英美概况论文英文版
英语国家概况论文FROM THE BRITISH EMPIRE TO THE COMMONWEALTH
FROM THE BRITISH EMPIRE TO THECOMMONWEALTHI.Introduction.Great Britain, also known as The United Kingdom of Great Britain and North Ireland, had once been the center of world for centuries and made great contributionto human civilization. However, in the late 19th century, with the rise ofother countries, Britain began to fall in the fierce competition among capitalist countries. Afterwards, suffering great loss in the two world wars, Britain became less powerful and thecolonies won independence one after another. The Great Britain Empire gradually transformed itself to a friendly and harmonious Commonwealth. II.Background: The Rise of The British Empire.a)Industrial Revolution and ExpansionThe British Industrial Revolution, which took place in 1700s, resulted in great development of the British society.Hand production methods could no longer meet the need of products.The newly-invented machines simplified the process of production and greatly increased the productivity.And the well-known steam engine provided new source of power, thanks to which, fast development also took place in other important fields such as transportation, steel industry and coal industry.The industrial revolution marked the beginning of a new era in the history of mankind.In 1588, the Spanish Armada was defeated by the Great Britain, which marked Great Britain’s gaining of sea supremacy, and paved the way for the expansion.During the reign of Queen Elizabeth I, British citizens were encouraged to trade abroad,or even plunder and colonize through sailing. Weaker countries’ door s were first knocked open with commerce, and it was often followed by occupation and colonization backed withstrong military force.With advanced technology and broad market, bourgeoisie of Britain started their accumulation of capital, and the country started to lead theworld.b)The Sun-never-set EmpireThe British Empire became the “workshop of the world”, and London became the financial center. For over a century, it was the principal naval and imperial power, and almost unchallenged at seaand in territory. In the early 1900s, it ruled a population of over 500 million and occupied more than one fifth of the Earth’s total land ar ea.Because of its expanse around the globe, the sun could shine on at least one of its territories at any time. P eople call it “the empire on which the sun never sets”.III.Transformation to the Commonwealth.a)The Proposal of CommonwealthQueen Elizabeth II once declared that the confederation of Canada on 1st July 1867 marked “the beginning of that free association of independent states which is now known as the Commonwealth of Nations".In 1884, Lord Rosebery, while visiting Australia, described the changing British Empireas some of its colonies became moreindependentas a "Commonwealth of Nations".In 1917, a specific proposal was presented by Jan Smuts,at that time a member of the British Imperial War Cabinet, when he brought up the term "the British Commonwealth of Nations". The term first received imperial statutory recognition in the Anglo-Irish Treaty of 1921, which concluded the Irish War of Independence, when the term “British Commonwealth of Nations” was substituted for “British Empire” in the wording of the oath taken by the parliament of the Irish Free State.b)Falling EmpireThe two Industrial Revolutions pushed more countries to develop bourgeoisie and look for foreign markets and raw materials.Therefore, the competition became fiercer. Newly-emerging powers, especially Germany, struggled for a repartition of market and land, while the British Empire had to fight to defend the acquired benefits.The First World War broke out in 1914 and lasted about four years, during which nearly every country suffered from it except America.Although Britain was one of the victorious nations and won many new colonies from the Germans, it could n’t afford to the great expenses for maintainingsuch a huge lions of people died, economy suffered, and Britain became a debtor, rather than creditor. At the same time, independence movements in thecolonies were running high.The empire was losing its control of the colonies. The international financial center transferred to New York. All of these deprived the Empire of its hegemonic position.c)TransformationThe Balfour Declaration, issued by the 1926 Imperial Conference, declared that the United Kingdom and the Dominions are...autonomous Communities within the British Empire, equal in status, in no way subordinate one to another in any aspect of their domestic or external affairs, though united by a common allegiance to the Crown, and freely associated as members of the British Commonwealth of Nations. ...The declaration accepted the fact that the dominions were having growing independence in internal and external affairs in the years after World War I, and became the basis of the Statute of Westminster 1931.The Parliament of the United Kingdom passed Statute of Westminster in 1931. It is a statutory embodiment and formalization of the principles of equality and allegiance to the Crown, which were brought up in the Balfour Declaration. Until today, the Statute of Westminster still serves as a basis of the relationship between the Commonwealth realms and the Crown.d)Postwar ChangesAfter World War II, the situation of the world changed profoundly. Europe, a continent that had dominated the whole world for several centuries, was in ruins. The United States and Soviet Union held the super power, while Britain was left bankrupt.In this period, anti-colonial movements were on the rise in the colonies of European nations.The London Declaration was issued by the 1949 Commonwealth Prime Ministers' Conference. It is considered a milestone in the history of the modern Commonwealth.The declaration allowed the Commonwealth to admit and retain members that were not Dominions, and it changed the name of the organization from the “British Commonwealth of Nations”to the “Commonwealth of Nations”. The dropping of the word “British” reflects the major changes.After London Declaration, the colonies gained their independence and new members from different continents joined the Commonwealth.Finally, the handover ceremony of Hong Kong in 1997 marked the end of the long decolonization process, as well as the empire.monwealth Today.The Commonwealth of Nations is an voluntary intergovernmental organization of52 independent member states that are mostly former territories of the British Empire.Although they acknowledge the British Monarch as the symbolic head of the Commonwealth, they have no obligation to each other and have full autonomy on their own internal and external affairs. They are united by language, history, culture and their shared values of democracy, human rights, and the rule of law.Commonwealth countries interact with each other outside governmentwith various non-governmental organizations of different fields, such as sport, culture, education, law and charity.The Commonwealth Foundation is an intergovernmental organization, resourced by Commonwealth governments. It aims to strengthen civil society in theachievement of Commonwealth priorities: democracy and good governance, respect for human rights and gender equality, poverty eradication, people-centered and sustainable development, and to promote arts and culture.The Commonwealth games is the third largest multi-sport event in the world.Being held every four years, the games include sports particularly popular in Commonwealth countries, such as netball and rugby sevens. The games were designed with the goal of promoting relations between Commonwealth countries and celebrating their shared sporting and cultural heritage.V.Conclusion.History witnessed the rise and fall of the British Empire and its transformation to the Commonwealth of Nations.From the history, there’s much we can learn.The rise of the British Empire from the Industrial Revolution can help us realize the importance of science and technology. With advanced technology, a little effort can produce great achievement.The lack of ability and power to control the large area of colonies can remind us that we should pre-estimate the situation, in order that what we wouldn’t cause results that we cannot control.The self-transformation to a loose commonwealth can also enlighten us that we should always follow the historical trend and that being against the trend is not a wise option.。
英美概况论文unit1ABriefIntroductiontotheUnitedKingdom1
英美概况论文unit1ABriefIntroductiontotheUnitedKingdom1A Brief Introduction to the United Kingdom Ⅰ As a student majored in science in my high school, I have little knowledge about the society and culture of countries. But I’m still curious about this. So I hope I will learn more about the English-speaking countries. Next I will talk about the preview of the unit 1.The first passage is about the introduction of the United Kingdom. In my memory, I only know the United Kingdom is a developed country, and the building of United Kingdom is very beautiful and magnificent. Now, after reading those passages, I know The UK is includes 4 parts : England , Scotland , Wales , and Northern Ireland . I always thing the UK is point at English, but now I know the four country make up the UK. The United Kingdom is a complicated country with a complicated name and it is a multiracial social. The remarkable class , regional and economic difference of the United Kingdom make it different.Now let’s talk about the four countries.England is a highly urbanized country. And its capital, London, which is dominant in the UK in all fields: government, finance, and culture. So London is a huge weight in Britain’s economic and culture life. It is the conquest of Britain. Before the 1st century AD, British was made up of many tribal Kingdoms of Celtic people. In 43AD Britain was invaded by the Roman Empire, and became part of the Roman Empire for nearly 400 years; Then it came under threat from Germanic peoples; from the late 8th century on, raiders from Scandinavia, the ferocious Vikings threatened Britain’s shores; King Alfred the great turned in the tide in south against the Vikings; the next invaders were theNormans who speak French, from Northern France, who English throne, and became William the First , King Arthur and his Round Table, giving Knights equal precedence and showing Knights’demand for a more democratic system. Second, Robin Hood hid in the forest, rebelled against Normans and robbed from the rich to give to the poor. The next few hundred years following the Norman invasion and power gradually transferred from the monarch to the parliament. Scotland is the second largest of the four nations, both in population and in geographical area. And Scotland is the most rugged part of the UK, and the most confident of its own identity. The largest city is Glagow, and its capital is Edinburgh. Both cities have ancient and internationally respected universities dating from the 15th century. The capital, Edinburgh, which is a east coast, famous for its beauty, dominated by its great castle on a high rock largest city. Scotland was neither conquered by the Romans nor by the Anglo-Saxons. The division between highland and lowland Scotland remains a cultural divide today, in much the same way as north and south England see themselves as different from each other. Scotland has a great tradition of innovation in the arts, philosophy and science.Wales is the smallest on the British mainland. It is very close to the most densely populated parts of central England. It retains a powerful sense of difference from England. And it retains its own language. 19% population speak Gaetic. The capital of Wales is Cardiff.Ireland has been divided by a long and blood conflicts as a result of its colonial history. Until 1921 the full name of the UK was “The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland”One of the key issues in late 19th century. British politics was a campaignin parliamen t for what was called “the Home Rule Bill”.The artistic and cultural activity in the UK Artistic and cultural activity in Britain ranges from the highest professional standards to a wide variety of amateur involvement, London, is one of the leading world centers for drama, music, opera and dance. Some 650 professional arts festivals take place each year. The Edinburgh International Festival is the largest of its kind in the world.There is music for every taste in Britain including opera, choral and classical orchestras pieces, rock and pop, folk and jazz, military and brass bands, acoustic and newly emerging musical collaborations such as music theatre, music with live arts. In musical composition, experimentation is in vogue, with composers mixing their sources: medieval modes and minimalism, quotations from Wagner and from Debussy, Indian melodies and African rhythms. Since the early 60s with the emergence of the Beatles, The Rolling Stones, and the Who, through the 70s with Genesis, Led Zeooelin and Pink Floyd and the 80s with Dire Straits bands have generated major followings worldwide representing a multi-million dollar industry. And the legacy continued into the 90 with Pop phenoms The Spice Girds and groups like Oasis, the Verve, Jamiroquai, and the list goes on. British Pop music is alive and well and will continue to be in 2000 and beyond.。
大题英美概况 英文版
名词解释1 bill of rights （英国美国）英国the Bill of Rights of 1689It is a Parliamentary act of Britain to invite William and Mary of Netherlands to serve as joint sovereign of British Monarchy. The Bill of Rights lays down limits on the powers of the monarch and sets out the rights of Parliament, including the requirement for regular parliaments, free elections, and freedom of speech in Parliament. It sets out certain rights of individuals including the prohibition of cruel and unusual punishment.美国Bill of Rights: 1787The Bill of Right is amendments to the Constitution. It consists of 10 short paragraphs which guarantee freedom and individual rights and forbid interference with lives of the individual by the government, freedom of religion, of speech and of the press; the right to assemble in public places, to protest government actions and to demand change. They have the right to own weapons; No one can stop and search a person without good reason. The accused have the right to defend him in court of a jury trial. Cruel punishment is forbidden.Other Important amendments include, one forbidding slavery, rights of citizenship to people regardless of race, women’s right to vote, and lowering the voting age to 18.2英国国旗Union Jack--National Flag of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland:The flag consists of three heraldic crosses: the cross of St. George (Patron Saint of England), St. Andrew (Scotland) and St. Patrick (Ireland).3Magistrates’Courts (地方法庭)The overwhelming majority of the public who come into contact with the court system will do so with the Magistrates’court,and there are more than 700 Magistrates’ Courts in England and Wales. However, nearly all of the UK’s criminals will pass through their doors. The Magistrate's court just deals with all kinds of petty cases, including criminal and civil cases.4百年战争The war between England and France started in 1337 when Edward III landed in Normandy. At first the English was on the offensive, but after a century’s fighting the war ended with the English army driven out of France in 1453影响（1）Ruling Normans came to regard Britain as their home and themselves as belonging to the English nation. English came to replace French as the official language.（2）The war stimulated the development of the woolen textile industry, which leads to the Industrial Revolution.（3) It also sped up the decline of English feudalism.5玫瑰战争In 1455 the Duke of York tried to displace Lancaster king, Henry VI. The Lancastrians (with the badge of red rose) were supported by the nobles in the Scot and Welsh, the feudal landowners, while the Yorkists (with the badge of white rose) got support from the progressive South, the commercial-minded gentry. It was a war between the backward landowners in the north and the progressive commercial gentry in the south.The war ended in 1485 with the accession of Henry VII, the founder of the Tudor Monarchy.6美国内战The American Civil War started in 1861, when some slavery southern states declared secession from the US and formed the Confederate States of America because of their intention to keep the black slavery.During the war, President Lincohn announced the Emancipation of Proclamation. The war ended with the surrender of the Confederate armies and the collapse of Confederate government in spring 1865, and it put an end to the black slavery in the USA.7美国土著人25,000 years ago Siberian tribes, in search of hunting grounds or refuge from pursuing enemies, crossed the Bering Strait to Alaska. By late 1500s, about 20 million people, mistakenly called Indians by Christopher Columbus, lived in America. They developed their own aboriginal cultures, ranging from those of the primitive tribes to the brilliant civilizations of the Aztecs (阿兹台克文化), the Incas (印加文化) and the Mayas (玛雅文化).8美国战争的导火索(波士顿倾茶事件)In 1773, a group of American patriots responded to the Tea Act by staging the Boston Tea Party. Disguised as Indians, they boarded British ships and tossed 342 crates of tea into Boston harbor.British responded with four intolerable acts (法令) on Boston. These acts closed the port of Boston, replaced civil government with martial law and sent more troops to Boston.The British government responded harshly and the episode escalated into the American Revolution. The Tea Party became an iconic event of American history.9美国的总统大选The general election in three steps:A. Primary election: two parties hold separate primary election to select delegates to their national party convention. It is a party business but organized by state public authority.B. Party convention:1) writing the party’s platform, a statement of the party’s policy2) selecting the party’s presidential c andidateAfter winning the nomination, the candidate makes an acceptance speech, thanking the delegates and promising to win the general election.C. Nation-wide campaign and ballotingWinning the party’s nomination，the candidate and his team start with nation-wide campaign, a competitive effort of rival candidate to win support of voters with various means10 美国最早宪法为什么行不通P289The Constitutional Convention decided that the Constitution would go into effect once nine states, rather than all the 13 states, had ratified it. The Anti-federalists, mostly small farmers and people with debt, however, criticized the draft Constitution for its negligence of state power and the individual’s rights. The Constitution did not win its final ratification until the Federalists had promised to accept amendments proposed by the opponents. The promise paved the way for the first ten amendments to the U.S. Constitution ,which have known as the Bill of rights.简答题1英国的四次侵略History of Invasions (Before 12th century):1) Invasion from the Roman Empire:The Romans started to invade England in 55 B.C. but they did not succeed to occupy England until 43 D.C., and the English were dominated for 360 years until 410.2)Invasion from Angles and Saxons.In the 5th century, to against Scotland, Britons found help from Angles and Saxons, who refused to leave and occupied the country. The Anglo-Saxons laid the foundation of the English state.3) Raiding from Vikings in 8th centuryIn the 8th, 9th and 10th centuries A.D. There came a new wave ofinvasion by the Vikings and Danes from North Europe.4) Norman Conquest (1066):Headed by William, Duke of Normandy, Edward’s cousin, Normans defeated the English army.and the Normans dominated English for 300 years.2.民主进程1.Henry II 's reform:He divided the country into six circuits and arranged the circuit judges who toured the country at least once a year. Investigations and trials helped to uncover the barons’illegal behavior and bring the lawless barons into submission.2. The Great Charter:The Great Charter is considered as “the corner stone of English history”It was the first step of constitutional experiment. It tried to set up a legal relationship between the king and his barons by defining their rights and obligations.It set the basic rules for the English legal systems and rules of law began to challenge feudal despotism.The starting of parliament英国民主进程3.美国政治体制的优与劣The advantages of the political systemthe delegates set up the government consisting of three parts or branches, the executive, the legislative and the judicial.Each branch has its own particular powers, which could limit the wrongful action that might be taken by any other two branches. And it can guard against the possibility of tyranny and deal with the possibility that the central government weaken the power of the state government. Problems of the Party System:The two factors - appointing people to public office and the majority vote system - led to a concentration of the American party system.Lack of party discipline and unity:Lack of clear policy alternativesIncrease in inefficiency and legitimacy deficits。
英美国家概况英语论文
