立体车库的外文翻译
立体车库英文文献
SYSTEM CONFIGURATION OF INTELLIGENT PARKINGASSISTANT SYSTEMHo Gi Jung*, Chi Gun Choi, Dong Suk Kim, Pal Joo YoonMANDO CorporationZIP 446-901, 413-5, Gomae-Dong, Giheung-Gu, Yongin-Si, Kyonggi-Do, KoreaTel.: +82-31-300-5253E-mail: {hgjung, chigun, greenhupa, pjyoon}@ABSTRACTThis paper describes the configuration of currently developed IPAS (Intelligent Parking Assistant System). IPAS allows driver to designate target position by three complimentary methods: monocular vision based parking slot marking recognition, ultrasonic sensor based parallel parking slot recognition, and drag&drop GUI (Graphical User Interface). IPAS generates an optimal path to reach the designated target position. During parking operations, IPAS estimates ego-vehicle pose using ESP (Electric Stability Program) sensors such as wheel speed sensors, braking pedal switch and steering angle sensor. IPAS automatically controls braking and steering to achieve planned trajectory by sending required actuations to ESP and EPS (Electric Power Steering) via CAN. Furthermore, IPAS informs driver of the on-going parking operation by showing estimated trajectory on the rear view image. Proposed system is validated by vehicle experiments.KEYWORDSIntelligent Parking Assistant System, Driver Assistant SystemINTRODUCTIONSystem ConfigurationOur IPAS consists of six components: target position localization, ego-vehicle pose estimation, path generator & tracker, active braking system, active steering system, and HMI (Human Machine Interface) as depicted in Figure 1. IPAS can implement not only semi-automatic parking assistant system, in which steering operation is automated, but also automatic parking assist system, in which steering and braking operation is automated. Target position localization designates the target position of automatic/semi-automatic parking operation. We developed three complimentary methods: monocular vision based parking slot marking recognition, ultrasonic sensor based parallel parking slot recognition, and drag&drop GUI (Graphical User Interface). Ego-vehicle pose estimation implements Ackerman model based vehicle pose estimation by utilizing various sensors including wheel speed sensors, steering angle sensor, braking pedal switch, and wheel angle sensor. These sensors are attached to ESP(or, ESC) and EPS and report their measurements via CAN. Path generator makes an optimal path to reach the designated target position. Path tracker controls steering and brakingactuation to make the estimated ego-vehicle pose follow the planned path. During parking operation, IPAS shows rear-view image to driver through the HMI and overlaps estimated trajectory on it. Figure 2(a) shows vision and ultrasonic sensor installed on our experimental vehicle. Figure 2(b) shows touch screen based HMI installed at indoor audio-console position.Operation InputMonitoring Output Braking Command Steering CommandFigure 1 – System configuration of MANDO IPASCamera(a) Installed sensors (b) Touch screen based HMIFigure 2 - Experimental setup3D Localization of Target PositionOur 3D localization of target position supports 2 automatic methods and 1 manual method as shown in Figure 3. Monocular vision based parking slot marking recognition designates target position in case of perpendicular parking situation with parking slot markings. Ultrasonic sensor based parallel parking slot recognition designates target position in case of parallelparking situation with both forward and backward vehicle. Once driver gets target position using automatic method, driver can adjust or refine the target position by manual method. Naturally, if automatic target position localization methods are not available, user can designate target position by manual method, i.e. drag&drop concept based GUI. Although there have been researches to detect target position by recognizing 3D information of adjacent vehicles [1][2][3], such kind of methods are supposed to be expensive for the first generation. They are expected to be applied to the next generation IPAS.Figure 3 – State diagram of 3D target position localization MONOCULAR VISION BASED PARKING SLOT MARKING RECOGNITION [4] Monocular vision based parking slot marking recognition uses a monocular CMOS camera installed on the backend of vehicle as shown in Figure 2(a). The vision system uses a wide-angle lens to cover wide FOV (Field Of View). It rectifies input image to compensate the radial distortion of wide-angle lens, and then transforms the undistorted image into bird’s eye view image. Bird’s eye view image is a kind of virtual image taken by a flying bird. Figure 4 shows the example of constructed bird’s eye view image.Seed-pointFigure 4 - Construction procedure of bird’s eye view imageVision system starts recognition procedure from the seed point, which is designated by driver with touch screen. Figure 5(a) shows a line from the seed point to camera position in bird’s eye view image. Figure 5(b) is the intensity profile along the line and Figure 5(c) is the directional intensity gradient along the line. Detecting positive peaks recognizes marking line-segments as shown in Figure 5(c). Figure 5(d) shows recognized marking line-segments. Edge following can reject false marking line-segments and refine the direction of line-segment as show in Figure 5(e). Among the refined line-segments, the line-segment nearest to the camera is recognized as guideline, which is the border between roadway and parking slots. Once guideline is recognized, the projection of seed point to the guideline becomes reference point. By investigating the intensity ratio between on-marking intensity and off-marking intensity, ‘T’-shape junction can be easily detected as shown in Figure 5(g). Consequently, designated parking slot can be recognized as shown in Figure 5(f). Proposed method works well in spite of adjacent vehicles thanks to the fact that it uses only guideline and ‘T’-shape junctions.(a) Reference line (b) Intensity profile (c) Directional gradient(d) Recognized lines (e) Edge following result (f) Recognized guideline(g) Separating line recognition by intensity ratio (f) Recognized parking slotFigure 5 – Parking slot recognition procedureULTRASONIC SENSOR BASED PARALLEL PARKING SLOT RECOGNITION [5]In parallel parking situation, primarily interesting obstacles, i.e. parked vehicles, can be out of camera coverage. Distance measurements, collected during parallel parking preparation driving by ultrasonic sensor, can designate free parking slot. Figure 6(a) shows the collected range data and clustering result. O1 and O2 are object clusters and F1 and F2 are free-space clusters. After the clustering, two end positions of the nearest free-space cluster are extracted: in Figure 6(b), p1 and p2. Adjacent end points of neighboring object clusters, i.e. c1 and c2, provide the outer border of free space, l . Vehicle pose estimator eliminates the effect of relative position with respect to adjacent vehicles. Figure 6(c) shows detected free space, from range data compensated with estimated ego-pose. Figure 6(d) shows the recognized free space in rear-view image.(a) Distance clustering result (b) Corner detection resultX Y X Y 1O 2O 1F 2F Searching directionDetected free space Occupied with other vehicle Vehicle trajectory (c) Detected free space (d) Detection resultFigure 6 – Distance clustering and corner detectionDRAG&DROP HMI BASED TARGET POSITION DESIGNATION [6]Captured scene of parking site is displayed on small touch screen monitor and current target position is displayed. The inside region of rectangular target position is used as a moving cursor. The outside region of rectangular target position is used as a rotating cursor. User can easily designate the target position by the moving and rotating cursor as shown in Figure 7. Manual target designation method has two usages. First, it can refine the target position acquired by automatic target localization methods. Second, it can be used at anytime driver want to manually designate target position without automatic methods.Because manual method is supposed to be inevitable in spite of the development of automatic methods, research focus should be on the improvement of efficiency and convenience. To verify the efficiency of the proposed manual method, we measure the operation time and clicking number, and then compare drag&drop based method with multiple-arrow based method. For garage parking, it is observed that operation time is reduced by 17.6% and clicking number is reduced by 64.2%. For parallel parking, it is observed that operation time is reduced by 29.4% and clicking number is reduced by 75.1% [6].(a) Moving by dragging the inside of rectangle(b) Rotating by dragging the outside of rectangleFigure 7 - Target position rectangle as moving and rotating cursorPATH PLANNING AND TRACKINGAfter the localization of target position, parking controller generates parking path for semi-automatic guidance. Planned path of garage parking situation basically consists of two lines: line extending current vehicle’s rear direction, line extending the central line of target position.A circular segment whose radius is the smallest rotating radius of installed steering system connects the transition part of two lines as depicted by Figure 8(a). Current semi-automatic parking assist system does not consider the multi-turn parking trial situation yet. System checks whether it can track the planned path before the start of parking operation.If the path generation is successful, it is converted from Cartesian coordination to vehicle travel – steering angle space for steering control. Pose estimation uses popular Ackerman (or bicycle) model, assuming that no slip of wheels occurs due to low speed. The reference point of the vehicle motion is assumed to be located at the centre of rear axle. When the system guides vehicle to park, the operation mode of R-EPS changes from normal ‘power assist’ mode to ‘active steering control’ mode. During vehicle progresses to the target position,steering angle is controlled by the R-EPS. Parking controller receives vehicle travel pulse from transmission and steering angle from R-EPS. The steering angle command at the moment is determined by referring to the vehicle travel – steering angle profile. With a serial link such as CAN channel, parking controller sends steering command to R-EPS controller, which performs angular position control. Although longitudinal control of vehicle is driver’s responsibility, visual and acoustic guidance informs the driver of over-speed warning and the completion of parking operation. Hard limitation of vehicle speed can be imposed by ESP active braking control. During parking operation, vehicle trajectory predicted by current steering angle is projected onto rear-view image to inform driver of ongoing parking situation.(a) Path planning method (b) Predicted trajectory on rear-view imageFigure 8 – Path planning and trackingEXPERIMENTAL RESULTTo validate the feasibility of proposed system configuration, we conducted various kinds of vehicle tests. Figure 9(a) image sequence shows the successful garage parking operation and Figure 9(b) image sequence shows the successful parallel parking operation. Figure 9(c) and (d) shows that measured trajectories are almost the same with estimated path in case of garage parking situation and parallel parking situation respectively. Reference means measured trajectory and estimated means the trajectory by estimated vehicle pose.(a) Garage parking example (b) Parallel parking example(c) Measured trajectory of garage parking (d) Measured trajectory of parallel parkingFigure 9 – Vehicle test resultsCONCLUSIONIn this paper, we propose an IPAS system configuration, which incorporates monocular vision based parking slot marking recognition, ultrasonic sensor based free slot detection and drag&drop concept based manual designation method. Through feasibility test, we can find out that proposed configuration enormously enhance driver’s convenience with only small additional cost.REFERENCES[1] Nico Kaempchen, et al. (2002). Stereo vision based pose estimation of parking lots using3D vehicle models. 2002 IEEE Intelligent Vehicle Symposium, V ol. 2, pp. 17-21.[2] K. Fintzel, et al. (2004). 3D parking assistant system. 2004 IEEE Intelligent VehiclesSymposium, pp. 881-886.[3] H. G. Jung, et al. (2006). 3D vision system for the recognition of free parking site location.International Journal of Automotive Technology, V ol. 7, No. 3, pp. 361-367.[4] Ho Gi Jung, et al. (2006). Structure analysis based parking slot marking recognition forsemi-automatic parking system. Joint IAPR International Workshops on Structural, Syntactic Pattern Recognition and Statistical Techniques in Pattern Recognition (S+SSPR 2006).[5] Dong Suk Kim, et al. (2006). Parallel Parking Lot Detection with Long Range UltrasonicSensor, 2006 KSAE Spring Conference, V ol. III, pp. 1621-1626 (in Korean).[6] Ho Gi Jung, et al. (2006). Novel user interface for semi-automatic parking assistantsystem. 2006 FISITA Automotive World Congress.。
