2014年天津商业大学712基础英语考研真题【圣才出品】

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2014年天津商业大学外国语言学及应用语言学(050211)考研参考书专业课考研真题考录比复试线

育明教育中国考研专业课辅导第一品牌育明教育官方网站： 1育明教育天津分校2015年天津地区15所高校考研辅导必备天津分校地址南京路新天地大厦2007专注考研专业课辅导8年天津地区专业课辅导第一品牌天津分校赵老师与大家分享资料育明教育，创始于2006年，由北京大学、中国人民大学、中央财经大学、北京外国语大学的教授投资创办，并有北京大学、武汉大学、中国人民大学、北京师范大学复旦大学、中央财经大学、等知名高校的博士和硕士加盟，是一个最具权威的全国范围内的考研考博辅导机构。

更多详情可联系育明教育天津分校赵老师。

2014年天津商业大学外国语言学及应用语言学(050211)考研参考书专业课考研真题考录比复试线学科、专业名称(代码)研究方向招生人数考试科目备注外国语学院（电话26686225）25外国语言学及应用语言学(050211)①(101)政治1.批评性语篇分析②(240)二外日语或(241)二外法语(任选其中一门)2.翻译理论与实践③(712)基础英语育明教育中国考研专业课辅导第一品牌育明教育官方网站：23．跨文化商务沟通④(804)语言学及翻译公共管理学院(电话26667609)40公共管理(120400)①(101)政治1.(行政管理)当代中国政府管理理论与实践②(201)英语(一)2.(行政管理)公共组织与人力资源管理③(713)公共管理学3.(行政管理)会展运营管理与政策研究④(813)公共政策学考研政治每年平均分在4，50分，不是很高，政治取得高分除了靠记忆力还要有一定的技巧，今天我就考研政治中的一些答题技巧，来和同学们分享一下。

选择题分值为50分。

其中单选题16道，满分16分;多选题17道，满分34分。

选择题由于考查范围广，涉及的知识点零散，这种题型很需要考生对教材和大纲有系统而熟练的掌握。

选择题中，多选题的难度较大，它是拉开政治分数的一个题型之一。

单项选择题政治单选是属于必得的高分题型。

天津商业大学商学院《812管理学》历年考研真题汇编

目　录2016年天津商业大学商学院812管理学考研真题2015年天津商业大学商学院812管理学考研真题2014年天津商业大学商学院812管理学考研真题及详解2013年天津商业大学商学院812管理学考研真题2012年天津商业大学商学院812管理学考研真题2011年天津商业大学商学院814管理学与企业理论考研真题2009年天津商业大学商学院814管理学与企业理论考研真题2008年天津商业大学商学院814管理学与企业理论考研真题2007年天津商学院814管理学与企业理论考研真题2016年天津商业大学商学院812管理学考研真题专业：会计学、企业管理、技术经济及管理、旅游管理课程名称：管理学（812）一、判断题（正确的打“√”，错误的打“×”，每小题1分，共10分）1．管理的科学性和艺术性一般情况下是相互排斥的。

（　）2．管理规章制度在必须考虑经济性的条件下才可以被打破。

（　）3．泰勒科学管理理论的中心议题是如何提高劳动生产率。

（　）4．非正式组织是一种客观存在，但对企业的影响是极其不利的。

（　）5．集体决策虽能集思广益，但遇到问题易于产生责任不明．相互推诿的现象。

（）6．按照赫兹伯格的观点，激励因素与工作内容无关。

（　）7．管理工作越复杂，组织越倾向于采用较窄的管理幅度。

（　）8．领导权变理论主张有效的领导方式应随工作环境的变化而变化。

（）9．通过建立有效的控制系统对被控制对象进行的控制属于直接控制。

（）10．团队的有效运作需要重视团队成员之间技能上的互补性。

（）二、简答题（每小题10分，共40分）1．环境适应性组织文化有何特征？2．扁平式组织结构有何特点？3．弗鲁姆期望理论的主要观点？4．企业组织创新的主要内容有哪些？三、论述题（每小题20分，共40分）1．试述控制过程的基本步骤。

2．论述集权与分权的相互关系。

四、案例分析题（每个案例30分，共60分）案例一：薪酬制度改革方案某地方电视台为了提高节目质量，增加收视率和经济效益，对电视台员工薪酬制度进行了大幅度调整与改革。

2014年天津商业大学商学院436资产评估专业基础[专业硕士]考研真题【圣才出品】

2014年天津商业大学商学院436资产评估专业基础[专业硕士]考研真题课程名称：资产评估专业基础（经济学）（436）说明：答案标明题号写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上的无效。

一、解释下列概念（每题3分，共15分）1．市场经济2．恩格尔系数3．等产量线4．均衡5．比较优势二、简答题（每题6分，共30分）1．两种消费品的边际替代率（MRS XY）的含义是什么，为什么它是递减的？2．简述总成本、平均成本和边际成本之间的关系？3．试说明何谓结构性通货膨胀。

4．用图说明厂商在既定成本条件下实现最大产量的最优要素组合原则。

5．完全竞争市场的条件是什么？三、论述题（每题15分，共15分）为什么公共物品会造成市场失灵？并予以举例说明。

课程名称：资产评估专业基础（财务管理）（436）一、名词解释（本大题共10分，每小题2分）1．系统风险2．经营杠杆3．剩余股利政策4．获利指数5．最佳资本结构二、简述题（本大题共20分，每小题5分）1．简述年金、年金类型及内容2．简述股利分配的影响因素3．简述净营业收益理论4．简述债券投资的特点三、论述题（本题共15分）论述应收账款的功能、成本与管理目标课程名称：资产评估专业基础（资产评估）（436）一、解释下列概念（每题3分，共9分）1．价格指数调整法2．资产评估中的市场价值3．功能性贬值二、简答题（每题6分，共18分）1．使用市场法评估资产时，主要的修正因素有哪一些？2．采用收益法评估专利权，确定收益年限时，是否必须与会计部门的折旧年限相同？3．简述采用市场法评估资产时必须满足的三个前提条件。

三、辨析题（10分）请阐述为什么在进行专利资产评估时，评估程序的第一步是要确认专利资产的存在。

四、计算评估值（每题4分，共8分）1．评估机器设备一台，三年前购置，据了解该设备尚无替代产品。

该设备账面原值10万元，其中买价8万元，运输费0.4万元，安装费用（包括材料）1万元，调试费用0.6万元。

经调查，该设备现行价格9.5万元，运输费、安装费、调试费分别比三年前上涨40%、30%、20%。

2014年12月大学英语四级考试真题及详解(第二套)【圣才出品】

2014年12月大学英语四级考试真题及详解（第二套）Part I Writing(30minutes)Directions:For this part,you are allowed30minutes to write a short essay about a course that has impressed you most in college.You should state the reasons and write at least120words but no more than180words.【审题构思】本文要求介绍大学中印象最为深刻的课程，并要求给出相关理由。

写作时，应该首先指出令自己印象深刻的课程是什么。

在第二段论述理由时，一定要给出相关的解释或者例证阐明为什么这门课程令人印象深刻，而不要仅仅空洞的进行理由的罗列。

文章最后，总结全文，重申观点。

【参考范文】A Course That Has Impressed Me Most in College(1)In college,we all are provided with various courses and each course does have its own features.For me,the course that has impressed me most is the English class.(2)The first thing that makes English class impressive is our English teacher.Of course,like other teachers,she is supposed to teach us the related skills about English language.Yet what makes her different is that she is always like a good friend of us.She would laugh out when sharing an interesting English anecdote with us.Also,she sometimes would invite us to have lunch or supper in her home or in the campus dining hall.Her friendliness appeals to us and the English class becomes more exciting.(3)The second reason why the English class is particularly remembered lies in the fact that we are provided with many opportunities to discuss.The result of our discussion is not judged or marked,and(4)what matters is the participating process.(5)From the discussion,we learn to think critically and speak our mind loudly and bravely.(6)In general,English class is the most interesting and impressive class that I have in college. Here we learn English as well as enjoy ourselves.【行文点评】(1)开篇点题，在所有课程中，我对英语课的印象最深。

