合肥学院2011级化工-CET过程考试试卷
2011年6月-2011年12月四级英语考试试题及答案汇总(含原文听力)完整版-推荐下载

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ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ
which may be clouded by stress, pressure to succeed, or temptation. What happens if we lie, cheat, steal, or violate other ethical standards? We feel disappointed in ourselves and ashamed. But a lapse (缺失) of integrity also affects our relationships with others. Trust is essential in any important relationship, whether personal or professional. Who can trust someone who is dishonest or unfair? Thus integrity must be one of our most important goals. Risky Business We are each responsible for our own decisions, even if the decision, making process has been undermined by stress or peer pressure. The real test of character is whether we can learn from our mistake, by understanding why we acted as we did and then exploring ways to avoid similar problems in the future. Making ethical decisions is a critical part of avoiding future problems. We must learn to recognize risks, because if we can't see the risks we're taking, we can't make responsible choices. To identify risks, we need to know the rules and be aware of the facts. For example, one who doesn't know the rules a about plagiarism (剽窃) may accidentally use words or ideas without giving proper credit or one who fails to keep careful research notes may unintentionally fail to quote and cite sources as required. But the fact that such a violation is "unintentional" does not excuse the misconduct,
2011年6月英语四级(CET4)真题

县教育局
2012年灌云县教育系统公开招聘教师岗位表
学历 专业 其他资格条件 备 注 机械制造设计与自动化、机械工程及自动 化、数控技术应用、农业机械化及其自动 本科及以上 化、农业电气化与自动化、车辆工程、金 属材料工程 计算机数据库(技术)、计算机软件、计 本科及以上 算机软件及应用、计算机软件与科学、软 件工程 本科及以上 本科及以上 本科及以上 计算机(网络管理)类 播音与主持艺术、主5 1
车辆工程、汽车服务工程、汽车维修工程 教育 机电一体化、机械电子工程、机械电子技 本科及以上 术应用、电气工程与自动化、电气工程 工民建、工业与民用建筑工程、建筑工程 、土木工程、建筑工程造价、工程造价 化学工艺、化工工艺、精细化工、化工机 本科及以上 械 本科及以上 本科及以上 本科及以上 本科及以上 本科及以上 本科及以上 舞蹈学、舞蹈编导 会计学、财务会计、财务管理、财会 电子信息工程、电气工程及其自动化、电 子工程 学前教育、学前教育学、幼儿教育 教育学、教育学原理 具有相应教师资格证 具有相应教师资格证
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专业教师
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全日制普通高校毕业生
2012年灌云县教育系统公开招聘教师岗位表
主管部门 招聘单位 招聘岗位 岗位代码 招聘人数 语文教师 数学教师 英语教师 物理教师 化学教师 生物教师 乡镇中学 地理教师 历史教师 思想政治 教师 音乐教师 体育教师 美术教师 信息技术 教师 语文教师 数学教师 乡镇小学 英语教师 音乐教师 美术教师 体育教师 县教育局 乡镇幼儿 园 幼儿教师 幼儿教师 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 16 16 16 10 10 12 15 15 学历 本科及以上 本科及以上 本科及以上 本科及以上 本科及以上 本科及以上 本科及以上 本科及以上 本科及以上 本科及以上 本科及以上 本科及以上 本科及以上 专科及以上 专科及以上 专科及以上 专科及以上 专科及以上 专科及以上 专科及以上 专科及以上 专业 语文 数学 英语 物理 化学 生物 地理 历史 思想政治 音乐 体育 美术 信息技术 不限 不限 不限 不限 不限 不限 不限 不限 其他资格条件 具有相应教师资格证 具有相应教师资格证 具有相应教师资格证 具有相应教师资格证 具有相应教师资格证 具有相应教师资格证 具有相应教师资格证 具有相应教师资格证 具有相应教师资格证 具有相应教师资格证 具有相应教师资格证 具有相应教师资格证 具有相应教师资格证 具有相应教师资格证 具有相应教师资格证 具有相应教师资格证 全日制普通高校师范类专科 毕业生或全日制普通高校本 具有相应教师资格证 科毕业生 具有相应教师资格证 具有相应教师资格证 具有相应教师资格证 全日制普通高校师范类专科 毕业生或全日制普通高校本 科毕业生 具有相应教师资格证 全日制普通高校师范类毕业 生 备 注
大学英语四级试卷和答案-2011年6月大学英语四级真题

大学英语四级试卷和答案-2011年6月大学英语四级真题2011大学英语四级Directions:In this section, you will hear 8 short conversations and2 long conversations. At the end of each conversation, one or more questions willbe asked about what was said. Both the conversation and the questions willbe spoken only once. After each ques tion there will be a pause. Duringthe pause, you must read the four choices marked A), B), C) and D), anddecide which is the best answer. Then mark the correspond ing letter onAnswer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre.11. A) He is careless about his appearance.B) He is ashamed of his present condition.C) He changes jobs frequently.D) He shaves every other day.12. A) Jane may be caught in a traffic jam.B) Jane should have started a little earlier.C) He knows what sort of person Jane is.D) He is irritated at having to wait for Jane.13. A) Training for the Mid-Atlantic Championships.B) Making preparations for a trans-Atlantic trip.C) Collecting information about baseball games.D) Analyzing their rivals' on-field performance.14. A) He had a narrow escape in a car accident.B) He is hospitalized for a serious injury.C) He lost his mother two weeks ago.D) He has been having a hard time.15. A) The woman has known the speaker for a long time.B) The man had difficulty understanding the lecture.C) The man is making a fuss about nothing.D) The woman thinks highly of the speaker.16. A) He has difficulty making sense of logic.B) Statistics and logic are both challenging subjects.C) The woman should seek help from the tutoring service.D) Tutoring services are very popular with students.17. A) Her overcoat is as stylish as Jill's.C) Jill wore the overcoat last week.B) Jill missed her class lastweek.D) She is in the same class as the man.18. A) A computer game. C) An exciting experience.B) An imaginary situation. D) A vacation by the sea.Questions 19 to 21 are based on the conversation you have just heard.19. A) Beautiful scenery in the countryside. C) Pain and pleasurein sports.B) Dangers of cross-country skiing. D) A sport he participatesin.20. A) He can't find good examples to illustrate his point.B) He can't find a peaceful place to do the assignment.C) He doesn't know how to describe the beautiful country scenery.D) He can't decide whether to include the effort part of skiing.21. A) New ideas come up as you write.B) Much time is spent on collecting data.C) A lot of effort is made in vain.D) The writer's point of view often changes.Questions 22 to 25 are based on the conversation you have just heard.22. A) Journalist of a local newspaper.B) Director of evening radio programs.C) Producer of television commercials.D) Hostess of the weekly "Business World".23. A) He ran three restaurants with his wife's help.B) He and his wife did everything by themselves.C) He worked both as a cook and a waiter.=D) He hired a cook and two local waitresses.24. A) He hardly needs to do any advertising nowadays.B) He advertises a lot on radio and in newspapers.C) He spends huge sums on TV commercials every year.D) He hires children to distribute ads in shopping centers.25. A) The restaurant location. C) The food variety.B) The restaurant atmosphere. D) The food price.Section B Directions: In this section, you will hear 3 shortpassages. At the end of each passage, you will hear some questions. Boththe passage and the questions will be spoken only once. After you heara question, you must choose the best answer from the four choices markedA), B), C) and D). Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2with a single line through the centre.Passage One Questions 26 to 28 are based on the passageyou have justheard.26. A) Its protection is often neglected bychildren.B) It cannot be fully restored once damaged.C) There are many false notions aboutit.D) There are various ways to protect it.27 A) It may make the wearer feel tired.B) It will gradually weaken the eyes of adults.C) It can lead to the loss of vision in children.D) It can permanently change the eye structure.28 A) It can never be done even with high technology.B) It is the best way to restore damaged eyesight.C)It is a major achievement in eye surgery.D) It can only be partly accomplished now.Passage Two Questions 29 to 31 are based on the passage you have justheard.29. A) They think they should follow the current trend.B) Nursing homes are well-equipped and convenient.C) Adult day-care centers are easily accessible.D) They have jobs and other commitments.30. A) They don't want to use up all their life savings.B) They fear they will regret it afterwards.C) They would like to spend more time with them.D) They don't want to see their husbands poorly treated.31. A) Provide professional standard care. C) Be frank and seek helpfrom others.B) Be affectionate and cooperative. D) Make full use of communityfacilities.Passage Three Questions 32 to 35 are based on the passage you have justheard.32. A) Health and safety conditions in the workplace.B) Rights and responsibilities of company employees.C) Common complaints made by office workers.D) Conflicts between labor and management.33. A) Replace its out-dated equipment.B) Improve the welfare of affected workers.C) Follow government regulations strictly.D) Provide extra health compensation.34. A) They requested to transfer to a safer department.B) They quit work to protect their unborn babies.C) They sought help from union representatives.D) They wanted to work shorter hours.35. A) To show how they love winter sports.B) To attract the attention from the media.C) To protest against the poor working conditions.D) To protect themselves against the cold weather.Section C Directions:In this section, you will hear a passage three times. When the passage is read for the first time, you should listencarefully for its general idea. When the passage is read for the secondtime, you are required to fill in the blanks numbered from 36 to 43 withthe exact words you have just heard. For blanks numberedfrom 44 to 46you are required to fill in the missing information. For these blanks,you can either use the exact words you have just heard or write down themain points in your own words. Finally, when the passage is read for thethird time, you should check what you have written.Contrary to the old warning that time waits for no one, time slows downwhen you are on the move. It also slows down more as you move faster, whichmeans astronauts (宇航员) someday may (36) _____ so long in space thatthey would return to an Earth of the (37) _____ future. If you could moveat the speed of light, your time would stand still. If you could move fasterthan light, your time would move (38) _____.Although no form of matter yet (39) _____ moves as fast as or faster thanlight, (40) _____ experiments have already confirmed that accelerated (41)_____ causes a traveler's time to be stretched. Albert Einstein (42) _____ this in 1905, when he (43) _____ the concept of relative time as part of his Special Theory of Relativity. A search is now under way to confirm the suspected existence of particles of matter (44)____________________________________.An obsession (沉迷) with time –saving, gaining, wasting,losing, and mastering it –(45) ____________________________________. Humanity also has been obsessed with trying to capture the meaning of time. Einstein (46) ____________________________________. Thus, time and time's relativity are measurable by any hourglass, alarm clock, or an atomic clock that can measure a billionth of a second.。
2011年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试 英语(安徽卷解析)