立体车库外文翻译
Numerical control technology and equipment trend of developmentThe equipment industry technical level and the modernized degree were deciding the entire national economy level and the modernized degree, the numerical control technology and the equipment are the development emerging high technology and new technology industry and the state-of-art industr y (for example defense industry industries and so on information technology and industry, biological technology and industry, aviation, astronautics) enables the technology and the most basic equipmen t. Marx had said “each kind of economical time difference, does not lie in produces any, but how l ies in produces, with any means of labor production”. The technique of manufacture and the equip ment is the humanity produces active the most basic producer goods, but the numerical control tech nology also is advanced now the technique of manufacture and the equipment most core technology. Now the various countries manufacturing industry widely uses the numerical control technology, sh arpens the manufacturing capacity and the level, enhances to the dynamic changeable market adaptiv eness and competitive ability. In addition in the world various industries developed country also list s as the national strategic resources the numerical control technology and the numerical control equi pment, not only takes the significant measure to develop own numerical control technology and the industry, moreover implements the blockade and the limit policy in “precise and advanced” the n u merical control key technologies and the equipment aspect to our country. In brief, develops vigorou sly take the numerical control technology has become the world each developed country acceleration economy development as the core advanced technique of manufacture, enhances the comprehensive national strength and the national status important way. The numerical control technology is carries on the control with the numerical information to the mechanical movement and the work process t he technology, the numerical control equipment is take the numerical control technology as represent ative's new technology the integration of machinery product which forms to the traditional manufact ure industry and the emerging manufacturing industry seepage, namely so-called digitized equipment, its technical scope cover very many domains: (1) machine manufacture technology; (2) informationprocessing, processing, transmission technology; (3) automatic control technology; (4) servo actuates the technology; (5) sensor technology; (6) software technology and so on. 1 numerical control tech nology trend of development Not only the numerical control technology application has brought the revolutionary change for the traditional manufacturing industry, causes the manufacturing industry to become the industrialization the symbol, moreover along with numerical control technology unceasi ng development and application domain expansion, he to national economy and the people's liveliho od some important professions (IT, automobile, light industry, medical service and so on) developme nt more and more vital role, because these professions must equip the digitization already was the modern development major tendency. The numerical control technology and the equipment developm ent tendency looked from the present world that, its main research hotspot has following several aspect [1~4]. 1.1 high speed, high precision work technology and equipm ent new tendency The efficiency, the quality are the advanced technique of manufacture main bodie s. High speed, the high precision work technology may enhance the efficiency enormously, enhances the product the quality and the scale, reduces the production cycle and sharpens the market compe tition ability. Lists as one of 5 great modern techniques of manufacture for this Japan Tip Technolo gy Research board it, the international production project learns (CIRP) its determination is one of 21st century central research directions. In the passenger vehicle industry domain, yearly produces 3 00,000 production metres was 40/s，moreover the multi-variety processing is one of key questions which the passenger vehicle equipment must solve; In the aviation and the astronavigation industry domain, its processing spare part many for the thin wall and the thin muscle, the rigidity is very b ad, material for aluminum or aluminum alloy, only then in the high cutting speed and the cutting f orce very small situation, can to these muscles, the wall carry on the processing. Recently uses the large-scale overall aluminum alloy semifin ished materials “pull out spatially” the method to make t he wing, the fuselage and so on the large-scale components substitutes many components through th e multitudinous rivets, the bolt and other joint way assembling, causes the component the intensity,the rigidity and the reliability obtains the enhancement. These all to processed the equipment to pro pose high speed, Gao Jing and the high flexible request. Unfolds from EMO2001 meets the situatio n to look that, processes the center feed rate to be possible high speed to reach 80m/min, even hig her, the aerial transport stroke speed may reach 100m/About min. At present in the world many aut omotive factories, including our country's Shanghai General Motors, already used by the high speed processing center composition production line part substitution aggregate machine-tool. American CI NCINNATI Corporation's HyperMach engine bed feed rate reaches 60m/most greatlymin, fast is 100 m/min, the acceleration reaches 2g, the main axle rotational speed has reached 60 000r/min. Process es a thin wall airplane part, only uses 30min, but the same components need 3h in the common hi gh speed milling machine processing, needs 8h in the plain milling machine processing; The Germa n DMG Corporation's double main axle lathe main axle speed and the acceleration respectively reac h 12*! 000r/mm 和1g。
立体停车库国外文献
Multi-lifting and transferring parking control systemAbstract: Describes a multi-storey parking lifting and transferring the operation principle and structure characteristics, describes the composition of the control system, PLC control of the implementation and control software design, implementation of the automatic parking controlCurrent common mechanical parking there lifting and transferring, vertical circular, multi-layer circular, horizontal circular, flat mobile, laneway, vertical lifting type and 8 simple movements, lifting and transferring them Class of its simple structure, easy operation, safe and reliable, and low cost advantages of market share in the domestic garage 83% market share. Programmable Logic Controller (PLC) set of computer technology, automation technology, communication technology as a whole, reliability, cost-effective, compact design, good scalability, easy to operate, so the automatic parking system, usually as an electronic control core. For larger systems, can also use the industrial field bus (Profibus or Devicenet) constitute the PLC network, and automatic control. Structural features: pan bottom only, top only lift, but also lifting the middle layer can shift. In addition to the top, the middle layer and the bottom have to be an empty parking spaces reserved for use in and out of vehicle movements. When the bottom and out of car parking spaces, no other carrier can move directly out of car; the middle layer, top and out of car, one should first determine whether the location corresponding to the bottom of the empty, not empty pan to make the appropriate treatment, until the bottom can be conducted for the empty car moves down and out, up and out of cars and then back to the original position. General principles of motion are: lifting reset, translation is not reset. Figure 1 is a 3x3 sport lifting and transferring parking schematic. Underground layout, semi-ground structure of semi-underground garage layout is similar.1 garage operation principle of lifting and transferringLifting and transferring parking spaces for 2-dimensional matrix structure can be designed for multi-layer, multi-column. Closed chain devices and due to time constraints and out of cars, usually 2 to 4 layers (the state of up to 4 layers) to 2, 3 layer in the majority, according to the number of parking garage the size of the decision. Garage located on the ground, can also be located in the ground, or half of the set in half in the ground floor. The specifications of steel frames at a certain combination of sub-grid unit can be vertically extended, sub-centralized control, but also horizontally parallel, sub-row alone control. Combination of different forms of the garage layout can be adapted to the needs of different site conditions, configuration is very flexible. Is a typical garage floor 3x3 lifting and transferring to illustrate the operation principle of the garage.Lifting and transferring parking generated by the shift tray vertical channel, to achieve high-level access to vehicles, parking lift, all the logical process control by PLC. Layout of the lifting and above ground parking structure features: the bottom can only pan, lifting the top only, but also lifting the middlelayer can shift. In addition to the top, the middle layer and the bottom must be an empty parking spaces reserved for use in and out of vehicle movements. When the bottom and out of car parking spaces, no other carrier can move directly out of car; the middle layer, top and out of car, one should first determine whether the location corresponding to the bottom of the empty, not empty pan to make the appropriate treatment, until the bottom can be conducted for the empty car moves down and out, up and out of cars and then back to the original position. General principles of motion are: lifting reset, translation is not reset.2 parking control system design2.1 The composition of the control systemParking control system with a computer monitoring system and lower machine PLC control system, the system block diagram in Figure 2. Monitoring system consists of "superior machine or network bus (optional) + PC + PLC ten on-site operator" constitutes, to the core PC, equipped with printers, audio equipment, cash registers, monitors and so on. Higher bus control machine or network, the operation, touch screen, IC card, magnetic card machines are optional parts for the further development of content, according to the actual situation in the garage size and reasonable choice. For example, modular garage more than 3x3, we can use a garage of a PLC control unit PLC together constitute more than the structure of local area network. If the size of the garage is large enough, you can also consider the equipment operation, touch screen and the IC card, magnetic card machine intelligent automatic control.Garage is divided into three control - manual, semi-automatic and fully automatic. Manual operator in the field by hand to