2014年天津外国语大学701(基础英语+汉语)YZ真题及详解【圣才出品】

十万种考研考证电子书、题库视频学习平台
B. extraordinary
C. separated
D. legal
【答案】C
【解析】句意：乔治·齐默尔曼的分居妻子谢琳告诉凯蒂·凯里奇，她觉得乔治是一个滴答作
响的定时炸弹。estranged 分居的，疏远的，不和的。strange 奇怪的，陌生的。
extraordinary 非凡的，特别的。separated 分开的，分居的。legal 法律的，合
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圣才电子书 ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ万种考研考证电子书、题库视频学习平台

detailed how he commanded troops to collect “information” and wage various deadly attacks.” After I killed so many civilians and (North Korean) soldiers and destroyed strategic objects in the DPRK during the Korean War, I committed indelible offensive acts against the DPRK government and Korean people, ” Newman said, according to that KCNA report. A. unforgettable B. unprecedented C. unchangeable D. undeliverable 【答案】A 【解析】句意：纽曼谈到他在朝鲜战争期间与平壤的战斗，他详细说明了他是如何指挥部队
1. When Wall Street, Silicon Valley and Bitcoin are all making out, something weird is happening.

2013年天津商业大学712基础英语考研试题

2013年天津商业大学712基础英语考研试题A专业专业：：外国语言学及应用语言学课程名称课程名称：：基础英语基础英语（（712）说明说明：：答案标明题号写在答题纸上答案标明题号写在答题纸上，，写在试题纸上的无效写在试题纸上的无效。

I Vocabulary & Structure (每小题1分，共20分)Directions: In each question, decide which of the four choices given will most suitably complete the sentence if inserted at the place marked. (每小题1分，共20分)* 答案写法：1-----5 a b c d a 6-----10 a b c d a1．The usher bowed deeply and_______ a long, almost musical sigh, when I showed him the invitation which the mayor had sent me.a.heavedb. grinnedc. poppedd. lurched2． Some people want to _______ the monument, while others want to preserve it so that the young generation could not forget the tragic history.a.demolishb. annihilatec. wreckd. ruin3． The middle school student has a ______ for collecting Japanese cartoon pictures, which takes him plenty of time.a.frenzyb. deliriumc. hysteriad. mania4． The current production methods will soon be rendered _______since new and better ways are said to be invented.a.ancientb. antiquec. obsoleted. archaic5． Modern enterprises are facing fierce competition so they are eager to have a team of pioneering humanity and ______.a.aggressivenessb. aggressionc. invasiond. belligerence6． Her bracelet is one of the several valuable gifts _____ on her when she visited the royal family.a.grantedb. bestowedc. awardedd. confirmed7． Small children are often___________ to nightmares after hearing ghost stories in the dark.a.definitiveb. perceptiblec. incipientd. susceptible8． Many astronomers think the universe is continuing to evolve from a _________ cloud of gas.a.polyphonyb. primalc. primordiald. primogeniture9． Sheep, cattle and antelope are __________; unlike dogs and cats, they show no interest in meat.a.voraciousb. omnivorousc. carnivorousd. herbivorous10． Vincent Van Gogh ’s rise to __________ fame as one of the world ’s great artists came despite the fact that he scarcely sold a single painting during his lifetime.a.posthumousb. postmodernc. postmortemd. posterior11． The boys did not take the apples with any _______ intent, they were just hungry and did not know any better.a.malnourishedb.malefactorc.malignd.malicious12．The whole family was _________ by nature, and there were bitter legal battles over the will.a.acquisitiveb. inquisitivec. requisitiond. perquisite13．Gone was the fierce_______ of the days when Bryan had swept the political arena like a prairie fire.a.fervorb. emotionc. intelligenced. strength14．The trees along the main street were________ with rags and plastic bags after the terrible hurricane.a.destroyedb. chainedc. festoonedd. covered15．The earth is actually vulnerable, but so far we seem _________ of the fragility of the earth’s natural systems.a.awareb. obliviousc. consciousd. suspicious16．Essentially, a theory is an abstract, symbolic representation of _________ reality.A.that is conceived b.that is being conceived ofc.what it is conceivedd.what is conceived to be17．After the funeral, the residents of the apartment building _________.a.sent faithfully flowers all weeks to the cemeteryb.sent to the cemetery each week flowers faithfullyc.sent flowers faithfully to the cemetery each weekd.sent each week faithfully to the cemetery flowers18．4. Not until Kentucky’s Mammoth Cave had been completely explored in 1972 _______.a.when was its full extent realizedb.that its full extent realizedc.was its full extent realizedd.the realization of its full extent19．I know he failed his last test, but really he’s _________ stupid.a.something butb. anything butc.nothing butd. not but20．His remarks were ________ annoy everybody at the meeting.a.so as tob. such as toc. such tod. as much as toII Proof Reading and Error Correction (每小题2分，共10分)Directions: In this passage there are altogether 5 mistakes in the five numbered and underlined sentences. Try to detect the mistakes and write out your corrected answers on the answer sheet.。

2014年天津商业大学商学院812管理学考研真题及详解【圣才出品】

十万种考研考证电子书、题库视频学习平台圣才电子书2014年天津商业大学商学院812管理学考研真题及详解专业：会计学、企业管理、技术经济及管理、旅游管理课程名称：管理学（812）一、判断题（正确的打√，错误得打×；每小题1分，共10分）1．管理理论的产生与发展过程是一个不断创新的过程。

（）2．管理学产生的标志是二十世纪初产生的科学管理理论。

（）3．泰勒被誉为“科学管理之父”是因为他做了大量的科学实验。

（）4．梅奥为管理丛林理论形成奠定了基础。

（）5．决策是管理者完全依靠科学的决策技术和方法作出的。

（）6．计划是管理者指挥和协调的基本依据。

（）7．组织设计的核心是组织结构的设计。

（）8．领导者权力来自于法定权力。

（）9．人性假设理论是选择领导方式与领导风格的依据。

（）10．组织变革就是组织结构变革。

（）二、简述题（每个问题12分，共60分）1．管理学的基本特征。

2．系统管理理论基本内容。

3．群体决策的优势。

4．组织变革的基本内容。

5．领导生命周期理论的基本内容。

三、论述题（每个问题20分，共40分）1．霍桑试验对管理理论发展的重要意义。

2．组织应如何构建有效的控制系统？四、案例分析题（每个问题10分，共40分）Heavy wave公司Heavy wave公司是一家成立于2000年的生产经营日用清洁用品的公司，由于其新颖的产品、别具一格的销售方式和优质的服务，其产品备受消费者的青睐。

在总经理张明的带领下公司发展迅速。

然而，随着公司的发展，张明逐步发现，一向运行良好的组织结构已经不能适应公司内外急剧变化的环境。

公司原先是根据职能制来设计组织结构，其职能部门主要包括财务、营销、生产、人事、采购、研究与开发等部门。

随着公司的壮大发展，产品已从单一的洗发水扩展到护发素、沐浴露、乳液、防晒霜、护手霜、洗手液等诸多日化用品上。

产品的多样性对公司的组织结构提出了新的要求。

旧的组织结构严重阻碍了公司的发展，职能部门之间矛盾重重，在这种情况下，张明不得不亲自对职能部门的事务出各种决策。

2010--2015年天津商业大学基础英语考研真题及答案解析

2010--2015年天津商业大学基础英语考研真题及答案解析专业：外国语言学及应用语言学课程名称：基础英语（713）A共12页第1页说明：答案标明题号写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上的一律无效。