2011年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试(安徽英语卷)解析第二部分英语知识运用(共两节,满分45分)第一节单项填空(共15小题;每小题1分,满分15分)从A,B,C,D四个选项中,选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项,并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。
例:It is generally considered unwise to give a child ____ he or she want.A. howeverB. whateverC. whicheverD. whenever答案是B。
21. As the story______, the truth about the strange figure is slowly discovered.A. beginsB. happensC. endsD. develops【解析】选D。
考查动词辨义。
句意为:随着故事的展开,那位奇特人物的真实情况被慢慢地揭示出来。
本题考查动词辨义:A项为“开始”;B项为“发生”;C项为“结束”;D项为“发展,展开”。
根据句意选择D项。
22. Su rprisingly, Susan’s beautiful hair reached below her knees and made_____ almost anovercoat for her.A. themB. herC. itselfD. herself【解析】选C。
考查反身代词。
句意为:令人惊奇地是,苏珊的秀发直抵膝盖以下,就像给她披上了一层外衣。
本题考查代词辨义。
根据句意及句子结构,选项表示的是主语hair,故应选择与主语hair同义的反身代词itself。
23. —Oh, you sounded just like a native.— ______, I still have trouble expressing myself.A. Well, not quiteB.I don’t careC. Yes, you’re rightD. I’m glad you like it【解析】选A。
2011年专业英语四级考试真题及答案