jog each pallet control; semi-automatic PLC control panel for operating the buttons automatically by the PLC logic control; automatic access to the command given by the computer implementation of the PLC (with the requirements of "operator"). Mainly used for maintenance of manually debugging or exception handling, is the highest priority; semi-automatic or automatic mode for normal processing and out of vehicles, including semi-automatic mode takes precedence over automatic. In the case of the computer offline, PLC control panel to complete all the access to truck operators.2.2 PLC control system designPLC control system is the core of the garage, its operation can be divided into three categories: (1) diagnosis and treatment based operation; (2) Contact data on the state vo-site operation; (3) the implementation of programs and services and external users equipment, command operations. When the access operation, PLC receive and analyze the operator in the control panel button (or PC) input instructions, the IPC to make reasonable arrangements: to determine the status of detection devices, mechanical drive part of the garage read the information, feedback to the implementation of components, drag parking board to achieve its position of movement, access to complete vehicle operation and signal display (LED). The action area with light, power detectionand multiple safety systems to prevent exceptions from happening. By photoelectric detection, hardware and software signal interlocking, limit, anti-fall protection, overload protection device to ensure the security of the system running smoothly.The completion of the main PLC system tray, pallet location and operating status of the detection and access to vehicle operation. With a variety of optical switches, limit switch detection position of the state, with the contactor, relay control drag from the motor stops.That control the operation of the parking spaces sliding down a small motor and large motor, so that they achieve reversing at different times. And lift the upper layers of the sliding action and the following actions must be interlocked, that is, when the upper berth down, the following layers of berths can not be moved, and vice versa. And the upper berth only one berth for each lifting movement up and down.In order to ensure reliable and secure access to vehicles, the system should be precise positioning. Limit switch can be set to ensure that the pallet and the pallet level to the desired location to move up or down to the exact location, but to strictly limit switch interlock logic. For example, 1, 2 level limit switch in the static case, only one is broken, if the switch is closed more than 2 means that the pallet is not in place. Still in the garage, all should be fixed pallet off the hook signal (negative logic), limit switches off Layer 2 and 3 layer limit position switch is closed.To ensure the operation of loading the safety board, the insurance must be taken to drive the design and safety self-locking linked insurance design: chain drive with brake motor, no matter what happens, are in a state of self-protection; control security linked to the solenoid action must have a feedback signal, can be used to indicate whether the link has hung the tray. Photoelectric switches arranged in different positions have different functions: the bottom of the tray installed around two sides of the photoelectric switch detects whether the tray in place on the car park; placed in the tray on the diagonal of the photoelectric switch detects whether the car on a pallet; installed in parking the vehicle population of about 2 at the side of the optical switch can also be used to detect movement and parking spaces outside the errors that occur when moving abnormal situation. In case the vehicle is not well arranged, the action area are people or things, like running a car entered in unexpected circumstances such as optical switches light is cover, will give a level change in PLC signal, thus changing the PLC's input, buzzer long tone and the alarm device does not run or stop running.Also used in the garage of some sensors, smoke temperature sensor to detect the alarm off Sheng Songsheng or broken chain displacement sensors, and warning devices, emergency stop switch, the manual button, reset switch.2.3 PLC control system programming(1) control program flow chartThe vehicle control system access only to the upper (2,3, 4-layer) parkingspaces, and for the lower parking spaces, access can be opened directly into the car. Control software using the ladder language. Program flow shown in Figure 4, a description is to rely on the tray with rope or chain hanging points on the tray hanging bracket, in the stationary state, fall protection (security) hooks to hook the tray, the tray to fall, must be first increased to the highest point, remove the safety hook can be decreased.And out of different layers in the design process was used for the car, "convergence of parallel branch and" technique, the so-called parallel branches of each branch of the process refers to the simultaneous implementation of all actions to be after the end of the process, according to the corresponding execution condition, the convergence state action. Ie If you select Layer 3 tray out of vehicles, can make the floor while the second floor pan (left or right), so the system can automatically control the sequence of movement between processing equipment interlock or double output, and test control system convenient operation and fault checking can save a lot of time and improve efficiency.(2) control program optimizationBecause the movements of the upper tray to empty parking spaces to the lower before it can be to 3 floors above ground parking spaces movement, for example, a layer of empty parking spaces there are N kinds of positions, 2 layer tray down the movements of a related species N2, 3 tier tray The movement pattern may have N3 species, along with parking spaces and increase, the sharp expansion of the program will, therefore, how to find the easy way to make the program will be optimized programming of the system difficult. To layer 2, for example, stored in the variable knife overcast layer 2 needs to access the parking spaces, 1 of a N, such as the upper X (1 ≤ X ≤ N) No parking access, then Dm = X; in Dn in No storage of the lower air spaces, such as parking space number Y, then Dn = Y; making access to the vehicles, the Dm and Dn values in comparison, the result is zero, the upper spaces of the tray can move down; If the result is greater than zero, then the first empty parking spaces on the right to move the first one pallet space on the left, then repeat the process until the empty parking spaces in the upper below the required access, the parking spaces on the upper tray to the lifting movement . Process of optimizing the structure shown in Figure 5.3 access layer and 4 layers approach the car and 2 layers similar.(3) modular programmingPLC programming control program is modular forms, parking only during the operation of subroutine modules, which greatly reduces the complexity of the program to facilitate the process of change, and the expansion of parking spaces provided for the convenience. The entire process including the main program module, manual key subroutine modules, emergency stop button subroutine modules, initialization program modules, program modules to access the assignment number of parking spaces, parking space number and mobile number of parking spaces assigned program modules, programmodules tray translational motion , photoelectric switch subroutine modules, pallet lifting exercise program modules and the fault alarm subroutine modules.(4) software design in the treatment of several key issuesProgram with the state components, timers, and data memory are used with power-down protection components, power down when the system components to maintain the status before power off to save the site information, to be completed after power is interrupted to the action; when Accident occurs, press the emergency stop button to abort the operation of the system and save the scene breakpoint information; when there is an electrical or mechanical failure, such as motor overload, overheating the automatic stay system operation, concurrent sound and light alarm, and the system transferred Manually for troubleshooting.3 ConclusionLifting and transferring parking control system using PLC control, so that the whole control system reliability greatly improved, especially when the series more parking spaces, they can realize the automatic allocation of parking spaces to meet the garage control functions and performance requirements, complete achieve automatic control and out of the car. Design optimization software, the expansion makes the system more convenient parking spaces; the same time, the software design uses a "parallel branching and merging" skills, greatly reducing the time and out of cars and improve work efficiency. If the second development, increase communication module can be achieved only with the host computer communication, modern management by computer.。
立体仓库中英文对照外文翻译文献
立体仓库中英文对照外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)由一个单一的存储/检索机服务的多巷道自动化立体仓库存在的拣选分拣问题摘要随着现代化科技的发展，仓库式存储系统在设计与运行方面出现了巨大的改革。
自动化立体仓库（AS / RS）嵌入计算机驱动正变得越来越普遍。
由于AS / RS 使用的增加对计算机控制的需要与支持也在提高。
这项研究解决了在多巷道立体仓库的拣选问题，在这种存储/检索（S / R）操作中，每种货物可以在多个存储位置被寻址到。
提出运算方法的目标是，通过S/R系统拣选货物来最大限度的减少行程时间。
我们开发的遗传式和启发式算法，以及通过比较从大量的问题中得到一个最佳的解决方案。
关键词：自动化立体仓库，AS / RS系统，拣选，遗传算法。
1.言在现今的生产环境中，库存等级保持低于过去。
那是因为这种较小的存储系统不仅降低库存量还增加了拣选货物的速度。
自动化立体仓库（AS / RS），一方面通过提供快速响应，来达到高操作效率；另一方面它还有助于运作方面的系统响应时间，减少的拣选完成的总行程时间。
因此，它常被用于制造业、储存仓库和分配设备等行业中。
拣选是仓库检索功能的基本组成部分。
它的主要目的是，在预先指定的地点中选择适当数量的货物以满足客户拣选要求。
虽然拣选操作仅仅是物体在仓储中装卸操作之一，但它却是“最耗时间和花费最大的仓储功能。
许多情形下，仓储盈利的高低就在于是否能将拣选操作运行处理好”。
（Bozer和White）Ratliff和Rosenthal，他们关于自动化立体仓库系统（AS/RS）的拣选问题进行的研究，发明了基图算法，在阶梯式布局中选取最短的访问路径。
Roodbergen 和de Koster 拓展了Ratliff 和Rosenthal算法。
他们认为，在平行巷道拣选问题上，应该穿越巷道末端和中间端进行拣选，就此他们发明了一种动态的规划算法解决这问题。
就此Van den Berg 和Gademann发明了一种运输模型(TP)，它是对于指定的存储和卸载进行测算的仪器。
全球最具创意的立体车库(机械车库)
全球最具创意的立体车库（机械车库）摘要：随着城市规模的扩大和运输技术的进步，车库的角色显得尤为重要。
于是越来越多有趣、独具创意的车库慢慢地呈现在我们面前。
车库往往是建筑后期才会考虑的事情。
他们往往宽大而偏重实用性，只为车辆提供必要的停放空间而不过多考虑审美需要。
它也是开发商不愿花费成本，却又无法回避的一个部分，然而，随着城市规模的扩大和运输技术的进步，车库的角色和作用必须重新定义。
德国沃尔夫斯堡大众汽车城的“汽车筒仓”大众汽车公司以汽车为主题的游乐园——大众汽车城(Autostadt)，包括一个汽车博物馆，驾驶演习场，供参观的汽车工厂和这两座20层的立体车库——“汽车筒仓”。
欧洲的大众汽车买家可以直接从车库里选择喜欢的汽车，而不需要再通过汽车经销商，自动化系统可以保证顾客拿到的是里程表为零的新车。
在结束一天的公园游完之后，中央机械塔臂会从汽车“蜂巢”中取出汽车，送到顾客面前。
美迈阿密林肯路1111号继2008年北京奥运会标志性的鸟巢体育场之后，瑞士赫尔佐格和德梅隆设计事务所设计了这个同样具有雕塑感的迈阿密海滩停车库，耗资7000万美元。
作为行人长廊的补充，这座“雕塑车库”在一个混凝土-玻璃结构中结合了300个车位的车库，零售商店和一个顶层海景餐厅。
车库的每一层都利用了自然光线，而且能够一览迈阿密优美的天际线。
日本东京“海萤”：浮在水面的车库建在人工岛上的“海萤”车库是东京的旅游景点之一。
这里可以一览东京的全景，是日本最长海底隧道东京湾的一个休息站，历时30年耗资112亿美元修建而成。
“海萤”车库被设计成一艘游艇的形状，并且集多种便利设施于一身——商店，咖啡馆以及公共艺术区。
很多人到这里来并不是要过隧道，而是被这里的美景和便利的设施所吸引。
澳大利亚墨尔本尤里卡车库平面设计师阿克塞尔·皮莫勒尔使用三维粉笔画，为墨尔本的最高建筑——尤里卡大厦营造了一个创意停车空间。
近看时，这间车库的指示牌看起来扭曲且奇怪。
立体车库自动控制系统设计--中英文翻译
Parking control systemsThe iti:tinstrea m ct mtidem large-scale cunsii‘u c tion of intelligent bu i Jcl ings and district, so automation equipment or parking garage will the intelligent bu i l di rig control system and an integral parr of the plot. Simple, rapid, con venient, safe and reliable, l css maintcnancc, provide uscrs with a safe, easy to use environment, which is automated parking equipment, basic characteristics. Parking facilities foi all operating conditions. vehicle parking time, vehicle storagc Paying situation. garage storage capacity, vehicles, sioiage o:I high and low peak condition. and other in i o i Citation can be transmitted to the intel ligen i net vvt›i k control center. c‹›ntr‹›l center operations through the intelligent processing , anal the broadcasting system and the division management u i l ice linked to earl y i e lease related to the cone ml, management information, which all intelligent management. Intelligent biiil dings and district through the control center can also be associated with social netwoi kin g functions, will collect the information rclcascd or comc out to expand thc garagc ot social efficiency and economic benefits. This will be the development direction of automated garage.Automated parking control system mnin l y consists of the following tive subsystems: automatic chittging man iigeroeni system, automatic vehicle access system, remote diagnosis system. automatic aiitoinat ie barrier, monitoring security systems.management can be planned form, publish garage storage capacity, ii affic control prugritm.1. A utomatic charging management systcmAutomatic toll collection by non—contact IC card. IC Card points of two 1ong-lcn i card and sf orcd-va1uc card. The user, issue long-tcrm card use t‹z cs can be paid mannpemeni fees to pay.2, Aiiit›mali c access to vehicle systemsCnr access system, generally by the MCU control, including the card tin rnber rind。