I Vocabulary(每小题1分，共30分)Directions:In each question,decide which of the four choices given will most suitably complete the sentence if inserted at the place marked.1.The current production methods will soon be rendered_______since new and better ways are said to be invented.a.ancientb.antiquec.obsoleted.archaic2.Modern enterprises are facing fierce competition so they are eager to have a team of pioneering humanity and______.a.aggressivenessb.aggressionc.invasiond.belligerence3.The director of personnel administration brought Jim into his office to______him over the coals for being late so often.a.scoldb.criticizec.blamed.call4.I dream it better for a child to be treated severely all the time than to have parents who keep______about from kindness to cruelty.a.wanderingb.lingeringc.shiftingd.chopping5.Attending regularly and taking an active part in class argument or discussion ______for20%of your mark for the academic year.a.makeb.allowc.countd.amount6.It is a commonly held opinion that criticism is a study by which men grow important and______at very small expense.a.formidableb.indolentc.gallantd.gullible7.Rhenium is regarded as a valuable ingredient in certain alloys because it ______the effects of high temperatures.a.abatesb.counterbalancesc.abashesd.withstands8.The most_______of all bird nests is the large,domed communal structure built by social weaverbirds.a.affableb.elaboratec.desolated.intricate9.The______habits and mournful cries of owls have made them objects of superstition for some people.a.nostrilb.noxiousc.nocturnald.nomadic10.Researchers were delighted nonetheless with the new information they were able to_______from their investigation of the comet.a.gleanb.gropec.implored.refrain11.Prudence,indeed,will dictate that government long established should not be changed for light and______causes.a.sensibleb.circumspectc.aversed.transient12.Diffusion may be defined as the______spreading of matter caused by the random movement of molecules.a.simultaneousb.spontaneousc.instantaneousd.presumptuous13.for most allergies,the best treatment is______of the brothersome substances from the sensitive person’s environment.a.dissipationb.deviationc.eliminationd.pacification14.To pull a personality together takes inner reserves of power of power______ from beyond oneself.a.assimilatedb.accumulatedc.congregatedd.infiltrated15.The amenities of civilization are left behind when an individual______on a camping trip in a remote area.a.entailsb.ensnaresc.entreatsd.embarks16.It should be well remembered that only when conditions become critical are we ______in using drastic measures.a.verifiedb.justifiedc.testifiedd.rectified17.Do you know the reason why pawnbrokers______that they make most money when people redeem their jewellery?a.adhereb.agitatec.reckond.reproach18.In order to win the presidential election,the candidates vie with each other in ______a team of the brightest minds available.a.summoningb.recollectingc.congestingd.recruiting19.Animals or persons that behave in a fierce,cruel or savage way are usually referred to as_______.a.ferociousb.ferrousc.impetuousd.judicious20.A self-sufficient farmer must indeed be_______so as to grow crops,care for animals,build fences,and repair tools and barns.a.outlandishb.versatilec.secludedd.robust21.The terrible railroad accident impressed me so much that I have been unable to _____all memories of it for decades of years.a.renounceb.mollifyc.obliterated.discard22.At the marked ball organized by the community quite a few people were dressed in surprisingly______clothing.a.graciousb.authenticc.egregiousd.eccentric23.The young math teacher gave her students extra work to do because she was ____by all the noise and talking in the classroom.a.exasperatedb.aggregatedc.perturbedd.assailed24.Her bracelet is one of the several valuable gifts_____on her when she visited the royal family.a.grantedb.bestowedc.awardedd.confirmed25.The ward councilor Tony Jones warned yesterday that the drive to clean up the Oxford Road area is being______by the criminal justice system itself.a.hamperedb.prohibitedc.restrictedd.reserved26.The Galbraiths were a gregarious and family,probably descended from the Ancient British royal house of Strathelyde.a.proliferateb.promotivec.prolificd.propagable27.In1945he worked for Hambro’s Bank,touring the Middle East to report on ___diamond trading.a..elicitb..illiberalc.illuminantd.illicit28.Some people want to_______the monument,while others want to preserve it so that the young generation could not forget the tragic history.a.demolishb.annihilatec.wreckd.ruin29.The middle school student has a______for collecting Japanese cartoon pictures, which takes him plenty of time.a.frenzyb.deliriumc.hysteriad.mania30.During the French Revolution crowds in the street______at the prisoners being driven to the guillotine.a.gibeb.scoffc.jeerd.sneerII Error Correction(每小题2分，共20分)Directions:In this passage there are altogether10mistakes.Try to detect the mistakes and write out your corrected answers on the answer sheet.(1)I am not speaking the mere filth.One expects steel towns to be dirty.What I allude to is the unbroken and agonizing ugliness,the sheer revolting monstrousness, of every house in sight.From East Liberty to Greensburg,a distance of twenty-five miles,there was not one in sight from the train that did not insult and lacerate the eye.(2)There was not one which was not misshapen.(3)The country itself is not uncome,despite the grime of the endless mills.(4)It is,in form,a narrow river valley, with deep gullies run up into the hills.It is thickly settled,but noticeably overcrowded.There is still plenty of room for building,even in the larger towns.(5) Obviously,if there were architects of any professional sensation or dignity in the region,they would have perfected a chalet to hug the hillsides.(6)But what they have done?This they have converted into a thing of dingy clapboards,with a narrow, low-pitched roof.They are incomparable in design.It is as some titanic and aberrant genius,uncompromisingly inimical to man,had devoted all the ingenuity of hell to the making of them.They show grotesqueries of ugliness that,in retrospect,become almost diabolical.(7)Are they so frightful because the valley is full of foreigners—dull,insensate brutes,with no love of beauty in them?Then why didn’t these foreigners set up similar abominations in the countries where they came from? But in the American village and small town the pull is always towards ugliness,and in that Westmoreland valley it has been yielded to with an eagerness bordering upon passion.(8)It is incredulous that mere ignorance should have achieved such masterpieces of horror.(9)However,on certain levels of the American race,there seems to be a positive libido for the ugly,as on other and less Christian levels there is a libido for the beautiful.(10)It is impossible to put down the wallpaper that defaces the average American home of the lower middle class with mere inadvertence,or the obscene humor of the manufacturers.This is resulted from a kind of psychological disease—a libido for the ugly.III Reading Comprehension(共40分)1.Directions:Give an answer to each of the questions listed at the end of the following passage in about100words.(每小题10分，共20分)My own sex,I hope,will excuse me,if I treat them like rational creatures, instead of flattering their fascinating graces,and viewing them as if they were in a state of perpetual childhood,unable to stand alone.I earnestly wish to point out in what true dignity and human happiness consists—I wish to persuade women to endeavor to acquire strength,both of mind and body,and to convince them that the soft phrases,susceptibility of heart,delicacy of sentiment,and refinement of taste, are almost synonymous with epithets of weakness,and that those beings who areonly the objects of pity and that kind of love,which has been termed its sister,will soon become objects of contempt.Dismissing,then,those pretty feminine phrases,which the men condescendingly use to soften our slavish dependence,and despising that weak elegancy of mind,exquisite sensibility and sweet docility of manners,suppose to be the sexual characteristics of the weaker vessel,I wish to show that elegance is inferior to virtue,that the first object of laudable ambition is to obtain a character as a human being,regardless of the distinction of sex,and that secondary views should be brought to this simple touchstone.This is a rough sketch of my plan,and should I express my conviction with the energetic emotions that I feel whenever I think of the subject,the dictates of experience and reflection will be felt by some of my readers.Animated by this important object,I shall disdain to cull my phrases or polish my style;I aim at being useful,and sincerity will render me unaffected;for,wishing rather to persuade by the force of my arguments than dazzle by the elegance of my language,I shall not waste my time in rounding periods,nor in fabricating the turgid bombast of artificial feelings,which,coming from the head,never reach the heart.I shall be employed about things,not word!And,anxious to render my sex more respectable members of society,I shall try to avoid that flowery diction which has slided from essays into novels,and from novels into familiar letters and conversation.These pretty superlatives,dropping glibly from the tongue,vitiate the taste,and create a kind of sickly delicacy that turns away from simple unadorned truth;and a deluge of false sentiments and overstretched feelings,stifling the natural emotions of the heart,render the domestic pleasures insipid,that ought to sweeten the exercise of those severe duties,which educate a rational and immortal being for a nobler field of action.The education of women has,of late,been more attended to than formerly,yet they are still reckoned a frivolous sex,and ridiculed or pitied by the writers who endeavor by satire or instruction to improve them.It is acknowledged that they spend many of the first years of their lives in acquiring a smattering of accomplishments:meanwhile strength of body and mind are sacrificed to libertine notions of beauty,to the desire of establishing themselves—the only way women can rise in the world—by marriage.And this desire making mere animals of them, when they marry they act as such children may be expected to act—they dress,they paint,and nickname God’s creatures.Surely these weak beings are only fit for a seraglio!—Can they be expected to govern a family with judgment,or take care of the poor babes whom they bring into the world?If then it can be fairly deduced from the present conduct of the sex,from the prevalent fondness for pleasure which takes place of ambition and those nobler passions that open and enlarge the soul:that the instruction which women have received has only tended,with the constitution of civil society,to render them insignificant objects of desire—mere propagators of fools!