2011年专业英语四级考试真题及答案TIME LIMIT: 135 MINPART Ⅰ DICTATION [15 MIN]Listen to the following passage. Altogether the passage will be read to you four times. During the first reading, which will be done at normal speed, listen and try to understand the meaning. For the second and third readings, the passage will be read sentence by sentence, or phrase by phrase, with intervals of 15 seconds. The last reading will be done at normal speed again and during this time you should check your work. You will then be given 2 minutes to check through your work once more. Please write the whole passage on ANSWER SHEET ONE.PART II LISTENING COMPREHENSION [20 MIN]In Sections A, B and C you will hear everything ONCE ONLY Listen carefully and then answer the questions that follow. Mark the best answer to each question on Answer Sheet Two.SECTION A CONVERSATIONSIn this section you will hear several conversations. Listen to the conversations carefully and then answer the questions that follow.Questions 1 to 3 are based on the following conversation. At the end of the conversation, you will be given 15 seconds to answer the questions.Now, listen to the conversation.1. Which of the statements about the auto show is INCORRECT?A. The show will have more stands this year.B. The show will have more visitors this year.C. The number of overseas visitors will be the same this year.D. The number of exhibition days will be the same this year.2. According to the conversation, the price for a stand would include _____.A. a catalogueB. a posterC. two desksD. four chairs3. During the conversation, the man seems to be more interested in _____.A. the size of the showB. the cost of the standC. the basic furnitureD. the visitor numberQuestions 4 to 7 are based on the following conversation. At the end of the conversation, you will be given 20 seconds to answer the questions.Now, listen to the conversation.4. What is Jim interested in?A. Investing in the company's product.B. Buying a new educational computer.C. Joining the computer company.D. Reading the campaign plan.5. The advertisements will be placed in all the following EXCEPT _____.A. family magazinesB. Sunday newspapersC. morning televisionD. teenage magazines6. The advertisements are intended to be seen by _____.A. parents onlyB. children onlyC. school teachersD. whole families7. Linda sounds _____ about the success of the campaign plan.A. confidentB. hesitantC. uncertainD. delighted Questions 8 to 10 are based on the following conversation. At the end of the conversation, you will be given 15 seconds to answer the questions.Now, listen to the conversation.8. John has worked in all the following places EXCEPT _____.A. a book shopB. a paper factoryC. a schoolD. a fast-food restaurant9. From the conversation, we learn that John _____.A. has no interestB. has only one interestC. has two interestsD. has quite a few interests10. Sue Green seems to be more interested in John's experience of ____.A. working in a paper factoryB. working in a youth clubC. looking after his brother and sisterD. looking after his young friendsSECTION B PASSAGESIn this section, you will hear several passages. Listen to the passages carefully and then answer the questions that follow.Questions 11 to 13 are based on the following passage. At the end of the passage, you will be given 15 seconds to answer the questions.Now, listen to the passage.11. According to the passage, the average age of the fleet of Delta/Northwest is _____.A. 10 yearsB. 14 yearsC. 16 yearsD. 20 years.12. It can be learned from the passage that _____.A. air journeys are quite often far from comfortableB. air travellers usually enjoy luxury during flightC. air travellers usually enjoy upgraded conditionsD. airlines always provide good in-flight entertainment13. Older planes can stay safe for more than 25 years because of the following EXCEPT _____.A. new enginesB. strong materialsC. proper maintenanceD. new interior Questions 14 to 17 are based on the following passage. At the end of the passage, you will be given 20 seconds to answer the questions.Now, listen to the passage.14. Which job will involve supervising workers using dangerous equipment?A. Assistant site manager.B. Carpenter supervisor.C. Assembly supervisor.D. Automobile service station manager.15. Who will also decide on the prices of products and services?A. Airlines' flight service manager.B. Automobile service station manager.C. Assistant site manager.D. Carpenter supervisor.16. Who may also do some of the work he supervises?A. Assistant site manager.B. Airlines' flight service manager.C. Assembly supervisor.D. Carpenter supervisor.17. Which job offers the highest salary?A. Assistant site manager.B. Automobile service station manager.C. Carpenter supervisor.D. Airlines' flight service manager. Questions 18 to 20 are based on the following passage. At the end of the passage, you will be given 15 seconds to answer the questions.Now, listen to the passage.18. Where were the two men filmed?A. In the jewelry shop.B. In the City Mall.C. Near the lorry.D. In the parking lot.19. Witnesses saw the two men _____.A. leave the lorry together.B. leave the lorry without hoods.C. run back to the lorry separately.D. run back to the lorry without hoods.20. Which of the following details is CORRECT?A. The lorry was originally painted white.B. The lorry had no registration plates.C. The shorter man was the passenger.D. The taller man was the driver. SECTION C NEWS BROADCASTIn this section, you will hear several news items. Listen to them carefully and then answer the questions that follow.Questions 21 and 22 are based on the following news. At the end of the news item, you will be given 10 seconds to answer the questions.Now, listen to the news.21. What did NASA's Constellation Programme originally plan to do?A. To set up a moon colony by 2020.B. To send astronauts again to the moon by 2020.C. To continue the current shuttle missions till 2020.D. To create more jobs for NASA till 2020.22. NASA's Constellation Programme would be cancelled mainly because _____.A. there were more important space missions.B. the space agency lacked funding for the programme.C. the current shuttle missions would continue.D. Congress failed to pass President Obama's budget.Questions 23 and 24 are based on the following news. At the end of the news item, you will be given 10 seconds to answer the questions.Now, listen to the news.23. The Russian cargo ship was sinking. What was the direct cause?A. No explanation of the problem.B. Long distance away from land.C. Slow rescue efforts.D. Severe weather.24. Which of the following was NOT mentioned as a possible means of rescue?A. Aircraft.B. Tugboat.C. Nearby cargo ship.D. Vessels at the oil rig.Questions 25 and 26 are based on the following news. At the end of the news item,you will be given 10 seconds to answer the questions.Now, listen to the news.25. Why did the singers meet in Hollywood?A. To raise money for African humanitarian efforts.B. To raise money for Haitian earthquake victims.C. To sing in memory of Michael Jackson.D. To make a recording of the original version of the song.26. Which of the following details about the news is INCORRECT?A. The organizer is one of the co-writers of the first songB. Singers will use the same recording studio as in 1985.C. The recording session is expected to last long.D. Stars from the original version will take part.Questions 27 and 28 are based on the following news. At the end of the news item, you will be given 10 seconds to answer the questions.Now, listen to the news.27. The additional 2 billion dollars will mainly be used to _____.A. upgrade its network capacityB. improve customer servicesC. develop new productsD. market more iPhones28. Where does AT&T face difficulties in particular?A. Nationwide.B. Overseas.C. In large cities.D. In remote towns.Questions 29 and 30 are based on the following news. At the end of the news item, you will be given 10 seconds to answer the questions.Now, listen to the news.29. Where is the presence of security patrols most evident?A. Where matches take place.B. Where protests may take place.C. In downtown Vancouver.D. Around the athletes' village.30. What is this news item mainly about?A. Political protests during the Olympics.B. Security operations during the Olympics.C. Olympics' security forces.D. Security measures in buildings. PART III CLOZE (20个空) [15 MIN]Decide which of the choices given below would best complete the passage if inserted in the corresponding blanks. Mark the best choice for each blank on Answer Sheet Two."Congratulations, Mr. Cooper. It's a girl."Fatherhood is going to have a different meaning and (31) _____ a different response from every man who hears these words. Some feel (32) _____ when they receive the news, (33) _____ others worry, wondering whether they will be good fathers. (34) _____ there are some men who like children and may have had (35) experience with them, others do not particularly (36) _____ children and spend little time with them. Many fathers and mothers have been planning and looking forward to children for some time. (37) _____ other couples, pregnancy was an accident that both husband and wife have (38) _____ willingly or unwillingly.Whatever the (39) _____ to the birth of a child, it is obvious the shift from the role of husband to (40) _____ of a father is a difficult task. (41) _____, unfortunately, few attempts have been made to (42) _____ fathers in this resocialization (43) _____. Although numerous books have been written about mothers, (44) _____ recently has literature focused on the (45) _____ of a father.It is argued that the transition to the father's role, although difficult, is not (46) _____ as great as the transition the wife must (47) _____ to the mother's role. The mother's role seems to require a complete (48) _____ in daily routine. (49) _____, the father's role is less demanding and (50) _____.31. A. bring down B. bring forth C. bring off D. bring in32. A. emotional B. sentimental C. bewildered D. proud33. A. while B. when C. if D. as34. A. When B. If C. Although D. Yet35. A. considerate B. considerable C. considering D. considered36. A. care about B. care of C. care with D. care for37. A. For B. Of C. From D. Upon38. A. received B. taken C. accepted D. obtained39. A. reply B. reaction C. readiness D. reality40. A. what B. this C. one D. that41 .A. As a result B. For example C. Yet D. Also42. A. educate B. cultivate C. inform D. convert43. A. step B. process C. point D. time44. A./ B. just C. quite D. only45. A. role B. work C. career D. position46. A. a little B. just C. nearly D. almost47. A. take B. make C. carry D. accept48. A. transformation B. realization C. socialization D. reception49. A. In addition B. Above all C. Generally D. However50. A. current B. immediate C. present D. quickPART IV GRAMMAR & VOCABULARY (30道选择题) [15 MIN]There are thirty sentences in this section. Beneath each sentence there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Choose one word or phrase that best completes the sentence.Mark your answers on Answer Sheet Two.51. My uncle is quite worn out from years of hard work. He is no longer the man _____ he was fifteen years ago.A. whichB. whomC. whoD. that52. Which of the following sentences is a COMMAND?A. Beg your pardon.B. Have a good time.C. Never do that again!D. What noise you are making!53. Which of the following italicized phrases indicates purpose?A. She said it for fun, but others took her seriously.B. For all its effort, the team didn't win the match.C. Linda has worked for the firm for twenty years.D. He set out for Beijing yesterday.54. When you have finished with the book, don't forget to return it to Tim, _____?A. do youB. will youC. don't youD. won't you55. In phrases like freezing cold, burning hot, or soaking wet, the -ING participle is used _____.A. as a commandB. as a conditionC. for concessionD. for emphasis56. Which of the following italicized phrases is INCORRECT?A. The city is now ten times its original size.B. I wish I had two times his strength.C. The seller asked for double the usual price.D. They come here four times every year.57. It is not so much the language _____ the cultural background that makes the book difficult to understand.A. asB. norC. butD. like58. Which of the following italicized parts is used as an object?A. What do you think has happened to her?B. Who do you think the visiting professor is?C. How much do you think he earns every month?D. How quickly would you say he would come?59. The additional work will take _____ weeks.A. the otherB. another twoC. other twoD. the more60. Which of the following italicized parts is a subject clause (主语从句)?A. We are quite certain that we will get there in time.B. He has to face the fact that there will be no pay rise this year.C. She said that she had seen the man earlier that morning.D. It is sheer luck that the miners are still alive after ten days.61. It's getting late. I'd rather you _____ now.A. leftB. leaveC. are leavingD. will leave62. In the sentence "The manager interviewed Jim himself in the morning", the italicized word is used to modify _____.A. the objectB. the verbC. the subjectD. the prepositional phrase63. There is no doubt _____ the couple did the right thing in coming back home earlier than planned.A. whetherB. thatC. whyD. when64. The sentence that expresses OFFER is _____.A. I'll get some drinks. What'll you have?B. Does she need to book a ticket now?C. May I know your name?D. Can you return the book next week?65. Which of the following italicized phrases indicates a subject-predicate relation (主谓关系)?A. Mr. Smith's passport has been issued.B. The visitor's arrival was reported in the news.C. John's travel details have not been finalized.D. The new bookstore sells children's stories.66. Our office has recently _____ to a new computer system.A. alteredB. convertedC. transformedD. modified67. The crowd went _____ as soon as the singer stepped onto the stage.A. wildB. emotionalC. uncontrolledD. unrestricted68. Our school library is _____ closed for repairs.A. ShortlyB. quicklyC. temporarilyD. rapidly69. John is up to his eves in work at the moment. The underlined part means _____.A. very excitedB. very busyC. very tiredD. very efficient70. Victoria bumped into her brother quite by chance in the supermarket. The underlined word means _____.A. riskB. opportunityC. possibilityD. luck71. "Look at those pretty girls' skirts" is _____, because it is not clear whether the girls or the skirts are "pretty".A. ambiguousB. hiddenC. indirectD. indistinct72. House repairs, holidays, school fees and other _____ have reduced his bank balance to almost nothing.A. amountB. paymentC. expensesD. figures73. It was really _____ of you to remember my birthday.A. gratefulB. thoughtfulC. considerableD. generous74. You can go to a travel agency and ask for a holiday _____.A. introductionB. advertisementC. bookD. brochure75. The city government is building more roads to _____.A. accommodateB. receiveC. acceptD. hold76. They've lifted a two-year-long economic _____ on the country.A. enclosureB. restrictionC. blockadeD. prohibition77. Everyone is surprised that she has fallen out with her boy friend. The underlined part means _____.A. leftB. quarreledC. attackedD. defeated78. His plan is carefully prepared and full of details, so it is a very _____ one.A. elaborateB. refinedC. ambitiousD. complex79. The girl's voice was so low that we could ______ hear her.A. seldomB. almostC. onlyD. barely80. She must have been pretty _____ to fall for such an old trick.A. interestedB. gullibleC. enthusiasticD. shrewdPART V READING COMPREHENSION (20道选择题) [25 MIN]In this section there are four passages followed by questions or unfinished statements, each with four suggested answers marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that you think is the best answer.Mark your answers on Answer Sheet Two.TEXT AWe have a crisis on our hands. You mean global warming? The world economy? No, the decline of reading. People are just not doing it anymore, especially the young. Who's responsible? Actually, it's more like, What is responsible? The Internet, of course, and everything that comes with it – Facebook, Twitter (微博). You can write your own list.There's been a warning about the imminent death of literate civilization for a long time. In the 20th century, first it was the movies, then radio, then television that seemed to spell doom for the written world. None did. Reading survived; in fact it not only survived, it has flourished. The world is more literate than ever before – there are more and more readers, and more and more books.The fact that we often get our reading material online today is not something we should worry over. The electronic and digital revolution of the last two decades has arguably shown the way forward for reading and for writing. Take the arrival of e-book readers as an example. Devices like Kindle make reading more convenient and are a lot more environmentally friendly than the traditional paper book.As technology makes new ways of writing possible, new ways of reading are possible. Interconnectivity allows for the possibility of a reading experience that was barely imaginable before. Where traditional books had to make do with photographs and illustrations, an e-book can provide readers with an unlimited number of links: to texts, pictures, and videos. In the future, the way people write novels, history, and philosophy will resemble nothing seen in the past.On the other hand, there is the danger of trivialization. One Twitter group is offering its followers single-sentence-long "digests" of the great novels. War and Peace in a sentence? You must be joking. We should fear the fragmentation of reading. There is the danger that the high-speed connectivity of the Internet will reduce our attention span - that we will be incapable of reading anything of length or which requires deep concentration.In such a fast-changing world, in which reality seems to be remade each day, we need the ability to focus and understand what is happening to us. This has always been the function of literature and we should be careful not to let it disappear. Our society needs to be able to imagine the possibility of someone utterly in tune with modern technology but able to make sense of a dynamic, confusing world.In the 15th century, Johannes Guttenberg's invention of the printing press in Europe had a huge impact on civilization. Once upon a time the physical book was a challenging thing. We should remember this before we assume that technology is out to destroy traditional culture.81. Which of the following paragraphs briefly reviews the historical challenges for reading?A. Paragraph One.B. Paragraph Two.C. Paragraph Three.D. Paragraph Four.82. The following are all cited as advantages of e-books EXCEPT _____.A. multimodal contentB. environmental friendlinessC. convenience for readersD. imaginative design83. Which of the following can best describe how the author feels towardsingle-sentence-long novels?A. IronicB. Worried.C. Sarcastic.D. Doubtful.84. According to the passage, people need knowledge of modern technology and _____ to survive in the fast-changing society.A. good judgmentB. high sensitivityC. good imaginationD. the ability to focus85. What is the main idea of the passage?A. Technology pushes the way forward for reading and writing.B. Interconnectivity is a feature of new reading experience.C. Technology is an opportunity and a challenge for traditional reading.D. Technology offers a greater variety of reading practice.TEXT BI know when the snow melts and the first robins (知更鸟) come to call, when the laughter of children returns to the parks and playgrounds, something wonderful is about to happen.Spring cleaning.I'll admit spring cleaning is a difficult notion for modern families to grasp. Today's busy families hardly have time to load the dishwasher, much less clean the doormat. Asking the family to spend the weekend collecting winter dog piles from the melting snow in the backyard is like announcing there will be no more Wi-Fi. It interrupts the natural order."Honey, what say we spend the weekend beating the rugs, sorting through the boxes in the basement and painting our bedroom a nice lemony yellow?" I say."Can we at least wait until the NBA matches are over?" my husband answers.But I tell my family, spring cleaning can't wait. The temperature has risen just enough to melt snow but not enough for Little League practice to start. Some flowers are peeking out of the thawing ground, but there is no lawn to seed, nor garden to tend. Newly wakened from our winter's hibernation (冬眠), yet still needing extra blankets at night, we open our windows to the first fresh air floating on the breeze and all of the natural world demanding "Awake and be clean!"Biologists offer a theory about this primal impulse to clean out every drawer and closet in the house at spring's first light, which has to do with melatonin, the sleepytime hormone (激素) our bodies produce when it's dark. When spring's light comes, the melatonin diminishes, and suddenly we are awakened to the dusty, virus-filled house we've been hibernating in for four months.I tell my family about the science and psychology of a good healthy cleaning at spring's arrival. I speak to them about life's greatest rewards waiting in the removal of soap scum from the bathtub, which hasn't been properly cleaned since the first snowfall."I'll do it," says the eldest child, a 21-year-old college student who lives at home. "You will? Wow!" I exclaim.Maybe after all these years, he's finally grasped the concept. Maybe he's expressing his rightful position as eldest child and role model. Or maybe he's going to Floridafor a break in a couple of weeks and he's being nice to me who is the financial-aid officer.No matter. Seeing my adult son willingly cleaning that dirty bathtub gives me hope for the future of his 12-year-old brother who, instead of working, is found to be sleeping in the seat of the window he is supposed to be cleaning."Awake and be clean!" I say.86. According to the passage, "...spring cleaning is a difficult notion for modern families to grasp" means that spring cleaning _____.A. is no longer an easy practice to understand.B. is no longer part of modern family life.C. requires more family members to be involved.D. calls for more complicated skills and knowledge.87. Which of the following is LEAST likely to be included in family spring cleaning?A. Beating the rugs.B. Cleaning the window.C. Restoring Wi-Fi services.D. Cleaning the backyard.88. Why does the author say “spring cleaning can't wait”?A. Because there will be more activities when it gets warmer.B. Because the air is fresher and the breeze is lighter.C. Because the whole family is full of energy at spring time.D. Because the snow is melting and the ground is thawing.89. Which of the following interpretations of the biologists' theory about melatonin is INCORRECT?A. The production of melatonin in our bodies varies at different times.B. Melatonin is more likely to cause sleepiness in our bodies.C. The reduction of melatonin will cause wakefulness in our bodies.D. The amount of melatonin remains constant in our bodies.90. Which of the following can best sum up the author's overall reaction to her adult son's positive response to spring cleaning?A. Surprised and skeptical.B. Elated and hesitant.C. Relieved and optimistic.D. Optimistic and hesitant.TEXT CThese days lots of young Japanese do omiai, literally, "meet and look." Many of them do so willingly. In today's prosperous and increasingly conservative Japan, the traditional omiai kekkon, or arranged marriage, is thriving.But there is a difference. In the original omiai, the young Japanese couldn't reject the partner chosen by his parents and their middleman. After World War II, many Japanese abandoned the arranged marriage as part of their rush to adopt the more democratic ways of their American conquerors. The Western ren'ai kekkon, or love marriage, became popular; Japanese began picking their own mates by dating and falling in love.But the Western way was often found wanting in an important respect: it didn't necessarily produce a partner of the right economic, social, and educational qualifications. "Today's young people are quite calculating," says Chieko Akiyama,a social commentator.What seems to be happening now is a repetition of a familiar process in the country's history, the "Japanization" of an adopted foreign practice. The Western ideal of marrying for love is accommodated in a new omiai in which both parties are free to reject the match. "Omiai is evolving into a sort of stylized introduction," Mrs. Akiyama says.Many young Japanese now date in their early twenties, but with no thought of marriage. When they reach the age - in the middle twenties for women, the late twenties for men - they increasingly turn to omiai. Some studies suggest that as many as 40 % of marriages each year are omiai kekkon. It's hard to be sure, say those who study the matter, because many Japanese couples, when polled, describe their marriage as a love match even if it was arranged.These days, doing omiai often means going to a computer matching service rather than to a nakodo. The nakodo of tradition was an old woman who knew all the kids in the neighbourhood and went around trying to pair them off by speaking to their parents;a successful match would bring her a wedding invitation and a gift of money. But Japanese today find it's less awkward to reject a proposed partner if the nakodo is a computer.Japan has about five hundred computer matching services. Some big companies, including Mitsubishi, run one for their employees. At a typical commercial service, an applicant pays $80 to $125 to have his or her personal data stored in the computer for two years and $200 or so more if a marriage results. The stored information includes some obvious items, like education and hobbies, and some not-so-obvious ones, like whether a person is the oldest child. (First sons, and to some extent first daughters, face an obligation of caring for elderly parents.)91. According to the passage, today's young Japanese prefer _____.A. a traditional arranged marriage.B. a new type of arranged marriage.C. a Western love marriage.D. a more Westernized love marriage.92. Which of the following statements is CORRECT?A. A Western love marriage tends to miss some Japanese values.B. Less attention is paid to the partner's qualification in arranged marriages.C. Young Japanese would often calculate their partner's wealth.D. A new arranged marriage is a repetition of the older type.93. According to the passage, the figure 40% (Paragraph Five) is uncertain because _____.A. there has been a big increase in the number of arranged marriages.B. Western love marriage still remains popular among young Japanese.C. young Japanese start dating very early in their life in a Western tradition.D. the tendency for arranged marriages could be stronger than is indicated.94. One of the big differences between a traditional nakodo and its contemporary version lies in the way _____.A. wedding gifts are presented.B. a proposed partner is refused.C. formalities are arranged.D. the middleman/woman is chosen.95. What is the purpose of the last paragraph?。
2011年12月四级真题+答案详解+听力原文-推荐下载