立体车库外文-Three-dimensional garage
译文原文题目：Three-dimensional garage 译文题目：立体车库学院：电子信息学院专业班级：测控技术与仪器09级2班学生姓名：学号：原文：Three-dimensional garage1.A three-dimensional outlines garage ：Vehicles parked nowhere is the problem of the urban social, economic and transport development to a certain extent the result, Garage Equipment development in foreign countries, especially in Japan nearly 30-40 years. whether technically or in terms of experience had been a success. China is also in the beginning of the 1990s developed mechanical parking equipment, which was 10 years in the past. As many new households within the district and the parking ratio of 1:1. To address the size of parking spaces for tenants and business areas contradictions 3D mechanical parking equipment with an average size of a small motorcycle's unique characteristics, the majority of users have been accepted. Machinery garage with the traditional natural underground garage, in many respects to demonstrate its superiority. First, the mechanical garage with a prominent section of superiority. Past due to the underground garage must elapse enough lanes, the average car will occupy an area of 40 square meters, If the use of double-mechanical garage, which would enable ground to improve the utilization rate of around 80% to 90%, If using ground multi-storey (21 storeys), three-dimensional garage, 50 square meters of land area will be placed on the 40 cars, which can greatly save the limited land resources, Civil and save development costs.Mechanical garage and underground garage can be more effective than to ensure personal and vehicle safety in the garage or car kept prospective location, the entire electronic control equipment would not operate. It should be said that the mechanical garage from the management can do a thorough separation of people and vehicles.In the underground garage using mechanical parking, but also can remove the heating, ventilation, therefore, Operation of the power consumption than workers in the management of underground garage is much lower. Machinery sets are usually not in the garage, but a single from the packaging. This will give full play to its smallspace, the advantages of decentralized, Each of the residential areas or groups downstairs to make a complete circuit can be set up random mechanical parking building. This garage right now the district to solve the shortage of parking difficulty in providing convenient conditions.Currently, three-dimensional garage mainly in the following forms : lifting and transferring, tunnel-stacker, vertical-type, Vertical circulation, box-level cycle, the level of circulating round.(1) lifting and transferringLifting and transferring Garage modular design, each module can be designed into two, three, four levels, the five-story, semi-submerged in various forms, such as the number of parking spaces from a few to hundreds. This applies three-dimensional garage on the ground and underground car parks, configuration flexibility and low cost.1. Product features :1) save land, the configuration flexibility, shorter construction period.2) low prices, firefighting and exterior decoration, with a total investment on small foundations.3) use automatic control, simple structure, safe and reliable.4) access to a quick, short waiting times.5) Run a smooth, low noise.6) applies to commercial, offices, residential quarters supporting the use of car parks.2. Safety devices : anti-dropping device, a photoelectric sensor, spacing protectors, emergency stop switch.(2) - Roadway StackerAisle stacking garage used as a stacking machine tool access vehicles, All vehicles are stacking machine access, so the Stacker higher technical requirements, single stacker higher costs So aisle stacking apply to the parking garage needs a few more customers.(3) vertical GarageVertical Garage Elevator similar to the principle that both sides of the hoist layoutspaces. generally need a ground vehicle rotary tables can be saved by the driver away. Vertical Garage generally higher high (tens of meters), safety equipment, Installation precision machining requirements are very high, high cost, but has the smallest area.(4) Vertical cycleProduct features :1) covers an area of small, two berths area can stop 6-10 vehicles.2) The decoration can be added only roof, fire hydrants available.3) low prices, foundation, external decoration, fire and other small investment, short construction periods.4) use automatic control, safe and reliable operation.2.three-dimensional garage automatic control system :Large modern architectural mainstream intelligent buildings and residential communities. So auto-parking garage equipment or automatic control system will become intelligent buildings and residential communities an important component of pm. Simple, fast, easy to use, safe, reliable, and less maintenance, to provide users with a safe, easy to use environment, This is auto-parking feature of the basic equipment. All parking equipment operating conditions, vehicles parked in time, vehicle storage Malaysia, garage storage capacity. Vehicles kept high and low peaks, and other information can be transmitted through the network of intelligent control center through intelligent control center operator, and the broadcasting system and the management office of the Division linked related to early release control, management information, thus achieving all the intelligent management. Building and the Community through the intelligent control of the center could also associated with social networking functions. Information released to the collection coming out or expand utilization of the garage social and economic benefits. This will be the automation of the development direction of the garage.Solid Garage automation control system include the following five major subsystems : automatic toll collection management system automatic access systems for remote diagnosis system, automatic Gate, control security system.Subsystems are more unified control of the central control room, for customers planning Garage form of management, Published garage inventory capacity, traffic control program.(1) Automatic Toll Management SystemAutomatic charging non-contact IC cards. IC cards with the long-card two. For fixed users, the issue of long-term cards, the cost of fixed users pay management fees paid together; On the temporary users, issue stored-value cards, namely : the user fees paid cards exist within each parking card reader automatically deducted from the cost.(2) Automatic vehicle access systemAutomatic vehicle access system generally small PLC control. including the identification card number and mobile disc contains two cars process. Users enter the garage at the entrance to Swiping cards, reader data automatically transmitted to the PLC control system, PLC system through the judgment card number and automatically set the corresponding site mobile trucks and vehicles to the handover location, the garage door opened, shorten the time access to cars. Cun truck drivers light signals in accordance with the guidelines created only when vehicles parked in a safe location, Parking will be normal light-Kai. Access car after the completion of the garage doors shut down automatically. Mobile site contains car, the system in strict accordance with the various signal detection mobile state, including long signal detection, Detection in place, the position detection limit, officers hit detection, emergency stop signal detection. If cars are running plate is not in place or vehicle length in excess of the permitted length of the garage, all vehicles disc will contain no action, If detected emergency stop signal to stop all action until the emergency stop signal disappeared. Above signals are hardware signals, in addition, the software can also be installed to control signal protection, such as the protection of the time, to ensure that the damage due to hardware failure to signal equipment and the main guarantee for the safety of vehicles.(3) remote diagnosis systemControllers can spot card, hubs and other network equipment and control center connected to the LAN, MODEN through remote management, monitoring theoperation of the scene, when the scene failure, in the control center can be addressed to facilitate the management, e-office security personnel.(4) Automatic GateIn the garage entrance of the no-contact reader, and the Gate of coil users in the garage entrances Swiping cards, the system automatically discriminant validity of the card, if valid, the Gate open automatically, through induction coils, Automatic self-closing fence; If invalid, the Gate is not open, and sound and light alarm.(5) monitoring security systemMonitoring security system is in the central control room for monitoring and controlling the operation of the garage scene conditions. It has motion detection, license plate recognition, network connections, different types of alarm systems linkage, and other functions, can be achieved unguarded.System :Video monitoring function : the garage entrances, and the duty, the main segments within the garage installation focusing cameras, On the larger spaces installation spherical platforms, in order to achieve all-round garage on real-time monitoring. If the garage light conditions of the poor would use black-and-white cameras.Motion Detection functions : setting up the night in the garage of motion detection region, detecting when there are a moving target, Motion Detection and Alarm function remind staffs.LPR functions : it can set up the garage light vehicle license plates, vehicle. When the light vehicles entering the garage regional surveillance, the system automatically cross-referenced with images of a very odd situation, issued a warning signal, and automatic switching and record their images.Alarm linkage functions : all can move even the police mainframe, If activated Relay acousto-optic warning issued notice of security personnel to voluntarily disarm Gate interception of vehicular access.Digital video functions : it with a continuous record of what happened in the garage, can be synchronized intervals over images arbitrary choice of the overall image toenlarge and local amplification, recording, playback, backup can be conducted all kinds of information.Reportedly, has begun an increasing number of residential quarters began to use a mechanical garage. Taking into account the cost and maintenance, the majority of the district is a multi-storey lifting and transferring parking equipment, mass storage mechanical garage also rarely. Lifting and transferring Garage Equipment parking flow indicate the following :1) The sense of light yellow instructions garage operation.Red lamp was ongoing operating instructions, please wait; Green light is currently no operating instructions, can operate; yellow light instructions were to fail, the garage can not work.2) Stores in operationDrivers of vehicles entering from the garage entrance. At the entrance of non-contact sensors Reader former regional shaken following their IC cards, induction process completed, the fence automatically rises driver drove into the garage. Vehicles, fencing to shut down automatically. Card