—If it can be proved that in aiming to accomplish them,without cultivating their understandings,they are taken out of their sphere of duties,and made ridiculous and useless when theirshort-lived bloom of beauty is over.I presume that rational men will excuse me for endeavoring to persuade them to become more masculine and respectable.Indeed the word masculine is only a bugbear:there is little reason to fear that women will acquire too much courage or fortitude,for their apparent inferiority with respect to bodily strength,must render them,in some degree,dependent on men in the various relations of life;but why should it be increased by prejudices that give a sex to virtue,and confound simple truths with sensual reveries?Women are,in fact,so much degraded by mistaken notions of female excellence, that I do not mean to add a paradox when I assert,that this artificial weakness produces a propensity to tyrannize,and gives birth to cunning,the natural opponent of strength,which leads them to play off those contemptible infantile airs that undermine esteem ever whilst they excite desire.Let men become more chaste and modest,and if women do not grow wiser in the same ratio,it will be clear that they have weaker understandings.It seems scarcely necessary to say,that I now speak of the sex in general.Many individuals have more sense than their male relatives;and, as nothing preponderates where there is a constant struggle for an equilibrium, without it has naturally more gravity,some women govern their husbands without degrading themselves,because intellect will always govern.Questions:(1)How does the author relate diction and style to the cause of women’s rights?(2)With what details does the author convey her view on marriage?2.Read the passages carefully and choose the best answer to each question among the four choices.(每小题2分，共20分)Passage1When television is good,nothing—not the theatre,not the magazines,or newspapers—nothing is better.But when television is bad,nothing is worse.I invite you to sit down in front of your television set when your station goes on the air and stay there without a book,magazine,newspaper,or anything else to distract you and keep your eyes glued to that set until the station signs off.I can assure you that you will observe a vast wasteland.You will see a procession of game shows,violence, audience participation shows,formular comedies about totally unbelievable families, blood and thunder,mayhem,more violence,sadism,murder,Western badmen, Western good—men,private eyes,gangsters,still more violence,and cartoons.And, endlessly,commercials that stream and cajole and offend.And most of all,boredom. True,you will see a few things you will enjoy.But they will be very,very few.And if you think I exaggerate,try it.Is there no room on television to teach,to inform,to uplift,to stretch,to enlarge the capacities of our children?Is there no room for programs to deepen the children’s understanding of children in other lands?Is there no room for a children’s news show explaining something about the world for them at their level ofunderstanding?Is there no room for reading the great literature of the past,teaching them the great traditions of freedom?There are some fine children’s shows,but they are drowned out in the massive doses of cartoons,violence,and more violence. Must these be your trade marks?Search your conscience and see whether you cannot offer more to your young beneficiaries whose future you guard so many hours each and every day.There are people in this great country.And you must serve all of us.You will get no argument from me if you say that,given a choice between a Western and a symphony,more people will watch the western.I like Westerns and the private eyes, too—but a steady diet for the whole country is obviously not in the public interest. We all know that people would often prefer to be entertained than stimulated or informed.But your obligations are not satisfied if you look only to popularity as a test of what to broadcast.You are not only in show business;you are free to communicate ideas as well as to give relaxation.You must provide a wider range of choices,more diversity,and more alternatives.It is not enough to cater to the nation’s whims—you must also serve the nation’s needs.The people own the air. They own it as much in prime evening time as they do at6o’clock in the morning. For every tend to see that your debt is paid with service.1.The author’s attitude toward television is one of________a.sullennessb.reconciliationc.determinationd.hopelessness2.The wasteland referred to describe________.a.western badmanb.average television programc.the morning showsd.children’s programs3.Concerning programs for children,many believe that programs should __________.a.eliminate cartoonsb.provide culturec.be presented at certain periods during the dayd.eliminate commercials4.The statement that“the people own the air”implies that_________.a.citizens have the right to insist on worth—while television programsb.television should be socializedc.the government may build above present structuresd.since air is worthless,the people own nothing5.It can be inferred from the passage in regard to television programming that the author believes_______.a.the broadcasters are trying to do the right thing but are failingb.foreign countries are going to pattern their programs after oursc.there is a great deal that is worthwhile in present programsd.the listeners do not necessarily know what is good for them.Passage2Those examples of poetic justice that occur in medieval and Elizabethan literature,and that seem so satisfying,have encouraged a whole school of twentieth-century scholars to“find”further examples.In fact,these scholars have merely forced victimized characters into a moral framework by which the injustices inflicted on them are,somehow or other,justified.Such scholars deny that the sufferers in a tragedy are innocent;they blame the victims themselves for their tragic fates.Any misdoing is enough to subject a character to critical whips.Thus,there are long essays about the misdemeanors of Webster’s Duchess of Mali,who defied her brothers,and the behavior of Shakespeare’s Desdemona,who disobeyed her father.Yet it should be remembered that the Renaissance writer Matteo Bandello strongly protests that injustice of the severe penalties issued to women for acts of disobediences that men could,and did,commit with virtual impunity.And Shakespeare,Chaucer,and Webster often enlist their readers on the side of their tragic heroines by describing injustices so cruel that readers cannot but join in protest.By portraying Griselda,in The Clerk’s Tale,as a meek,gentle victim who does not criticize,much less rebel against the persecutor,her husband Walter,Chaucer incites readers to espouse Griselda’s cause against Walter’s oppression.Thus,efforts to supply historical and theological rationalizations for Walter’s persecutions tend to turn Chaucer’s fable upside down,to deny its most obvious effect on readers’sympathies.Similarly,to assert that Webster’s Duchess deserved torture and death because she chose to marry the man she loved and to bear their children is,in effect, to join forces with her tyrannical brothers,and so to confound the operation of poetic justice,of which readers should approve,with precisely those examples of social injustice that Websters does everything in his power to make readers condemn. Indeed,Websters has his heroine so heroically lead the resistance to tyranny that she may well inspire members of the audience to imaginatively join forces with her against the cruelty and hypocritically morality of her brothers.Thus Chaucer and Webster,in their different ways,attack injustice,argue on behalf of the victims,and prosecute the prosecutors.Their readers serve them as a court of appeal that remains free to rule,as the evidence requires,and as common humanity requires,in favor of the innocent and injured parties.For,to paraphrase the noted eighteenth-century scholar,Samuel Johnson,despite all the refinements of subtlety and dogmatism of learning,it is by the common sense and compassion of readers who are uncharacters and situations in medieval and Elizabethan literature, as in any other literature,can best be judged.6.According to the passage,some twentieth-century scholars have written at length about______.a.Walter’s persecution of his wife in Chaucer’s The Clerk’s Taleb.the duchess of Malfi’s love for her husbandc.the tyrannical behavior of the Duchess of Malfi’s brothersd.the actions taken by Shakespeare’s Desdemona7.It can be inferred from the passage that the author considers Chaucer’s Griselda to be_______.a.an innocent victimb.a sympathetic judgec.an imprudent persond.a strong individual8.The author’s tone in her discussion of the conclusions reached by the“school of twentieth-century scholars”is best described as_______.a.plaintiveb.philosophicalc.disparagingd.apologetic9.As described in the passage,the process by which some twentieth-century scholars have reached their conclusions about the blameworthiness of victims in medieval and Elizabethan literary works is most similar to which of the following?a.Derivation of logically sound conclusions from well-founded premises.b.Accurate observation of data,inaccurate calculation of statistics,and drawing of incorrect conclusions from the faulty statistics.c.establishment of a theory,application of the theory to illfitting data,and drawing of unwarranted conclusions from the data.d.development of two schools of thought about a factual situation,debate between the two schools,and rendering of a balanced judgment by an objective observer 10.The author’s paraphrase of a statement by Samuel Johnson serves which of the following functions in the passage?a.it furnishes a specific exampleb,it articulates a general conclusionc.introduces a new topicd.It provides a contrasting perspectiveIV Cloze(每空2分，共20分)Directions:Fill in each numbered blank in the following passage with one suitable word to complete the passage.Many Americans have at least one bank-issued credit card.They give their owners automatic credit in stores,restaurants,and hotels,at home,across the country and even abroad,and they make many banking services____1____as well.More and more of these credit cards can be read automatically,making___2__possible to withdraw or deposit money in scattered locations,whether or not the local branch bank is open.For many of us the“cashless society”is not____3___the horizon—it’s already here.While computers offer these conveniences to consumers,they have many advantages for sellers too.Electronic cash registers can do much more thansimply ring up sales.They can keep a wide___4____of records,including who sold what,when,and to whom.This information allows businessman to____5____track of their list of goods by showing which items are being sold and how fast they are moving.Decisions to recorder or return goods to suppliers can then be made.At the same time these computers record____6____hours are busiest and which employees are the most efficient,allowing personnel and staffing assignments to be ___7____accordingly.And they also identify preferred customers for promotional puters are relied on by manufacturers for similar____8____. Computer-analyzed marketing reports can help to decide which products to emphasize now,which to develop for the future,and which to puters keep track of goods stock,of raw materials on____9___,and even of the production process itself.Numerous other commercial enterprises,from theatres to magazine publishers,from gas and electric utilities to milk processors,bring better and more efficient services to consumers through the___10___of computers.V Writing(共40分)Directions:You are required to write,in English,an article of a minimum of500 words with the following topic:The Importance of Critical Thinking in My Future Study专业课的复习和应考有着与公共课不同的策略和技巧，虽然每个考生的专业不同，但是在总体上都有一个既定的规律可以探寻。