Part Ⅰ Writing (30 minutes)注意:此部分试题在答题卡1上. For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay entitled Nothing Succeeds Without a Strong Will by commenting on the humorous saying, "Quitting smoking is the easiest thing in the world. I've done it hundreds of times." You should write at least 120 words but no more than 180 words.Part II Reading Comprehension (Skimming and Scanning)Why Integrity MattersWhat is Integrity? The key to integrity is consistency--not only setting high personal standards for oneself (honesty, responsibility, respect for others, fairness) but also living up to those standards each day. One who has integrity is bound by and follows moral and ethical standards even when making life's hard choices, choices which may be clouded by stress, pressure to succeed, or temptation. What happens if we lie, cheat, steal, or violate other ethical standards? We feel disappointed in ourselves and ashamed. But a lapse of integrity also affects our relationships with others. Trust is essential in any important relationship, whether personal or professional. Who can trust someone who is dishonest or unfair? Thus, integrity must be one of our most important goals. Risky Business We are each responsible for our own decisions, even if the decision-making process has been undermined by stress or peer pressure. The real test of character is whether we can learn from our mistake, by understanding why we acted as we did, and then exploring ways to avoid similar problems in the future. Making ethical decisions is a critical part of avoiding future problems. We must learn to recognize risks, because if we can't see the risks we're taking, we can't make responsible choices. To identify risks, we need to know the rules and be aware of the facts. For example, one who doesn't know the rules about plagiarism may accidentally use words or ideas without giving proper credit, or one who fails to keep careful research notes may unintentionally fail to quote and cite sources as required. But the fact that such a violation is "unintentional" does not excuse the misconduct. Ignorance is not a defense."But Everybody Does It" Most people who get in trouble do know the rules and facts, but manage to fool themselves about the risks they're taking by using excuses: "Everyone else does it," "I'm not hurting anyone,” or "I really need this grade." Excuses can get very elaborate: "I know I'm looking at another's exam, even though I'm supposed to keep my eyes on my own paper, but that's not cheating because I'm just checking my answers, not copying." We must be honest about our actions, and avoid excuses. If we fool ourselves into believing we're not doing anything wrong, we can't see the real choice we're making--and that leads to bad decisions. To avoid fooling yourself, watch out for excuses and try this test: Ask how you would feel if your actions were public and anyone could be watching over your shoulder. Would you feel proud or ashamed of your actions? If you'd rather hide your actions, that's a good indication that you're taking a risk and rationalizing it to yourself.Evaluating Risks To decide whether a risk is worth taking, you must examine the consequences, in the future as well as right now, negative as well as positive, and to others as well as to yourself. Those who take risks they later regret usually focus on immediate benefits ("what's in it for me"), and simply haven't considered what might go wrong. The consequences of getting caught are serious, and may include a "0" on a test or assignment; an "F" in the class; suspension or dismissal from school; transcript notation; and a tarnished reputation. In fact, when you break a rule or law, you lose control over your life, and give others the power to impose punishment: you have no control overwhat that punishment might be. This is an extremely precarious and vulnerable position. There may be some matters of life and death, or highest principle, which might justify such a risk, but there aren't many things that fall in this category.Getting Away With It--Or Not Those who don't get caught pay an even higher price. A cheater doesn't learn from the test, depriving him/herself of an education. Cheating undermines confidence and independence: the cheater is a fraud, and knows that without dishonesty, he/she would have failed. Cheating destroys self-esteem and integrity, leaving the cheater ashamed, guilty, and afraid of getting caught. Worst of all, a cheater who doesn't get caught the first time usually cheats again, not only because he/she is farther behind, but also because it seems "easier." This slippery slope of eroding ethics and bigger risks leads only to disaster. Eventually, the cheater gets caught, and the later he/she gets caught, the worse the consequences. Students have been dismissed from school because they didn't get this simple message: Honesty is the ONLY policy that works.Cheating Hurts Others, Too Cheaters often feel invisible, as if their actions "don't count" and don't really hurt anyone. But individual choices have a profound cumulative effect. Cheating can spread like a disease, and a cheater can encourage others just by being seen from across the room. Recent statistics suggest 30% or more of college students cheat. If a class is graded on a curve, cheating hurts others' grades. Even if there is no curve, cheating "poisons" the classroom, and others may feel pressured to join in. ("If I don't cheat, I can't compete with those who do.") Cheating also has a destructive impact on teachers. The real reward of good teaching is seeing students learn, but a cheater says, "I'm not interested in what you're trying to teach; all I care about is stealing a grade, regardless of the effect on others." The end result is a blatant and destructive attack on the quality of your education. Finally, cheating can hurt the reputation of the University, and harm those who worked hard for their degree.Why Integrity Matters If cheating becomes the norm, then we are in big trouble. We must rely on the honesty and good faith of others every day. If not, we couldn't put money in the bank, buy food, clothing, or medicine from others, drive across a bridge, get on a plane, go to the dentist--the list is endless. There are many examples of the vast harm that is caused when individuals forget or ignore the effect their dishonesty can have. The savings and loan scandal, the stock market and junk bond swindles, and, of course, Watergate, have undermined the faith of many Americans in the integrity of political and economic leaders and society as a whole. Such incidents take a tremendous toll on our nation's economy and our individual well-being. For example, but for the savings and loan debacle, there might be funds available to reduce the national debt and pay for education. In sum, we all have a common stake in our school, our community, and our society. Our actions do matter. It is essential that we act with integrity in order to build the kind of world in which we want to live.1. A person of integrity not only sets high moral and ethical standards but also _______。
2011年12月大学英语四级真题试卷及参考答案

