翻译对等

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• Similarly,the Chinese character"哭" will have to be translated into"cry(大哭）,sob(啜 泣),weep(哭泣),wail(哀号),blubber(哭闹)" and others when presented in a Chinese-English dictionary. • "说"： tell (the truth); speak(English); talk to sb. talk with sb. say something; say that….(clause)
子，爱人，夫人，老婆，老伴，媳妇，内人)
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• Partial equivalence
• 4. Subordinate equivalents. • Sometimes, the lexical units in the source and the target languages may overlap:the semantic range of one lexical units in the source language not only covers the semantic range of its counterpart in the target language but extends beyond it as well. • The Chinese word"走"has the same semantic range with English counterpart"walk" or" go",meanwhile " 走"also carries the meaning of "leave".E.g.她已经 走了。
Equivalence presentation
One problem and reflection of bilingual dictionary compilation
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The structure of my presentation
• Part 1 A brief introduction
• Part 2 Main content of my presentation • Part 3 Conclusion Part • Part 4 My opinion
tuberculosis 肺结核 coffee 咖啡
linguistics 语言学
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• Actually,it is not so easy to find two completely same lexical units in two different languages due to various influences ,cultural or political.Full equivalents between two languages are extremely rare except in scientific and technical fields,where lexical units are out of the effect of culture background and merely basic meanings are left. • For example:
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• Partial equivalence
• 1.Approximate equivalents Approximate equivalents can be found when there exist considerable semantic and catogorical correspoundence between them,though not complete.Approximate equivalents are usually monosemous in both the SL and TL. • For example, “Father” approximately corresponds to “父亲（fuqin）”in Chinese, “mother” to “母亲（muqin）”.The linguistic pair are consistent in basic meaning but slightly different in connotation and style of use.
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• Partial equivalence • 2. Analຫໍສະໝຸດ tical equivalents.
In bilingual lexicographic communication, monosemous words or one sense of polysemous words in the source language may be decomposed semantically into two or several components in the target language in order to cover the semantic range of the source language word, e.g, the English word "window" is analyzed into "窗户；橱窗；（计算机 屏幕的）窗口；（信封上的）透明窗口；渠道； 机会"to cover its whole reference range.
helicopter laser oxygen cancer 直升飞机 激光 氧气 癌症 8
• The second type--partial equivalence
• Partial equivalence,as its name suggests,is the limited semantic and categorical correspondence between the lexical units in the SL and TL.Two words in two different languages have many meanings, in which only one or some of the meanings have the equivalents. • Partial equivalence is one of the main concerns of dictionary making for bilingual lexicographers .
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• Partial equivalence
• 3. Synthetic equivalents. • In some cases bilingual lexicographers will have to combine several meanings of a polysemous word and two or more monosemous words belonging to the same semantic category in the source language into one sense unit or one lexical unit in the target language. • These English words"cup(茶杯),glass(玻璃杯), mug(圆 桶型杯), beaker(烧杯), tankard(带盖大杯)" can be synthesized by "杯子" in Chinese.But there is no such general word inEnglish, only specific words.(wife: 妻
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• Partial equivalence
• Partial equivalents can be subcategorized into five types:
• • • • • 1. Approximate equivalents. 2. Analytical equivalents. 3. Synthetic equivalents. 4. Subordinate equivalents. 5. Superordinate equivalents.
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Part 2 The main content
• Definition of equinalence
• Equivalence is "a relation between the individual meanings of the lemmatized word and the equivalents".（Kromann） • I think equivalence can be simply referred to as description of the same thing in different languages.
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• Partial equivalence • 5. Superordinate equivalents. • It refers to the relation that obtains between lexical units of general reference and those of specific reference, such that the latter is only one kind or species in the category. • For example:
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Part 1 Introduction
• As we know, languages are to a great extent social and deeply rooted in their own chultures,and people from different cultures have developed different ways of life ,thinking and different systems for communication. • Generally speaking,cross-cultural communication requires translation.That is to say,people belonging to different speech communities need a link to bridge the gap between native languege and the target language.