天津商业大学英语专业课(题目及答案)2

. The tremor in his voice _______ his nervousness.A. affirmedB. disguisedC. representedD. revealed2. His parents gave him many expensive toys as some form of _____ for his lameness and inability to play active games.A. remedyB. compensationC. treatmentD. comfort3. To what extent will future scientific discoveries make possible the _______ of the human life span?A. increaseB. prolongationC. expansionD. growth4. Mr. Morton gradually _______ a knowledge of the subject.A. attainedB. requiredC. acquiredD. enquired5. The Mayor of the town is a ________ old man.A. respectiveB. respectfulC. respectableD. respecting6. The __________ bones of an elderly person may fracture easily.A. slenderB. brittleC. denseD. firm7. No one was ________ in the accident.A. injuredB. woundedC. sufferedD. handicapped8. It would be _______ to arrive at a conclusion.A. premierB. prematureC. preliminaryD. prior9. Color-blind people often find it difficult to _______ between blue and green.A. separateB. compareC. distinguishD. contrast10. The center-forward _______ a goal in the match.A. obtainedB. gainedC. wonD. scored11. They tried very hard but their efforts proved ____________-.A. futileB. usefulC. invalidD. unused12. The thief and his _________ were arrested.A. partnerB. accompliceC. colleagueD. associate13. As the sky darkened it soon became obvious that a thunderstorm was _________.A. immediateB. evidentC. imminentD. menacing14. ________ of half-starving wolves were roaming the snow-covered countryside.A. FlocksB. HerdsC. PacksD. Crowds15. The very idea of her winning the beauty contest is quite _____________.A. absurdB. unlikelyC. impossibleD. nonsense16. Today, household chores have been made much easier by electrical _________.A. facilitiesB. equipmentC. utilitiesD. appliances17. As a writer, Walter was very __________.A. imaginaryB. imageryC. imaginativeD. imaginable18. The factory was ________ to the ground by the fire.A. destroyedB. razedC. ruinedD. damaged19. He mumbled something and blushed as though a secret had been __________.A. imposedB. composedC. exposedD. opposed20. Your service is entirely __________, not compulsory.A. preferentialB. reluctantC. selectiveD. voluntary21. It took them years to __________ a dictionary.A. compileB. writeC. composeD. construct22. His strange behavior aroused the ________ of the police.A. doubtB. suspicionC. disbeliefD. suspect23. Mr. Wong complained about the _______ air-conditioner he bought from the company.A. inefficientB. deficientC. ineffectiveD. defective24. _______ the large amount of time devoted to listening every day, most college students do not listen effectively.a. Moreover B. Nevertheless C. Despite D. Furthermore25. Thomas said he was late because he was caught in a traffic jam. That was a _____ story.A. likelyB. likenessC. alikeD. likelihood26. Henry wasn't paid because he was the ________secretary of the association.A. honorableB. honoringC. honoredD. honorary27. He told the police that a ______ broke into his house last night.A. burglarB. muggerC. robberD. thief28. The debtors did not allow them to ________ payment of their debts.A. inferB. deferC. conferD. prefer29. He was fired because of his _______ refusal to follow orders.A. obstinateB. obedientC. stubbornD. obstructive'30. In the bitter cold, the explorers managed to ________ despite the shortage of food.A. outliveB. endureC. surviveD. subsist31. They were ______ never to meet again.A. disunitedB. destinedC. divertedD. disclosed32. During the miss World Contest, the contestants put on their national ___________.A. clothesB. clothingC. dressesD. costumes33. Father does not like ___________meat.A. leanB. slimC. skinnyD. slender34. The final ______ was pie with ice cream.A. dishB. plateC. courseD. meal35. Elegantly-dressed people were strolling along the many tree-lined _______ through the park.A. aisleB. avenuesC. passagesD. paths36. His speech was careful and ________ but his words seemed to make no sense.A. distinguishedB. distinctC. distinctiveD. distinguishable37. Before the invention of refrigeration, the _____ of fish and meat was a problem.A. keepingB. preservationC. maintenanceD. protection38. The police finally arrested the __________ criminal.A. famousB. renownedC. respectableD. notorious39. He wrote a three-page _____ for his term paper.A. abstractB. extractC. contractD. attraction40. A. I'll send somebody to _______ you at noon.A. reliefB. relieveC. releaseD. substitute41. He went ahead with unpopular changes, ______ to hostile criticism.A. sensibleB. contraryC. indifferentD. sensitive42. Suring their first teacher-training year, the students often visited local schools for the _____ of lessons.A. examinationB. inspectionC. investigationD. observation43. A sudden movement caught the antelope(羚羊) 's attention and he instantly became ______ and alert.A. consciousB. suspiciousC. superstitiousD. incredulous44. He badly ______ his back digging in the garden last Sunday.A. stretchedB. exertedC. strainedD. burst45. There is a fault at our television station. Please do not ______ you TV set.A. alterB. adoptC. adaptD. adjust46. I hope you are not _______ that I obtained this money dishonestly.A. implyingB. concerningC. involvingD. conveying47. We forgave his bad temper because we know that his son's illness had put him under great ________.A. excitementB. crisisC. stress d. nervousness48. This book should be within the _______ of anyone who had studied French for three years.A. possessionB. performanceC. qualificationD. competence49. A good deal of the _______ for their success must go to John Francis, the captain.A. reputationB. applauseC. creditD. compliment50. A completely new situation is likely to ______ when the school leaving age is raised to 16.A. riseB. raiseC. ariseD. happen51. Keys should never be hidden around the house since thieves ______ know where to