is the controller to read spaces, corresponding to the parking garage containing cars moved to the site automatically transfer vehicle location, Automatic garage door open units. Car drivers entering and parking in place, Latin hand brake, alighted out of the garage, using IC cards in the garage exit Huang about IC cards Garage door modules to shut down automatically. Completed deposit truck operators.3) the operatorDrivers entering the garage at the entrance to the non-contact sensors Reader former regional shaken following their IC cards Controller automatically read spaces, corresponding to the parking garage containing cars moved to the site automatically transfer vehicle location, Automatic garage door open modules, drivers entering the garage and drive out, in the garage exit of the automatic reader before induction regional dazzle your own IC cards, sensors finished, the reader receive information, Host controller automatically recorded, prepaid, automatically raising the fence, the driver drove the playing field, appeared after fencing to shut down automatically.Meanwhile, Controller automatically read spaces, corresponding to the garage door unit shut down automatically. Vehicle operation finished.Garage in the course of operation, a complete self-protection devices. A series of photoelectric switches, proximity switches, trip switches and other vehicles on site contains accurate operation in place to play a decisive role; Falling unique defense installations, broken rope warning device, speeding vehicle protection device to protect the security role played. Detection of long vehicles, vehicle parking is not in place detection, and personnel into a detection signal of vehicles and the safety play a decisive role.Garage is a hot topic in large and medium-sized cities. State Economic and Trade Commission, "city Solid Garage" as "the recent focus on the development of technology industries." With the continuous increase in domestic cars, trucks contradictions exist in public places and communities, the problem will become increasingly conspicuous green vehicles crowded. in the awareness of the environment and enhance the quality of life when the "garage" is becoming a hot topic. Automated machinery garage will be in the development of new developments and commercial agents.译文：立体车库车辆无处停放的问题是城市的社会、经济和交通发展到一定程度的结果，车库设备在国外发展，尤其是在日本近30—40年。
立体仓库中英文对照外文翻译文献
立体仓库中英文对照外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)由一个单一的存储/检索机服务的多巷道自动化立体仓库存在的拣选分拣问题摘要随着现代化科技的发展，仓库式存储系统在设计与运行方面出现了巨大的改革。
自动化立体仓库（AS / RS）嵌入计算机驱动正变得越来越普遍。
由于AS / RS 使用的增加对计算机控制的需要与支持也在提高。
这项研究解决了在多巷道立体仓库的拣选问题，在这种存储/检索（S / R）操作中，每种货物可以在多个存储位置被寻址到。
提出运算方法的目标是，通过S/R系统拣选货物来最大限度的减少行程时间。
我们开发的遗传式和启发式算法，以及通过比较从大量的问题中得到一个最佳的解决方案。
关键词：自动化立体仓库，AS / RS系统，拣选，遗传算法。
1.言在现今的生产环境中，库存等级保持低于过去。
那是因为这种较小的存储系统不仅降低库存量还增加了拣选货物的速度。
自动化立体仓库（AS / RS），一方面通过提供快速响应，来达到高操作效率；另一方面它还有助于运作方面的系统响应时间，减少的拣选完成的总行程时间。
因此，它常被用于制造业、储存仓库和分配设备等行业中。
拣选是仓库检索功能的基本组成部分。
它的主要目的是，在预先指定的地点中选择适当数量的货物以满足客户拣选要求。
虽然拣选操作仅仅是物体在仓储中装卸操作之一，但它却是“最耗时间和花费最大的仓储功能。
许多情形下，仓储盈利的高低就在于是否能将拣选操作运行处理好”。
（Bozer和White）Ratliff和Rosenthal，他们关于自动化立体仓库系统（AS/RS）的拣选问题进行的研究，发明了基图算法，在阶梯式布局中选取最短的访问路径。
Roodbergen 和de Koster 拓展了Ratliff 和Rosenthal算法。
他们认为，在平行巷道拣选问题上，应该穿越巷道末端和中间端进行拣选，就此他们发明了一种动态的规划算法解决这问题。
就此Van den Berg 和Gademann发明了一种运输模型(TP)，它是对于指定的存储和卸载进行测算的仪器。
毕业设计外文资料翻译--立体机械车库类型、应用及智能化
附件1：外文资料翻译译文立体机械车库类型、应用及智能化当今车辆无处停放的问题是城市的社会、经济、交通发展到一定程度产生的结果，立体停车设备的发展在国外，尤其在日本已有近30-40年的历史，无论在技术上还是在经验上均已获得了成功，我国也于90年代初开始研究开发机械立体停车设备，距今已有十年的历程。
由于很多新建小区内住户与车位的配比为1：1，为了解决停车位占地面积与住户商用面积的矛盾，立体机械停车设备以其平均单车占地面积小的独特性，已被广大用户接受。
目前，立体车库主要有以下几种形式：升降横移式、巷道堆垛式、平面移动式、垂直升降式、垂直循环式、箱型水平循环式、圆形水平循环式。
（一）升降横移式升降横移式立体车库采用模块化设计，每单元可设计成两层、三层、四层、五层、半地下等多种形式，车位数从几个到上百个，此立体车库适用于地面及地下停车场，配置灵活，造价低。
1.产品特点：1）节省占地，配置灵活，建设周期短。
2）价格低，消防、外装修、土建地基等投资少。
3）可采用自动控制，构造简单，安全可靠。
4）存取车迅速，等候时间短。
5）运行平稳，工作噪声低。
6）适用于商业、机关、住宅小区配套停车场的使用。
2.安全装置：防坠装置，光电传感器、限位保护器、急停开关等。
（二）巷道堆垛式巷道堆垛式立体车库采用堆垛机作为存取车辆的工具，所有车辆均由堆垛机进行存取，因此，对堆垛机的技术要求较高，单台堆垛机成本较高，所以巷道堆垛式立体车库适用于车位数需要较多的客户使用。
（三）垂直升降式立体车库垂直升降式立体车库类似于电梯的工作原理，在提升机的两侧布置车位，一般地面需一个汽车旋转台，可省去司机掉头。
垂直提升式立体车库一般高度较高（几十米），对设备的安全性，加工安装精度等要求都很高，因此造价较高，但占地却最小。
（四）垂直循环式产品特点：1）占地少，两个泊位面积可停6-10辆车。
2）外装修可只加顶棚，消防可利用消防栓。
3）价格低，地基、外装修、消防等投资少，建设周期短。
(完整word版)升降横移立体车库英文文献原文
Status of the development of solid garageStereo garage is the storage which is used for automatic parking and scientific storage of kinds of automobile. As the quantity of urban automobile has increased continuously in nowadays ,the hard-to-park problem has become a common phenomenon. Mechanical stereo garage can use land resource sufficiently and bring space advantage into play and maximize the number of parking cars. It has become an important way for static traffic problem of cities. The issue studies the type mechanical parking system which named up-down and translation stereo garage, and regards of the two factors of manufacture and operational efficiency synthetically.On the basis of investigation on current situation and developing trend of garage in domestic and abroad, we choose three-layer and three-formulistic garage structure as the research model. According to the form of the dragging-forms of multi player up-down and translation ear-base, it is made of three pares -part of ear-base structure part of driving-framework and part of control system. The paper simply introduces main structure and characteristics of garage and also gives a short introduction to its control system. The finite element reliability checking of steel structure of garage is utilized according to the operation principle of up-down and translation stereo garage, the mechanics was used to comprehensively analyze the up-down and translation stereo garage the mechanics was used to comprehensively analyze the up-down and translation stereo garage. Including intension of the framework structure axes etc. The paper adopted PLC as control system in designing the up-down and translation stereo garage, PLC software of OMRON company was used to weave the program of control system, through debugging running. The result proved that adopted PLC as control system is simple and easy to realize. The characteristic of stabilization ,credibility , speediness and high capability made the control system very perfection of mechanical parking systems-general safety requirement and the facts of the up-down and translation stereo garage the paper introduced some safety technique which was used in the up-down and translation stereo garage. This can ensure absolute safety for car and make the whole stereo garage safety and running smooth .On the base of the project "Optimal design of the mechanisms in the stereoscopic garage"，some mechanisms in the lift park garage has been designed optimally. At the first, we established the running mode and the structure of the mechanisms adapted to the running mode. And then, we chose the immobile comb as the parking space andthe steel structure framework as support, the optimal design on the two mechanisms was carried through. The optimal design on the immobile comb and the steel structure framework was carried through with augmented multipliers method. At the end, the result of the optimal design is that the immobile comb will be more reasonable and decreased the whole weight of the garage and the load of the steel structure framework, and the weight of the steel structure framework become more light.With the rapid development of shanghai ,the settlement of the difficult of parking of shanghai has already reached the very urgent stage. In the city center where every inch of land is precious ,especially the area which such vehicles as the hotel ,market ,shopping center location ,etc. Dr.eye.concentrate ,can only develop to the sky ,to underground ,so has built and already to a great deal of three-dimensional garage parking reached the essential stage ,at the same time there are many advantages too in the three-dimensional garage parking.First ,economize the space. Generally speaking ,its floor space is about 1/2~1/25 of the level parking area ,machinery type "three-dimensional" .The garage can both be installed with ground underground ,the greatest advantage can fully utilize the small area to develop to the high altitude, try one's best to store more vehicles ,the place that the land resource in short supply ,the vehicle is big in capacity to park in the way best. For example ,are most suitable for using "vertical circulation" on the limited residential quarter ground on the space three-dimensional garage of the type. 8 storey s of every groups of this kind of garage ,that is to say ,only parked the three-dimensional garage built up on the area of a car and park 8 cars originally.Second ,automation is controlled ,easy to use. The three-dimensional automatic degree of garage parking is very high ,can hoist or lower the rotatory type ,for example ,district residents come off duty and park ,so long as according to the number that the brass-wind instrument is corresponding with the parking stall ,this parking stall will be rotated and landed to the ground ,after the car owner parks the good vehicle ,and then according to the number ,the parking stall circles round and rises ,restored to the throne again. From a complete set and install the intellectual administrative system of the parking area after installing the large-scale underground parking of the three-dimensional garage ,go on one on duty to manage hour through professional staff member of technical training.Third ,three-dimensional garage build cost lower than the traditional parking area greatly. It is reported, the occupation of land and building cost in the traditional parking area is quite high. Do not generally get on very well ,ordinary each occupation of land in the parking stall ,about 15 square meters ,the floors ,the floor space of each parking stall of underground parking is above 25 square meters at least on the ground. If use the three-dimensional garage parking, can park one group and 8 parking stalls of three-dimensional garage parking on the vacant lot of 30 square meters ,the average floor space of each parking stall is less than 4 square meters. In respect to building cost ,the house property developer of the district builds an underground parking stall to need to invest 60,000-80,000 yuan at present ,the construction cost of some top-grade underground parking stalls of office building is up to more than ten ten thousand yuan especially. If install the three-dimensional garage ,is it increase parking stall is can cost stand thin to reach 50,000-60,000 yuan each construction of parking stall to try one's best in a situation that the area of space does not change.Fourth, it is safe and reliable and beautifying the environment. Allocate the automatic detection system, various kings of sage organizations, autoalarm , fire-fighting system and other stick precautions facility. The automobile will not damage , loses. Suit measures to local conditions, utilize fragmentary vacant lot , shape beautiful garage beyond mix ,beautify the urban environment.。
车库的英文单词
车库的英文单词单词：garage1.1词性：名词1.2中文释义：车库，常指用来停放汽车等交通工具的建筑物或封闭空间。
1.3英文释义：A building or enclosed space for parking or storing cars.1.4同义词：carport（简易车棚，不完全封闭）、parking lot（停车场，规模较大且较为开放）、parking garage（停车库，与garage类似但更强调停车功能）、motor house。
2. 起源与背景2.1词源：“garage”这个词来源于法语，最初是动词“garer”，表示“放置、保护、遮蔽”等意思，19世纪进入英语后演变成名词，指存放车辆的地方。
2.2趣闻：在一些老社区，车库可能会被改造成各种有趣的空间，比如小型工作室、音乐排练室或者是家庭健身房等。
有的艺术家就在自家车库里开始创作，像苹果公司最初也是在车库里创立的。
3. 常用搭配与短语3.1短语：(1) garage door：车库门例句：The garage door is broken and needs to be repaired.翻译：车库门坏了，需要修理。
(2) underground garage：地下车库例句：There are not enough parking spaces in the underground garage.翻译：地下车库里没有足够的停车位了。
(3) garage sale：宅前旧货出售（在自家车库前进行的旧货售卖活动）例句：We had a garage sale last weekend and sold a lot of old stuff.翻译：我们上周末进行了一次宅前旧货出售，卖掉了很多旧东西。
4. 实用片段(1) "Honey, can you park the car in the garage? It's going to rain soon." Tom said to his wife.翻译：“亲爱的，你能把车停到车库里吗？马上就要下雨了。
立体车库外文翻译原文
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AUTOMATED PARKING: STATUS IN THE UNITED STATESADVANTAGES AND CRITERIARICHARD S。
