragraph 2, the construction of the nest allows water to(A) provide a beneficial source of humidity in the nest(B) loosen the materials at the bottom of the nest(C) keep the nest in a clean condition(D) touch the bottom of the eggs6. All of the following are part of a parrot's incubation method EXCEPT(A) heating the water vapor as it rises from the bottom of the nest(B) arranging nesting material at the bottom of the nest(C) transferring heat from the parent to the top of the eggshell(D) maintaining a constant temperature on the eggshell7. The word "suspend" in line 18 is closest in meaning to(A) build(B) paint(C) hang(D) move8. The word "fatal" in line 24 is closest in meaning to(A) close(B) deadly(C) natural(D) hot9. The word "secure" in line 27 is closest in meaning to(A) fresh(B) dry(C) safe(D) warm10. According to paragraph 3, a deep foundation of nesting material provides(A) a constant source of humidity(B) a strong nest box(C) more room for newly hatched chicks(D) protection against cold weather11. Which of the following is a problem with commercial incubators(A) They lack the natural temperature changes of the outdoors.(B) They are unable to heat the eggs evenly(C) They do not transfer heat to the egg in the same way the parent bird does.(D) They are expensive to operate.12. Which of the following terms is defined in the passage(A) Aviculturists (line 1)(B) gradient (line 8)(C) incubation (line 15)(D) embryo (line 22)正确答案：DAACA DCBCD CA。
2012年阅读真题解析
2012年试题分析Passage One生词释义1. be popular with sb: 在sb中很受欢迎2. to scorn: （动词）轻视，蔑视=look down uponscornful: (形容词）轻视的3. Los Angeles Unified：洛杉矶联合校区4. across the country: 整个国家= throughout the country5. to revise: 修订，修改6. ritual:（名词）1）仪式，*ancient religious rituals 古代的宗教仪式*the importance of religion and ritual in our lives 我们生活中宗教和仪式的重要性*The lady of the house performs the sacred ritual of lighting two candles.女主人点燃了两根蜡烛，举行了神圣的仪式。
2）（文中含义）惯例* the daily ritual of mealtimes 每天吃饭的惯例* He went through the ritual of lighting his cigar.他习惯性地点了一支烟。
7. flexible: 灵活的，可改变的inflexible: 不可改变的8. to mandate: （及物动词）强制规定* These measures were mandated by the IMF. 国际货币组织强制规定了这些措施。
# mandate that ...规定.....;要求....* Justice mandates that we should treat all candidates equally.正义要求我们平等对待所有的候选人。
9. exception: 例外# with the exception of sth: 除….之外= except* We all laughed, with the exception of Maggie.#without exception 无一例外*Each plant, without exception, contains some kind of salt. 每一种植物都无一例外地含有某种盐。
TPO12阅读详细答案
WATER IN THE DESERT1. 以annual rainfall做关键词定位至第二句，说年降雨量少于4 inch的地方被认为是沙漠，推断出相反的一面是年降雨量大于4 inch的地方不是沙漠，也就是B2. drastically剧烈地，所以D的severely正确。
本句说土耳其建大坝怎么样减少了幼发拉底河的水量，可能给叙利亚和伊拉克带来严重后果，如果只是A明显减少程度不够；B快速和C的unfortunately都没有信息3. 修辞目的题，两个细节所在的句子只是单纯的说了一个例子，往前看，说河水流量越来越多地被人控制，使得需要有一个agreements，所以答案是D，需要agreement4. 以Nile做关键词定位至第一句和第四句，第一句中尼罗河只是个例子，所以答案在第四句，说尼罗河泛滥给valley带去silt和water，与C完全一样，所以答案是C5. dwell定居，所以dweller是居民之意，inhabitants正确。
原句说地下水已经成为沙漠的什么的越来越重要的水源，人才需要水，而且er结尾的本身就表示人，A错；tribe和farmers虽然都是人，但原文没有关于沙漠上的人是做什么的信息，所以都不选6. EXCEPT题，排除法。
A在原文中没有对应，错，选；B的lake level做关键词定位至第二句，small fraction 与small part同义替换，正确，不选；C的surface water与第二句的surface flow同义替换，正确，不选；D的freshwater 做关键词定位至第三句，正确，不选7. fracture断裂，裂隙，裂缝，所以crack正确。
原句说地下水储藏于岩石孔隙和岩石结合处或者未固结的沉积物中，而且说opening会通过什么和风化进一步变宽，河流地震和风暴都不靠谱，前面说opening，所以答案是crack8. 此题用auifer做关键词定位的话可能需要读较多文章，使用排除法较快。
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2012年11月10日托福阅读真题解析第一篇：EARTH AGE第一篇是讲的早期科学家们估计地球寿命。
首先说人们很早就在预估地球寿命了；之后一段讲的近代一位科学家采用生物一代代进化速度的方式预估了三叠纪的长度，但基于的假设是进化速率基本相同，其估计已经有一定准确度了。
后来讲科学家利用这种方式预估地球寿命，其弱点是有部分化石找不到而且更基本的错误是地球在生物诞生之前那段时间无法估计。
（这里有插空题）之后讲了科学家用其他方式预估，有种是采用测算地壳沉积岩石厚度的方法，但问题是没有考虑板块运动以及腐蚀。
另一种是计算海水盐度发，理想地认为一开始地球海洋是淡水，不断地填充盐才有了现在这样子，但这也忽略了盐分与海底大陆架之间的复杂作用以及其他（这里会考题问科学家忽略了什么）。
但作者对于科学家基于盐度推出的几千万年的寿命还是给予肯定的。
因为这已经验证了地球寿命远比原先预计的几百万年要多得多。
而且也有一批科学家从其他领域验证了这个结果。
The age of the Earth is 4.54 ± 0.05 billion years.This age is based on evidence from radiometric age dating of meteorite material and is consistent with the ages of theoldest-known terrestrial and lunarsamples. Following the scientific revolution and the development of radiometric age dating, measurements of lead in uranium-rich minerals showed that some were in excess of a billion years old.Because the exact accretion time of Earth is not yet known, and the predictions from different accretion models range from a few millions up to about 100 million years, the exact age of Earth is difficult to determine. It is also difficult to determine the exact age of the oldest rocks on Earth, exposed at the surface, as they are aggregates of minerals of possibly different ages.