look.A. virtuallyB. unavoidablyC. reliablyD. invariably52. This book is full of practical _____ on home decorating and repairs.A. helpsB. tipsC. cluesD. news53. He never _____ to read the news but turned at once to the crossword on the last page.A. worriedB. noticedC. painedD. troubled54. Although only of _______ intelligence, he speaks four languages fluently.A. middleB. minorC. averageD. slow55. A child will ______ half an hour of your complete attention.A. delightB. estimateC. compensateD. appreciate56. It is hoped that the prisoner will be released through the _______ of the president himself.A. conventionB. interventionC. interferenceD. concession57. The sound of the water gently ______ against the side of the boat was very pleasant.A. creakingB. surgingC. suckingD. lapping58. Occasionally we experience westerly gales, but the ______ winds are from the north-east.A. existingB. generalC. prevailingD. special59. The choir stood in four rows according to their _______ heights.A. respectfulB. respectiveC. comparativeD. comparable60. Far more should be done to ________ the sufferings of unwanted domestic pets.A. alleviateB. improveC. removeD. remedy61. The teacher was _______ of his duty.A. neglectfulB. negligentC. neglectingD. negligible62. The population in this little town is __________ Chinese.A. commonlyB. regularlyC. predominantlyD. popularly63. The thug _____ a loud cry when he was shot in the leg.A. criedB. wailedC. utteredD. screamed64. I am now _______ of his honesty.A. convincedB. believedC. conceivedD. understood65. Flying over the Sahara, Bob was surprised at the vast __________ of sand.A. sizesB. extensionsC. expansesD. oasis66. No one would believe his story. It was quite ___________.A. credulousB. credibleC. incredibleD. incredulous67. Although it is not our normal _______ to give credit, this time I think we should consider the matter.A. stateB. intentionC. occasionD. practice68. The floods did not start to ________ until two days after the rain had stopped.A. retireB. recedeC. retreatD. sink69. Being both spoilt and lazy he _______ everyone else for his lack of success.A. accusedB. chargedC. criticizedD. blamed70. A ________ woman is needed to take care of two small children.A. confidentB. reliableC. trustfulD. faithful71. Nobody has been able to explain the _______ of this commonly used expression.A. reasonB. causeC. starting-pointD. origin72. He says he would write an English course book if he could find a(n) ______ to deal with the less interesting parts.A. accompliceB. collaboratorC. companionD. partner73. The dentist ______ the decayed tooth again.A. filledB. injectedC. repairedD. mended74. A _____ change in policy is needed if relations are ever to improve.A. severeB. violentC. drasticD. strict75. The bag is made of paper. When you fill it with too many apples, it will _____.A. breakB. crackC. burstD. collapse76. After reading the insulting letter, Ron became _______________.A. furiousB. cautiousC. resentfulD. infectious77. She told me it was the most ______ gift her daughter had received.A. delightedB. delightedlyC. delightfulD. delighting78. Scientists ____ there is no animal life on Mars.A. requireB. assumeC. conceiveD. prefer79. Young people are usually more radical while old people are usually more _____ .A. subjectiveB. responsiveC. objectiveD. conservative80. Public order was quickly ________ after the attempted revolution.A. restoredB. recoveredC. reservedD. resolved81. The sun broke over the trees and dust could be seen ______ in the beam of light.A. hungB. suspendedC. drawnD. carried82. Television has _______ the cinema of its former popularity.A. caught S. stolen C, robbed D. stopped83. The noises in the street _______ the teacher's voice.A. suppressedB. overtookC. drownedD. surpassed84. The first, second, third prizes went to John, Mary and Tom ________.A. differentlyB. equallyC. partiallyD. respectively85. Your answer was so confusing that I could hardly make any ________ of it at all.A. senseB. explanationC. meaningD. interpretation86. They hid in a ______ of hay to avoid being found.A. bunchB. heapC. stackD. pile87. China has grown rich because of its _______ with other nations.A. companionB. communityC. commerceD. commission88. Our teacher likes to _____ her lesson with pictures.A. translateB. interpretC. explainD. illustrate89. He did not know what to say to _______ the invitation to dinner.A. declineB. refuseC. rejectD. retort90. The American Prof. does not allow his students to use _______ dictionaries in class.A. electronicB. electricalC. electricD. elective91. The dream for man to fly into _______ space has come true.A. distantB. farthestC. outerD. outside92. Many housewives today prefer to decorate their houses with real flowers rather than with _____ ones.A. unrealB. falseC. actualD. artificial93. City people seem to hurry here and there, elbowing others as they try to ____ their errands.A. continueB. completeC. stopD. suspend94. My hand slipped and _______ my drink on the tablecloth.A. markedB. spiltC. knockedD. spoiled95. He has too _______ a nature to get angry, even if he has good cause.A. slightB. lightC. looseD. mild96. It is strange that the twins not only look but also think ____.A. the sameB. alikeC. likelyD. identical97. The author is good at _______ characters in his books.A. makingB. inventingC. discoveringD. creating98. Despite the hard winter, the rose bush still stays ________ .A. liveB. livingC. livelyD. alive99. At present, we would like to know your _____ towards this question.A. ideaB. viewpointC. attitudeD. thought100. The ______ of the flooded area are still living in miserable conditions.A. inhabitantsB. citizensC. tenantsD. population答案1-5 DACCC 6-10 BABCD 11-15 ABCCA 16-20 DCBCD21-25 ABDCA 26-30 DABDD 31-35 BDABD 36-40 CBDAD41-45 DDACD 46-50 ACDCC 51-55 DBDCD 56-60 DDBCA61-65 ACCAC 66-70 CDBDB 71-75 DBDCB 76-80 ACBDA 81-85 BCDDA 86-90 CCDAA 91-95 CDBBD 96-100 BDDCA。