BEEBE, DIRECTORPARKING AND TRANSPORTATION PLANNINGCONSULTING ENGINEERS GROUP， INC.55 E。
EUCLID AVE.， MT。
PROSPECT, IL 60056USAPRESENTEDATWORLD PARKING SYMPOSIUM IIIST. ANDREWS, SCOTLAND: JUNE 25, 2001AUTOMATED PARKING – THE ENVIRONMENTALSOLUTION TO THE URBAN PARKING SHORTAGEADVANTAGES AND CRITERIAGUIDELINES TO AUTOMATED GARAGE DEVELOPMENT♦The current state—of-the-art automated parking systems • Types• Capacities• Operating Systems• Site Area Criteria♦ Financial/Operating Advantages• Land Area and Savings•Operation’s Savings• Cost Features of Vehicle/Patron Security• Time and Motion♦ Environmental Advantages• Reduced Miles of Interior Travel• Reduced Emissions Production• Reduced Noise Generation• Reduced Construction Products and Impacts of Construction Activity ♦ System Applications• Location – Freestanding or Inside Buildings• Capacity and Structure Design• User Populations and Specific Needs• Traffic and Exterior Conditions♦ Typical Installations• Above Ground• Below Ground• Site and Operating Statistics♦ Movement Toward System Recognition/Criteria for Development• Parking Interests• Potential User Interests• International Media Attention• Product PromotionHISTORY OF MECHANICAL PARKING IN THE U.S. AND ITS STATUS IN 2001INTRODUCTIONMechanical parking systems were first introduced in the U。
立体车库的英文文献(中英文一起)
Developing a Hybrid Programmable Logic Controller Platform fora Flexible Manufacturing SystemAbstract:In this article, we present the design and implementation of a flexible manufacturing system (FMS) control platform based on a programmable logic controller (PLC) and a personal computer (PC)-based visual man-machine interface (MMI) and data acquisition (DAS) unit. The key aspect of an FMS is its flexibility to adapt to changes in a demanding process operation. The PLC provides feasible solutions to FMS applications, using PC-based MMI/DAS, whereby PLCs are optimized for executing rapid sequential control strategies. PCs running MMI/DAS front-ends make intuitive operation interfaces, full of powerful graphics and reporting tools. Information from the PC c an be distributed through a company’s local area network or web using client-server technologies. Currently, with the convergence of underlying microprocessor technology and software program-ming techniques, many users find that PLCs provide a cost-effective solution to real-time control in small- to medium-sized process plants, especially when combined with supervisory PCs using hybrid systems. The major work of this article demonstrates that PLCs are responsive to rapid and repetitious control tasks, using PCs that present the flow of information automation and accept operator instructions, thereby providing the user a tool to modify and monitor the process as the requirements change.Key Words: PLC、FMS、PC.1．IntroductionIn a variety of product manufacturing industries, the most automated form of production is a Flexible manufacturing system(FMS),first introduced in 1970s. Since the FMSs can providea high potential for productivity improvement in batch manufacturing, the number of FMSs is growing substantially (Groover and Zimmers, 1984). The acceleration throughout the world is due to increased global competition, reduced manufacturing cycle times, and cuts in production costs.Generally, an FMS consists of a group of machines or other automated work stations, which form into modular subsystems, such as CNC machines, robots, vision systems, and a process station. These are interconnected by a materials handling system and usually driven by a computer(Maleki,1991).Each modular system requires an individual modular control system, with different components being controlled by individual controller units. All of the modular subsystems are controlled by computers as usual. These controllers perform their intended tasks under supervision of a higher level controller. To the system, both the control devices as well as the flow of information need to be automated. The key aspect of an FMS is its ability to adapt to changes in the control tasks. This flexibility includes the quantities and varieties of part types which it can produce, the order in which operations may be performed, and its ability to reroute parts back into flow paths. In the end, the control platform should have the capability to automate the flow of information.Typically, there are three types of control platforms used in FMSs: minicomputers, microcomputers, and PLCs (Maleki, 1991). The minicomputers are best suited for complex large-scale, continuous ,regulatory control applications . The PLCs are used for rapid and repetitious logic control. Personal computers (PCs) are suited for operator interface functions. Primarily, PLCs are designed to replace hardwiring relays, to operate in an industrial environment, to be easily modified by plant engineers and maintenance personnel, and to be maintained by plant electricians. Currently, with the convergence of underlying microprocessor technology and software programming, many users find that PLCs provide a cost-effective solution to real-time control in small-to medium-sizedprocess plants, especially when combined with supervisory PCs using hybrid systems.The purpose of this article is to address the state-of-the-art technology of FMSs. The design and construction of an FMS using PLC-controlled and PC-based visual man-machine interface(MMI) and data acquisition system(DAS) are presented. It is organized as follows. Section 2 begins with the description of the FMS on the factory floor of the Center for Manufacturing System sat the NewJersey Institute of Technology(NJIT).Section 3 shows the operational description of the FMS. Sections 4 and 5 present the applications of PLC-controlled and PC-based MMI/DAS for the FMS at NJIT. Section 6 contains a summary of the advantages of this PLC-controlled and PC-based MMI/DAS for FMS application.2. Description of the FMSSI handling conveyor systemThis consists of four carts, A, B, C, and D, with fixtures mounted on each, two transfer tables,TT1 and TT2 , and dual conveyors which transport materials to each workstation.Figure 1. Flexible manufacturing system.NASA II CNC milling machineThe milling machine accepts rectangular solid blanks and machines each part of different types according to its computer controller.GE P50 robotA shared robot is used to load and unload the material between the CNC milling machine and the conveyor system, and between the parts presentation station and conveyor system. It contains five computer programs assignable by the PLC. The computer programs direct the robot to load the material between the parts presentation station and the carts and between the CNC machine and the carts. The last two programs place the completed parts in the accept or reject area.Parts presentation stationThis station includes a gravity-chute, which supplies rectangular solid blanks as raw materials. This station also contains two bin types, one each for accepted parts and rejected parts.Computer vision systemThe vision system provides for the visual automated inspection of the parts. It is a menu-driven, 64-level gray scale, edge detection system.Drilling machineAn IBM7535 industrial robot with an automated drill as an end-effector drills various holes in the parts as directed.In summary, the FMS has two robots, one CNC mill, a material transfer convey or system including transportation carts and positioning limit switches, and a vision system, which are supervised by a GE-Series Six PLC and monitored by a PC-based visual MMI/DAS.3. Operational descriptionThe working cycle for this FMS proceeds in the following manner:1.Initially, all four carts on the conveyor system are empty and available for the raw materials to be loaded onto them from the parts presentation station.2.The GE robot loads four parts, one by one, on to the four carts on the convey or system. The carts move clock wise as they are being loaded.3. Figure 2 shows the positions acquired by the four carts once the four parts of different types have been loaded.4. The IBM robot drills various holes on each blank part as the cart stops at the drilling machine.5. The GE robot moves to the conveyor, removes the part from the cart at position X1,and loads it into the fixture located on the CNC machine table.6. Once the part is loaded on the CNC milling machine, the robot retracts, and the milling machine mills the rectangular part as required.7. After the milling operation, the robot arm moves to the milling machine to remove the part that was machined from the holding fixture.Figure 2. Loading state of the conveyor system.8. The robot returns the finished part to the same cart on the conveyor.9. A signal is sent to the vision camera to inspect the part.10. The vision system analyzes the part and outputs a signal that directs the robot to accept or reject the part.11. The robot runs either an accept program to place the part in the accept bin or runs a reject program to place the part in the reject bin.12. The GE robot goes to the parts presentation station and loads a new blank part into the cart.13. The cart is released to the system and the next cycle is started.4. Control of an FMS with a PLCThe significant features of the FMS control system are as follows:1.The system is easy to configure and to modify to accommodate changes and updates, because of the ladder logic capability of the system.2.In a similar manner, the system is easy to program and document.3.The system can be easily maintained, and troubleshooting is decreased because on-line diagnostics are provided to pinpoint problems and decrease maintenance.4.Naturally, the system is readily interfaced with the computer.The PLC is a general purpose industrial computer which is widely used in industrial process control. It is capable of storing instructions to implement control functions such as sequencing, timing, counting, arithmetic, data manipulation, and communication to control industrial machines and processes. The PLC is chosen to perform an FMS control task based on the following features:1) good reliability;2) less space required and operates in an industrial environment;3) easier to maintain by plant engineer or technician;4) can be reprogrammed if control requirements change;5) can communicate and network with other computers.In this application, a GE-Series Six PLC is equipped with a memory bank, and the I/O racks are loaded with the following input and output interfaces: 120 VAC input modules with 8 ports/module, 24 VDC input modules with 8 ports/module, and 120 VAC output modules with 8 ports/module.5. PC-based visual operator interface unitWith the convergence of microprocessor technology and software techniques, the PC has become very useful in operator interface applications. PCs running MMI/DAS front-ends make powerful, intuitive operation interfaces, full of useful graphics and reporting tools. Information from these PCs can be distributed through a company’s local area network(LAN) or web using client-server technologies.A PC-based visual MMI/DAS was developed to monitor the process and log data. The functions of the MMI are twofold. First, it opens a window between the operatorand the process and then displays the process information on the CRT. It also allows the operator to modify the time delay constants or alarm setpoints without changing the ladder logic, if the production requirements change. Second, it provides an automatic data logging device. It is capable of creating batch, shift, and day log reports. Information from the PC can be distributed through the local area network using client-server technologies. An application program has been developed by using an off-the-shelf state-of-the-art GENESIS for Windows PC-based software to provide the data from the PLC through a RS232 interface. This approach allows the PC to combine the controller, the programming terminal, the operator interface, and the data acquisition system together in one unit. The PC-based MMI/DAS software provides an icon-based and mouse-driven open system for designing a real-time control strategy and dynamic operator displays. With the open architecture features, it provides support for user algorithms and LAN interfacing.The other part of the MMI/DAS software is the enriched and user-friendly graphic builder. The graphic builder is an object-oriented CAD-based tool. The graphic tools allow the user to generate intuitive and useful man-machine interface screens to display the dynamic status of the FMS.6. ConclusionsThe particular FMS example is fully automated by a hybrid control platform using a PLC controlled and PC-based supervisory operator interface unit and data acquisition system. The trend of flexible manufacturing demands more open system control and flexibility with affordable cost. Obviously, the size and the nature of the application affect the decision. This PLC and PC hybrid supervisory control platform provides a cost-effective solution to real-time control and automation of the flow of information for small- to medium sized process plants. The system improvements are achieved in control system reliability, equipment maintainability, software maintainability, and system flexibility. The automated DAS system has the capability to generate batch, shift, and day logs reports, to report process and equipment alarms, and to refresh process data.为柔性制造系统设计的可编程控制器平台摘要：在本文中，我们给出了基于PLC和以可视的个人PC机为基础的MMI和DAS单元的柔性制造系统（FMS）控制平台的设计和运行。