Britain and the United States, in today's world is the two big powers in society, the two countries have extremely similar in a lot of places, so they have the obvious differences?First，the character of Americans and British man was not the same.British tradition, focusing on good manners etiquette. Americans believe in freedom, not like constraints.The British character traits are: apathy, subtle, introverted, conservative and rational rigor, gentleman's humor. Corresponds to American character was summed up as follows: warm, cheerful, adventurous, innovative, and imaginative alive, straightforward humor.Second，British and American philosophy of education is different.British Conservative and strict, reflected in education was rigorous style of study, improve the education system. It has a strict quality control system, quality assessments and scientific research and university teaching evaluation results known to the world, United Kingdom higher education is being checked on a regular basis.Americans are pursuing equality and freedom, reflected in education is the United States education system with diversity, openness Characteristics, internationality, flexibility, the United States education is to ensure fair and equal opportunities for education, and to give full play to different educational objects can meet the personality characteristics to raise the full of vigor and vitality.Third, British and Americans in their everyday life practices also differ.From the fashion point of view, Britons are paying attention to clothing, paying attention to a gentleman, Americans are more casual, wants to wear what, in their own comfort, not to mind other people's assessment, will not be evaluated.See from eating food of both countries, British diet also exudes British upper classes should be noble, from selection to Cook, and then at the dinner table, the British none to maximize detail. Americans -diet does not pay attention to fine, the pursuit of fast and convenient, not luxury, more popular. Three meals a day are just. Such eating habits to some extent also reflected American life, vigorous and resolute, as if it is not to the British procrastination, so attention to detail.British and American in their respective essence on why such a huge difference? Human environment is the main reason, I think. Secondly geographical environment is one of the indispensable factors.。
英美概况
外语系2011级英语教育专科2班江瑞华20110301054The Enlightenment of BritainEducation System to Chinese Primary and Secondary Education.Abstract: As we all know, knowledge is power. And education is the main access to get it. As a student, I have been experiencing in Chinese education for nearly fifteen years. Although, Chinese education system has changed so much, it is still necessary to update and improve .Especially when learning Britain Education System deeply, we will realize that something should be done to revive our education and inspire Chinese students‟ creative ability and eth nical identity. The ideal education not only should be propitious to help kids pass their various examinations but also to heighten children‟s creative ability, highly respected morality and a civilized citizen with noble-minded and perfect character. And these people will be helpful to complete our socialistic construction. Nowadays Chinese Education System is similar to Britain‟s in some aspects, but the harvest is obviously different: Some Chinese students become a machine of passing examination but Britain students will be talents. Therefore, education for all-around development should be the core of education, especially the elementary education stage, which is important for kids‟ whole lifetime. As a teacher in the future, we have responsibilities to put forward something new, we get from Britain education, to cultivate more talents to build our country.Key words; Chinese UK education talents一、 A brief introduction to the Britain Education System.Within Great Britain there are simultaneously two education systems at work. England, W ales and Northern Ireland adopted the system of National Curriculum. This framework contains English, mathematics, science, technology, physical education and religious education as the core subjects, scheduled for students at different stages. Scotland on the contrary has an independent education and testing system, which emphasizes the breadth of knowledge as opposed to depth employed in the former. There are also two parallel school systems in primary and secondary education, the state sector and the private sector in England. The former is in the majority and is a reflection of the free education. But still there are people in favor of a private or independent school.Education in England is overseen by the Department for Education and the Department for Business, Innovation and Skills. Local authorities (LAs) take responsibility for implementing policy for public education and state schools at a local level.The education system is divided into nursery (ages 3–4), primary education (ages 4–11), secondary education (ages 11–18) and tertiary education (ages 18+).Full-time education is compulsory for all children aged between 5 and 16, either at school or otherwise, with a child beginning primary education during the school year he or she turns 5. Students may then continue their secondary studies for a further two years (sixth form), leading most typically to A-level qualifications, although other qualifications and courses exist, including Business and Technology Education Council (BTEC) qualifications, the International Baccalaureate (IB) and the Cambridge Pre-U. The leaving age for compulsory education was raised to 18 by the Education and Skills Act 2008. The change will take effect in 2013 for 16-year-olds and 2015 for 17-year-olds. State-provided schooling and sixthform education is paid for by taxes. England also has a tradition of independent schooling, but parents may choose to educate their children by any suitable means. Higher education often begins with a three-year bachelor's degree. Postgraduate degrees include master's degrees, either taught or by research, and the doctorate, a research degree that usually takes at least three years. Universities require a Royal Charter in order to issue degrees, and all but one are financed by the state via tuition fees, which cost up to £9,000 a term for English, W elsh and EU students.As to primary education, it is previously stated, by law all children between five and sixteen must receive full-time education in Britain. This compulsory stage covers generally the periods of primary and secondary education. A majority of Pupils in the UK, about 94 percent, are recruited to the public-funded state schools where they do not need to pay fees, whilst the rest chose either to attend some independent fee-paying schools or receive home schooling by suitable means. If a child of school age fails to receive any education and there is not a good reason, his parents will be sued at law. Same as the situation in China, children before school age normally receive pre-school education provided by child care centers, play grounds, nursery schools and nursery classes (reception) within primary schools. Such education aim to cultivate children‟s basic and comprehensive competence in creativity, social abilities, language, and physical development. Children start primary school normally at five years of age by first of September (exclusive of reception stage). Since the Education Reform Act 1988, all state schools are obliged to follow the national curriculum system, which divides primary education into key stages. Pupils are expected to accomplish varied educational knowledge and skills at each stage. According to the updated system, English, Maths, History, Geography, Science, Art and Design, Design and Technology, Information and Communication Technology (ICT), Music, Physical Education, are taught at primary schools. The main goals of primary education are for children to achieve basic literacy and numeracy and at the same time students could establish the foundations in science, geography, history and other social sciences.The teaching approaches in a British primary school are typically students-centered and at the same time students could establish the foundations in science, geography and other social sciences.Secondary education is the other constituent part making up British compulsory education, which has been extended to sixteen years of age. Pupils generally move to a secondary school, students study the same subjects as key stage 2, plus two extra subjects: citizenship and modern foreign languages. Key stage 4 starts at the fourth year and covers the rest of two years of secondary school. Pupils are also entitled to some areas such as the religious education, sex education and careers education. But since these subjects do not form part of the national curriculum, parents have the right to withdraw pupil from them if they wish.In the end of secondary education, students in England, W ales and Northern Ireland take serious of examination in specified subjects, known as GCSEs (equivalent to Standard Grade in Scotland). Therefore the last two years of secondary education centre around preparing students for the school leavers‟ examinations. Usually students make a decision on the GCSE subject at the end of key state 3 and most of them choose eight to ten subjects. Virtually all students take GCSEs in the three core subject: English Maths and Science. And individual schools may have specified requirements as well. Exams are taken in the last year of GCSE study, and as a result students are awarded qualifications showing varied ability levels.On leaving school at age 18, 23.1 percent of pupils become students at universities and colleges. There are eighty-seven universities in Britain: seventy-one in England, twelve in Scotland, two in W ales and two in Northern Ireland. They have 844,400 students and 176,900 lectures. The standard length of undergraduate study in Britain is three years for a Bachelor of Arts and Science degree (BA/B. Sc.), and up to seven years for …vocational‟degrees (that is, those linked to a specific job), like medicine, dentistry, veterinary courses or architecture. Students of subjects such as civil engineering spend an intermediate year in industry on a …sandwich‟course. Many univ ersities offer the Bachelor of Education (B.Ed.) degree which is a four-year course geared toward classroom experience. The majority of primary school teachers qualify by this route. The standard way to train to be a specialist subject such as biology, history or mathematics followed by a one-year Post Graduate Certificate in education (PGCE) which includes teaching practice.二、The difference about Chinese and Britain education.There are four important differences as following: At first, it‟s about the age when kids are allowed into school and begin their primary school. The kids in UK begin to go to school in 5 years old, but Chinese kids have to wait for passing their 8th birthday. Britain children are 3 years younger than Chinese kids, which means the learn the discipline of school even society earlier and get some practical skills from kinds of classes in school, besides their parents. It will help kids build independent habits and characters, which will be good for kids‟ whole lifetime.The second is the attention paid on education by government. In UK, their primary and secondary school is not only free but also written in the national law. Parents are forced to keep their kid in school till the kids complete their middle school education. This action is helpful to improve the national education level.The third one is the content of the class, Britain pre-school education Same as the situation in China, children before school age normally receive pre-school education provided by child care centers, play grounds, nursery schools and nursery classes (reception) within primary schools. Such education aim to cultivate chil dren‟s basic and comprehensive competence in creativity, social abilities, language, and physical development.;In primary school Pupils are expected to accomplish varied educational knowledge and skills at each stage. According to the updated system, English, Maths, History, Geography, Science, Art and Design, Design and Technology, Information and Communication Technology (ICT), Music, Physical Education, are taught at primary schools. The main goals of primary education are for children to achieve basic literacy and numeracy and at the same time students could establish the foundations in science, geography, history and other social sciences.The teaching approaches in a British primary school are typically students-centered and at the same time students could establish the foundations in science, geography and other social sciences ; In the secondary school, they learn some subjects: English, Mathis, science, citizenship and modern foreign language and so on. Pupils are also entitled to some areas such as the religious education, sex education and careers education. But since these subjects do not form part of the national curriculum, parents have the right to withdraw pupil from them if they wish..Thus kids can know more extensive knowledge, which will help them understand nature and life better.The last but not the least is the teaching method. The teaching approaches in British primary schools are typically student-centered and a diversity of methods is used at class to cultivate students‟ interests. Instead of giving instructions throughout the entire class, teachers tend to leave room for students to reflect, discuss, and work out problem by themselves with the assistance of teachers tend to leave room for students to reflect ,discuss, and work out problem by themselves with the assistance of teachers. School day usually begins at nine o‟clock in the morning and ends at 4 o‟clock in the afternoon. Alongside classroom education, schools often organize various events and activities such as swimming, theater visits, and field trips. Through these informal ways of learning, students could well build up physical and practical abilities . Personally speaking, it is the most important reason why Chinese Education is different form Britain Education.三、The enlightenment to Chinese Primary and middle school.First and foremost, tine is short in human-being‟s lifetime, so we should save time tor kids. Therefore, the children‟s age of entering school should be advanced. It will make kids independent from their parents earlier. The kids will have more time to experience the society, find their own real dream and achieve their life goals and values. Also, the children can experience their brain and intelligence more when they learn the more knowledge in their younger age. That will inspire their ability of creating, which is Chinese shortage of, can help China to become more powerful. In addition, if we teach kids traditional culture about our country, it is easy for them to remember and master it. That is, they also can inherit our ethnical culture. About, the teaching content and method, we should pay more attention. The teaching content should not only be limited in maths and Chinese, but should include traditional culture such as traditional festivals, old history and ethnical origin. Some people would say kids are too young to know these complicate classes, which I can not agree with. Teachers can make their effort and make the best use of their brain to simplify this knowledge to be accepted by the kids. That will be helpful for kids to develop kids‟ patriotism and ethnical sense of belonging in childhood. And it also can enhance our ethnic cohesion. It also is important to kids‟ own growth. The most important is that kids should be given the more free time to explore the whole world and life by themselves. Like Britain government, Chinese government should increase their support to people‟s education for all-round development, which can make people more polite, respected character and individual value. Higher citizen quality is also critical to our socialistic construction. Thus, the government should pay more attention and even take law as a method to ensure kids‟ educational level. Of course, the government should pay more money to build and perfect Chinese Education System.四、ConclusionChildren‟s quality and mastering me thods of studying is more important than higher marks. However many Chinese do not really realize the core of education, they are still limited in traditional thought; education just for finding a good job and making a great success, rather than develop their perfect quality. They give up the most important essence in the field ofeducation. Therefore, the attitude to education of teachers, parents even society should be changed.Teachers should p ay more attention to students‟ quality than marks. So, the teaching goal should be changed into helping children build their perfect character through kinds of classes. Parents also should give kids more freedom to think, explore, experience and make conclusions by themselves, and never pay more attention on children‟s‟ marks, but their qualities which will be good for kids‟ whole lifetime. That is the most important skills. About society, it should realize that a perfect citizen may be more important than Doctor, who holds many certifications, because people‟s good quality can ensure the peace and security and the healthy development of the country. Qualified citizen is a strong branch of a country‟s power, so, every aspect in society should encourage children to develop in all-round. As old saying goes: “success can catch up with us when we seek for excellence continuously.”。
大题英美概况英文版
大题英美概况英文版名词解释1 bill of rights （英国美国）英国the Bill of Rights of 1689It is a Parliamentary act of Britain to invite William and Mary of Netherlands to serve as joint sovereign of British Monarchy. The Bill of Rights lays down limits on the powers of the monarch and sets out the rights of Parliament, including the requirement for regular parliaments, free elections, and freedom of speech in Parliament. It sets out certain rights of individuals including the prohibition of cruel and unusual punishment.美国Bill of Rights: 1787The Bill of Right is amendments to the Constitution. It consists of 10 short paragraphs which guarantee freedom and individual rights and forbid interference with lives of the individual by the government, freedom of religion, of speech and of the press; the right to assemble in public places, to protest government actions and to demand change. They have the right to own weapons; No one can stop and search a person without good reason. The accused have the right to defend him in court of a jury trial. Cruel punishment is forbidden.Other Important amendments include, one forbidding slavery, rights of citizenship to people regardless of race, women’s right to vote, and lowe ring the voting age to 18.2英国国旗Union Jack--National Flag of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland:The flag consists of three heraldic crosses: the cross of St. George (Patron Saint of England), St. Andrew (Scotland) and St.Patrick (Ireland).3Magistrates’Courts (地方法庭)The overwhelming majority of the public who come into contact with the court system will do so with the Magistrates’court,and there are more than 700 Magistrates’ Courts in England and Wales. However, nearly all of the U K’s criminals will pass through their doors. The Magistrate's court just deals with all kinds of petty cases, including criminal and civil cases.4百年战争The war between England and France started in 1337 when Edward III landed in Normandy. At first the English was on the offensive, but after a century’s fighting the war ended with the English army driven out of France in 1453影响（1）Ruling Normans came to regard Britain as their home and themselves as belonging to the English nation. English came to replace French as the official language.（2）The war stimulated the development of the woolen textile industry, which leads to the Industrial Revolution.（3) It also sped up the decline of English feudalism.5玫瑰战争In 1455 the Duke of York tried to displace Lancaster king, Henry VI. The Lancastrians (with the badge of red rose) were supported by the nobles in the Scot and Welsh, the feudal landowners, while the Yorkists (with the badge of white rose) got support from the progressive South, the commercial-minded gentry. It was a war between the backward landowners in the north and the progressive commercial gentry in the south.The war ended in 1485 with the accession of Henry VII, the founder of the Tudor Monarchy.6美国内战The American Civil War started in 1861, when some slavery southern states declared secession from the US and formed the Confederate States of America because of their intention to keep the black slavery.During the war, President Lincohn announced the Emancipation of Proclamation. The war ended with the surrender of the Confederate armies and the collapse of Confederate government in spring 1865, and it put an end to the black slavery in the USA.7美国土著人25,000 years ago Siberian tribes, in search of hunting grounds or refuge from pursuing enemies, crossed the Bering Strait to Alaska. By late 1500s, about 20 million people, mistakenly called Indians by Christopher Columbus, lived in America. They developed their own aboriginal cultures, ranging from those of the primitive tribes to the brilliant civilizations of the Aztecs (阿兹台克文化), the Incas (印加文化) and the Mayas (玛雅文化).8美国战争的导火索(波士顿倾茶事件)In 1773, a group of American patriots responded to the Tea Act by staging the Boston Tea Party. Disguised as Indians, they boarded British ships and tossed 342 crates of tea into Boston harbor.British responded with four intolerable acts (法令) on Boston. These acts closed the port of Boston, replaced civil government with martial law and sent more troops to Boston.The British government responded harshly and the episode escalated into the American Revolution. The Tea Party became an iconic event of American history.9美国的总统大选The general election in three steps:A. Primary election: two parties hold separate primary election to select delegates to their national party convention. It is a party business but organized by state public authority.B. Party convention:1) writing the party’s platform, a statement of the party’s policy2) selecting the party’s presidential c andidateAfter winning the nomination, the candidate makes an acceptance speech, thanking the delegates and promising to win the general election.C. Nation-wide campaign and ballotingWinning the party’s nomination，the candidate and his team start with nation-wide campaign, a competitive effort of rival candidate to win support of voters with various means10 美国最早宪法为什么行不通P289The Constitutional Convention decided that the Constitution would go into effect once nine states, rather than all the 13 states, had ratified it. The Anti-federalists, mostly small farmers and people with debt, however, criticized the draft Constitution for its negligence of state power and the individual’s rights. The Constitution did not win its final ratification until the Federalists had promised to accept amendments proposed by the opponents. The promise paved the way for the first ten amendments to the U.S. Constitution ,which have known as the Bill of rights.