2014年考研英语试题及答案

2014年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word (s) for each numbered blank and mark A,B,C or D on the ANSWER SHEET.(10points)As many people hit middle age, they often start to notice that their memory and mental clarity are not what they used to be. We suddenly can’t remember 1 we put the keys just a moment ago, or an old acquaintance’s name, or the name of an old band we used to love. As the brain 2 , we refer to these occurrences as “senior moments.” 3 seemingly innocent ,this loss of mental focus can potentially have a (n) 4 impact on our professional, social, and personal 5 .Neuroscientists, experts who study the nervous system, are increasingly showing that there’s actually a lot that can be done. It 6 out that the brain needs exercise in much the same way our muscles do, and the right mental 7 can significantly improve our basic cognitive 8 . Thinking is essentially a 9 of making connections in the brain. To a certain extent, our ability to 10 in making the connections that drive intelligence is inherited. 11 , because these connections are made through effort and practice, scientists believe that intelligence can expand and fluctuate 12 mental effort.Now, a new Web-based company has taken it a step 13 and developed the first “brain training program” designed to actually help people improve and regain their mental 14 .The Web-based program 15 you to systematically improve your memory and attention skills. The program keeps 16 of your progress and provides detailed feedback 17 your performance and improvement. Most importantly, it 18 modifies and enhances the games you play to 19 on the strengths you are developing—much like a(n) 20 exercise routine requires you to increase resistance and vary your muscle use.1.[A] where[B] when[C] that[D] why2.[A] improves[B] fades[C] recovers[D] collapses3.[A] If[B] Unless[C] Once[D] While4.[A] uneven[B] limited[C] damaging[D] obscure5.[A] wellbeing[B] environment[C] relationship[D] outlook6.[A] turns[B] finds[C] points[D] figures7.[A] roundabouts [B] responses[C] workouts[D] associations8.[A] genre[B] functions[C] circumstances[D] criterion9.[A] channel[B] condition[C] sequence[D] process10.[A] persist[B] believe[C] excel[D] feature11.[A] Therefore[B] Moreover[C] Otherwise[D] However12.[A] according to[B] regardless of[C] apart from[D] instead of13.[A] back[B] further[C] aside[D] around14.[A] sharpness[B] stability[C] framework[D] flexibility15.[A] forces [B] reminds[C] hurries[D] allows16.[A] hold[B] track[C] order[D] pace17.[A] to[B] with[C] for[D] on18.[A] irregularly[B] habitually[C] constantly[D] unusually19.[A] carry[B] put[C] build[D] take20.[A] risky[B] effective[C] idle[D] familiarSection Ⅱ Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)Text 1In order to “change lives for the better” and reduce “dependency” George Osborne, Chancellor of the Exchequer, introduced the “upfront work search” scheme. Only if the jobless arrive at the job centre with a CV, register for online job search, and start looking for work will they be eligible for benefit and then they should report weekly rather than fortnightly. What could be more reasonable?More apparent reasonableness followed. There will now be a seven-day wait for the jobseeker’s allowance. “Those first few days should be spent looking for work, not looking to sign on.” he claimed. “We’re doing these things because we know they help people stay off benefits and help those on benefits get into work faster.” Help? Really?On first hearing, this was the socially concerned chancellor, trying to change lives for the better, complete with “reforms” to an obviously indulgent system that demands too little effort from the newly unemployed to find work, and subsidizes laziness. What motivated him, we were to understand, was his zeal for “fundamental fairness”— protecting the taxpayer, controlling spending and ensuring that only the most deserving claimants received their benefits.Losing a job is hurting: you don’t skip down to the jobcentre with a song in your heart, delighted at the prospect of doubling your income from the generous state. It is financially terrifying, psychologically embarrassing and you know that support is minimal and extraordinarily hard to get. You are now not wanted; you support is minimal and extraordinarily hard to get. You are now not wanted; you are now excluded from the work environment that offers purpose and structure in your life. Worse, the crucial income to feed yourself and your family and pay the bills has disappeared. Ask anyone newly unemployed what they want and the answer is always: a job.But in Osborneland, your first instinct is to fall into dependency—permanent dependency if you can get it — supported by a state only too ready to indulge your falsehood. It is as though 20 years of ever-tougher reforms of the job search and benefit administration system never happened. The principle of British welfare is no longer that you can insure yourself against the risk of unemployment and receive unconditional payments if the disaster happens. Even the very phrase “jobseeker’s allow ance” is about redefining the unemployed as a “jobseeker” who had no fundamental right to a benefit he or she has earned through making national insurance contributions. Instead, the claimant receives a time-limited “allowance,” conditional on actively seeking a job; no entitlement and no insurance, at £71.70 a week, one of the least generous in the EU.21.George Osborne’s scheme was intended to .[A] provide the unemployed with easier access to benefits[B] encourage jobseekers’ active engagement in job seeking[C] motivate the unemployed to report voluntarily[D] guarantee jobseekers’ legitimate right to benefits22.The phrase, “to sign on” (Line 3, Para.2) most probably means .[A] to check on the availability of jobs at the jobcentre[B] to accept the government’s restrictions on the allowance[C] to register for an allowance from the government[D] to attend a governmental job-training program23.What prompted the chancellor to develop his scheme?[A] A desire to secure a better life for all.[B] An eagerness to protect the unemployed.[C] An urge to be generous to the claimants.[D] A passion to ensure fairness for taxpayers.24.According to Paragraph 3, being unemployed makes one feel .[A] uneasy [B] enraged [C] insulted [D] guilty25.To which of the following would the author most probably agree?[A] The British welfare system indulges jobseekers’ laziness.[B] Osborne’s reforms will reduce the risk of unemployment.[C] The jobseekers’ allowance has met their actual needs.[D] Unemployment benefits should not be made conditional.Text 2All around the world, lawyers generate more hostility than the members of any other profession—with the possible exception of journalism. But there are few places where clients have more grounds for complaint than America.During the decade before the economic crisis, spending on legal services in America grew twice as fast as inflation. The best lawyers made skyscrapers-full of money, tempting ever more students to pile into law schools. But most law graduates never get a big-firm job. Many of them instead become the kind of nuisance-lawsuit filer that makes the tort system a costly nightmare.There are many reasons for this. One is the excessive costs of a legal education. There is just one path for a lawyer in most American states: a four-year undergraduate degree in some unrelated subject, then a three-year law degree at one of 200 law schools authorized by the American Bar Association and an expensive preparation for the bar exam. This leaves today’s average law-school graduate with $100,000 of debt on top of undergraduate debts. Law-school debt means that many cannot afford to go into government or non-profit work, and that they have to work fearsomely hard.Reforming the system would help both lawyers and their customers. Sensible ideas have been around for a long time, but the state-level bodies that govern the profession have been too conservative to implement them. One idea is to allow people to study law as an undergraduate degree. Another is to let students sit for the bar after only two years of law school. If the bar exam is truly a stern enough test for a would-be lawyer, those who can sit it earlier should be allowed to do so. Students who do not need the extra training could cut their debt mountain by a third.The other reason why costs are so high is the restrictive guild-like ownership structure of the business. Except in the District of Columbia, non-lawyers may not own any share of a law firm. This keeps fees high and innovation slow. There is pressure for change from within the profession, but opponents of change among the regulators insist that keeping outsiders out of a law firm isolates lawyers from the pressure to make money rather than serve clients ethically.In fact, allowing non-lawyers to own shares in law firms would reduce costs and improve services to customers, by encouraging law firms to use technology and to employ professional managers to focus on improving firms’ efficiency. After all, other countries, such as Australia andBritain, have started liberalizing their legal professions. America should follow.26.A lot of students take up law as their profession due to .[A] the growing demand from clients [B] the increasing pressure of inflation[C] the prospect of working in big firms [D] the attraction of financial rewards27.Which of the following adds to the costs of legal education in most American states?[A] Higher tuition fees for undergraduate studies.[B] Admissions approval from the bar association.[C] Pursuing a bachelor’s degree in another major.