立体车库外文翻译与原文
附件2：外文文献译文与原文专业班级：电气124 姓名：陈威驰学号：2012013850基于密码的旋转多层停车场系统作者：Nayab Suhail Hamirani, Imdad Ali Ismaili,Asad Ali Shaikh, Faheem Ahmed, Azhar Ali Shah摘要：在人口稠密地区和较大的城市，由于交通拥挤，停车成为了一个大问题。
使用旋转立体停车系统能够有效地减轻这个问题。
使用停车系统能够在更少的空间获得更安全的停车场。
为了降低成本并获得更小的空间和最佳的性能，我们使用ATMEL单片机作为主处理器，同时借助LCD和电机分别用于显示和旋转楼层。
密码锁定系统用来区分用户并检测停车场还剩下多少自由空间。
随着市场的全球化，汽车的数量也上升到了无法控制的局面。
设计这个系统模型的初衷就是为了解决这个问题，同时本项目中嵌入密码锁定系统也可以提高车辆停车的安全性。
关键词:基于密码的安全性；单片机；直流齿轮电机；普通IC；快速PCB1．引言本项目的目的是设计一种自动多层停车场系统，帮助普通民众将车停放在更小更安全的地方。
由于现代人口密集，以前的一些停车位被用作一些基础设施的建设，在大企业和公寓需要一个可以避免空间浪费的创新设计。
但是，这类项目的开发一直有个问题，虽然这些停车场是多层的，可是并不安全。
因此为了能够使用密码锁设备我们使用了微控制器，同时我们还使用了旋转楼层以保证最佳的设计。
本项目基于圆形建筑而不是正方形或长方形的建筑物，之所以这么选择是因为通过使用圆形建筑形状我们可以停放更多的车辆，但是使用其他形状的建筑物像正方形和矩形就很难这么做[1]。
在提案中，我们需要的器件包括两个电机，不同的操作开关，一个振荡器，一个按钮和液晶显示屏[6]。
2．项目研究现状在信息时代，我们可以看到人口已经增长到了一个不可控制的程度。
为了弥补这个问题我们设计了很多的大型项目。
但是很多项目都不安全，从人类的利益和缓解停车危机的角度出发我们设计了多层旋转停车场，这个设计可以有效的处理安全问题。
立体车库翻译及原文
毕业设计英文翻译原文学生姓名 *** 学号： ************** 所在学院：机械与动力工程学院专业：机械工程及自动化设计(论文)题目：立体停车库的三维建模指导教师： ***2010年 3 月 6 日HIGH-SECURITY, PAID, AUTOMATED SMART PARKING DESIGNSUMMARYAn original, futuristic, permission-based-access, automated, gated parking system design for a large office park is described. The proposed system uses WiFi cellular phones as the primary access technology, license plate recognition via image processing as the secondary technology, keypad entry as the third technology, and verbal interchange as the last resort. The office park encompasses 20,000 employees and has 132 access points to parking lots. The strict access policy creates a high security office park. Implementation cost is estimated at $5.9M. A $0.50 per day parking charge per car is proposed, generating $1.9M per year in offsetting revenue.INTRODUCTIONThis paper provides a smart parking system design :"concept of operations." While Palo Alto's Stanford Research Park (SRP) is the focus, components of this scheme may be applied to other large office parks. This design is intended to be a credible conceptual start that could serve as the basis for a detailed design and parking study.P ARKING D EMANDWillson’s studies of five suburban office parks found an average of 49 percent empty parking spaces at peak utilization. When the early research parks were built, land was inexpensive, so surface parking was preferred. Thus, there is a large opportunity to manage parking spaces more efficiently and make better use of the land.SRP weekday peak parking demand is calculated as 14,600 parking spaces. Currently, there is about 1 parking space per employee in the research park: 20,000 spaces in all. Thus, there are roughly 5,400 unused parking spaces representing roughly 44 acres of land (assuming 350 square feet per parking space).Normally, landowners prefer to hold some excess in parking, to ensure that there is sufficient parking should a building use change. For instance, changing a building use from software development to a call center results in more employees per leasable square foot, generating increased parking demand.In addition, landowners also like to provide a "cruising reserve:"“It is not practical to provide parking on the assumption that every space will be fully utilized. Some reserve capacity is needed to allow for cruising vehicles in search of a space, vehicles un-parking, and for peak surges. Thus, a design safety factor should be applied to account for these conditions. A design safety factor of 10 percent is suggested for most land uses.”OBJECTIVESLarge office parks usually lack accurate data on the number of cars that are parked at any point in time. Often a parking count study is conducted on an irregular basis. A modern parking system can easily provide an instantaneous count of the number of parked vehicles. This accurate quantification provides valuable information that can be used to justify land use changes.The sheer scale of SRP facilitates implementation of a state-of-the-art parking system. A phased, collaborative approach is advised.Converting from unrestricted parking to automated, gated operation is a significant task, requiring additional expenses that are avoided when building from scratch. Most SRP lots allow rapid, unconstrained access and egress; consequently, a reservoir of space to buffer human interaction with access gates is missing. In many of these lots, an average gate interaction time of three seconds would have the undesirable result of backing up traffic into street bike lanes during morning peak. Adding more gated lanes to solve queuing problems is an expensive option that is not explored further. For reference, free flowing access lanes serve 500 cars per hour, exit lanes serve 250-400 cars per hour. "In converting from unconstrained to gated, the concern is usually more with entering, rather than exiting, cars," points out a McGann Parking employee.P ARKING SYSTEM GOALS∙Driver-friendly transition from free to paid parking. Minimize irritation with gates.Manage access/egress queues so that traffic flows smoothly.∙Provide ability to escalate security during high terrorism threat∙Provide a system that not only works well for recurring parkers (employees), but also for the transient populations (customers and visitors). While high income, credit card-toting technology workers may be relatively easy to serve with advanced technology, ensure that non-English-speaking, cash-only contractors also have successful interactions.∙Enhance SRP security, while allowing individual companies the flexibility to "layer in"additional security measures.∙Successfully support the few high turnover sites within the greater research park such as the movie theatre, banks, and computer store.∙Minimize capital and operational costs.∙Minimize disruption during system installation – minimize asphalt and concrete projects that tie up lots.∙Operate lots without human attendants∙Operate most lots without parking enforcement –make it impossible to violate the parking rules.∙Allow the flexible sharing of parking lots between adjacent employers∙Follow an open systems approach with ability to enhance system capabilities. Avoid being locked into proprietary technology.Select technology that can also be used for employee ID badges / building access control.PARKING AUTOMATION TECHNOLOGYParking technology is undergoing a renaissance, thanks to new ITS (Intelligent Transportation Systems) technology. Each year performance is improving and price is dropping. New technologies are being validated as reliable, user-accepted, and cost-effective. The optimal SRP automation system will evolve as each year passes.No matter which automation technologies are deployed, one important system component is to rapidly identify either the vehicle or the driver. Once a unique identification number is known, then centralized control and billing can occur.T RANSPONDERSTransponders are now common in the Bay Area, used in the FasTrack electronic bridge toll collection system. One vendor provides credit card-sized, battery-free variants of the bridge toll transponders. These cost $22 apiece, read at slower speeds than 25 mph, and are well suited for parking lot operation.R ADIO F REQUENCY I DENTIFICATION (RF ID)RF-ID tags are small radio tags that may be attached to a vehicle. They operate in the same manner as cellular phone WiFi or Bluetooth identification. The current disadvantages of RF ID are cost, sensitivity to radio frequency interference, and possible confusion between two approaching vehicles. The emerging RF ID industry is working hard to address these disadvantages. The industry's stated objective is to lower the cost of RF ID to the point where individual clothing items may be tagged and tracked. Currently “passive tags,” tags without batteries, can be purchased for $2 in large volumes, and readers procured for $2,000 (plus mounting and power). Such passive tags may be read from a distance of 5 feet or less, so should be reliable in parking gate configurations. RF ID can offer accurate read reliability upwards of 99.7%.L ICENSE P LATE R ECOGNITION (LPR)LPR technology uses image processing to identify vehicles by their license plate numbers.A personal computer with a "frame grabber" card connects to video cameras focused on license plates. Once a video image is captured, algorithms detect the edges of the plate and then extract numbers and letters from within this area. In California, about ten percent of cars do not have front bumper plates, so LPR systems must scan rear bumpers. LPR systems often capture images and illuminate bumpers using the infrared spectrum, to prove high accuracy during night time and overcast conditions. Out-of-state and dirty plates tend to frustrate these systems. Formaintenance, video camera lenses require periodic cleaning.POLICY OPTIONSParking automation provides many possibilities to reward or penalize different behaviors. Automation also allows a high level of flexibility, where differing policies may be implemented at different parking lots and land uses. For instance, carpools and vanpools could receive preferential treatment. For instance, a TMA policy might provide carpools with free parking, waiving the $0.50 per day charge. For "tight-supply" applications, NextSpace could prioritize convenient spaces for carpools and employees, guiding solo drivers to less desirable lots.Likewise, the TMA could decide to discourage mid-day cold start trips (when the vehicle sits for more than one hour before being re-started) by directing the parking system to add charges for multiple exits per day. As yet another example, transient parkers could be granted ten free visits, after which $0.50 per day parking charges would apply.REFERENCES1)Richard Willson. Suburban parking economics and policy : case studies of officeworksites in Southern California. Washington, D.C. : Federal Transit Administration, University Research and Training Program.2).2002 Commute Profile. ./research/pdfs/commuteprofile_2002.pdf.3)ULI, Shared Parking.4)Parking Alternatives: Making Way for Urban Infill and Brownfield Redevelopment,/pdf/PRKGDE04.pdf.EPA document 231-K-99-001, Dec ’99.5)Robert A. Weant and Herbert S. Levinson. Parking. Westport, Conn. (P.O. Box 2055,Westport, 06880) : Eno Foundation for Transportation, c1990. xv, 335 p. : ill. ; 28 cm.6)Steve Raney, Suburban Silver Bullet: PRT Shuttle + Wireless Commute Assistant UsingCellular Location Tracking, TRB '04. Accepted for publication Transportation Research Record. /PRT_Wireless_TRB_111503_web.doc7)Transcore: /8)License Plate Recognition – A Tuturial, /.White paper by Yoram Hofman, Hi-Tech solutions, .9)Barcoding technology: /barcode.html,/barcode_decal_info.html, /products/AUTO/barauto.htm10)Dambach's individual parking space monitoring and guidance system:/single_space.htm. Directs cars to available parking spaces.11)Ryan Russo, Planning for Residential Parking: A Guide For Housing Developers andPlanners, by The Non-Profit Housing Association of Northern California./students/rrusso/parking/Developer%20Manual/index.htm . Richard Willson, Parking Management Toolkit: Strategies for Action in BART Station Areas. (Oct2000), And: Parking Policy Development Workbook, August ’99.高性能收费式自动化智能停车库设计摘要这里描述了一个为大型办公楼设计的具有独创性，前瞻性，和实用性的立体停车系统。