【岩层研究法】Studies of strata, the layering of rocks and earth, gave naturalists an appreciation that Earth may have been through many changes during its existence. These layers often contained fossilized remains of unknown creatures, leading some to interpret a progression of organisms from layer to layer.In the 1790s, the British naturalist William Smith hypothesized that if two layers of rock at widely differing locations contained similar fossils, then it was very plausible thatthe layers were the same age. William Smith's nephew and student, John Phillips, later calculated by such means that Earth was about 96 million years old.The naturalist Mikhail Lomonosov, regarded as the founder of Russian science, suggested in the mid-18th century that Earth had been created separately from the rest of the universe, several hundred thousand years before. Lomonosov's ideas were mostly speculative, but in 1779, the French naturalist the Comte du Buffon tried to obtain a value for the age of Earth using an experiment: He created a small globe that resembled Earth in composition and then measured its rate of cooling. This led him to estimate that Earth was about 75,000 years oldIn 1862, the physicist William Thomson （who later became Lord Kelvin）of Glasgow published calculations that fixed the age of Earth at between 20 million and 400 million years. He assumed that Earth had formed as a completely molten object, and determined the amount of time it would take for the near-surface to cool to its present temperature. His calculations did not account for heat produced via radioactive decay （a process then unknown to science）or convection inside the Earth, which allows more heat to escape from the interior to warm rocks near the surface.【生物进化方法】Geologists had trouble accepting such a short age for Earth. Biologists could accept that Earth might have a finite age, but even 100 million years seemed much too short to be plausible. Charles Darwin, who had studied Lyell's work, had proposed his theory of the evolution of organisms by natural selection, a process whose combination of random heritable variation and cumulative selection implies great expanses of time. （Geneticists have subsequently measured the rate of genetic divergence of species, using the molecular clock, to date the last universal ancestor of all living organisms no later than 3.5 to 3.8 billion years ago）。
In a lecture in 1869, Darwin's great advocate, Thomas H. Huxley, attacked Thomson's calculations, suggesting they appeared precise in themselves but were based on faulty assumptions. The German physicist Hermann von Helmholtz （in 1856）and the Canadian astronomer Simon Newcomb （in 1892）contributed their own calculations of 22 and 18 million years respectively to the debate: they independently calculated the amount of time it would take for the Sun to condense down to its current diameter and brightness from the nebula of gas and dust from which it was born. Their values were consistent with Thomson's calculations. However, they assumed that the Sun was only glowing from the heat of its gravitational contraction. The process of solar nuclear fusion was not yet known to science.Other scientists backed up Thomson's figures as well. Charles Darwin's son, the astronomer George H. Darwin of the University of Cambridge, proposed that Earth and Moonhad broken apart in their early days when they were both molten. He calculated the amount of time it would have taken for tidal friction to give Earth its current 24-hour day. His value of 56 million years added additional evidence that Thomson was on the right track.【Radiometric dating同位素年龄测定法】Rockminerals naturally contain certain elements and not others. By the process of radioactive decay of radioactive isotopes occurring in a rock, exotic elements can be introduced over time. By measuring the concentration of the stable end product of the decay, coupled with knowledge of the half life and initial concentration of the decaying element, the age of the rock can be calculated. Typical radioactive end products are argon from potassium-40 and lead from uranium and thorium decay. If the rock becomes molten, as happens in Earth's mantle, such nonradioactive end products typically escape or are redistributed.Thus the age of the oldest terrestrial rock gives a minimum for the age of Earth assuming that a rock cannot have been in existence for longer than Earth itself.Modern radiometric datingRadiometric dating continues to be the predominant way scientists date geologic timescales. Techniques for radioactive dating have been tested and fine-tuned for the past 50+ years. Forty or so different dating techniques have been utilized to date, working on a wide variety of materials. Dates for the same sample using these different techniques are in very close agreement on the age of the material.Possible contamination problems do exist, but they have been studied and dealt with by careful investigation, leading to sample preparation procedures being minimized to limit the chance of contamination. Hundreds to thousands of measurements are done daily with excellent precision and accurate results. Even so, research continues to refine and improve radiometric dating to this daySource:/wiki/Age_of_the_Earth第二篇：GERMAN RAILWAY第二篇讲的是近代德国基于铁路工业的发展。