简答题1英国的四次侵略History of Invasions (Before 12th century):1) Invasion from the Roman Empire:The Romans started to invade England in 55 B.C. but they did not succeed to occupy England until 43 D.C., and the English were dominated for 360 years until 410.2)Invasion from Angles and Saxons.In the 5th century, to against Scotland, Britons found help from Angles and Saxons, who refused to leave and occupied the country. The Anglo-Saxons laid the foundation of the English state.3) Raiding from Vikings in 8th centuryIn the 8th, 9th and 10th centuries A.D. There came a new wave ofinvasion by the Vikings and Danes from North Europe.4) Norman Conquest (1066):Headed by William, Duke of Normandy, Edward’s cousin, Normans defeated the English army.and the Normans dominated English for 300 years.2.民主进程1.Henry II 's reform:He divided the country into six circuits and arranged the circuit judges who toured the country at least once a year. Investigations and trials helped to uncover the barons’illegal behavior and bring the lawless barons into submission.2. The Great Charter:The Great Charter is considered as “the corner stone of English h istory”It was the first step of constitutional experiment. It tried to set up a legal relationship between the king and his barons by defining their rights and obligations.It set the basic rules for the English legal systems and rules of law began to challenge feudal despotism.The starting of parliament英国民主进程3.美国政治体制的优与劣The advantages of the political systemthe delegates set up the government consisting of three parts or branches, the executive, the legislative and the judicial.Each branch has its own particular powers, which could limit the wrongful action that might be taken by any other two branches. And it can guard against the possibility of tyranny and deal with the possibility that the central government weaken the power of the state government. Problems of the Party System: The two factors - appointing people to public office and the majority vote system - led to a concentration of the American party system.Lack of party discipline and unity:Lack of clear policy alternativesIncrease in inefficiency and legitimacy deficits。
英美概况英国人口英语作文
英美概况：英国人口探析The United Kingdom, often referred to as the UK, is a sovereign state located on the island of Great Britain in Europe. It comprises four constituent countries: England, Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland. The UK has a rich history and diverse culture, making it a fascinating country to explore. In this essay, we will delve into the demographics of the UK, specifically its population.The population of the UK is estimated to be around 67 million people, with England being the most populous constituent country. The UK's population density is relatively high, with the majority of people residing in urban areas, particularly in and around London, the capital city. London is the largest city in the UK and one of the most populous cities in the world.The UK's population is diverse, with people from various ethnic backgrounds, religions, and cultures. This diversity is reflected in the country's rich tapestry of languages, with English being the official language but many regional dialects and immigrant languages also spoken.The UK's multiculturalism adds to its charm and makes it a vibrant and inclusive society.The UK's population structure is also noteworthy. The median age of the population is relatively high, indicating a maturing society. This is due to several factors,including increasing life expectancy and decreasingfertility rates. The older population segment presents challenges and opportunities for the UK, such as providing adequate healthcare and retirement benefits while fostering economic growth and innovation.The UK's population dynamics are also influenced by migration. The country has a long history of immigration, with people from around the world settling in the UK. Migration has shaped the UK's demographics, economy, and culture, making it a truly global nation. However,migration has also been a contentious issue in recent years, with debates surrounding its economic, social, and cultural impacts.In conclusion, the UK's population is a dynamic and diverse entity that reflects the country's rich history and multiculturalism. The challenges and opportunitiespresented by the UK's population dynamics are numerous, but with careful planning and innovation, the country can continue to thrive as a global leader in culture, economy, and society.**英国人口概况探析**英国，常被称为联合王国，是一个位于欧洲大不列颠岛上的主权国家。
英美概况 政府的影响(英文)
The effects of governmentWe live in a modern society where culture, economy and various systems are highly developed. At the same time, people in growing numbers attach great importance to their right of freedom, calling for less and less constraint from the government . Maybe it's time to have a fresh look at the effects of government.According to my personal experience, a school which is like a small government has everything to to with our daily life. In the course of my schooling, rules set by schools always have different impact on us, and so as the rules set by the government.In primary school, we can see that schools set various rules,such as some requests on our study and some standards of our behaviours. I am greatly convinced that most of the primary schools will set various norms of conduct, making sure that their students will be under control. For example, when I was in primary school , our school kept in touch with our parents every day, for the purpose of knowing the performance of us in an all round way. Parents were also asked to check our homework so that we could finish our homework in time. Owing to these rules, we are on the alert even at home.It goes without saying that, due to the immature mentality, students in primary school can not form good habits without the help of parents and teachers. For this reason, schools set many mandatory rules to regulate the behaviours of children.A primary school is as same as a government in an instable society, making rules to solve the problem in real life. Since China's reform and opening up, we have confronted many challenges. In today's highly developed media world, we can see many problems every day in our society,such as the wide gap between rich and poor, difficulties in finding jobs and resource and environmental problems. Owing to these problems, it is necessary that government make some rules or laws to make the society under control. Taken as a whole, China is still in the primary stage of socialism and remains a developing country. So the domination of the government will of great help to create a better environment for us, such as a harmoniousco-existence for human and nature, and a well-coordinated development between socio-economy and environment.Now I have been in the university for nearly two year. During these time, I feel that the atmosphere in the university is more free than before and our school set no limits in many things. However, even so, rules in school still exist. For example, our university set strict rules on canteen's work time, making sure that each student will have meals during the reasonable time. Ever since then we can't sleep late in the morning any more. If not, we will have no breakfast to eat.Perhaps in some university, there are also some similar rules which are suitable for their respective situation. Although students in university are becoming more and more mature, they still have difficulties in adapting themselves to the society. If universities set no limits to students, they may do everything at will. If this continues, everything will be a mess.From my point of view, a university is as same as the government in a highly developed society. With the rapid development in both technology and economy, people in growing numbers are calling for complete freedom. However, assuming that there are no limits set by the government and people can do everything following their hearts, the results will be imaginable.So I think necessary rules are of good help to achieve a better result. No matter what the political ,social,or cultural level it is, we will also come across many problems which rely on the help of government.On the one hand, the domination will constrain humanity's natural state of freedom. However on the other hand, because of the rules set by the government, all people can live in peace and order.Whether we admit it or not, one thing certain is that the government is closely linked with our daily life. Under some circumstance, the government may be a sigh of constraint, as some of the rules made by it make us feel uncomfortable. We live in a society where people naturally aspire toward freedom. But everything has its two sides and we can not live in a society without any constraint. Although thegovernment has is negative effects, we can not ignore the benefits of it.In a word, the government plays an important role in different stage of the society and we can not live without it. My suggestion is that the government can further improve its policy measures in order to create the free atmosphere for human. At that time,I think all of us will live a happier life.。
英美概况英文作文
英美概况英文作文The United States is a diverse and multicultural country with a rich history and a strong sense of individualism. From the bustling streets of New York City to the serene beauty of the Grand Canyon, the US offers a wide range of experiences for visitors and residents alike.In terms of politics, the US is a federal republic with a two-party system dominated by the Democratic and Republican parties. The country is known for its strong emphasis on democracy and individual freedoms, and has a long history of political activism and social movements.When it comes to food, the US is a melting pot of different culinary traditions, with each region offeringits own unique dishes and flavors. From Southern barbecue to New England clam chowder, there's something for everyone to enjoy.In terms of culture, the US is a global leader inentertainment, with Hollywood producing a large majority of the world's films and television shows. The country is also known for its music, with genres like jazz, rock, and hip-hop all having roots in American culture.In terms of geography, the US is incredibly diverse, with everything from deserts and mountains to forests and beaches. The country is also home to a wide variety of wildlife, including bears, eagles, and bison.In terms of economy, the US is one of the largest and most influential in the world, with a strong emphasis on innovation and entrepreneurship. The country is known for its technological advancements, particularly in the fields of Silicon Valley and biotechnology.In terms of education, the US is home to some of the world's top universities and research institutions, making it a popular destination for students from all over the world. The country also has a strong emphasis on sports, with American football, basketball, and baseball being particularly popular.In terms of language, English is the most widely spoken language in the US, but the country is also home to a large number of Spanish speakers, particularly in states like California and Texas.In terms of transportation, the US has a well-developed network of highways, railways, and airports, making it easy to travel around the country. The US is also known for its love of cars, with many Americans relying on them for their daily commute.。
英语国家概况期末论文1
英语国家概况期末论文1American and British educationThe number of people holds view that the future of the nation depends largely on education, so as the future of the children. Each country has its own education system. Most of countries try to put the national education in the first place. And most families consider the home education as part of their life. What are the country education systems? What are their purposes? How do parents do at ho me for their children’s education? The following I will talk about the formal education and family education among the United States and the United Kingdom.American Education1. Formal EducationIn the United States, education is regarded as both an individual benefit and a social necessity. There are three ideals of American education. Firstly, education is governed by state and local governments, not by the national government. Each of the 50 states has its own laws regulating education, but some laws are similar, for example, all states require young people to attend school until the age of either 16 or 18. Secondly, receive an equal education. In the other words, many people are possible to have access to as much as education as they want. This ideal is an outcome of the American’s assertions about equality among people. Thirdly, American schools tend to put more emphasis on developing critical thinking than acquiring quantities of facts. And American students are encouraged to express their own opinion in class and to think for themselves, and goal of American education is to teach c hildren how to learn and helpthem reach their maximum potential. In addition, formal education in United States consists of elementary, secondary and higher education. Elementary and secondary education, which are the basis of public education, are compulsory. Classes of students are divided into twelve academic levels called grades. Before attend the first academic institution,many parents choose to enroll their children in kindergarten and, even earlier, nursery school or daycare center. After high school, part of students will go to further education—university. There are some famous universities in the United States, such as Harvard University, a comprehensive university; Yale University with a high academic standard and great prestige; Massachusetts Institute of T echnology, an institute famous for its scientific and technological training and research.2. Family EducationIt is a general perspective that every American has the right and obligation to become educated. And some are tutoring at home by their parents, instead of school teachers. American parents suggest that little children are not just a process of memorizing knowledge that already exists in books, but work to discover new information or conceive new ways to understand what is already known. In addition, parents pay much attention to children’s independence. They think that children should do many things all by themselves. If parents do that for them, they would become lazy and dependent on others. When children make mistakes, American parents would punish them, let them realize their faults and warn them not to do that again. They would not pay much attention to children’s ability to learn or to read, but teach them to understand the world.The United Kingdom Education1. Formal EducationIn the history, education in British was voluntary and many British schools were set up by the church. Now education in Britain is divided into four stages: primary, secondary, further education and higher education. The compulsory education for all children is between the ages of 5 and 16. There are two parallel school systems in Britain for primary and secondary education, the state system and the independent system. The education in the state system is provided free of charge while the independent system requires fees.Education is compulsory for all children between the ages of 5 and 16. Children begin primary school at the age of 5 and go on to secondary school at the age of 11 and stay there until 16. Free compulsory education is available for all children up to the age of 16. After that, they can choose to study for two more years in preparation for higher education and they start their university education around the age of 18. And some choose to comprehensive schools, which provide a general education. Most British universities are partially funded by central government grant. Students from poor families can receive the maintenance grant from the central government grant. Like the united states, the united kingdom has its famous universities, for instance, Oxford, the oldest university in the English-speaking world; Cambridge, which is well-known by its reputation for outstanding academic achievement. King’s College Lond on, which has a multicultural student body and an academic reputation that goes from strength to strength.2. Family EducationIn the United Kingdom, parents also pay much attention to tutor their children to be well controlled by themselves. Whenthe children do something wrong, parents would take action to correct their behavior or even punish them. There is no reason for them to get their parents’ overindulgence. Both the United States and the United Kingdom emphasize independence on Family education. Th e United Kingdom’s parents think that if they Over Indulgent their children, their children will never know what independence means. They also have a prospect that they should be responsible for the children’s future. The parents seem not to be competent a s their children couldn’t adapt the community or make contributions to the society; the common response is that parents should feel guilty as incapable of educating their children.As far as I am concerned, different countries have their own educational ways. But one in common is that all the national education systems and family education want to make the children out of boys and turn them into useful person in society. People believe that future of the nation depends largely on education, so as the future of children. The only thing we can do is to respect for cultural differences and take the essence and discard the dregs. Only in this way, children can grow up more happily and independent so that they can make great contributions to their society.。
英美概况英国的扩张(英文版)