2011年12月大学英语四级真题试卷及参考答案Part Ⅰ Writing (30 minutes)注意:此部分试题在答题卡1上.For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay entitled Nothing Succeeds without a Strong Will by commenting on the humorous saying, "Quitting smoking is the easiest thing in the world. I've done it hundreds of times." You should write at least 120 words but no more than 180 words.Part II Reading Comprehension (Skimming and Scanning)Why Integrity MattersWhat is Integrity?The key to integrity is consistency--not only setting high personal standards for oneself (honesty, responsibility, respect for others, fairness) but also living up to those standards each day. One who has integrity is bound by and follows moral and ethical standards even when making life's hard choices, choices which may be clouded by stress, pressure to succeed, or temptation.What happens if we lie, cheat, steal, or violate other ethical standards? We feel disappointed in ourselves and ashamed. But a lapse of integrity also affects our relationships with others. Trust is essential in any important relationship, whether personal or professional. Who can trust someone who is dishonest or unfair? Thus, integrity must be one of our most important goals.Risky BusinessWe are each responsible for our own decisions, even if the decision-making process has been undermined by stress or peer pressure. The real test of character is whether we can learn from our mistake, by understanding why we acted as we did, and then exploring ways to avoid similar problems in the future.Making ethical decisions is a critical part of avoiding future problems. We must learn to recognize risks, because if we can't see the risks we're taking, we can't make responsible choices. To identify risks, we need to know the rules and be aware of the facts. For example, one whodoesn't know the rules about plagiarism may accidentally use words or ideas without giving proper credit, or one who fails to keep careful research notes may unintentionally fail to quote and cite sources as required. But the fact that such a violation is "unintentional" does not excuse the misconduct. Ignorance is not a defense."But Everybody Does It"Most people who get in trouble do know the rules and facts, but manage to fool themselves about the risks they're taking by using excuses: "Everyone else does it," "I'm not hurting anyone,” or "I really need this grade." Excuses can get very elaborate: "I know I'm looking at another's exam, even though I'm supposed to keep my eyes on my own paper, but that's not cheating because I'm just checking my answers, not copying." We must be honest about our actions, and avoid excuses. If we fool ourselves into believing we're not doing anything wrong, we can't see the real choice we're making--and that leads to bad decisions.To avoid fooling yourself, watch out for excuses and try this test: Ask how you would feel if your actions were public and anyone could be watching over your shoulder. Would you feel proud or ashamed of your actions? If you'd rather hide your actions, that's a good indication that you're taking a risk and rationalizing it to yourself.Evaluating RisksTo decide whether a risk is worth taking, you must examine the consequences, in the future as well as right now, negative as well as positive, and to others as well as to yourself. Those who take risks they later regret usually focus on immediate benefits ("what's in it for me"), and simply haven't considered what might go wrong. The consequences of getting caught are serious, and may include a "0" on a test or assignment; an "F" in the class; suspension or dismissal from school; transcript notation; and a tarnished reputation. In fact, when you break a rule or law, you lose control over your life, and give others the power to impose punishment: you have no control over what that punishment might be. This is an extremely precarious and vulnerable position. There may be some matters of life and death, or highest principle, which might justify such a risk, but there aren't many things that fall in this category.Getting Away With It--Or NotThose who don't get caught pay an even higher price. A cheater doesn't learn from the test, depriving him/herself of an education. Cheating undermines confidence and independence: the cheater is a fraud, and knowsthat without dishonesty, he/she would have failed. Cheating destroys self-esteem and integrity, leaving the cheater ashamed, guilty, and afraid of getting caught. Worst of all, a cheater who doesn't get caught the first time usually cheats again, not only because he/she is farther behind, but also because it seems "easier." This slippery slope of eroding ethics and bigger risks leads only to disaster. Eventually, the cheater gets caught, and the later he/she gets caught, the worse the consequences. Students have been dismissed from school because they didn't get this simple message: Honesty is the ONLY policy that works.Cheating Hurts Others, TooCheaters often feel invisible, as if their actions "don't count" and don't really hurt anyone. But individual choices have a profound cumulative effect. Cheating can spread like a disease, and a cheater can encourage others just by being seen from across the room. Recent statistics suggest 30% or more of college students cheat. If a class is graded on a curve, cheating hurts others' grades. Even if there is no curve, cheating "poisons" the classroom, and others may feel pressured to join in. ("If I don't cheat, I can't compete with those who do.") Cheating also has a destructive impact on teachers. The real reward of good teaching is seeing students learn, but a cheater says, "I'm not interested in what you're trying to teach; all I care about is stealing a grade, regardless of the effect on others." The end result is a blatant and destructive attack on the quality of your education. Finally, cheating can hurt the reputation of the University, and harm those who worked hard for their degree.Why Integrity MattersIf cheating becomes the norm, then we are in big trouble. We must rely on the honesty and good faith of others every day. If not, we couldn't put money in the bank, buy food, clothing, or medicine from others, drive across a bridge, get on a plane, go to the dentist--the list is endless. There are many examples of the vast harm that is caused when individuals forget or ignore the effect their dishonesty can have. The savings and loan scandal, the stock market and junk bond swindles, and, of course, Watergate, have undermined the faith of many Americans in the integrity of political and economic leaders and society as a whole. Such incidents take a tremendous toll on our nation's economy and our individualwell-being. For example, but for the savings and loan debacle, there might be funds available to reduce the national debt and pay for education.In sum, we all have a common stake in our school, our community, and our society. Our actions do matter. It is essential that we act with integrity in order to build the kind of world in which we want to live.1. A person of integrity not only sets high moral and ethical standards but also _______。
合肥学院化工原理考试题答案

化工原理考试题答案一、填空题:1.(3分)雷诺准数的表达式为________________。
当密度ρ=1000kg.m,粘度μ=1厘泊的水,在内径为d=100mm,以流速为1m.s,其雷诺准数等于__________,其流动类型为______.***答案*** Re=duρ/μ; 10; 湍流2.(2分)某流体在圆管中呈层流流动,今用皮托管测得管中心的最大流速为2m.s,此时管内的平均流速为_________.***答案*** 1m.s3.(2分)当地大气压为750mmHg时,测得某体系的表压为100mmHg,则该体系的绝对压强为_________mmHg,真空度为_______mmHg.***答案*** 850; -1004.(2分)入管口的局部阻力系数等于_______,出管口的局部阻力系数等于_______。
***答案*** 0.5 1.05.(3分)某输水的水泵系统,经管路计算得,需泵提供的压头为He=19m水柱,输水量为0.0079m.s,则泵的有效功率为__ 1472w ______.6.(3分)离心泵的主要特性曲线有___、___、___等。
Q-H;Q-N;Q-η;7.(2分)离心泵的安装高度超过允许安装高度时,离心泵会发生_气蚀____现象。
8.(3分)悬浮在静止流体中的固体微粒在重力作用下,沿重力方向作自由沿降时,会受到_____________三个力的作用。
当此三个力的______________时,微粒即作匀速沉降运动。
此时微粒相对于流体的运动速度,称为____________ 。
***答案*** 重力、阻力、浮力代数和为零沉降速度9.(6分)某大型化工容器的外层包上隔热层,以减少热损失,若容器外表温度为500℃, 而环境温度为20℃, 采用某隔热材料,其厚度为240mm,λ=0.57w.m.K,此时单位面积的热损失为__ 1140w _____。
(注:大型容器可视为平壁)10.(6分)某间壁换热器中,流体被加热时,圆形直管内湍流的传热系数表达式为___________________.当管内水的流速为0.5m.s,计算得到管壁对水的传热系数α=2.61(kw.m.K).若水的其它物性不变,仅改变水在管内的流速,当流速为0.8m.s,此时传热系数α=________ α=3.81(kw.m.K)_____.α=0.023(λ/d)Re Prα=3.81(kw.m.K)二、选择题:1.(2分)层流与湍流的本质区别是:( D )。
2011年6月英语四级考试题及答案解析

2011年6月英语四级考试真题Americans are proud of their variety and individualty, yet they love and respect few things more than a uniform. Why are uniforms so __1__ in the United States?Among the arguments for uniforms, one of the first is that in the eyes of most people they look more __2__ than civilian(百姓的) clothes. People have become conditioned to __3__ superior quality from a man who wears a uniform. The television repairman who wears a uniform tends to __4__ more trust than one who appears in civilian clothes. Faith in the __5__ of a garage mechanic is increased by a uniform. What an easier way is there for a nurse, a policeman, a barber, or a waiter to __6__ professional identity(身份) than to step out of uniform? Uniforms also have many __7__ benefits. They save on other clothes. They save on laundry bills. They are often more comfortable and more durable than civilian clothes.Primary among the arguments against uniforms is their lack of variety and the consequent loss of __8__ experienced by people who must wear them. Though there are many types of uniforms, the wearer of any particular type is generally stuck with it, without __9__, until retirement. When people look alike, they tend to think, speak, and act __10__, on the job at least.[A]skill[B]popular[C]get[D]change[E]similarly[F]professional[G]character [H]individuality[I]inspire[J]differently[K]expect[L]practical[M]recall[N]lose [O]ordinary ANSWERS:1.选B)。
2011年6月英语四级(CET4)真题

主题:低碳生活问题解决性作文1. 低碳生活受到人们的普遍欢迎;2. 低碳生活方式非常有好处;3. 我们应该如何去做[范文]Nowadays, there are a considerable number of individuals who prefer to lead a low-carbon lifestyle which find expression in the fact that more and more commuters are using public transportation system in their daily life.Low carbon lifestyle can endow us and our society with numerous benefits. Firstly, it goes beyond doubt that low carbon lifestyle contributes a lot to the environmental protection and it is a favorable way to slow down the rate of climate change of our earth, which also means a lot to our health.We are supposed to undertake the responsibility to lead a low-carbon lifestyle, which is of great significance. And there is a diversity of measures we can take so as to lead such an environmental-friendly life. For one thing, we are expected to minimize the use of private cars, which emit a large amount of greenhouse gases. For another, we are supposed to cultivate the public awareness of energy conservation for energy in the world today is decreasing rapidly. For instance, we can turn off electrical appliances if not necessary as well as using renewable materials. Furthermore, at our leisure, we can seek opportunities to plant more trees which can absorb carbon-dioxide.In brief, low-carbon lifestyle is nothing but the best choice for us and only in this way can we form a harmonious relationship with the environmentOn Space Project给《**周刊》宇航专栏的编辑写一封信,说明你对太空探索项目的态度(支持或反对),并简单陈述你的理由。
2011年06月大学英语四级考试完整版答案及解析

2011年06月大学英语四级考试完整版答案及解析Part I Writing标准版Doing Shopping OnlineWith the development of the Internet, shopping is no longer a tiring thing. Just click your mouse to choose the articles you like, and the purchase is done. You don't even have to step out of the room. It seems all easy and quick. However, people's opinions vary on this trend. Some believe that on line shopping is time and money saving. With plentiful selection options, they can buy whatever they like at any time convenient. Still others insist thatmis-purchasing alone is annoying enough, not to mention the credibility of the sellers and the safety of their accounts.In my opinion, the convenience and excitement of on line shopping is beyond all doubts. In the meantime, we must always bear in mind that certain traps do exist, so we'd better make sure the sellers are trustworthy before buying. In addition, we should also guard ourselves from the potential hackers who might steal our account information.文章点评:这是一篇“中等偏上”的学生作文。
2011年6月英语四级(CET4)真题