升降横移立体车库英文文献原文
Status of the development of solid garageStereo garage is the storage which is used for automatic parking and scientific storage of kinds of automobile. As the quantity of urban automobile has increased continuously in nowadays ,the hard-to-park problem has become a common phenomenon. Mechanical stereo garage can use land resource sufficiently and bring space advantage into play and maximize the number of parking cars. It has become an important way for static traffic problem of cities. The issue studies the type mechanical parking system which named up-down and translation stereo garage, and regards of the two factors of manufacture and operational efficiency synthetically.On the basis of investigation on current situation and developing trend of garage in domestic and abroad, we choose three-layer and three-formulistic garage structure as the research model. According to the form of the dragging-forms of multi player up-down and translation ear-base, it is made of three pares -part of ear-base structure part of driving-framework and part of control system. The paper simply introduces main structure and characteristics of garage and also gives a short introduction to its control system. The finite element reliability checking of steel structure of garage is utilized according to the operation principle of up-down and translation stereo garage, the mechanics was used to comprehensively analyze the up-down and translation stereo garage the mechanics was used to comprehensively analyze the up-down and translation stereo garage. Including intension of the framework structure axes etc. The paper adopted PLC as control system in designing the up-down and translation stereo garage, PLC software of OMRON company was used to weave the program of control system, through debugging running. The result proved that adopted PLC as control system is simple and easy to realize. The characteristic of stabilization ,credibility , speediness and high capability made the control system very perfection of mechanical parking systems-general safety requirement and the facts of the up-down and translation stereo garage the paper introduced some safety technique which was used in the up-down and translation stereo garage. This can ensure absolute safety for car and make the whole stereo garage safety and running smooth .On the base of the project "Optimal design of the mechanisms in the stereoscopic garage"，some mechanisms in the lift park garage has been designed optimally. At the first, we established the running mode and the structure of the mechanisms adapted to the running mode. And then, we chose the immobile comb as the parkingspace and the steel structure framework as support, the optimal design on the two mechanisms was carried through. The optimal design on the immobile comb and the steel structure framework was carried through with augmented multipliers method. At the end, the result of the optimal design is that the immobile comb will be more reasonable and decreased the whole weight of the garage and the load of the steel structure framework, and the weight of the steel structure framework become more light.With the rapid development of shanghai ,the settlement of the difficult of parking of shanghai has already reached the very urgent stage. In the city center where every inch of land is precious ,especially the area which such vehicles as the hotel ,market ,shopping center location ,etc. Dr.eye.concentrate ,can only develop to the sky ,to underground ,so has built and already to a great deal of three-dimensional garage parking reached the essential stage ,at the same time there are many advantages too in the three-dimensional garage parking.First ,economize the space. Generally speaking ,its floor space is about 1/2~1/25 of the level parking area ,machinery type "three-dimensional" .The garage can both be installed with ground underground ,the greatest advantage can fully utilize the small area to develop to the high altitude, try one's best to store more vehicles ,the place that the land resource in short supply ,the vehicle is big in capacity to park in the way best. For example ,are most suitable for using "vertical circulation" on the limited residential quarter ground on the space three-dimensional garage of the type. 8 storey s of every groups of this kind of garage ,that is to say ,only parked the three-dimensional garage built up on the area of a car and park 8 cars originally.Second ,automation is controlled ,easy to use. The three-dimensional automatic degree of garage parking is very high ,can hoist or lower the rotatory type ,for example ,district residents come off duty and park ,so long as according to the number that the brass-wind instrument is corresponding with the parking stall ,this parking stall will be rotated and landed to the ground ,after the car owner parks the good vehicle ,and then according to the number ,the parking stall circles round and rises ,restored to the throne again. From a complete set and install the intellectual administrative system of the parking area after installing the large-scale underground parking of the three-dimensional garage ,go on one on duty to manage hour through professional staff member of technical training.Third ,three-dimensional garage build cost lower than the traditional parking area greatly. It is reported, the occupation of land and building cost in the traditional parking area is quite high. Do not generally get on very well ,ordinary each occupation of land in the parking stall ,about 15 square meters ,the floors ,the floor space of each parking stall of underground parking is above 25 square meters at least on the ground. If use the three-dimensional garage parking, can park one group and 8 parking stalls of three-dimensional garage parking on the vacant lot of 30 square meters ,the average floor space of each parking stall is less than 4 square meters. In respect to building cost ,the house property developer of the district builds an underground parking stall to need to invest 60,000-80,000 yuan at present ,the construction cost of some top-grade underground parking stalls of office building is up to more than ten ten thousand yuan especially. If install the three-dimensional garage ,is it increase parking stall is can cost stand thin to reach 50,000-60,000 yuan each construction of parking stall to try one's best in a situation that the area of space does not change.Fourth, it is safe and reliable and beautifying the environment. Allocate the automatic detection system, various kings of sage organizations, autoalarm , fire-fighting system and other stick precautions facility. The automobile will not damage , loses. Suit measures to local conditions, utilize fragmentary vacant lot , shape beautiful garage beyond mix ,beautify the urban environment.。
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立体车库的外文翻译立体车库C.K.Mok,K.S.Chin and John K .L.Ho一、立体车库概述车辆无处停放的问题是城市的社会、经济、交通发展到一定程度产生的结果，立体停车设备的发展在国外，尤其在日本已有近30~40年的历史，无论在技术上还是在经验上均已获得了成功。
我国也于90年代初开始研究开发机械立体停车设备，距今已有十年的历程。
由于很多新建小区内住户与车位的配比为1:1，为了解决停车位占地面积与住户商用面积的矛盾，立体机械停车设备以其平均单车占地面积小的独特特性，已被广大用户接受。
机械车库与传统的自然地下车库相比，在许多方面都显示出优越性。
首先，机械车库具有突出的节地优势。
以往的地下车库由于要留出足够的行车通道，平均一辆车就要占据40平方米的面积，而如果采用双层机械车库，可使地面的使用率提高80,—90,，如果采用地上多层(21层)立体式车库的话，50平方米的土地面积上便可存放40辆车，这可以大大地节省有限的土地资源，并节省土建开发成本。
机械车库与地下车库相比可更加有效地保证人身和车辆的安全，人在车库内或车不停准位置，由电子控制的整个设备便不会运转。
应该说，机械车库从管理上可以做到彻底的人车分流。
在地下车库中采用机械存车，还可以免除采暖通风设施，因此，运行中的耗电量比工人管理的地下车库低得多。
机械车库一般不做成套系统，而是以单台集装而成。
这样可以充分发挥其用地少、可化整为零的优势，在住宅区的每个组团中或每栋楼下都可以随机设立机械停车楼。
这对眼下车库短缺的小区解决停车难的问题提供了方便条件。
目前，立体车库主要有以下几种形式:升降横移式、巷道堆垛式、垂直提升式、垂直循环式、箱型水平循环式、圆形水平循环式。
(一) 升降横移式升降横移式立体车库采用模块化设计，每单元可设计成两层、三层、四层、五层、半地下等多种形式，车位数从几个到上百个。
此立体车库适用于地面及地下停车场，配置灵活，造价较低。
1. 产品特点:1) 节省占地，配置灵活，建设周期短。
2) 价格低，消防、外装修、土建地基等投资少。
13) 可采用自动控制，构造简单，安全可靠。
4) 存取车迅速，等候时间短。
5) 运行平稳，工作噪声低。
6) 适用于商业、机关、住宅小区配套停车场的使用。
2. 安全装置:防坠装置，光电传感器、限位保护器、急停开关等。
(二) 巷道堆垛式巷道堆垛式立体车库采用堆垛机作为存取车辆的工具，所有车辆均由堆垛机进行存取，因此对堆垛机的技术要求较高，单台堆垛机成本较高，所以巷道堆垛式立体车库适用于车位数需要较多的客户使用。
(三)垂直提升式立体车库垂直提升式立体车库类似于电梯的工作原理，在提升机的两侧布置车位，一般地面需一个汽车旋转台，可省去司机调头。
垂直提升式立体车库一般高度较高(几十米)，对设备的安全性，加工安装精度等要求都很高，因此造价较高，但占地却最小。
(四) 垂直循环式产品特点:1) 占地少，两个泊位面积可停6~10辆车。
2) 外装修可只加顶棚，消防可利用消防栓。
3) 价格低，地基、外装修、消防等投资少，建设周期短。
4) 可采用自动控制，运行安全可靠。
二、立体车库自动控制系统:现代大型建筑的主流是智能化大厦和小区，因此自动化立体停车设备或车库的自动控制系统将成为智能化大厦和小区的一个重要组成部分。
操作简单、迅速，使用方便，安全可靠，维护量小，为用户提供一个安全、简易的使用环境，这是自动化立体停车设备的基本特点。
停车设备的一切运行状况，车辆停放的时间，车辆存放交费情况，车库库容量，车辆存放高、低峰情况，等信息均可通过网络传送到智能化控制中心，通过智能化控制中心运算处理，与广播系统和各分部管理办公室相连，达到提前发布相关控制、管理信息，从而全部实现智能化管理。
通过大厦和小区的智能化控制中心还可与社会相关职能部门联网，将有关信息发布出去或收集进来，扩大车库的社会利用率和经济效益。
这将是自动化车库的发展方向。
立体车库自动化控制系统主要包含以下五个子系统:自动收费管理系统，自动存取车系统，远程诊断系统，自动道闸，监控安保系统。
2以上子系统均由中央控制室统一控制，可为客户规划停车库管理形式，发布车库库存容量，控制车流方案。
(一)自动收费管理系统自动收费采用非接触式IC卡。
IC卡分长期卡与储值卡两种。
对固定用户，发行长期卡，费用可在固定用户交纳管理费用时一并交纳;对临时用户，发行储值卡，即:用户交纳的费用存在卡内，每次停车读卡自动从卡中扣除费用。
(二) 自动存取车系统自动存取车系统一般由小型可编程控制器PLC控制，包括卡号识别与移动载车盘两个过程。
用户进入车库时，在门口刷卡进入，读卡机自动把数据传送到PLC控制系统，PLC系统通过判断卡号，自动把对应的载车盘移动到人车交接的位置，开启车库门，缩短存取车的时间。
存车时，司机按照指示灯信号指引入库，只有当车辆停放在安全位置后，停车正常指示灯才会亮启。
存取车完成后，车库门自动关闭。
移动载车盘时，系统严格按照各种检测信号的状态进行移动，检测信号包括超长检测、到位检测、极限位置检测、人员误入检测、急停信号检测等。
若有载车盘运行不到位或车辆长度超出车库允许的长度，所有载车盘将不进行动作，若检测到急停信号，将停止一切动作，直至急停信号消失。
以上信号均为硬件信号，除此之外，还可从控制软件中设置保护信号，比如时间保护，以保证因硬件损坏而导致信号失灵时保证主体设备及车辆的安全。
(三)远程诊断系统现场控制器可以通过网卡、Hub等网络设备与控制中心的局域网相连接，可以通过MODEN实现远程管理，监测现场运行情况，当现场出现故障时，在控制中心即可进行解决，方便管理人员、安保人员异地办公。
(四)自动道闸在车库出入口处各设非接触式读卡器、感应线圈及道闸，用户在车库出入口处刷卡后，系统自动判别该卡是否有效，若有效，则道闸自动开启，通过感应线圈后，自动栅栏自动关闭;若无效，则道闸不开启，同时声光报警。
(五)监控安保系统监控安保系统是指在中央控制室进行监视控制车库现场的运行状况。
它具有运动检测、车牌识别、网络连接、各种类型的报警系统实现连动等功能，可以实现无人看守。
系统简介:视频监控功能:在车库各出入口，值班室和车库内主要区段安装定焦摄像机，在大范围车位区安装球形云台，以便实现对车库全方位的实时监控。
如果在车库光照条件不好的情况下，可选用黑白摄像机。
3运动检测功能:可以在夜间设置车库的运动检测区域，当检测区有移动目标时，运动检测功能发出报警信号，提醒值班人员。
车牌识别功能:它能够设置车库参照车辆的车牌、车型。
当参照车辆进入车库监视区域，系统自动对比参照车辆图像，有异常情况，发出报警信号，并自动切换和记录相关图像。
报警连动功能:可以连动各类报警主机，如启动继电器发出声光报警通知安保人员自动放下道闸拦截车辆出入。
数字录像功能:可以连续记录一个同在车库所发生事件，可以同步回放多个图像，可选择任意图像进行整体放大和局部放大，记录、回放、备份可同步进行各种信息。
据介绍，已经开始有越来越多的居住小区开始采用机械停车库了。
考虑到成本及维修，目前多数小区采用的是多层升降横移式立体停车设备，大规模的仓储式机械停车库还很少。
升降横移式立体停车设备的泊车流程示意如下:(一)红绿黄指示灯指示车库运行状态。
红色指示灯指示有人正在进行操作，请稍候;绿色指示灯指示目前无人操作，可进行操作;黄色指示灯指示有故障发生，车库不能工作。
(二)存车操作司机驾驶车辆从车库入口进入。
在入口处的非接触式读卡机前感应区域晃以下自己的IC卡，感应过程完毕，栅栏自动升起，司机开车进入车库。
车辆进入后，栅栏自动关闭。
划卡的同时，控制器读取车位号，车库内对应的载车盘自动移动到人车交接的位置，车库单元门自动打开。
司机开车进入，停车到位，拉手刹，下车走出车库，用IC卡在车库出口处晃一下IC卡，车库单元门自动关闭。
完成存车操作(三)取车操作司机进入车库时，在入口处的非接触式读卡机前感应区域晃以下自己的IC卡，控制器自动读取车位号，车库内对应的载车盘自动移动到人车交接的位置，车库单元门自动打开，司机进入车库，开车出来，在车库出口处的自动读卡机前感应区域晃一下自己的IC卡，感应完毕，读卡机接受信息，上位控制机自动记录、扣费，栅栏自动升起，司机开车出场，出场后，栅栏自动关闭;同时，控制器自动读取车位号，对应的车库单元门自动关闭。
取车操作完毕。
车库在运行过程中，有完备的自我保护装置。
一系列光电开关、接近开关、行程开关等对载车盘准确运行到位起着决定性的作用;独特的防坠落装置、断绳报警装置、超速保护装置对车辆的安全起到保护作用。
车辆超长检测、车辆停车不到位检测、以及人员误入检测等信号对车辆及人员的安全起着决定性的作用。
4三、实例介绍去年，我公司承接了北辰绿色家园小区地下立体停车库，该车库采用升降横移式机械立体设备，为用户建造了718个车位，从根本上解决了用户停车难的问题，在保证停车的前提下，增加了绿地面积，改善了小区的居住环境，深受住户好评。
现以此为实例对升降横移式立体停车设备的自动控制系统进行介绍。
此车库为升降横移式立体停车设备，共有24个单元，每个单元分为前后两排，共三层，即上层、中层、下层，前后排各有8个车位，共16个车位。
中层为车道层，用户在中层完成出入库人、机、车交接作业操作。
每个车位编号如下:其中A~R为载车盘所在位置编号，1~16为载车盘(停放车辆)编号。
1~3为前排上层载车盘，4~5为前排中层载车盘，6~8为前排下层载车盘，9~11为后排上层载车盘，12~13为后排中层载车盘，14~16为后排下层载车盘，“中”为过桥车代号(为后排车出入库搭桥)。
1~3，6~8，9~11，14~16只能上下移动，4~5，12~13，中只能左右移动。
该立体车库的自动存取车控制系统包括弱电与强电两套系统。
弱电系统主要包括各种信号的采集，报警与控制输出。
强电系统包括载车盘电机控制线路。
(一)弱电系统:1. 检测信号:车库检测信号是控制程序执行的重要依据。
控制程序根据检测到的信号顺序执行，控制输出。
对每个上、下层载车盘，其运行状态只有上升、下降动作，载车盘停放位置只有上位或下位，所以都有以下检测信号:载车盘上认趾，载车盘上极限，载车盘下认趾，载车盘下极限。
在载车盘上位，均设有安全挂钩，挂钩也为两种状态，即挂钩通电打开和断电闭合，并通过一个特定的行程开关来获取挂钩状态信息。
载车盘向上运行过程中，检测到上认趾信号，则自动停止运行，如果上认趾开关被损坏，系统未检测到信号，载车盘会继续向上运行，当运行到上极限开关处时，上极限信号就会切断电机电源，使电机停电，无法继续运行，起着双重保险的作用。
载车盘向下运行过程中，首先打开对应的挂钩，系统检测到挂钩打开的信号后，系统开始下降，如果挂钩未打开，载车盘不会下降。