Small Island，Big worldAs it is a fact that England has been a big country in the world for a long period,not only on the land ,but also on the sea.The British Empire was the largest country at that time,which occupied about 33 million square kilometers,taken up one fifth of the world’s total dry land and about 135 tomes as large as Great Britain.It ruled over a population of 560 million,which was more than ten times as large as that of Britain.It was called an empire “on which the sun never set”.Because on almost all the continents of the world Britain had its colonies that kept the sun can be seen on the sky all the time.Britain’s Overseas ExpansionBritish overseas expansion was clearly part of an older tradition of European empire building.They traced this back to classical Greece and Rome,Spanish and Portuguese expansion following Columbus’ voyage to the new world.Britain’s overseas expansion was begin with several battles against Spanish during Elizabeth ’era.Elizabeth avoided open hostility with Spain,but she secretly encouraged English seadogs to raid Spanish colonies and plunder the Spanish ships that were returning back home to Spain.At first,the Spanish king did not know that Britain was their most dangerous rival or Elizabeth’s intention until Spanish king Philip was at the helm of the state.So ,in 1588,the king dispatched a fleet of 130 vessels which named “the Invincible Fleet ”to England.The fleet sailed up the English Channel and a large naval battle out.The English battleships threw their enemies into panic with fire ships.The badly battered the Spanish’s fleet fled to northward in confusion.Caught in a storm ,many of the Spanish warships died and only half of them survived and went back to Spain,never dare to come to England again.The lost of the war made Spain lose its lead position on the sea,while ,on the other hand,Britian could take over Spanish power became the leader.The victory not only established the position of England as a major sea power but also paved the way for its foreign expansion as a colonizing nation.What’s more,British overseas expansion helped the state gather many property for this empire’s construction.British Foreign ExpansionIn the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries,Britain experience the Industrial Revolution.It is a big event for all the British.During the Industrial Revolution,a varity of chater companies were the tentacles and they spearheaded the foreign expansion and colonization.These companies,such as the East India Company,had the right to use the English Navy.Charter companies would first force a foreign country to open its market,then they would control the market and establish the British sphere of influence.If the British had occupied the land,the natives would have to leave their land or controlled by them.At the same,as a result of the Industrial Revolution,the empire was quite eager for raw material and expanding its foreign market.So the Britain began to expand its colonies all over the world.The expansion began with the colonization of Newfoundland,soon,many continents had became British colonies.In Asia,the East India company was founded in 1600.At first,it traced with India through a few trading posts it had managed to secure on the coast and the southern tip of the peninsula.They also managed to edge out the French and Portuguese colonists who had also come for conquest.By 1819 the British conquest of India was almost complete.The British aggression caused angeramong the natives.In 1857,a large anti–aggression mutiny broke out when the colonial authority ordered the hired native Indian soldiers to use greased catridges.Many of the Indian troops were from the Hindus,who regarded touching of the fat of a cow as contamination worse than death,and the Mohammedans who were also horrified by the fat of the swine.Many parts of the country were involved in the revolt.After the mutiny was suppressed,the control of India was passed to British Crown in 1858,and Queen Victoria became Empress of India in 1877.After conquering India,British merchants tried to make a profit in China.But because the Chinese economy was still based on agriculture and self–sufficiency,British used to suffer a deficit in the early trades.To make a profit,British merchants started to import opium into China from India .After China banned the opium trade in1799,still some British merchants continued to smuggle opium into China .In 1839,the Imperial Commissioner Lin Zexu ordered the confiscation of about 20 000 chests of opium and burnt them at Canton.The British used this as a excuse and launched a war of aggression against China in 1840.The British troops occupied Hong Kong in 1841,and invaded Zhenjiang before threatening Beijing itself.Due to failure of the Opium War,the Qing dynasty signed the Treaty of Nanjing,which included China ceded Hong Kong to British,opened five ports to British trade and many money to Britain .Among all the colonies of Britain ,Hong Kong was the last one to get its independence until 1997.As for other areas of Asia ,Btitish invaded Burma and occupied the coastal areas.At the same time,Singapore was forced to become British colony.So,Britain had a strategic base to the Indian Ocean and the Far East.After that,British power could expand to the whole Malaysia.It controlled the Strait of Malacca and built the Straits Settlements.In Africa,at the end of the 19 century,this continent is the focus of British colonial expansion.As for its abundant mineral resources, British wanted to control this area and get the resources for their industrial development .Besides,Btitish confined to a number of forts and slave trading posts on the West Coast.The Cape of Good Hope at the southern tip and Egypt in the northern part of the continent were the two chief centers of British advance in Africa.Britain was eager to control the Cape of Good Hope in order to protect its route to India. After England seized Cape Town from Dutch in 1806,English setters began to flock in and they brought in the English language.Then the English colonists pushed northward until the South Africa Union was organized by the English Parliament in 1910.Britian was also interested in controlling Egypt and Sudan.Egypt and France built the Suze Canal which was opened to navigation in 1869.In 1875,the British government bought half of the Suez Canal shares from the bankrupt Egyptian ruler,while the other half was still held by the French .After fierce struggle,the British drove the French from Egypt and gained control of the Suez Canal in 1882.The British suppressed a rebellion and occupied Egypt.By the beginning of the twentieth century,about one third of Africa was controlled by British colonialists.In East Africa,British occupied Somali,Zanzibar,Malawi and Buganda in 1980s and 1990s.In South Africa ,the British South Africa Company invaded to Zambia in 1890.In North America,when the old colonial powers:Portugal,Spain were concentrating their attention on dominating on the sea the deserted east coast of North American became the first British colonial areas of activity.The early immi grants were actually “pushed out of Europe” because they refused to conform to the rules they did not like in their home country .They hated the system which had impoverished and persecuted them. The first colony was Newfoundland,established in 1583.Until 1733, 13 colonies on the east coast of North America were under British control.In the 18th century the population in the British colonies inNorth America quickly increased from 260000 to 2, 3 million within a fewdecades(1700-1770). Also, 3, 4 million slaves were brought to the British colonies from Africa between 1162 and1807. The settlers in the colonies were mostlyself-governed while still under rule of the English Crown.But conflicts started. Additional taxes on tea or legal documents led to discrepancies. The settlers rejected any sort of taxation .The confrontation tightened up through the Townshend Acts or the Boston Massacre.The reaction of the settlers was for instance the Boston Tea Party in 1773. After several tough battles,i n 1776 the Declaration of Independence was signed. In the North American Independence War (1776-1783) Britain had to admit defeated and with the Peace of Paris in 1783 acknowledged the independence of the colonies. At the early 17 century,France and Britain began to compete in establishing colonies in Canada.But after seven years war ,Britain defeat France and monopolized Canada in1763.by the 1840s, British North America had 1.5 million people: 650,000 in Lower Canada, 450,000 in Upper Canada, and more than 300,000 in Atlantic Canada.In Latin American,British began to immigrate to Bahama Islands and controlled it in 1783.After that,British could controlled Caribbean.In Oceania,as a newly found continent ,it was a large continent of low populationdensity.During 1583 and 1587,a British named James Cook investigated the east coast of Australia and claimed the east coast region for Britain,naming it New South Wales.The British began to immigrant to the land.In 1788,the British government began to transport convicts to Australia and established some penalty settlements for these convicts.As more and more free colonists had come to settle,the British government was forced to stop transferring convicts to Australia after1840.The sudden discovery of gold in Australia led to the gold rushes which brought large numbers of free immigrants to Australia,resulting in the founding of six separate colonies.In 1901,the six separate and self-governing colonies were united to form one dominion----the independent Commonwealth of Australia. Until 1900 Australia became profitable exporters of wool and gold.At the southeast to the Australia land, lying another country----New Zealand, originally settled by Maoris,was first discovered by Dutch in1642.James Cook visited New Zealand in the 1770s and claimed it for England.English missionaries began to arrive in the early nineteenth century before the New Zealand Company started systematic colonization in the1840s.New Zealand achieved self-government in 1852 .Then Britain had completed its control in the Oceania,this area also became one of British accesses to raw materials for the industrial constriction and foreign market for their goods.Decline of the British EmpireThe old Btitish colonial system began to decline in the 18th century.during the longperiod of unbroken Whig dominance of domestic political life,the Empire became less important and less well-regarded,until an ill-fated attempt to reverse the resulting“salutary neglect”provoked the American War of Independence,depriving Britain of her most populous colonies.Although Britain was the first country to industrialise,other countries,such as Germany,United States also took rapidly step to start their industrialization,Britain experienced real competition abroad.Especially after the World War 1,British suffered a heavy lose,which led to debt accumulation,loss of capital markets and manpower deficiencies in the staffing of far-flung imperial posts in Asia and the African colonies.The Empire’s end began with the onset of the World War 2,when a deal was reached between the British government,and the Indian independence movement,whereby the Indians would cooperate and remain loyal during the war,after which they would be grantedindependence.Following India’s lead,nearly all of Britain’s other colonies would become independent over the next two decades.This vast colonial empire finally out of sight.Effect of British Foreign ExpansionThe foreign expansion ,as for the Britain,has reached their goals----achieve accesses to more materials and foreign markets.Through the expansion all over the world,British got a large amount of capital fund,which contributed quite a lot to British economic construction.Cities grew and prospered with the development of industry and foreign trade.The Strand in London became the finest street in Europe.Fleet Street flourished as a publishing center.British foreign expansion has changed people’s life.“Respectable”districts for rich people in the near suburbs were expanding.A middle class house in England in the nineteenth century commonly had there or fourservants ,usually women,while a rich house had many more.But the majority of workers excluded from a decent life.The street swarmed with barefooted children who wore very few clothes that were no protection against rain and wind.Many children were forced to go to factories to work more than 12 hours a day at the age of eight or nine.An increasing number of people required the government to solve these problems.Under the pressure of public demand,the government took some measures to ensure workers rights and mitigate the social conflicts.When it comes to the colonies,British expansion was a disaster for the colonial people.After the settler arrive at a new place,they would try every method to make the colonial people give in.When the land was under their control,they plundered the raw materials and bullied the locals.They had to leave their home land for decades of years before independence.The plunder also slow down the economic development of the colonies.However,on the other hand,since the Britain was more developed than any other countries at the time,the colonialists brought many advanced technology,culture and experience,which helped the colonies developed,anyhow.Although the colonial era has passed,we must bear in mind a saying“Backwardness will lead to defeat”.Only our nation is strong enough can we avoid bullied by the stronger countries.。
英语辅修《英美概况》论文
Two Queens in English History- Li Jia Mathematics class 6 There are several queens in English history. They are just like royal red roses decorating the monotonous garden of the monarch filled with green. Two roses are so fragrant that it is hard to ignore them. They are Queen Elizabeth I and Queen Victoria who both dominated the country with their female charms and wisdom. They created marvelous periods in English history that had great effects on later generations. The golden ages are named after them. One is called Elizabethan Age, and the other is known as Victorian Age. Although they lived in different times and experienced diverse life, both of them show the elegance, intellectuality and calm as a queen. They have similarities in some way. Let’s make a comparison between these two great females in the following aspects.1.Early ExperiencesElizabeth was born at Greenwich Palace of Placentia in London. She suffered a lot in her early years. Before she was three years old, her mother was put to death for alleged adultery and the marriage was declared invalid. As a result, Elizabeth’s birth became illegitimate and subsequently lost her claim to the English throne. She was so neglected by her father that she had to wear clothes that were too small. Fortunately, her stepmothers didn’t do much harm to her and she got a comprehensive education ranging from history, mathematics, poetry and languages in palace. She had a good command of several languages, like Greek, Latin, French, Italian, and Spanish, which laid a solid foundation for her reign in the future. Because of the influence of her last stepmother Catherine Parr and her tutors, Elizabeth became a Protestant. The peaceful life came to an end after her young brother-King Edward VI’s death. Since then, she was involuntarily involved in endless cruel fight for the crown and various political plots. The experience is so miserable that she once doubted whether she could survive when imprisoned in the Tower of London. After a series of struggle with her half-sister Mary, she finally get the crown after Mary’s death.Victoria was born at Kensington Palace in London. She should have owned a happy family but her father died of Pneumonia in a sudden. What her father left for his wife and daughter was only heavy debts. From then on, Victoria have to lead a frugal life which means she would wear same clothes for years. At the age of 11, she started to learn the lengthy court etiquette and complex behavior taboos. Anyway, her childhood was not so happy. She finally came into power when she was only 18.2.StatesmanshipElizabeth I was able to work with parliament, but there were also problems. Parliament asked for its customary right of free right confirmed in writing and right to discuss important questions at will instead of the king’s invitation. Neither of the requires above did Elizabeth agree. She regarded them as violations of her prerogative. So at that time, the queen had a strong power above the parliament. As a result, the contradiction between autocratic royalty and the bourgeoisie begin to appear.For the sake of politics, Elizabeth broke religious ties with Rome and restored the independence of the Church of England. She imposed the Common Prayer Book, the English selection of the Bible, on all churches in England. She was a protestant, but she implemented religious tolerance policy at the same time. This decision made England more stable.Conversely, when Victoria ruled over the country, the constitutional monarchy had been built and gradually become perfect. Under such history background, Queen Victoria didn’t interfere in the internal affairs much. However, she did promote the establishment of compulsory education and the opening of the first World Expo. She was sympathetic to freedom of speech and freedom of the press, and favored greater religious liberty for those people who did not belong to the official Church of England.What’s more, she showed her own political vision and pointed out the majordirection of the foreign policy. She stood by the Conservative Party and had a intimate relationship with the leader of the party. It directly lead to the realization of colonial policy that made the country become an empire on which the sun never set. During her reign, Britain invaded many nations including China. Because of the vast foreign expansion, Victoria finally became Empress of India. The country extended its effects on the whole world. Nowadays, there are still plenty of places which is entitled her name Victoria.3. Marriagewhen it comes to the marriage, Queen Elizabeth I seemed to go blank. She is known as “the virgin queen”.Through Elizabeth’s lifetime, she never married to anybody. Elizabeth told the parliament: “I have already joined myself in marriage to a husband, namely the kingdom of England.”if she had n’t been so loyal to her country, she should have constructed a family. Her former brother-in-law King Felipe II once proposed to her, then she declined it. And she loved Earl of Leicester so much, but they missed each other since a protestant husband would intensify the sectarian strife from her perspective. To avoid the possible religious and political conflicts, she refused to be involved in a marriage. Maybe she is just a lonely woman when coming down from the holy throne. It is a tragedy for a woman to have no husband and no child. Chances are that she chose the people’s welfare rather than her own well-being confronted with the significant responsibilities a queen must undertake.Victoria was much luckier than Elizabeth, she married her cousin Albert. Although their marriage was decided by their parents, their love turned legend in the end.Albert helped the queen tackle various state affairs. He devoted himself to prompting the perfection of constitutional monarchy and changed the disorganized climate of the House of Hanover. Elizabeth adored her husband so much that she agreed with him most of the time. They enjoyed a harmonious and pleasantrelationship.They have nine children in total. Victoria brought up them in person instead of leaving them solely in the care of nannies and governesses. She set a strict discipline for her children and asked them to take their father as example. Victoria once wrote a letter to her pregnant daughter about giving birth to a child. She complained the misery and tiredness a mother had to endure and the happiness to own a child. It completely revealed the contradictory feeling of an ordinary mother.Some of Victoria’s children and grandchildren eventually married the heirs to thrones of Spain, Russia, Sweden, Norway, and Romania, because of her many descendants, Victoria became known as the “Grandmother of Europe”.Victoria took responsibilities not only as a queen, but a wife and a mother. Her family life set a good example for her people.4.Outcomes of the ReignDuring Queen Elizabeth I’s 45 years rule, England became a brilliant kingdom with prosperous economy and multiple cultures. The principal achievement is that England won the naval battle with Spain and get position as a major sea power. Elizabeth’s politics met the need of the rising bourgeoisie and promoted the development of the Renaissance which was represented by several figures like Christopher Marlowe, William Shakespeare, and Ben Jonson. Her rule pave way for the shaping of British Empire.The reign of Queen Victoria has been the longest of any monarch in British history. She was the official head of United Kingdom and the worldwide British Empire. Owing to the stability of the whole society and the enormous foreign market, industrial revolution was carried out successfully. The revolution has changed people’s lifestyle completely and promoted the construction of infrastructure.It was a big change that London owned a convenient metro network, a comprehensive sanitary sewer system and a complete street lamp lighting system during these years.5. ConclusionTo conclude, both of them did a good job. The country obtained considerable development in the politics, economy, culture and so on. As members of few queens in English history, what they have done are much more superior to many kings. Their beauty and wisdom will leave deep impression on descendants. People will be long forgetting them forever.。
英美概况英国部分Word版