实验一、机械零件结构认识实验目的(提要:了解通用机械零件的种类、结构、标准、及其加工方法和零件的各种失效形式。
)一、实验设备及工具三、实验内容1、螺纹连接件2、带传动3、齿轮传动4、链传动5、轴及轴系零部件实验二、机构运动简图绘制一、实验目的(提要:根据机械实物或模型绘制机构运动简图,并对机构自由度进行分析和计算。
)二、实验设备及工具三、实验内容1、机构名称____________(附上机构实物图)(题后列举了许多常见机构)2、机构名称____________(附上机构实物图)3、机构名称____________(附上机构实物图)表格延伸,3个机构可集中四、思考题1、一个正确的“机构运动简图”应能说明那些内容2、机构自由度的计算对测绘机构运动简图有何帮助3、绘制机构运动简图时,原动件的位置是否可任意确定?若任意确定会不会影响简图正确性4、自由度大于或小于原动件数时会产生什么影响?雨伞、折叠椅、圆规、晾晒架晾衣架、缝纫机等等日常生活中常见的机构选2-3种绘制机构运动简图实验三、减速器的拆装一、实验目的(提要:了解传动装置的结构特点和装配工艺及附件设置,测量主要参数)二:实验设备及工具三、实验内容减速器名称____________1、画出减速器传动示意图2、画出轴系部件的结构草图(任意一根轴)3、减速器相关尺寸,表格填写三、思考题5、减速器有哪些附件,是什么类型?各有何功用6、减速器上轴和轴承、轴和轴上传动零件的轴向定位和周向定位是如何实现的7、为什么小齿轮的宽度往往做的比大齿轮大些。
8、箱体凸缘的螺栓连接处做成凸台或沉孔平面,为什么?等等,可以自己想写问题添加实验四、带传动实验一、实验目的1.观察带传动中主动轮和从动轮上的弹性滑动和打滑现象。
2.了解初拉力及从动轮负载的改变对带传动的影响,。
3.测绘出弹性滑动曲线和效率曲线。
二、实验设备及工具三、实验内容1、简述实验原理2、实验数据记录(以表格形式给出)3、绘制滑动曲线和效率曲线四、思考题1、实验中打滑现象是在什么情况下发生的?如何消除打滑2、带传动的效率如何测定?杰斯传动效率和有效拉力的关系3、传动的滑动率如何测定?分析滑动曲线和效率曲线的关系。
2011年6月大学英语四级考试真题及参考答案

2011年6⽉⼤学英语四级考试真题及参考答案2011年6⽉18⽇⼤学英语四级考试真题Part Ⅰ Writing (30 minutes)注意:此部分试题在答题卡1上。
Part Ⅱ Reading Comprehension (Skimming and Scanning)(15 minutes)Directions: In this part, you will have 15 minutes to go over the passage quickly and answer the questions on Answer Sheet 1. For questions 1-7, choose the best answer from the fourchoices marked A), B), C) and D). For questions 8-10, complete the sentences with theinformation given in the passage.British Cuisine: the Best of Old and NewBritish cuisine (烹饪) has come of age in recent years as chefs (厨师) combine the best of old and new.Why does British food have a reputation for being so bad? Because it is bad! Those are not the most encouraging words to hear just before eating lunch at one of Hong Kong’s smartest British r estaurants, Alfie’s b y KEE, but head chef Neil Tomes has more to say.“The past 15 years or so have been a noticeable period of improvement for food in England,” the English chef says, citing the trend in British cuisine for better ingredients, preparation and cooking methods, and more appealing presentation. Chefs such as Delia Smith, Nigel Slater, Jamie Oliver and Gordon Ramsay made the public realize that cooking —and eating —didn’t have to be a boring thing. And now, most of the British public is familiar even with the extremes of Heston Blumenthal’s molecular gastronomy, a form of cooking that employs scientific methods to create the perfect dish.“It’s no longer the case that the common man in England is embarrassed to show he knows about food,” Tome s says.There was plenty of room for improvement. The problems with the nation’s cuisine can be traced back to the Second World War. Before the War, much of Britain’s food was imported and when German U-boats began attacking ships bringing food to the country, Britain went on rations (配给). “As rationing came to an end in the 1950s, technology picked up and was used to mass-produce food,” Tomes says. “And b y then people were just happy to have a decent quantity of food in their kitchens.”They weren’t lookin g for cured meats, organic produce or beautiful presentation; they were looking for whatever they could get their hands on, and this prioritization of quantity over quality prevailed for decades, meaning a generation was brought up with food that couldn’t compete with neighbouring France, Italy, Belgium or Spain.Before star chefs such as Oliver began making cooking fashionable, it was hard to find a restaurant in London that was open after 9pm. But in recent years the capital’s culinary (烹饪的) scene has developed to the point that it is now confident of its ability to please the tastes of any international visitor.With the opening of Alfie’s in April, and others such as The Pawn, two years ago, modern British food has made its way to Hong Kong. “With British food, I think that Hong Kong restaurants are keeping up,” says David Tamlyn, the Welsh executive chef at The Pawn in Wan Chai. “Hong Kong diners are extremely responsive to new ideas or presentations, which is good news for new dishes.”Chefs agree that diners in Hong Kong are embracing the modern British trend. Some restaurants are modifying the recipes (菜谱) of British dishes to breathe new life into the classics, while others are using better quality ingredients but remaining true to British traditions and tastes.Tamlyn is in the second camp. “We select our food very particularly. We use US beef, New Zealand lamb and for our custards (⽜奶蛋糊) we use Bird’s Custard Powder,” Tamlyn says. “Some restaurants go for custard made fresh with eggs, sugar and cream, but British custard isdifferent, and we stay true to that.”Matthew Hill, senior manager at the two-year-old SoHo restaurant Yorkshire Pudding, also uses better ingredients as a means of improving dishes. “There are a lot of existing perceptions about British food and so we can’t alter these too much. We’re a traditional British restaurant so there are some staples (主菜) that will remain essentially unchanged.”These traditional dishes include fish and chips, steak and kidney pie and large pieces of roasted meats. At Alfie’s, the newest of the British restaurants in town and perhaps the most gentlemen’s club-like in design, Neil Tomes explains hispassion for provenance (原产地). “Britain has started to become really proud of the food it’s producing. It has excellent organic farms, beautifully crafted cheeses, high-quality meats.”However, the British don’t have a history of exporting their foodstuffs, which makes it difficult for restaurants in Hong Kong to source authentic ingredients.“We can get a lot of our ingredients once a week from the UK,” Tamlyn explains. “But there is also pressure to buy local and save on food miles, which means we take our vegetables from the local markets, and there are a lot that work well with British staples.”The Phoenix, in Mid-Levels, offers the widest interpretation of “British cuisine”, while still trying to maintain its soul. The gastro-pub has existed in various locations in Hong Kong since 2002. Singaporean head chef Tommy Teh Kum Chai offers daily specials on a blackboard, rather than sticking to a menu. This enables him to reinterpret British cuisine depending on what is available in the local markets.“We use a lot of ingredients that people wouldn’t perhaps associate as British, but are presented in a British way. Bell peppers stuffed with couscous, alongside ratatouille, is a very popular dish.”Although the ingredients may not strike diners as being traditional, they can be found in dishes across Britain.Even the traditional chefs are aware of the need to adapt to local tastes and customs, while maintaining the Britishness of their cuisine.At Yorkshire Pudding, Hill says that his staff asks diners whether they would like to share their meals. Small dishes, shared meals and “mixing it up” is not something commonly done in Britain, but Yorkshire Pudding will bring full dishes to the table and offer individual plates for each diner. “That way, people still get the presentation of the dishes as they were designed, but can carve them up however they like,” Hill says.This practice is also popular at The Pawn, although largely for rotisseries (烤⾁馆), Tamlyn says, “Some tables will arriv e on a Sunday, order a whole chicken and a shoulder of lamb or a baby pig, and just stay for hours enjoying everything we bring out for them.”Some British traditions are too sacred (神圣的) to mess with, however, Tomes says, “I’d never change a full English breakfast.”注意:此部分试题请在答题卡1上作答;8-10题在答题卡1上。
2011年12月大学英语四级试题及答案汇总(完整版)

2011年12月大学英语四级试题及答案汇总(完整版完整版) )Part I Writing 【标准版】Nothing Succeeds Without a Strong Will Nothing runs smoothly in our life. To achieve things successfully, a strong will is essential. Life is like a Marathon. Many people can’t get to the terminal. This is not because they are lack of vitality but because their will of success is not strong enough. To take quitting smoking as an example, some regard it as a piece of cake. They make up their minds to quit it in the morning, but in the evening they feel that the smell of cigarettes is tempting. Their Their throats throats throats are are are sore, sore, sore, their their their mouths mouths mouths are are are thirsty, thirsty, thirsty, and and and their their their hands hands hands are are are shaking. shaking. shaking. After After After the the the painful painful mental struggle, they tell themselves that “One cigarette is enough. Just take one, and the next day I I will will will quit quit quit it.” it.” it.” By By By doing doing doing this, this, this, they they they surrender surrender surrender to to to their their their weak weak weak will. will. will. In In In the the the end, end, end, they they they have have have quitted quitted smoking “a hundred times”, but in no time they succeed.Just like quitting smoking, nothing succeeds without a strong will. To be successful in one’s life, a strong will means means that that that you you you know where know where you you go go go and and and you will you will persist persist on on on the the the road road road you you you choose. choose. Undoubtedly success belongs to those who overcome their weak will and who hang in there until the last minute. 【文章点评】【文章点评】本文属于话题类作文,只看题目本文属于话题类作文,只看题目 “Nothing Succeeds without a strong will”考生会觉得比较抽象,难以下手。
2011年12月全国大学英语四级等级考试试题及答案(详解)