Chapter OneBritishSection one :the country and its people and position :name : The United kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (U.K)position：To the west and off the European Continent, containing the Great Britain and the northern part of Ireland.Territory proportion: approximately 240,000 square km.Population : 62.262millionThree political parts: England, Wales and Scotland England (capital city: London):the biggest ,the most developed as well as the most populated country in the U.K (capital city: London)Scotland (capital city:Edinburgh):Wales :smallest partIreland :Henry VIII was the first king to bring Ireland under control; gain its independence in 1927.2.Geographic Features:Northeast to the European Continent and east to the Atlantic, to its northeast is a channel called English Channel between the U.K and France. Neighboring country that share border : Ireland only Britain is an island country, more than1,000kilometres from south to north and 500kilometres form east to west.High Land zone：in north and westLow Land zone: in the south and east (including London).3.English TunnelFinished in 1994,was build up by private companies from U.K and France.4. Climate and Weather :Climate : maritime climate .Main character : abundant and evenly distributed rainfall. Autumn is the rainiestseasonInfluential factors: North Atlantic Drift(warm)Southwesterly wind(warm and wet.winter)Weather: changeable5.inland water :Longest river : Severn RiverMost important and second longest river: Thames River Lakes :in the Lake District6.People and languages :Main peoples: Celts and Anglo-SaxonsLanguages :English is overwhelming, some people in speaks Geltic Language7.Religion:The majority of the British people believe Christianity.Religious education and collective worship are required by British law.8.national flag :The Union Jack or Union FlagSection two : the British Government1.Political system：Constitutional MonarchyDefinition : it means the head ofstate is monarch withlimited powers.Themonarch reigns(统治), butdoes not rule（统制）ernment Component:Central government :consists of Monarch, Parliament and CabinetLocal governments3.Structure of the British government:The head ---- monarchLegislature institution : Parliament(consists House ofCommons and House of Lords)Executive Institution: Cabinet(consists of Prime Minister and Ministers of Civil service)Judicial Institution: court of appeal(supreme court)subordinate to House Of Lord4.Definations:The general idea of government :Technically speaking, British government or refers to the Cabinet(nuclear).This kind of government is called Parliamentary government or Cabinet government.The queen (Victoria ,Elizabeth….) ：Reigns but does not rulepersonifies the country,the symbol of unityAppoint the Prime Minister and other Ministers,the bills need her approval before going into effectThe parliament :Law making body ,need the approval of the monarchConsists of three parts: the monarch, the House Of Lord and the House of Common,It don’t have the executive power.The House Of Lord:The upper house of the Parliament ,unelected, consist of clergy(神职人员) and members of peerage.Debating place:the Palace of WestminsterBestowed with judicial power.The Lord Chancellor:the presider of The House Of Lord as well as a member in Cabinet, he works in Department for Constitutional Affairs.head of the judiciary of England and Wales,serving as the President of the Supreme Court of England and Wales.The house of common:The centre of the parliamentary powerMain function:to pass laws, bills and acts of Parliamentto scrutinize, criticize and restrain the actions ofthe governmentto influence the future government policyDefinition :democratically elected bodythe source of the vast majority of government ministers There is a elected speakerbills normally originate in the House of Commons. Only the House of Commons may originate bills concerning taxation or SupplyThe cabinet :responsible to Parliament for the administration of national affairs.The Cabinet is the most powerful and it serves as the nucleus of the Government.Debate place :Downing street.No 10 Downing Street is a historic building that is also a place of work. It is a symbol of Government and the home to the Prime Minister and his family. Establishment time：1856supreme decision-making bodyThe Prime Minister :monarch's principal advisorappointed by monarchNo 10 Downing Street is a historic building that is also a place of work. It is a symbol of Government and the home to the Prime Minister and his family.Local government :The English government is a three-tiered government: central government, county government and district government. The central government enforces laws through local governments.Section 3:British Laws and Politics Laws :judiciary &constitutionJudiciary :In the structure of the U.K central government, the Court of Appeal, which is subordinate to the House of Lord, is in charge of the judiciary issues.British judiciary consists of 2 branches-------civil law（citizen s’duties and obligations） criminal law(define and enforce obligations of a person)，It’s not necessary to pick up jury in the course of the civil trail while criminal trails have to be held in open court for the criminal law assume the innocent of the accused until he was proved to be guilty by a smoking gun.(reasonable doubt) In the process of the criminal trail by jury. The judge pass the result issued by the jury.Jury system(mostly used in criminal trial)Definition :In the United kingdom the court is open to the public and the jury is used during the trial.12members,random selection,obligation, chosen by both side(the plaintiff and the defendant)Unanimous verdictConstitution :No written constitution in U.K, it’s function is embodied by several separate lawsFour elements of the British legal ：acts of the parliament/Statutory Law（国内成文法）, common law(公民法),convention(惯例、习惯法),EU legislation（欧盟法）Barrister -------inn court, bar examinationPolitics :Politic system :a two-party political system.▪political parties:▪the Whig Party—Liberal Party▪the Tory Party—Conservative Partymajority seats in the Parliament means the power to form a government (government party, opposition parties )Government policies are initiated by whipsThere is no need to apply for membership in a party.The conservative party ----right wing---oldMain support----middle and upper-middle class. Advocation :privatization of the state owned firmsfree enterpriseadvocate :pragmatismindividualism.Margaret ThatcherThe labor party------left wing/the leftCreated by trade unionMixture of the two partiesDoctrine of SocialismMain support :Working classAdvocation :Establish a welfare stateNationalized industryExercise control over the private industries to revive the primary industryLiberal Democratic-----minority partyadvocates policies based on freedom of the individual and supports the adoption of Propositional Representation at elections(代议制选举)Election:Prime Ministers are elected from national Constituency (选区)Period： 5 yearsGovernment :the party has the majority seats of the parliament.Prime Minister :the leader of the majority party.Section 4:national economy and major cities1. General Survey :first country to start industrial revolution;comprehensive industry systemmineral production：mainly exhausted, others are mainly oil and gaseconomy model :one of the most essential market economy in the world.Industry :⏹comprehensive industry system⏹one of the seven major industrialized countries ofthe Western Worldfinance :London is one of the financial centre of the world’s businesstrade:long coastline ,limited domestic market ,inadequate raw material ,trading nation, petroleum tradeAs for Sino-British trade:China: raw materials, sideline productsBritain: technical equipmentBritain is China's 4th biggest European trade partnereconomic influence :one of the seven major industrialized countries of the Western World, the member of the G8 summitFramework of economy :Economy system : capitalism ,including Public Sector and Private Sector.GDP: The world’s sixth largest economyCurrency: sterlingMining :Oil(.self sufficient .North sea,1975) ,Gas, and Coal (be kept for future use)Manufacturing Industry:Iron and steel industry is the largest manufacturingindustry.A large auto-vehicle industry------Aston Martin,Land Rover, Dodge, and Rolls Royce.Agriculture :favorable condition : mild climate ,Highly mechanized ,Important department :Dairy farming and fishinganimal husbandryPoultry ['pəʊltrɪ]meatEnergy productionMajor Energy Companies: Shell, British Petroleum[pɪ'trəʊlɪəm](BP), British Gas (BG)TransportationWell-known merchant marineOne of the busiest railways in the worldDeveloped highways and airlines (the major airline are mainly operated by the British airways(state-owned) Communication (all state-owned)One of the largest and most developed in the world “999”for police, fireman and ambulanceLargest telecommunication provider-----BT(British Tele communication)FinanceCentral bank of the UK：controls the currency and actsmaintain the integrity and value of the currencyEconomy structuresServices industries, especially, business and financial services—the strongest performing sector in the UK economy with London being the most developed area in the whole country.major citiesLondon•南岸，伦敦眼摩天轮•杜莎夫人蜡像馆／天文馆（Madame Tussaud's/Planetarium）•伦敦塔•伦敦地牢•敞篷巴士伦敦观光游（The Original London Tour）•议会大厦（Houses of Parliament）夏季对外开放•西区和威斯敏斯特大教堂（Westminster Abbey）观光•达利的世界展览馆（Dali Universe）•汉普顿宫（Hampton Court Palace）•肯辛顿宫（Kensington Palace）BelfastManchesterCardiff EdinburgBirminghamChapter twoSection 5 :Origin of the English NationThe native Celt :Celt are considered to be the natives of Great Britain and the ancestors of the Scots, Irish and Welsh peopleOriginate from：Eastern and central EuropeRoman Conquest：Brought about Christianity.Occupied England until 410 A.DLater on, the Jutes and Angles landed, the Angles(the winner) gave the name to England and English people..Alfred the Great.First (Anglo-Saxon )king of (all) England“The father of the British navy.”The battle of HastingsHarold GodwinsonBrave and respectful, but not the direct heir of the throne. But he managed to crown himself the king by wining the support of the WitanWilliam the ConquerorEdward’s cousinSet out from Normandy to English south coast Battlefield :Build up a fort and camped in Hasting, southeastern England.Result : William won, battle abbey mourn for the dead Be crowned in Westminster on Christmas day of 1066,becoming the first Anglo-Norman king of England.Influence :Sped up the development of feudalism in Britain, after the war, the feudalism system was established. Build up the tower of LondonFeudal aristocracy was established.Open up a bi-lingual period in English historyLast invasion of England initiated by foreignersFeudalism system:Established by William the great.The throne provides the land and castlesThe monarch will need the support from the barons Definition :feudal system - giving land in return for service.Section 6: the decline of feudalism in EnglandHenry II and His Reform :William consolidated the feudalism and he took all kinds of measures to strengthen the king’s power, which intensify the conflicts between the monarch andhis baronsHenry the 2nd came into power and become the first king of Plantagenet (金雀花)dynasty.Measures：force the foreign mercenaries to leave the England, demolish the illegal castles built by the barons, abolish the land tax based on hidecreate the circuit courts and the jury systemthe king’s court have the right to try the guilty clerkEffect:Strengthen the feudal orderBring a period of security and prosperityThe course of the form was interrupted and left unfinished.The Great CharterWhen the king John ruled the England, the baronsforce the king to sign and swear to observe the Great Charter.The Great Charter ,or the Magna Charter is very critical in English history and it’s called the corner stone of English history.The content :The king must observe the rights of his vessels.No tax should be imposed without the consent of the Great Council.No free man will be imprisoned or banished without being convicted by a juryThe merchants are allowed to move about freely.Birth of the Parliament:Simon de Montfort(西蒙德孟福尔)brings changes to the organization of the Great Council.2citizens from a flourishing town,2 knights from each county can join the Great Council.Changed the name into Parliament.In the early years, Parliament met only by the king’s invitation. It’s role was to offer someadvice.Significance :The Parliament marked the decline of feudalism and the rise of the Bourgeoisie.The hundred year’s warReason:The conflict between these two countries over foreign markets and territory led to the Hundred Years' War.Definition :A series armed international conflicts over a116-year period between the England and France.Joan of arcThe effect:England lost its territory on the continent.The ruling Norman began to regard England as their homeEnglish replaced French and became the official language again.Gunpowder was used in the wars,Prepare the soil for the growth of the middle class Sped up the decline of the feudalism.Salutary to commercial development.The bourgeoisie became more powerfulThe PlagueEpidemic disease spread by rat fleasStart from Italy, then spread to France, German and England without warning and cure.Believed to be originated in Asia.Effect:Caused a large number of population lossBrought about economic disruption and bad influence on the development of the culture.(universities closed …)give occasion to the peasants uprising.The Peasants UprisingCauses:The natural disasters and social problemsDue to the lack of labor, the peasants are demanding better living condition and higher wagesThe first labor law, the Statute of Laborers, prohibited laborers from asking for more wages. Time and place:In Essex and Kent ,1381,and was led by Wat Tyler and Jack StrawThe king used a scam and suppressed the uprising, ultimately, the uprising was failedEffect :The poll tax was abolishedThe serf system was brought to an end in England afterwards.The Wars of the RosesDefinition :A series of civil wars fought between the house of Lancaster(red rose) and the house of York（white rose）.Major Causes:The dispute on the succession of the crownThe unpopular domination reign of Henry the 6th. Consequence :Both sides at war are the mounted knights and theirentouragesGive birth to the strong and centralized Tudor dynastyInfluence :Sped up the decline of the feudalism in England.Section 8:The English Civil War/RevolutionBriefing :A series of armed conflicts and political games between Parliamentarians and Royalist.Back Ground:The Wars of Roses weaken the feudal nobles,The peasants ,as a result of the peasant uprising and the Enclosure ,the free labors composed a new class------the proletariat (the peasants no longer have their lands)England further develop its foreign trade and expansion ,aiming to achieve its “primitive accumulation of capital”Meanwhile，the bourgeois ideology and morality is forming up.During the Elizabeth’s reign the relation between monarch and bourgeoisie was strained, the latter required the freedom of speechJames the first:Preach the Divine Right of KingsDied because of disease.Charles the first:The son of James the first.Advocate the Divine right of kings(君权神授) Provoked the conflicts between the Catholicism and Puritanism(The Bishops’ War---- enforce Anglican reforms onto Scottish church and was rejected,-----war ,long parliament which sowed the seeds for the civil war).Initiated the British Civil (rose his standard) War between Parliamentarian and Royalist.The First British War:Cause :The appearance of the Long Term Parliament.The tension between the king and Parliament Charles decided to arrest 5members of Parliament. Charles initiated the war by rising his standard in Nottingham .Result :Charles was failed and was capturedThe Second Civil War:Process:Although captured ,the king Charles the first ultimately escaped and negotiated new agreement withScots.The agreement led to the “second civil war”. but eventually, the Royalists were defeated by Parliamentarians.Other revolts were put down by Oliver Cromwell.The army marched on the parliament and conducted the “Pride’s Purge” Finally, the king was charged with high treason ,being “tyrant, traitor, murderer and public enemy” and executed.The third Civil war:Rebellion:Ireland(treaty) and Scotland agreed to support Charles the second.Process:Cromwell was unable to stop Charles the second, hecrowned a new king. Afterwards, Charles the 2nd fled to France, ended up the war.Significance:Overthrew feudal system in England.Pave the way for the development of capitalist production.Regarded as the beginning of the modern world history.Oliver Cromwell:Established the commonwealth of EnglandDestroyed the feudal system.Became the Lord ProtectorThe restoration :AnarchyIncompetent leader RichardFactionsGeneral George Monck marched south with his army from Scotland.Charles the 2nd was crowned the king of England, which was known as English Restoration.After the restoration, the parliament factions become two parties(later becoming the Tory and Whig)The Glorious Revolution:James the 2nd intended to restore the Roman Catholicism in England and conduct religious persecutionsTories and some of the Whigs decide to replace James the 2nd with his daughter Mary and her husband William of Orange(奥兰治亲王威廉)---both were protestants Finally ,James the second abdicatedMary II and William III jointly succeeded to the throne of EnglandSignificance:Regarded as the real beginning of constitutional monarchy ,which means the parliament become thesource of supreme power instead of the king Parliament pass the “Act of Union”and the name of Great Britain was officially adopted and came into use.Section 9:The Industrial Revolution Definition : the invention and appliance of various machines and British urbanization.Condition :The accomplished “primitive accumulation of capital” through plunder and expansion.The enclosure movement provide free labor.The church was deprived of their land and privilege The notorious triangular trade.Favorable geographical position for tradeHuge merchant marine.Pragmatism and mercantilismProtestant “work ethic” and laissez-faire(放任政策)People s’ adventure spiritProcess:The Industrial Revolution first started in textile industry.Iconic inventions:Flying shuttle,carding machine（梳棉机） ,spinning jenny,water framethe steam engine. Watt steam engine was first used to pump water from coal mine.First steam locomotive.(marked the new stage of Industrial Revolution).Achievements of IR:Thousands of miles of canalsA complete railway system.Steam boats and the largest commercial fleet made Great Britain a strong sea power.Social and Political effect:1.Britain became the “workshop of the world”.2.The Britain ‘s social structure was simplified: The middle class and proletariat emerged,The noble class could no longer compete with the middle class.The conflicts between proletariat and capitalism became the biggest social problem in Britain.The small farmers disappeared3.The centre of economy shifted to the central area and northern England.Big cities sprang up.Adam Smith：An evolutionary approach to guide the economy. Advocate the “invisible hand”and laissez-fair policy.The Chartist Movements:A radical campaign for parliament reform of the inequities.Effects :failed because of its weak and divided leadership, it did not have a political party to be a leader.started the history of the workers’ struggle for liberation.Queen Victoria（1819-1901） :Presiding the Industrial revolution and the expansion of the British Empire overseas.Value of the times: (emphasized) prudish gentility and repression.Section 10:The Rise and Fall of the British Empire.（the empire on which the sun never sets）Briefing :During the long 18 century, British rose to a dominant position in the world and became the first country to start Industrial Revolution.The mighty middle class provided a strong platform for settlement and commerce.Growth of the overseas empire:Prerequisite :Pioneering marine policy of king Henry the 7th . Establishment of the modern merchant marine system. Mercantile institution(重商主义体系)Henry the 8th and the rise of the Royal Navy:King Henry the 8th founded the modern English navy.The Elizabeth eraSir Francis Drake(弗朗西斯-德雷克)Circumnavigated the Globe（环游地球，England grew the interest outside the Europe.Established First colony in NewfoundlandWas seen as the formation of the British Empire England extend its influence overseas and consolidate its political development at home.Expend the empire by wars and colonization:First overseas colony Newfoundland.Successively establish colonies in North America, Australia and New Zealand.Free trade and“informal empire”The “salutary neglects”provoke the American Independence war. The period of first British Empire was over.British Empire in AsiaBritish East India company occupied nearly the whole of India.Later on Ceylon(锡兰，今斯里兰卡)and Burma (缅甸) was conquered .Initiated Opium war against China and prevailed .Break down of the Pax Britannica(英国强权下的盛世) The deterioration in the 19th century:Competition from other countries such as Germany and United States.The loss of the foreign market.Britain and the New Imperialism:New imperialism ：the European colonial expansion between 1870s and the outbreak of the first world war. Pursuit :“empire for empire’s sake” desire for territory(appearance of the racial superiority)Later on Britain conduct Home rule in its white settler coloniesThe impact of first world war:Millions of casualties and heavy economy strain (liquidated assets).(Allied power)The heavy cost of war destroy it’s capacity to maintain its vast empire.Its international standing was declining and replaced by the U.SDeclining foreign trade.Decolonization:Reasons:The rising anti-colonial nationalism movementschallenge the power of the empire.The end of the empire started with the outbreak of the World War Two and India independence movements(leader---mahatma Gandhi)The end of the British Empire:Reason: Due to the impact of the world war two and Economic crisis in1947,later on, Britain abjured its attempt to be a first-rank power.。
英美概况英国人口英语作文
英美概况英国人口英语作文The population of the United Kingdom, often referred to as Britain or England, has a rich and complex history thatis closely intertwined with its social, political, and economic developments. Over the centuries, the populationof this island nation has undergone significant changes, shaped by factors such as immigration, industrialization, and urbanization.In the early medieval period, the population of Britain was relatively small and concentrated in rural areas. However, with the advent of the Industrial Revolution inthe late 18th century, there was a rapid growth in urban centers as people migrated from the countryside to seek employment in factories and mills. This led to asignificant increase in the overall population, as well asa shift in the demographic distribution from rural to urban areas.In the 20th century, the population of Britaincontinued to grow, but at a slower rate. This was partlydue to improvements in healthcare and living conditions, which led to longer life expectancies and lower death rates.However, the rate of population growth also began to be influenced by other factors such as emigration,particularly after the Second World War, when many Britons sought new opportunities overseas.More recently, the population of Britain has been shaped by increasing levels of immigration. This has been particularly evident since the late 20th century, as the country has become a destination for people from all over the world seeking a better life. This influx of immigrants has had a significant impact on the demographic makeup of the country, bringing new cultures, languages, and perspectives to British society.Today, the population of Britain stands at over 68 million people, making it one of the most populous countries in Europe. The population is diverse and includes people of various ethnic backgrounds, religions, and cultures. This diversity is reflected in the rich and vibrant cultural life of the country, which includes a mix of traditional and contemporary elements.In terms of age distribution, the population of Britain is relatively evenly spread across different age groups.However, there is a trend towards an older population, with a significant proportion of the population now falling into the older age brackets. This is partly due to improvementsin healthcare and longer life expectancies, but alsoreflects the demographic changes that have occurred overthe centuries.In conclusion, the population of Britain has a long and complex history that has been shaped by a variety of factors. From the early medieval period to the present day, the country has seen significant changes in its demographic makeup, reflecting the social, political, and economic developments that have taken place over time. The diversity and vitality of British society today are testament to the rich tapestry of its population.**英美概况英国人口英语作文中文翻译**英国的人口，通常被称为不列颠或英格兰，其历史丰富而复杂，与社会、政治和经济发展紧密相连。
英美概况论文：on the Rise of the United States
课程论文论文题目：On the Rise of the United States 主修学校：武汉理工大学学生姓名：侯伟龙学号： 0121011360606指导教师：邓绪新成绩：On the Rise of the United States中文摘要：美国位于北美的南方，东濒大西洋，西临太平洋，北靠加拿大，南接墨西哥。
大部分地区属于温带大陆性气候，南部属亚热带气候，西部沿海地区分布有温带海洋性气候和地中海气候。
拥有98,300,000平方公里的土地和3120,000,000的人口数量，是世界第三大国家。
它由50个州所组成，其中有两个海外州阿拉斯加和夏威夷。
美国诞生于1776年7月4日。
美国是个多文化和多民族的国家，全国有100个种族超过了一百万人。
主要的民族有美利坚民族、拉丁裔、非裔和亚裔。
美国的自然资源非常的丰富，煤、石油、天然气等矿物储量均居世界前列。
美国也是世界上最早开始重视环境保护的国家之一，在1872年联邦政府建立了黄石国家公园以保护当地环境，成为了世界上第一个国家公园。
当今美国仍在全世界的经济、政治、军事、科技等众多领域有着庞大影响力，这是他国不能与之相媲美的。
美国是资本主义混合经济，是世界第一大经济体系，国民拥有很高的生活水平，人均国民生产总值超过四万美元，居世界前列，是全球最富裕、经济最发达、生活水平最高的国家之一。
美国在1776年以前是英国的殖民地，在短短的200多年间从一个受压迫的国家发展成为了一个世界举世瞩目的国家，不得不为之赞叹。
关键词：美国；经济；发展Abstract:The United States is situated in the south of North America with the Atlantic Ocean on the east, the Pacific Ocean on the west, Canada to the north and Mexico to the south. Most of the regions belong to temperate continental climate, the south belongs to subtropical climate and the western coastal areas have temperate marine climate and Mediterranean climate. With 9.83 million square kilometers and about 312 million people, the United States is the third largest country in the world. The United States consists of 50 states. Alaska and Hawaii, two of the 50 states are separated from the continental of America. The United States was born on July 4, 1776.The United States, created by immigrants, is a nation of over 100 ethnic groups who have more than one million people. The main nationalities have the united nation, Latinos and African and Asian. America's natural resources are very rich with coal, petroleum and natural gas mineral reserves in the world. The United States is one of the countries which start to attach the importance of environmental protection earliest in the world. In 1872 the federal government established Yellowstone national park to protect the local environment that has become the world's first national park. Nowadays the United States is a leading economic, political, and cultural force in the world. America has a capitalist mixed economy and the largest economic system in the world. The citizens have a very high standard of living. Their per capita GNP can reach over 40 thousand dollars which ranks first in the world. It is the most advanced and well-developed country. The U.S. was British Colony before 1776, but within a short span of two hundred years it has made such significant achievements to become an eye-catching Nation from a Nation that had been oppressed. We have to applaud the Nation for their achievements.Keywords：America；economy；development1.Introduction:It’s well known that America is a very young country with only more than two hundred years history, but during the past two hundred years, it has become the most powerful country in the world. Many sociologists and economists have done a lot of research on it to analyze the contributing factors to the success, but their conclusions often vary greatly because they view the problems from different perspectives. The only indisputable factor is that the United States has a large piece of fertile land and abundant mineral sources between the two large oceans. And the two large oceans also provide a good condition for America to trade with other countries. On the other hand the immigrations have brought a large number of talented people who have made a great contribution to the development of the United States. Then I will share my view on this topic in detail in my essay.2. The Reasons of American risingThe United States has been the biggest industrial country since 1870 in the world. It has ever experienced a rapid development era of the economy. That rapid development results from many factors. First, the geographical location of the US provides a very good condition for its agricultural development and makes it become a strong country gradually. Second, the US is rich in mineral sources and fertile farm soil with moderate climate. Third, as a result of the African immigration, America has enough people to provide the labor for the development of the economy. At last, the US has many skilful workers and excellent scientists, such as Einstein. Now let’s start to analyze the process of its growing in economy step by step.2.1The immigration brought a lot of talented personSome of those immigrations had advanced knowledge in agriculture and political system and belief. These early immigrations were the pioneers for the rising of America. They laid the foundation for church and governmental authority in America. Many of the first immigrants were educated people and their knowledge contributed to their success in the New World. They brought advanced agricultural technology for the America. And they also set up schools to develop education. In summary, the early immigration has laid the foundation for American agriculture and education.2.2 The War had great influence on the country2.2.1 The First War of independenceThe United States started a large-scale independence war which ended European control of both North and South America from 1775 to 1783. The war wonindependence for the 13 states and started a new era in American history. From then on, the United States has become an independent country. American independence inspired American people greatly. Then American economy developed very fast in the 13 colonies. In general the War of Independence made a new beginning of American history.2.2.2 The second war of independenceAfter this war, the U.S. completely got rid of the British control and began a new period of rapid development .This war also made their citizens realize the importance of a strong nation government. It strengthened the feeling of national united and patriotism through this war. And Americans also turned their attentions to the development of the western part of the continent.2.2.3 The Civil WarAmerican slavery or Negro silvery existed in the southern states after the second War of Independence, while the northern states were capitalism. The contradiction between south and north became more and more intense. When Abraham Lincoln was elected president, the southern states broke away and formed a new nation, the confederate States of America. Then the Civil war broke out on April 12, 1861. After this war, the United States became a unified capitalist country. After that American economy developed much more rapidly in every field. Abolishing slave system helped to establish a unified home market and enlarged the supply of the free labor. Through this war the American people cleared away all the obstacles and determined to develop science and production further. The U.S. led the world in industry 30 years later after the war.2.2.4 The First World War brought a big chanceThe First World War marked another turning point in American history. The First World War broke out in June 1914. For the sake of that it didn’t happen in the United States. So the United States announced the neutrality on August 2, 1914. The American neutral policy was aimed at making a profit by trading arms and war materials with the warring countries. Generally the United States got a lot of benefits through this war. And because of the peaceful domestic environments, its economy also got a very rapid development.2.2.5 The Second World WarAs the First World War, the United States also got a lot of benefits in the Second World War. After the Second World War, the United States has benefited a lot from a prolonged period of unprecedented prosperity and became the strongest country in thecapitalist world. At that time, many capitalist countries were deep in debt to America. The U.S. industrial production made up about 60% of the world’s total while its exposition monopolized about 30% of the world market which made it possible for America to enjoy another period of economic prosperity.2.3 The Industrial RevolutionAmerica has taken part in the Industrial Revolution twice. During that period, the American economy developed very rapidly. After the two times Industrial Revolution, the United States has basically realized the realization of urbanization. Science and new inventions played an important role in promoting the economic development. The iron and steel industry was one of America’s basic industries. At the same time, railway construction proceeded rapidly which resulted from the steel industry. By 1920 America had already constructed more than 400000 kilometers of railroads which greatly sped up the development of economy.2.4 President Roosevelt’s “New Deal” saved the America’s economyWhen a country faced with problems, they always need a great leader to save the nation. There were many serious weaknesses in the American economy in the 1920s. In 1932, in the depth of the depression, the American people chose Franklin D. Roosevelt as their next president who promised a “new deal” to get America out of the depression. The new deal increased government interference in the nation’s economic life, strengthening the trend towards big government. It used public fund to finance a lot of government projects in order “to put people to work”. It also provided help to the unemployed, the old, the sick, and the homeless through redistribution of social wealth. The “New Deal”has produced far-reaching influence on America’s social welfare program.2.5 Natural causes2.5.1 PositionAmerica has two neighbor countries, Mexico and Canada. Both Mexico and Canada have no threat to America which provides a steady environment to develop own country. It has two long coastlines which are convenient to go on international trade. Now Canada has been America’s most important trading partners and the trade between Mexico is also climbing.2.5.2 TopographyAmerica has a large area of land, ranking No. 4 in the world .And the topography is various from place to place. America has varied geographical features with large mountains, round-topped hills, big plains, dry deserts and low-lying basins. America’srich land resources and varied geographical conditions are important contributing factors in the development of the United States. Few countries enjoy so many geographic advantages.2.5.3 Climate and weatherThe United States is mainly situated in the northern temperate zone. America has different types of climate in different areas. In New England, the temperature rarely rises above the freezing point in winter. But the several states down the Atlantic Coast from New York to Virginia in the tropical have a little higher temperature. The south eastern parts of the United States enjoy a warm climate with abundant rainfall. In a word, American climate and weather create a better environment for developing.2.5.4 Rich natural resourcesAbout 47% of America’s land areas can be used for farmland. The large area of arable land makes it easy for America to develop its agriculture and grow enough food grain to feed its people. It’s well known that water resources play an important role in a country’s development. And the United States is a comparatively rich in water resources. It totally has 12 rivers and lakes, which can be used to irrigation fields, transport goods, and furnished power. Generally speaking, America enjoys abundant water resources. The United States is also rich in mineral resources, such as coal, iron ore and oil. It also abounds in lead, copper, zinc, gold, aluminum, phosphate rock, and silver. All these natural resources have combined to provide a solid material base for American industry.2.6 The political and economic systemAs we all know, the US. Constitution divides the federal government into three outwardly separate but inwardly inter-dependent branches. They work together but check each other. This can greatly deduce the corruption of the government which indirectly promotes the development of the economy. America has a capitalist mixed economy. And there are many large private enterprises which have made a great contribution to the development of the United States.2.7 American diplomatic relations and militaryAs the globalization has begun, foreign relations also play a vital part in a country’s development and it has become more and more important. The United States of America has established diplomatic relations with most of the countries in the world, especially some developed countries. Almost all countries have embassies in Washington, D.C. and consulates around the country. This greatly strengthened the exchange of America and other countries and promoted the development of the UnitedStates.ConclusionAs we all know America is a very young nation with only 200 years history. But now it has developed from a colony to the strongest country in the world which is worthy of our China to study.There are many reasons for the American’s rising that can be divided into two main parts: internal reasons and external reasons. From my perspective the main reason is the internal reasons. On one hand the American people have tried their best to develop their country in economy, science and technology, education, policy and some other aspects. On the other hand the rich natural resources, fertile farmland and suitable climate also play a great role to the development of the United States. Another important reason is that neither the First nor the Second World War happened in the United States. What’s more, the United States has benefited a lot from the two World War. This provides a stable domestic environment for the development of the United States. And during that period the United States developed very quickly. At last the America attached great importance to the education which has brought a lot of talents. That’s why the science and technology of the United States have developed so rapidly.On the whole, America has set a good example for other countries. We can also learn from the experience of the United States to develop our own country.BibliographyAtkins, Ollie.The White Houses Rears[M]. Chicago: Playboy Press, 1977 (1):102-136. 来安方.英美概况[M].郑州: 大象出版社,1995 (1):143-171.周静琼.当代美国概况[M].上海：上海外语教育出版社，2003 (1):113-153.张奎武.英美概况学习与指导[Z].吉林：吉林科学技术出版社，2001 (1):21-32/wiki/United_States/view/2398.htm。
英美概况论文--On the Rise and Fall of Great Britain
On the Rise and Fall of Great Britain中文摘要：英国,又称大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国，是由英格兰、苏格兰、威尔士和北爱尔兰组成的联合王国。
英国采用君主立宪制政体，王国政府所在地为英国首都伦敦。
英国本土位于欧洲大陆西北面的大不列颠群岛，被北海、英吉利海峡、凯尔特海、爱尔兰海和大西洋包围，气候温和湿润。
它，一个漂泊在大西洋上的小岛，曾经在世界历史发展的漫长时期中湮没无闻，人口不过数百万，国土资源也很有限，却率先敲开通向现代世界的大门，从地理的边缘变成了世界的中心，一跃成为西方强国的领头人，并独领风骚数百年，给人类文明烙上了不可磨灭的印记。
然而到了十九世纪末期，由于美、德等国的崛起以及其他种种原因，英国逐渐失去优势,后来又在第二次世界大战中受到严重创伤，大英帝国国力日渐衰落,海外殖民地也在二战后纷纷宣告独立,大英帝国逐渐演变成一个组织松散的英联邦。
这个曾经号称“世界工厂”和“日不落帝国”的国家又逐渐衰落，回归到欧洲，回归到欧洲的版图之内，回归到大西洋中的那个小岛。
关键词: 农业革命；工业革命；世界工厂；殖民扩张；帝国；世界大战；衰落Abstract in English：Great Britain, also know as The United Kingdom of Great Britain and North Ireland, is made up of England, Scotland, Wales and North Ireland. The British system of government is known as constitutional monarchy and the government is located in its capital city London. Lying in the British Isles to the northwest of Continental Europe, Britain was surrounded by the North Sea, the British Channel, Celtic Sea, Irish Sea and the Atlantic Ocean with a mild and moist climate.It, a small island which lies in the Atlantic Ocean, was once little-known in the long history of the development of the world and had only several millions of people. What' more, her territorial resources were also limited. However, she is the first country to open the door to the modern world ranging from the geographical edge to the center of the world. She had once been the leading power of the western countries for hundreds of years and also branded an indelible mark on the human civilization. However, in the late 19th century, with the rise of America and German and other factors, Britain began to lose the upper hand in the international competition. Afterwards, she suffered great loss in the two world wars. Britain began declining and the foreign colonies began to win independence one after another. The great Britain Empire became a loose federal country and Britain which was once known as the "workshop of the world" and "an empire in which the sun does not set" began declining gradually and returned to Europe, the European territory，the island in the Atlantic Ocean.Key words:Agricultural Changes;Industrial Revolution;T he workshop of the world;Colonial Expansion ;The World War ;The Empire ;Decline Introduction:Britain is an island country surrounded by the sea to the west and off the European Continent. With the decline of the feudalism and the increase of the influence of the new-born bourgeoisie, she began her capitalist development. Through the closure and foreign plunder, expansion and aggression ,shecompleted the primitive accumulation of capital. She became the first country to undergo the industrial revolution. Soon she became the workshop of the world and had the largest colonies. Of course, she became the most powerful country in the world. However, in the late 19th century with the competition of the new industrialized countries and other factors, she began to lose the upper hand. Afterwards, she suffered great loss in the two world wars. she began to decline. The colonies laid overseas began to revolt against Britain and won independences. Great Britain has gradually evolved into a loose organization of the Commonwealth. In the modern times, she tried to recover form it ,but for different reasons she still developed slowly. Now she is still one of the major developed countries, she has been reduced to be a second-class world power who is always at the America's command in international affairs.1 The rise of Great BritainAs a small country, which had been invaded by several times ,how could Great Britain developed into the workshop of the world and establish the largest empire that history has ever been seen? Let's explore it together.1.1 Agricultural Changes in the Late 18th CenturyIn the mid-18th century the population in England increased rapidly, and most of this increase was in the towns, depending on the countryside, for food. Greater productivity meant handsome profits, so landowners wanted to replace the synall farms cultivated on the open-field system by larger, economically more efficient farms with hedge-divided fields. During the late 18th and early19th centuries the open-field system ended when the Enclosure Acts enabled wealthier landowners to seize any land to which tenants could prove no legal title and to divide it into enclosed fields. A system of crop rotation was introduced. This meant land could be fully used while the cuffivation of fodder crops enabled livestock to be kept through the winter months. Artificial fertilizer and new agricultural machinery, such as the seed drill invented by Jethro Tull (1674-1741), also made arable farming moreefficient and more profitable. The 18th century also saw selective breeding of cattle, sheep and horses by Robert Bakewell (1725-95). Animals by 1800 were 2 to 3 times heavier than ever before. The idea of encouraging tenants to introduce changes was associated with Thomas Coke(1754-1842) of Norfolk in Southern England and even George was so enthusiastic about changes at Windsor that he got the nick-named “Famer George”Agricultural enclosure had good as well as bad results (1) Farms became-bigger and bigger units as the great bought up the small; (2) more vegetables, more milk, more diary produce were consumed, and diet became more varied; (3) enclosure was a disaster for the tenants evicted from their lands by the enclosures. These peasant farmers were forced to look for work in towns, which rapidly became hopelessly overcrowded. Riots erupted in many areas but they could not prevent the march of progress. In Ireland and the Scottish Highlands -land enclosure led to mass emigration, particularly to the New World; and (4) a new class hostility was introduced into rural relationships. Concentra tion of land in fewer hands increased the price of land and dashed the labourers' hopes of ever owning his own land. Loss of the common land for his animals added insult to injury, and meant many had to leave the land to survive. Others became wage labourers, earning rates which were very low in spite of agriculture's new prosperity.1.2 M-The Industrial Revolution (1780-1830)The Industrial Revolution was a necessary result of social development in Britain. It was an outgrowth of social and institutional changes brought by the end of feudalism after the English Civil War in the 17th century. The Enclosure Movement and the Agricultural Revolution were driving more and more peasants off their lands; as a result, they had to seek new employment to survive. Through colonial expansion of the 17th century with the accompanying development of international trade, the greedy English