2011年12月全国大学英语四级等级考试试题及答案Part I WritingDirections: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay on the topic of Where There I a Will There Is a Way. You should write at least 120 words following the outline given below: Where There Is a Will There Is a Way 1.坚强的意志是成功的重要保证。
.坚强的意志是成功的重要保证。
2.意志坚定的人才能完成伟大的使命,3.学生也是这样,不刻苦学习,才用。
才用。
注意:此部分试题在答题卡1上.For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay entitled Nothing Succeeds Without a Strong Will by commenting on the humorous saying, "Quitting smoking is the easiest thing in the world. I've done it hundreds of times." You should write at least 120 words but no more than 180 words. Part II Reading Comprehension (Skimming and Scanning) Why Integrity Matters What is Integrity? The key to integrity is consistency--not only setting high personal standards for oneself (honesty, each day. One who has responsibility, respect for others, fairness) but also living up to those standards integrity is bound by and follows moral and ethical standards even when making life's hard choices, choices which may be clouded by stress, pressure to succeed, or temptation. What happens if we lie, cheat, steal, or violate other ethical standards? We feel disappointed in ourselves and ashamed. But a lapse of integrity also affects our relationships with others. Trust is essential in any important relationship, whether personal or professional. Who can trust someone who is dishonest or unfair? Thus, integrity must be one of our most important goals. Risky Business We are each responsible for our own decisions, even if the decision-making process has been undermined by stress or peer pressure. The real test of character is whether we can learn from our mistake by understanding why we acted as we did, and then exploring ways to avoid similar problems in the future. Making ethical decisions is a critical part of avoiding future problems. We must learn to recognize risks, because if we can't see the risks we're taking, we can't make responsible choices. To identify risks, we need to know the rules and be aware of the facts. For example, one who doesn't know the rules abouto keep plagiarism may accidentally use words or ideas without giving proper credit, or one who fails careful research notes may unintentionally fail to quote and cite sources as required. But the fact that such a violation is "unintentional" does not excuse the misconduct. Ignorance is not a defense. "But Everybody Does It" Most people who get in trouble do know the rules and facts, but manage to fool themselves about the risks they're taking by using excuses: "Everyone else does it," "I'm not hurting anyone," or "I really need this grade." Excuses can get very elaborate: "I know I'm looking at another's exam, even though I'm supposed to keep my eyes on my own paper, but that's not cheating because I'm just checking my answers not copying." We must be honest about our actions, and avoid excuses. If we fool ourselves into believing we're not doing anything wrong, we can't see the real choice we're making--and that leads to bad decisions. To avoid fooling yourself, watch out for excuses and try this test: Ask how you would feel if your actions were public, and anyone could be watching over your shoulder. Would you feel proud or ashamed of your actions? If you'd rather hide your actions, that's a good indication that you're taking a risk and rationalizing it to yourself. Evaluating Risks To decide whether a risk is worth taking, you must examine the consequences, in the future as well as right now, negative as well as positive, and to others as well as to yourself. Those who take risks the later regret usually focus on immediate benefits ("what's in it for me"), and simply haven't considered what might go wrong. The consequences of getting caught are serious, and may include a "0" on a test o assignment; an "F" in the class; suspension or dismissal from school; transcript notation; and a tarnished reputation. In fact, when you break a rule or law, you lose control over your life, and give others the power to impose punishment: you have no control over what that punishment might be. This is an life and death, or highest extremely precarious and vulnerable position. There may be some matters of principle, which might justify such a risk, but there aren't many things that fall in this category. Getting Away With It--Or Not Those who don't get caught pay an even higher price. A cheater doesn't learn from the test, depriving him/herself of an education. Cheating undermines confidence and independence: the cheater is a fraud, and knows that without dishonesty, he/she would have failed. Cheating destroys self-esteem and integrity, leaving the cheater ashamed, guilty, and afraid of getting caught. Worst of all, a cheater who doesn't get caught the first time usually cheats again, not only because he/she is farther behind, but also because it seems "easier." This slippery slope of eroding ethics and bigger risks leads only to disaster. Eventually, the cheater gets caught, and the later he/she gets caught, the worse the consequences. Students have been dismissed from school because they didn't get this simple message: Honesty is the ONLY policy that works. Cheating Hurts Others, Too Cheaters often feel invisible, as if their actions "don't count" and don't really hurt anyone. But individual choices have a profound cumulative effect. Cheating can spread like a disease, and a cheater can encourage others just by being seen from across the room. Recent statistics suggest 30% or more of college students cheat. If a class is graded on a curve, cheating hurts others' grades. Even if there is n curve, cheating "poisons" the classroom, and others may feel pressured to join in. ("If I don't cheat, I can't compete with those who do.") Cheating also has a destructive impact on teachers. The real reward of good teaching is seeing students learn, but ⑧.a cheater says, "I'm not interested in what you're trying to teach; all I care about is stealing a grade, regardless of the effect on others." The end result is a blatayour education. Finally, cheating can hurt the reputation of the and destructive attack on the quality of University, and harm those who worked hard for their degree. Why Integrity Matters If cheating becomes the norm, then we are in big trouble. ⑨.We must rely on the honesty and good faith of others every day. If not, we couldn't put money in the bank, buy food, clothing, or medicine from others, drive across a bridge, get on a plane, go to the dentist--the list is endless. There are many example of the vast harm that is caused when individuals forget or ignore the effect their dishonesty can have. The savings and loan scandal, the stock market and junk bond swindles, and, of course, ⑩.Watergate, have undermined the faith of many Americans in the integrity of political and economic leaders and society as a whole. Such incidents take a tremendous toll on our nation's economy and our individual well-being. For example, but for the savings and loan debacle, there might be funds available to reduce the national debt and pay for education. In sum, we all have a common stake in our school, our community, and our society. Our actions do matter. It is essential that we act with integrity in order to build the kind of world in which we want live. 1. A person of integrity not only sets high moral and ethical standards but also _______。
2011年专业英语四级考试真题及答案

answer the questions that follow. Mark the best answer to each question on Answer
Sheet Two.
SECTION A CONVERSATIONS
In this section you will hear several conversations. Listen to the conversations
Now, listen to the conversation.
1. Which of the statements about the auto show is INCORRECT?
A. The show will have more stands this year.
B. The show will have more visitors this year.
C. air travellers usually enjoy upgraded conditions
D. airlines always provide good in-flight entertainment
13. Older planes can stay safe for more than 25 years because of the following EXCEPT
to understand the meaning. For the second and third readings, the passage will be
read sentence by sentence, or phrase by phrase, with intervals of 15 seconds. The
2011年6月英语四级(CET4)真题

1、洗手——看处置本——带处置本至床旁——核对床头牌,看床号(*床,请问你叫什么名字,你好,我是你的责任护士**,刚才给你测量体温是39.5度,遵医嘱准备给你酒精擦浴,就是利用酒精易挥发的特性,吸收和带走机体大量的热,使体温下降。
)——(让我检查一下你的皮肤情况)在床两侧检查,包括上身和四肢。
(你全身皮肤完整无溃疡,无伤口,请问你需要小便吗?请你休息一下,我准备用物马上过来。
)——回治疗室,洗手,戴口罩——看处置本——翻治疗盘——取2个治疗碗,弯盘,包上毛巾的冰袋和热水袋于治疗盘内——推车至床旁,,核对(王兰,你准备好了吗,我想为你酒精擦浴,请你配合一下)——关门窗,拉窗帘,屏风遮挡,调节室温,松开被尾——将热水袋置于足底,冰袋置于头顶——脱近侧衣袖,松腰带,浴巾盖上肢——将浸有酒精的小毛巾拧至半干手套式缠在手上拍式(颈外侧至手背,胸侧经腋窝至掌心,)擦干,撤浴巾,盖被,拉起床栏——推车至床对侧,脱上衣,重复,擦干,向对侧翻身,浴巾盖背,拍式从上到下至臀部——擦干,穿上衣,先对侧袖再近侧袖——脱近侧裤腿,垫浴巾,拍式(髂前上棘经腿外侧至足背,腹股沟经腿内侧至内裸,大腿根部经腘窝至足跟部),擦干,撤浴巾,盖被——推车至床对侧,放下床栏——脱裤,重复——穿裤,取下热水袋,整理床单位,(王兰,酒精擦浴已经完成了,30分钟后我会来为你测量体温)——侧体温(10分钟)——取纱布于左手,先擦拭体温表再看读数——(王兰,你现在的体温38.5度,现在为你把头部的冰袋取下,请卧床休息,多进食高维生素,高热量的食物,多喝水,如果出汗多,请及时更换衣被,防止感冒,我把呼叫器放在你枕头边,有事请按中间的按钮,我会及时来巡视病房的,请你放心,谢谢你的配合。
)(操作者:××,您好!您感觉怎么样?我听你气管内痰液较多,给您吸吸痰好吗?吸痰过程中可能有些刺激不舒服,希望您能配合,我会动作很轻的,很快就会好的,可以吗?)——协助患者取仰体位——洗手——铺巾——打开生理盐水盖(口述:口鼻腔内、气管内)——再次的检查吸痰管,打开吸痰管包装,取手套,戴手套(先左后右)取出吸痰管绕在右手,左手连接——调负压——吸生理盐水,吸痰管通畅(观察生命征及SPO2)——(阿姨,我现在帮您洗下气管内的痰,您放松,我会轻轻的),同时另一人断开呼吸机与气管导管连接处,将呼吸机接头放在治疗巾上,操作者迅速并轻轻地沿气管导管送入吸痰管,吸痰管遇阻力略上提,边上提边旋转边吸引,一次吸痰时间小于15s;避免在气管内上下提插(观察生命体征、SPO2及病人情况,如病人痰液粘稠,应予温生理盐水气道冲洗,在吸气时注入5-10ml,根据患者呛咳反应及时吸痰,必要时予鼓肺吸痰;),口述吸出痰的量、性质、颜色——.吸痰结束后另一人立即接呼吸机通气,呼吸机连接管和气管插管处理方法正确;给予患者100%的纯氧2分钟——冲管(看生命征及SPO2及呼吸机气道压的情况)——关负压——脱手套——更换吸痰管,洗口腔内的痰液,阿姨我现在给您吸下口腔里的痰,您放松(前、中、后观察生命征及SPO2的情况)口述,痰液的情况——脱手套——洗手——清洁面部——取体位——撤治疗巾,听双肺呼吸音,诉痰鸣音明显减少。
2011年6月英语四级(CET4)真题