capitalists accomplished their “primitive accumulation of capital”. All these factorscombined to make England the first country to undergo the Industrial Revolution.The Industrial Revolution in Britain first began in the textile industry because of the short supply of yarn. Lots of inventions were made to improve thread-making techniques and the productivity was increased by 200 times. As the 18th century began, coal came to replace wood in the productive process. The crucial development of the Industrial Revolution was the use of steam for power, and the James Watt’s invention of the steam engine led to the fast development of the iron, steel and coal industries. The expansion of production and trade promote the transportation revolution. Afterwards, the first steam locomotive was built in 1814 by Stephenson. The Industrial Revolution turned Britain into the “workshop of the world”. English products flooded the world market. The English bourgeoisie amassed large amounts of wealth through trade, plunder and colonization. No country was strong enough to match England in the 19th century. The Industrial Revolution simplified the class structure in Britain. Revolution pushed the middle class to the dominant position in the country though the noble class was still prominent in Parliament and bureaucracy. However, as the urban workers were more completely dependent on the will of the employer, relations between capital and labor were aggravated and the contradiction between two classes became the major problem in English society. The gravitational center of the English economy also changed. The agricultural South became less important than areas in central and north England, owing to their raw materials and cheap labor for industry. The industry had replaced agriculture as the main source of national income and wealth. The Industrial Revolution had profound significance on England; it enabled Britain to go far ahead of all the other countries. It became the workshop of the world and London became the financial center of the world trade and the English language was used in many parts of the world. The empire came into being during the Industrial Revolution.1.3 Colonial ExpansionEnglish colonial expansion began with the colonization of Newfoundland in 1583. In the early 18th century, settlements were made in North America, while commercial companies were chartered to trade with other lands, notabl the British East India Company in India. Encouraged by Britain's control of the seas, the discoveries of men like Captain Cook, and especially by the rising tide of emigration, the British colonialists stepped up their expansion in the late 18th century and the early 19th century.1.3.1 The growth of dominionsIn the late 18th century Britain acquired vast, under populated territories: Canada, Australia, and New Zealand.After the Seven Years' War (1756-63 ) between Britain and France, Canada was ceded to Britain by the 1763 Treaty of Paris. French rights were guaranteed by the. Quebec Act of 1774. Then the Canada Act of 1791 divided Canada into Upper Canada (Pntario) where the British had settled, and Lower Canada (Quebec) populated by the French. Only one serious revolt against British rule took place in 1837-38. The British North America Act of 1867 established Canada ,as a dominion. The four founding provinces were Quebec, Ontario, Nova Scotia, and New Brunswick. The others entered later.Australia was first discovered by the Dutch in the early 1600s. Captain James Cook discovered Botany Bay and claimed the east coast region for Britain, naming it New South Wales, (1770). The English began to transport convicts to Australia in 1788. Free settlement began in 1816, and no convicts were sent to Australia after 1840. The gold rushes (1851-1892) brought more people to Australia, and in 1901 the six self-governing colonies were united in one dominion-the independent Commonwealth of Australia.New Zealand was settled by Maoris in about the 14th century. New Zealand was sighted by the Dutch seaman Abel Tasman in 1642, and named for the Netherlands province of Zeeland. In the1770s Captain James Cook visited New Zealand and claimed it for England. Missionaries became active inthe early 19th century, and systematic colonization was begun in 1840 by the New Zealand Company. Britain drew up the Treaty of Waitangi (1840) with the Maori chiefs, and made the country a separate colony (1841). It achieved self-government in 1952, became a dominion under the British crown in 1907, and was made completely independent in 1931.1.3.2. The Conquest of IndiaThe establishment of the British East India Company in 1600 was a case of economic penetration. The company took control of areas and as a result the British government became directly involved in Indian affairs. The India Act of 1784 set up a “Board of Control”to supervise the Company. Political instability and French interference prompted further intervention. By 1819 the British conquest of India was almost complete. In 1857 the native- troops of the Bengal army of the East India Company mutinied because of (1) resentment at the reforms of ancient Indian institutions carried out by the British; (2) fear of forcible conversion to Christianity; and (3) the issue of cartridges- greased with cow-fat, which offended Hindus, or pig-fat, which offended Muslims . After the mutiny, the control of India passed to the British Crown in 1858, and Queen Victoria became Empress of India in 1877.2 The Fall of Great BritainWith the coming of the 19th century,the British Empire began to go downhill. First,the capitalist countries did not develop at even pace. T owards the end of the 19th century the newly-industrialized countries which developed more quickly than Britain spang up and become Britain's formidable rivals in markets and source of raw materials. In 1900,Britain was surpassed by the United States and Germany in industrial production and Britain lost her economic supremacy in the world. Sceond,when the 20th century was ushered in the state of Britain's imperial rule over her colonies started to totter and an up surge of the national independence struggle of the colonial people began to be in the making. In the process of the crumbing of the British Empire, there were several affairs which directly or indirectly led to her declining.2.1 Britain in the Two World Wars and the AftermathBriain joined in World War I and was one of the victorious countries . It seemed like that she won the greatest victory in history,but she sustained great loss:more than a million dead, a gigantic war debt,and loss of many foreign markets forever. She was exhausted and half bankrupt. About 750,000 Englishmen,fell in action and 1.500,000 were disabled for life. The war cost was about 9 billion pounds an nearly 70 percent of it was met by loans. As a result ,Britain became a debtor country. London was replaced by New Y ork as the world's banking center. Britain's international status was lowered to a great extent and she was deprived of her position as unmatched maritime overlord by the Five-Power Naval Limitation Treaty.On June 6,1944,the British joined the Allied forces in the Normandy Invasion and fought in the Second Front in Western Europe until the final victory. World War II started the last stage of Britain's disintegration which was initiated by World War I,on the one hand, Britain suffered enormous losses in the war and her national strength was greatly reduced .With the war over, Britain had face the fact that it was no longer a major power.it would no longer keep up pretences;its cities had been damaged ,its navy and army strethed to the limit, its war debt enormous.Britain needed a long time to recover from the cost war-nothing less than a reconstruction of the nation.2.2 The Loss of ColonizationIn Britain's former colonies, the commonwealth was to keep a certain club-like organization by which Britain manage to keep a certain The October Revolution led to a national liberation movements in British colonies. The British government tried its best at first to suppress them and when that failed,she made concessions.World War I undermined Britain's rules over her colonies. When the colonials participating in the war returned home, they were not as deferential to their English masters as before. Revolutionary ideas of the war like "self-determination of peoples" and socialist idealogies wereside-spread in the British colonial rule began to revolt against colonial rulers and some of them won their victories. After World War II,peoples in the British colonies had been awakened and tempered by the war and their struggle for independence began to surge forward immediately. Within two decades ,most of British colonies became independent. Therefore, Britain suffered a decided in production and foreign trade relative to its prewar status.3 Modern BritainHistory has left much burden on Britain and she didn't recover from the bad condition quickly. There are a series of factors which influence her development.3.1The Monarch and the PeopleThough the feudal class is no longer in power,the monarchy and the Upper House have been retained and the monarchy continues to confer noble titles on distinguished persons. In Britain, the Queen reigns,but she does not rule. The royal house has a large amount of private wealth and spends many million of pounds given by Parliament,which undoubtedly give a burden on the national expenditure. In addition, they have many privileges.Despite traditional as well as present diversity, the British people have their common characteristics--conservatism and deference.Adherence to traditions and familiar things easily leads to public suspicion of new plans of the government,causing numerous protests i n the country.3.2 The Economic FactorsBritain is a trading nation.many years of consumption has exhausted some of Britain's resources. Therefore ,she became one one of the world's largestest importers,buying up a large proportion of the raw materials sold in the world market. Its limited domestic market and inadequate home supply of raw materials compel the country to rely on heavily on foreign trade.In addition,Britain is not self-sufficient in food grain.After the second World War,Britain nationalized some one-fourth of production and service industries.Some of the stated-owned companies made thin profits or even ran at a loss. Britain's slow growth of productivity,soaring inflation,and large unemployment gave birth to the mocking term"British Disease". In spite of the efforts to redjust and some short periods of rapid development,Britain's rate econemic growth has been low in comparison with that of most other industrialized countries.3.3 Cultural and Social FactorsBritain is said to be a state with a from-cradle -to -grave social welfare programme.The government should ensure ,as far as it can,that nobody should be without the means of the minimum necessities of life because of unemployment ,old age,sickness,or over-large families. According to one estimate,government's spending on the social programme consists of more than 40% of the government's total expenditure. It 's a heavy burden on the government,resulting in what is known as ''dependency culture'' which hinders development based on competition.Conclusion:Looking back from Britain’s rise to fall, it is not difficult for us to find that Britain can become the European most powerful country and then the strongest country is a result of its new policy, technology and expansion. The rising bourgeoisie gave rise to the end of the feudal system and ushered a new stage to come. The Industrial Revolution turned Britain into the “workshop of the world” and England was the world’s economic center. And after the colonial expansion, wealth flooded in Britain and the great empire on which the sun never set was established. However, as we all are concerned, one’s previous glory doesn’t guarantee her a brilliant future. When the British were resting on their laurels, the world situation changed. When other countries were researching advanced technology and developing their economy, England was unwilling to adopt new technology and new equipment, she thus lost the monopolize position in the world’s industry and sea power. After two World Wars, the Great Britain’s power declined heavily. Though she won both of twowars, she is still a loser. Many problems were emerging, economic plunge, weakened sea power, loss of foreign colonies, large unemployment, and so on. It can no longer claim to be the most powerful country in the world. However, though it had lost its landlord position, the nation as a whole was not crushed by despair, it was still a powerful country in the world but not the strongest.T aking the rise and fall of Great Britain as an example, we may learn that a country want prosperous, it needs to go through a hard road. But after being glorious, resting on one’s laurels is a road to death. T echnology is the development for all, so we must accept new things and ideas and let our mind emancipated from old stereotype!Bibliography：Alderman Geofftey,Modern Britain 1700--1983,Burrell Row,Provident House,1986,P1--15A.C.W.,Winchester,Nineteent Century Britain 1815--1941,Harlow,Essex,UK, Longman House 1982,P175--181安来芳,英美概况[M],郑州：河南人民出版社，2004.9 ,P130--136张奎武，英美概况[M]，吉林：吉林科技大学出版社，1984,P115-12911。
英美概况英国人口英语作文
The Population of the United Kingdom: A Brief OverviewThe United Kingdom, commonly referred to as the UK, is a country located in the northwestern part of Europe. It comprises four constituent countries: England, Wales, Scotland, and the Northern Ireland. The population of the UK is a diverse mix of individuals, each contributing to the rich tapestry of culture and heritage that defines this nation.As of recent estimates, the population of the UK stands at approximately 68.6 million people. This figure represents a significant increase from previous decades, reflecting the country's economic growth, immigration patterns, and changing social demographics. The population distribution is uneven, with 90% residing in urban areas and only 10% in rural regions.The population of the UK is comprised primarily of ethnic groups native to the region. The English form the largest ethnic group, accounting for approximately 81.5% of the total population. The Scots, Welsh, and Irish also make up significant portions of the population, representing 9.6%, 1.9%, and 2.4% respectively. Additionally, there is a small but growing population of individuals from other ethnicbackgrounds, including Asians, Africans, and those of mixed ethnicity.The population growth in the UK can be attributed to a number of factors. One significant contributor is immigration, which has brought individuals from various countries to settle in the UK. This has not only enriched the cultural landscape but has also contributed to the economic growth and development of the country.In conclusion, the population of the UK is a diverse and vibrant mix of individuals, each contributing to the unique identity and character of this nation. The changing demographics and immigration patterns have played a crucial role in shaping the UK into what it is today: a country that is both proud of its heritage and open to new ideas and cultures.。
英美概况英文作文模板
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英语国家概况论文（英国民主政治发展史）
英语国家概况学习论文姓名：_____班级：_____学号：_____The history of the democratic political development in the United KingdomAbstract: As we know, the United Kingdom is arguably the oldest representative democracy in the world, its representative democracy originated one thousand years ago. Although the United Kingdom founded the modern political system so early, its establishment truly has experienced a very long process, some events have a significant impact on it. This long and unbroken history is still apparent in the United Kingdom's current institutions and culture. Generally speaking, the United Kingdom democratic political development is a compromise, progressive process.Key words: history; democratic political development; the United KingdomThe Monarchy and Divine Right of KingsIn the United Kingdom,the oldest institution of government is the Monarchy,this dates back to the Saxons who ruled from the 5th century AD until the Norman Conquest in 1066.The present Queen,Elizabeth II, is directly descended from King Egbert, who united England under his rule in 829. The power of the monarchy was largely derived from the ancient doctrine of the "divine right of Kings". It asserts that a monarch is subject to no earthly authority, deriving the right to rule directly from the will of God. The king is thus not subject to the will of his people, the aristocracy, or any other estate of the realm, including (in the view of some, especially in Protestant countries) the Church. According to this doctrine, only God can judge an unjust king. The doctrine implies that any attempt to depose the king or to restrict his powers runs contrary to the will of God and may constitute a sacrilegious act.The Magna CartaThe Magna Carta, or Great Charter, is a document created for the purpose of limiting the powers of the monarch and preserving the basic legal rights of all free men in England. It was made after a rebellion in 1215 against King John of England, a corrupt, absolute monarch who angered all those under the influence of his power. The Barons, rich land owners and direct vassals of the King, would no longer tolerate the abuses of power conducted under John’s reign, and demanded a change in government. John was forced to meet with them at Runnymede on June 15, 1215. There the Barons proposed the Magna Carta, a document similar to, as well as an ancestor of, the Bill of Rights. After several days of debate, the King gave in to the Barons’ demands and adopted the charter into the British s ystem of government on June 19th.The Magna Carta was eventually sent out to all of the towns and provinces of England so that all free men could see their basic legal rights. Among the rights granted by the document are a trial by jury, a punishment fitting and not excessive to the crime, and no taxation without representation. To whom these rights were granted has been heavily debated. The barons who created the Magna Carta originally intended it toprotect only the rich, upper class of the feudal system. It was reinterpreted by many leaders and politicians for years after it was created, and with each it was applied to more and more groups of people. With the interpretation of Sir Edward Coke, a 17th century British Secretary of State, the rights in the Magna Carta could even be applied to American colonists. The colonists felt that the government was violating a basic right granted them in the charter, they were being taxed without representation in Parliament. This belief led to the creation of the Declaration of Independence.The Magna Carta marked a turning point in world history. Until the 13th century in England, European rulers were absolute monarchs. With absolute rule came absolute power; these rulers had the power to do and order anything they chose. The end of absolute power in the United Kingdom came with the revolutionary Magna Carta, which established a set of laws that not even the king could violate. The same laws that applied to the lowest class of society applied to everyone, even to the royal family. The Magna Carta was a major first step toward the democracies of today, governments in which there are no monarchs but rather self governing citizens.The Bill of Rights of 1689The Bill of Rights is an Act of the Parliament of England passed on 16 December 1689. It was a restatement in statutory form of the Declaration of Right presented by the Convention Parliament to William and Mary in March 1689 (or 1688 by Old Style dating), inviting them to become joint sovereigns of England. It lays down limits on the powers of the crown and sets out the rights of Parliament and rules for freedom of speech in Parliament, the requirement to regular elections to Parliament and the right to petition the monarch without fear of retribution. It reestablished the liberty of Protestants to have arms for their defence within the rule of law, and condemned James II of England for "causing several good subjects being Protestants to be disarmed at the same time when papists were both armed and employed contrary to law".The birth of the Prime Minister and CabinetThe origins of the position are found in constitutional changes that occurred during the Revolutionary Settlement (1688–1720) and the resulting shift of political power from the Sovereign to Parliament. Although the Sovereign was not stripped of the ancient prerogative powers and legally remained the head of government, politically it gradually became necessary for him or her to govern through a Prime Minister who could command a majority in Parliament.By the 1830s the Westminster system of government (or cabinet government) had emerged; the Prime Minister had become primus inter pares or the first among equals in the Cabinet and the head of government in the United Kingdom. The political position of Prime Minister was enhanced by the development of modern political parties, the introduction of mass communication (inexpensive newspapers, radio,television and the internet), and photography. By the turn of the 20th century the modern premiership had emerged; the office had become the pre-eminent position in the constitutional hierarchy vis-a-vis the Sovereign, Parliament and Cabinet.Prior to 1902, the Prime Minister sometimes came from the House of Lords, provided that his government could form a majority in the Commons. However as the power of the aristocracy waned during the 19th century the convention developed that the Prime Minister should always sit in the lower house. As leader of the House of Commons, the Prime Minister's authority was further enhanced by the Parliament Act of 1911 which marginalised the influence of the House of Lords in the law-making process. The accretion of so much political power in one position gave rise to concerns that the office had become too "presidential", and that the Prime Minister was an "elected Monarch".The United Kingdom government todayThe Government is led by the Prime Minister, who selects all the remaining Ministers. The Prime Minister and the other most senior Ministers belong to the supreme decision-making committee, known as the Cabinet. The Government Ministers are all members of Parliament, and are accountable to it. The Government is dependent on Parliament to make primary legislation, which means that in practice a government must seek re-election at least every five years. The monarch selects the Prime Minister as the leader of the party most likely to command a majority in Parliament.Under the British constitution, executive authority lies with the monarch, although this authority is exercised only by, or on the advice of, the Prime Minister and the Cabinet. The Cabinet members advise the monarch as members of the Privy Council. They also exercise power directly as leaders of the Government Departments.The role of the monarchy today is primarily to symbolize the tradition and unity of the United Kingdom.The Queen,however,because she is non-political, belongs to everyone. Under the terms of the Constitution her other roles are as follows: she is legally head of executive, an integral part of the legislature, head of the judiciary, commander in chief of the armed forces and "supreme governor" of the Church of England.The UK Parliament is the supreme legislative body in the United Kingdom (i.e., there is parliamentary sovereignty), and Government is drawn from and answerable to it. Parliament is bicameral, consisting of the House of Commons and the House of Lords. There is also a devolved Scottish Parliament and devolved Assemblies in Wales and Northern Ireland, with varying degrees of legislative authority.The Constitution of the United Kingdom is uncodified, being made up of constitutional conventions, statutes and other elements. This system of government, known as the Westminster system, has been adopted by other countries, especially those that were formerly parts of the British Empire.The current Prime Minister is David Cameron, leader of the Conservative Party, who was appointed by Queen Elizabeth II on 11 May 2010 following the UK General Election on 6 May 2010. The election failed to provide a decisive result, with the Conservatives as the biggest party within a hung parliament. A coalition government was formed on the 12th of May between the Conservatives and the Liberal Democrats .。