4.5 经典解析一、选择题1.在数据库管理技术的发展过程中,经历了人工管理阶段、文件系统阶段和数据库系统阶段。
在这几个阶段中,数据独立性最高的是( )。
A)数据库系统 B)文件系统C)人工管理 D)数据项管理For personal use only in study and research; not for commercial use【命题目的】考查数据库技术发展的几个阶段及各个阶段的特点。
【解题要点】数据库系统的3级体系结构中提供了子模式/模式和模式/内模式两级映射,保证了数据独立性的实现。
【错解分析】在人工管理阶段,数据无法共享,冗余度大,不独立,完全依赖于程序。
在文件系统阶段,数据共享性差,冗余度大,独立性也较差。
所以B)选项和C)选项均是错误的。
【考点链接】数据管理3个阶段各自的特点。
答案:A)2.数据库系统的核心是( )。
A)数据库 B)数据库管理系统C)数据模型 D)软件工具【命题目的】考查数据库系统的组成。
【解题要点】数据库系统由数据库(数据)、数据库管理系统(及其开发工具)、应用系统、数据库管理员、系统平台之一——硬件平台(硬件)、系统平台之二——软件平台(软件)五部分构成。
数据库管理系统(DataBase Management System,DBMS)是数据库的机构,它是一种系统软件,负责数据库中的数据组织、数据操作、数据维护、控制及保护和数据服务等。
【错解分析】数据库(DataBase,DB)是长期储存在计算机内、有组织的、可共享的大量数据集合。
数据库不是数据库系统的核心。
在数据库中用数据模型这个工具来抽象、表示和处理现实世界中的数据和信息。
通俗地讲数据模型就是现实世界的反映。
软件工具分为软件开发工具、软件维护工具、软件管理与软件支持工具。
这些工具用来辅助软件开发、运行、维护、管理、支持等过程中的活动。
【考点链接】数据、数据库、数据库管理系统的概念。
答案:B)3.数据库系统依靠( )支持数据的独立性。
2011年6月英语四级(CET4)真题

2011年6月英语四级(CET4)真题有限冲击响应滤波器(FIR)算法实验一、实验目的1.掌握用窗函数法设计FIR数字滤波器的原理和方法;2.熟悉线性相位FIR数字滤波器特性;3.了解各种窗函数对滤波特性的影响。
二、实验设备计算机,CCS 3.1 版软件,E300实验箱,DSP仿真器,导线三、实验原理1.有限冲击响应数字滤波器的基础理论;2.模拟滤波器原理(巴特沃斯滤波器、切比雪夫滤波器、贝塞尔滤波器);3.数字滤波器系数的确定方法。
四、实验步骤1.E300底板的开关SW4的第1位置ON,其余置OFF。
其余开关不用具体设置。
2.E300板子上的SW7开关的第1位置OFF,其余位置ON3.阅读本实验所提供的样例子程序;4.运行CCS软件,对样例程序进行跟踪,分析结果;5.填写实验报告。
6.样例程序实验操作说明A.实验前准备用导线连接“Signal expansion Unit”中2号孔接口“SIN”和“A/D单元”的2号孔接口“AD_IN0”。
(实验采用的是外部的AD7887模块)具体的采样数据请参看前面的“AD 实验样例”B.实验1.启动CCS 3.1,Project/Open打开“algorithm\02_fir”子目录下“fir.pjt”工程文件;2.双击“fir.pjt” 及“Source”可查看各源程序;加载“fir.out”;3.单击“Debug\Go main”进入主程序,在主程序最后“flag=0;”处,设置断点,4.单击“Debug \ Run”运行程序,程序将运行至断点处停止;5.用View / Graph / Time/Frequency打开一个图形观察窗口;设置观察图形窗口变量及参数为:采用双踪观察启始地址分别为x和y,长度为1024,这两个数组中分别存放的是经A/D转换后的输入混叠信号(输入信号)和对该信号进行FIR滤波的结果;设置如下:6.单击“Debug \ Animate”运行程序,或按F10运行程序;调整观察窗口并观察滤波结果,记录实验数据及波形;7.单击“Debug \ Halt”暂停程序运行,选择“fir.c”的编辑窗口;8.该程序为201阶FIR低通滤波器算法程序,采用矩形窗函数实现,数组h和xmid长度均为201,fs为采样频率,fstop为滤波器截止频率,可以修改以上参数来改变滤波器性能。
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2011级化工热力学过程考试试题
一、是非题(每题1分,共10分)
1. 绝热可逆过程不一定是恒熵过程。
( )
2. 理想气体等温过程熵不变。
( )
3. 理想气体的焓仅是温度函数,所以理想气体压力改变过程焓不变。
( )
4. 当组分i 为1时,溶液摩尔性质就是纯组分摩尔性质 ( )
5. 混合气体中组分i 等温吉布斯方程为ˆln i i dG RT f =。
( )
6. 若体系不吸收热量,则体系既温度不会发生改变。
( )
7. 功和热是过程函数,内能、焓、熵和Gibbs 自由能是状态函数。
( )
8. 过量性质(超额性质)是对溶液而言的,剩余性质是对气体而言的。
( )
9. 逸度系数是对理想状态压力的修正,活度系数是对理想溶液液相摩尔分数修正。
( )
10. 因为(),,/ln j
E i i T P n nG RT n γ⎡⎤
∂⎢⎥=∂⎢⎥⎣⎦,所以ln E
i G RT γ/是的偏摩尔性质 ( )
二、填空题(每空1分,共20分)
1. 热力学的研究对象总是选择宇宙空间的一部分,这一部分选定的空间即称为系统,其余部分称为环境。
系统可分为 :与环境间无 传递,有 传递;敞开系统:与环境间既有物质传递,又有能量传递;孤立系统:与环境间既无物质传递又无能量传递。
2. 理想气体状态方程为pV=nRT ,那么立方型方程有RK 、PR 、 和 。
3. 用立方型方程求体积时,采用迭代法。
如果所求对象是液体,那么初始值V 0= ;如果所求对象是气体,那么初始值V 0= 。
4. Gibbs-Duhem 方程为 。
5. 剩余焓的数学表达式为 。
6. G E /RT 的数学表达式(用偏摩尔性质表示)为 。
7. 对称归一化活度系数定义的数学表达式为 。
8. 纯组分中逸度系数定义的数学表达式为 。
9. 用摩尔性质来表示二组分体系偏摩尔性质数学表达式 。
10. 用偏摩尔性质来表示摩尔性质的数学表达式 。
11. 单组分体系水相图中三相点平衡自由度数f 为 。
12. 混合物的逸度f = ;混合物逸度系数φ= 。
(要求:必
须用偏摩尔性质来表示)。
13. 活度系数与组成的关联式由溶液混合物的超额自由焓方程导出,表示活度系数模型的方程有Wilson 、NRTL 、ASOG 、UNIQUAC 、UNIFAC 、Margules 和 。
14. Virial 系数B 、C 和D 中,其中B 称作为 ;理想溶液中i γ= 。
三、选择题(每题2分,共10分,错选、少选和多选为零分)
1. 下列表达式是偏摩尔量的是 ( )
{}{}{}{},,,,,,,,A.; B.; C.; D.i t i i i
t t t t i i i T P n S p n T p n T p n S H A G V n n n ≠≠≠≠⎛⎫⎛⎫⎛⎫∂∂∂∂⎡⎤
⎪ ⎪ ⎪
⎢⎥∂∂∂∂⎣⎦⎝⎭⎝⎭⎝⎭ 2. 判断一下哪一个属于化学位的是 ( )
A .,,j i
i i T P n n μ≠⎡⎤∂⎢⎥
∂⎣⎦; B. {},,()t t i i S V n nU n ≠⎡⎤
∂⎢⎥
∂⎣⎦;C. {},,()t i i T V n nA n ≠⎡⎤
∂⎢⎥
∂⎣⎦;D. {},,()t i
i S P n nH n ≠⎡⎤
∂⎢⎥
∂⎣⎦ 3. 已知溶液的x i 和i γ,则溶液超额熵S E 的计算式为: ( ) A .()E ln i i S R x γ=-∑ B .()E ln i i S R x γ=-∑ C .()E ln i i S R x x =-∑ D .()E ln i i S R x γ=-∑
4. 下列关系式哪个适用于理想溶液 ( ) A .E E 0i V H G H ∆==∆=∆= B .i i i i V U G S ∆=∆=∆=∆=0 C .0i i i i V U G S ==== D .E 0S G S G ∆=∆=∆==
5. 混合物的逸度φ与组分逸度ˆi
φ之间的关系是 ( ) A .ˆln ln i i x φφ=∑ B .ˆln ln i φφ=∑ C .ˆln i i x φφ=∑ D .ˆln i i x φφ=∑ 四、简答题(每题5分,共10分)
1. 两个同处于T ,p 下的纯理想气体1、2,等温等压混合组成为y 1和y 2的理想气体混合物。
求混合过程的2
1ln i i i S R y y =∆=-∑
2. 有人提出用下列方程组来表示恒温、恒压下简单二元体系的偏摩尔体积
2
11112
2222
()()V V a b a x bx V V a b a x bx -=+---=+--
式中,V 1和V 2是纯组分的摩尔体积,a ,b 只是T 、p 的函数。
试从热力学角度分析这些方程是否合理?
1. p T
H V V T p T ⎛⎫∂∂⎛⎫
=- ⎪ ⎪∂∂⎝⎭⎝⎭,如果是理想气体,则验证0T H p ⎛⎫∂= ⎪∂⎝⎭。
2. p P p
U V
()C p()T T ∂∂=-∂∂
1. 现将压力为510Pa 和温度为25℃的氮气100 L 压缩到1 L ,其温度为-110℃,试求终了压力。
(查到氮气的有关临界参数为:126.2K, 3.394MPa,c c T p == R-K 方程计算终了压力:
0.5()RT a p V b T V V b =--+,其中2 2.52
2.56
(8.314)(126.2)0.427480.24748 1.5583.394
10c c R T a p ⨯==⨯=⨯, 5
68.314126.2
0.086640.08664 2.68103.39410c c RT b p -⨯==⨯=⨯⨯)
2. 某二元混合物,其逸度表达式为2
11ln f A Bx Cx =+-式中A 、B 、C 为T 、p 的函数,试确定
12ln ln E G /RT γγ、和的相应关系式(均Lewis-Randall 定则为标准态)。
3. 某二元液体混合物在293K 和0.10133MPa 下的焓可用下式表示:
()-1121212J 100150105mol H x x x x x x =+++ x 1,x 2分别为组分1,2的摩尔分数,求: (1) 用x 1表示偏摩尔焓1H 和2H 的表达式; (2) 组分1与2呈纯态时的1H ,2H 的数值;
(3) 组分1与2在无限稀释溶液的偏摩尔焓的1H ∞,2H ∞
的数值。
4. 设有一含20%(摩尔分数)A ,35%B 和45%C 的三元气体混合物。
已知在体系压力6079.5kPa 及348.2K 下混合物中组分A ,B 和C 的逸度系数分别为0.7,0.6和0.9,试计算该混合物的逸度。