英美概况论文英文版
Tourism in America外语学院英本0801 张文凤20084336092【Abstract】This paper centers on the tourism employment and the four interrelated components: the tourists, travel information and arrangements, visitor attractions such as National Parks in the U.S.【Key W ords】Tourism; America; Economy; Employment; Tourists; Tourism Organization; Tourist Attractions; HolidaysIntroduction：1.Tourism, a Major IndustryTourism in America has reached to a fairly high standard according to pleasure, shopping, entertainment, eating, accomodation and transportation.The six aspects are mutually combined with each other properly and there are no weak links in them. Generally speaking, I think that the distinguishing features of American tourism are come from these advantages.1.1 Tourism EmploymentThe most important contribution that tourism in America making to the U.S. National Economy is providing a great deal of jobs. In America, there are one in eight persons being involved into this job. There are 50 States in America,of which there are 32 states that their quality of tourism employment ranks to the first three in each trade.What’s more, there are 684,000 positions provided by tourism are in a high level.The service industry has historically been characterized as providing low paying employment in the United States. But the 1990s has begun a new era for the American economy with major underlying changes in its employment structure. Many of these shifts, however, have gone unnoticed, perhaps because of the difficulty in comprehending such profound fundamental structural changes in the U.S.employment after so many decades of being dominated by the manufacturing industry. For illustration, here are more facts.First, employment directly generated by travel has grown 27.7% in the last ten years （the 1990s）, much faster than the 19.6% increase in total nonagricultural U.S. employment. Second, average hourly earnings in the service sector had grown faster than in all other industries except finance, insurance, and real estate throughout the 1990s.Third, employment in executive positions in this industry had increased faster by the year 2006 than employment in the overall economy. Fourth, the transportation sectors of the travel industry, especially airlines, rank among the highest paying sectors in the U.S. economy.The rapid growth of travel and tourism in the United States through the is also reflected in the increasing travel expenditures in the country.There are two main types of tourism: leisure tourism and business tourism. Business tourism includes travel for business meetings, conferences and conventions, and exhibitions and trade fairs. It accounted for about a quarter of the total domestic trips throughout the 1990s while leisure tourism the other three fourth. Leisure tourism thus becomes the focus of my paper.1.2 Why Do People TravelThe motivations for leisure tourism are varied. Most people travel to meet personal needs. They can revitalize or enrich their lives, escape routine and have a relaxation, board their horizons and learn about different environments, get the chances to taste different foods and so on. Based on these motivations, leisure tourism can be sorted to the followings: education, culture and history, sightseeing, visiting friends or relatives, sports, health and adventure.America has a variety of tourists attractions and activities. They are graceful. People can go sightseeing, go hiking, go camping, go skiing, go swimming, go boating or recuperate and so on.Surprisingly, a growing motivation for much travel that combines pleasure-seeking and practical purposes involves discount shopping. Consequently, shopping become number one activity participated in by domestic travelers in 1999.2.Who Are the TouristsPeople who want to travel are limited by many things such as income, age, education, time. Leisure tourists are people who are away from home or on visits which are short term and temporary or just for pleasure.Even domestic travel is income-related, although styles of travel vary more than travel itself. Most Americans take a vacation trip most years. The differences are in cost level, from the luxury hotels and resorts to the car trip with budget motels and visits to friends and relatives.The demonstrated rule for travel was always that the young traveled more. Most advertising was directed towards those in their 20s and 30s. But things are changing. Those whose children are out of school and who are at the peak of their incomes are a major market segment. Early retirees are more likely to combine incomes adequate for travel with available time. They are especially sought after in the “of peak”seasons when children are in school.Young parents are more likely to stay near home and require different arrangements. Older adults free from parenting responsibilities re-emerge into the travel markets, but are still constrained by the schedule limitations of work.Those with higher levels of education are more likely to travel, seek learning experiences with new environments and cultures. Since education is correlated with income, however, they may also be markets higher cost tours that promise a quality experience.3.Tourism OrganizationsWhere do travelers obtain tourist information? It comes from a variety of resources, but the most direct information about the places that people want to travel comes from friends and relatives. The second most popular source of travel information is travel agency and travel companies are the third.Most of the international arrangements and half of domestic air travel tickets are handled over by the local travel agents. But a travel agent is just a retailer of travel packages for leisure travel. Hundreds of the combinations in tourism arrangements are booked in the local community through the agent.The American government alter some holidays to Monday or Friday to encourage people to travel. The holiday between Thanksgiving Day to Christmas Day is the longest in a year. Holidays such as the Easter, the Independence Day and the Armistice Day are short holidays.In relatively, holidays of teachers and students are more. There is respectively a spring holiday in March, a summer holiday in June or July and a winter holiday in November.Tour operators put together the combinations of travel, hotels, meals, and all the other arrangements for the packages. American Express is a well-known tour operator that operates worldwide. Some tour operators specialized in domestic tourism while incoming tour operators specialized in tours for overseas visitors in the U.S. Most tour operators cooperate with the travel agencts to sell the products to their clients.Others are direct sell operators, who sell the package direct to the public. In essence, tour operators are the intermediaries between the airlines, hotel chains, bus companies,etc. and the travel agents.In America, several hotel chains are in the most major cities around the world such as Hilton. Their accomodations are upscal for the tourists and business travelers. They are well-developed for their combination of beaches and golf and other sports facilities along with luxury hotels and restaurants.Some hotel chains are also in cooperation with airlines in an attempt to bypass the local travel agents.America conducts vigorous propaganda for governmental travel.They are equipped with the most advanced economy, culture and technology in the world which are pretty attractive to the travelers all over the world.The American news media covering the whole world and films in Hollywood are actually soft advertisements for American tourism.There are some special policies for the economically backward regions.Openning gambling hells is not allowed in most states of American.But it is an exception in the eastern Atlantic City, New Jersey, and in the western Neveda, Las V egas andReno.Gambling is defined as any sort of game or contest in which individuals wager money in the hope of financial gain.4.Tourist AttractionsThere must be some attractions so that people become interested in one place and have an appetite for traveling. Attractions can be divided into two types: one is composed of man-made attractions, such as theme parks, museums, theaters and so on; the other includes natural ones, such as the mountains, rivers,etc.There are thousands of museums and artgalleries all over the United States. In the past 5 years, nearly 40 million Americans, or one-fifth of U.S. residents went on a garden tour, attended a gardening show or participated in some other garden-related activity. Going to the beach is one of the American people’s most popular leisure travel activities. National parks are one of America’s biggest attractions. They are managed either by the federal, the states, or the local governments. There are 48 national parks in the U.S.A. stretching from Maine to California, Alaska to Hawaii.Conclusion:In a word, American tourism is very prosperous.It makes a great contribution to economical development and meets people’s traveling demands.Tourism can improve the overall competitive strength and promote international standing. The tourism in U.S. is well-arranged and the project is very reasonable, and the scenery spots are really famous and attractive so that a lot of people look forward to taking a trip to those places.In return, it drive the tourism in America to develop.。
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Tourism in America外语学院英本0801 张文凤20084336092【Abstract】This paper centers on the tourism employment and the four interrelated components: the tourists, travel information and arrangements, visitor attractions such as National Parks in the U.S.【Key Words】Tourism; America; Economy; Employment; Tourists; Tourism Organization; Tourist Attractions; HolidaysIntroduction：1.Tourism, a Major IndustryTourism in America has reached to a fairly high standard according to pleasure, shopping, entertainment, eating, accomodation and transportation.The six aspects are mutually combined with each other properly and there are no weak links in them. Generally speaking, I think that the distinguishing features of American tourism are come from these advantages.1.1 Tourism EmploymentThe most important contribution that tourism in America making to the U.S. National Economy is providing a great deal of jobs. In America, there are one in eight persons being involved into this job. There are 50 States in America,of which there are 32 states that their quality of tourism employment ranks to the first three in each trade.What’s more, there are 684,000 positions provided by tourism are in a high level.The service industry has historically been characterized as providing low paying employment in the United States. But the 1990s has begun a new era for the American economy with major underlying changes in its employment structure. Many of these shifts, however, have gone unnoticed, perhaps because of the difficulty in comprehending such profound fundamental structural changes in the U.S.employment after so many decades of being dominated by the manufacturing industry. For illustration, here are more facts.First, employment directly generated by travel has grown 27.7% in the last ten years （the 1990s）, much faster than the 19.6% increase in total nonagricultural U.S. employment. Second, average hourly earnings in the service sector had grown faster than in all other industries except finance, insurance, and real estate throughout the 1990s.Third, employment in executive positions in this industry had increased faster by the year 2006 than employment in the overall economy. Fourth, the transportation sectors of the travel industry, especially airlines, rank among the highest paying sectors in the U.S. economy.The rapid growth of travel and tourism in the United States through the is also reflected in the increasing travel expenditures in the country.There are two main types of tourism: leisure tourism and business tourism. Business tourism includes travel for business meetings, conferences and conventions, and exhibitions and trade fairs. It accounted for about a quarter of the total domestic trips throughout the 1990s while leisure tourism the other three fourth. Leisure tourism thus becomes the focus of my paper.1.2 Why Do People TravelThe motivations for leisure tourism are varied. Most people travel to meet personal needs. They can revitalize or enrich their lives, escape routine and have a relaxation, board their horizons and learn about different environments, get the chances to taste different foods and so on. Based on these motivations, leisure tourism can be sorted to the followings: education, culture and history, sightseeing, visiting friends or relatives, sports, health and adventure.America has a variety of tourists attractions and activities. They are graceful. People can go sightseeing, go hiking, go camping, go skiing, go swimming, go boating or recuperate and so on.Surprisingly, a growing motivation for much travel that combines pleasure-seeking and practical purposes involves discount shopping. Consequently, shopping become number one activity participated in by domestic travelers in 1999.2.Who Are the TouristsPeople who want to travel are limited by many things such as income, age, education, time. Leisure tourists are people who are away from home or on visits which are short term and temporary or just for pleasure.Even domestic travel is income-related, although styles of travel vary more than travel itself. Most Americans take a vacation trip most years. The differences are in cost level, from the luxury hotels and resorts to the car trip with budget motels and visits to friends and relatives.The demonstrated rule for travel was always that the young traveled more. Most advertising was directed towards those in their 20s and 30s. But things are changing. Those whose children are out of school and who are at the peak of their incomes are a major market segment. Early retirees are more likely to combine incomes adequate for travel with available time. They are especially sought after in the “of peak”seasons when children are in school.Young parents are more likely to stay near home and require different arrangements. Older adults free from parenting responsibilities re-emerge into the travel markets, but are still constrained by the schedule limitations of work.Those with higher levels of education are more likely to travel, seek learning experiences with new environments and cultures. Since education is correlated with income, however, they may also be markets higher cost tours that promise a quality experience.3.Tourism OrganizationsWhere do travelers obtain tourist information? It comes from a variety of resources, but the most direct information about the places that people want to travel comes from friends and relatives. The second most popular source of travel information is travel agency and travel companies are the third.Most of the international arrangements and half of domestic air travel tickets are handled over by the local travel agents. But a travel agent is just a retailer of travel packages for leisure travel. Hundreds of the combinations in tourism arrangements are booked in the local community through the agent.The American government alter some holidays to Monday or Friday to encourage people to travel. The holiday between Thanksgiving Day to Christmas Day is the longest in a year. Holidays such as the Easter, the Independence Day and the Armistice Day are short holidays.In relatively, holidays of teachers and students are more. There is respectively a spring holiday in March, a summer holiday in June or July and a winter holiday in November.Tour operators put together the combinations of travel, hotels, meals, and all the other arrangements for the packages. American Express is a well-known tour operator that operates worldwide. Some tour operators specialized in domestic tourism while incoming tour operators specialized in tours for overseas visitors in the U.S. Most tour operators cooperate with the travel agencts to sell the products to their clients.Others are direct sell operators, who sell the package direct to the public. In essence, tour operators are the intermediaries between the airlines, hotel chains, bus companies,etc. and the travel agents.In America, several hotel chains are in the most major cities around the world such as Hilton. Their accomodations are upscal for the tourists and business travelers. They are well-developed for their combination of beaches and golf and other sports facilities along with luxury hotels and restaurants.Some hotel chains are also in cooperation with airlines in an attempt to bypass the local travel agents.America conducts vigorous propaganda for governmental travel.They are equipped with the most advanced economy, culture and technology in the world which are pretty attractive to the travelers all over the world.The American news media covering the whole world and films in Hollywood are actually soft advertisements for American tourism.There are some special policies for the economically backward regions.Openning gambling hells is not allowed in most states of American.But it is an exception in the eastern Atlantic City, New Jersey, and in the western Neveda, Las Vegas andReno.Gambling is defined as any sort of game or contest in which individuals wager money in the hope of financial gain.4.Tourist AttractionsThere must be some attractions so that people become interested in one place and have an appetite for traveling. Attractions can be divided into two types: one is composed of man-made attractions, such as theme parks, museums, theaters and so on; the other includes natural ones, such as the mountains, rivers,etc.There are thousands of museums and artgalleries all over the United States. In the past 5 years, nearly 40 million Americans, or one-fifth of U.S. residents went on a garden tour, attended a gardening show or participated in some other garden-related activity. Going to the beach is one of the American people’s most popular leisure travel activities. National parks are one of America’s biggest attractions. They are managed either by the federal, the states, or the local governments. There are 48 national parks in the U.S.A. stretching from Maine to California, Alaska to Hawaii.Conclusion:In a word, American tourism is very prosperous.It makes a great contribution to economical development and meets people’s traveling demands.Tourism can improve the overall competitive strength and promote international standing. The tourism in U.S. is well-arranged and the project is very reasonable, and the scenery spots are really famous and attractive so that a lot of people look forward to taking a trip to those places.In return, it drive the tourism in America to develop.。