[D] Receiving training by professional associations.28.Hindrance to the reform of the legal system originates from .[A] lawyers’ and clients’ strong resistance[B] the rigid bodies governing the profession[C] the stem exam for would-be lawyers[D] non-professionals’ sharp criticism29.The guild-like ownership structure is considered “restrictive”partly because it .[A] bans outsiders’ involvement in the profession[B] keeps lawyers from holding law-firm shares[C] aggravates the ethical situation in the trade[D] prevents lawyers from gaining due profits30.In this text, the author mainly discusses .[A] flawed ownership of America’s law firms and its causes[B] the factors that help make a successful lawyer in America[C] a problem in America’s legal profession and solutions to it[D] the role of undergraduate studies in America’s legal educationText 3The US $ 3-million Fundamental physics prize is indeed an interesting experiment, as Alexander Polyakov said when he accepted this year’s award in March. And it is far from the only one of its type. As a News Feature article in Nature discusses, a string of lucrative awards for researchers have joined the Nobel Prizes in recent years. Many, like the Fundamental Physics Prize, are funded from the telephone-number-sized bank accounts of Internet entrepreneurs. These benefactors have succeeded in their chosen fields, they say, and they want to use their wealth to draw attention to those who have succeeded in science.What’s not to like? Quite a lot, according to a handful of scientists quoted in the News Feature. You cannot buy class, as the old saying goes, and these upstart entrepreneurs cannot buy their prizes the prestige of the Nobles, The new awards are an exercise in self-promotion for those behind them, say scientists. They could distort the achievement-based system of peer-review-led research. They could cement the status quo of peer-reviewed research. They do not fund peer-reviewed research. They perpetuate the myth of the lone genius.The goals of the prize-givers seem as scattered as the criticism. Some want to shock, others to draw people into science, or to better reward those who have made their careers in research.As Nature has pointed out before, there are some legitimate concerns about how science prizes—both new and old—are distributed. The Breakthrough Prize in Life Sciences, launched this year, takes an unrepresentative view of what the life sciences include. But the Nobel Foundation’s limit of three recipients per prize, each of whom must still be living, has long been outgrown by thecollaborative nature of modern research—as will be demonstrated by the inevitable row over who is ignored when it comes to acknowledging the discovery of the Higgs boson. The Nobles were, of course, themselves set up by a very rich individual who had decided what he wanted to do with his own money. Time, rather than intention, has given them legitimacy.As much as some scientists may complain about the new awards, two things seem clear. First, most researchers would accept such a prize if they were offered one. Second, it is surely a good thing that the money and attention come to science rather than go elsewhere, It is fair to criticize and question the mechanism—that is the culture of research, after all—but it is the prize-givers’ money to do with as they please. It is wise to take such gifts with gratitude and grace.31.The Fundamental Physics Prize is seen as .[A] a symbol of the entrepreneurs’ wealth [B] a possible replacement of the Nobel Prizes[C] an example of bankers’ investments [D] a handsome reward for researchers32.The critics think that the new awards will most benefit .[A] the profit-oriented scientists [B] the founders of the new awards[C] the achievement-based system [D] peer-review-led research33.The discovery of the Higgs boson is atypical case which involves .[A] controversies over the recipients’status [B] the joint effort of modern researchers[C] legitimate concerns over the new prizes [D] the demonstration of research findings34.According to Paragraph 4,which of the following is true of the Nobles?[A] Their endurance has done justice to them.[B] Their legitimacy has long been in dispute.[C] They are the most representative honor.[D] History has never cast doubt on them.35.The author believes that the now awards are .[A] acceptable despite the criticism [B] harmful to the culture of research[C] subject to undesirable changes [D] unworthy of public attentionText 4“The Heart of the Matter,” the just-released report by the American Academy of Arts and Sciences (AAAS), deserves praise for affirming the importance of the humanities and social sciences to the prosperity and security of liberal democracy in America. Regrettably, however, the report’s failure to address the true nature of the crisis facing liberal education may cause more harm than good.In 2010, leading congressional Democrats and Republicans sent letters to the AAAS asking that it identify actions that could be taken by “federal, state and local governments, universities, foundations, educators, individual benefactors and others” to “maintain national excellence inhumanities and social scientific scholarship and education.” In response, the American Academy formed the Commission on the Humanities and Social Sciences. Among the commission’s 51 members are top-tier-university presidents, scholars, lawyers, judges, and business executives, as well as prominent figures from diplomacy, filmmaking, music and journalism.The goals identified in the report are generally admirable. Because representative government presupposes an informed citizenry, the report supports full literacy; stresses the study of history and government, particularly American history and American government; and encourages the use of new digital technologies. To encourage innovation and competition, the report calls for increased investment in research, the crafting of coherent curricula that improve students’ ability to solveproblems and communicate effectively in the 21st century, increased funding for teachers and the encouragement of scholars to bring their learning to bear on the great challenges of the day. The report also advocates greater study of foreign languages, international affairs and the expansion of study abroad programs.Unfortunately, despite 2½ years in the making, “The Heart of the Matter” never gets to the heart of the matter: the illiberal nature of liberal education at our leading colleges and universities. The commission ignores that for several decades America's colleges and universities have produced graduates who don’t know the content and character of liberal education and are thus deprived of its benefits. Sadly, the spirit of inquiry once at home on campus has been replaced by the use of the humanities and social sciences as vehicles for publicizing “progressive,” or left-liberal propaganda.Today, professors routinely treat the progressive interpretation of history and progressive public policy as the proper subject of study while portraying conservative or classical liberal ideas—such as free markets and self-reliance—as falling outside the boundaries of routine, and sometimes legitimate, intellectual investigation.The AAAS displays great enthusiasm for liberal education. Yet its report may well set back reform by obscuring the depth and breadth of the challenge that Congress asked it to illuminate.36. According to Paragraph 1, what is the author’s attitude toward the AAAS’s report?[A] Critical [B] Appreciative [C] Contemptuous [D] Tolerant37. Influential figures in the Congress required that the AAAS report on how to .[A] retain people’s interest in liberal education[B] define the government’s role in education[C] keep a leading position in liberal education[D] safeguard individuals’ rights to education38. According to Paragraph 3, the report suggests .[A] an exclusive study of American history[B] a greater emphasis on theoretical subjects[C] the application of emerging technologies[D] funding for the study of foreign languages39. The author implies in Paragraph 5 that professors are .[A] supportive of free markets [B] cautious about intellectual investigation[C] conservative about public policy [D] biased against classical liberal ideas40. Which of the following would be the best title for the text?[A] Ways to Grasp “The Heart of the Matter”[B] Illiberal Education and “The Heart of the Matter”[C] The AAAS’s Contribution to Liberal Education[D] Progressive Policy vs. Liberal EducationPart BDirections:The following paragraphs are given in a wrong order. For Questions 41-45, you are required to reorganize these paragraphs into a coherent text by choosing from the list A-G and filling them into the numbered boxes.Paragraphs And E have been correctly placed Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET (10 points)[A] Some archaeological sites have always been easily observable—for example, the Parthenon in Athens, Greece, the pyramids of Giza in Egypt; and the megaliths of Stonehenge insouthern England. But these sites are exceptions to the norm. Most archaeological sites have been located by means of careful searching, while many others have been discovered by accident. Olduvai Gorge, an early hominid site in Tanzania, was found by a butterfly hunter who literally fell into its deep valley in 1911. Thousands of Aztec artifacts came to light during the digging of the Mexico City subway in the1970s.[B] In another case, American archaeologists René Million and George Cowgill spent years systematically mapping the entire city of Teotihuacan in the Valley of Mexico near what is now Mexico City. At its peak around AD 600, this city was one of the largest human settlements in the world. The researchers mapped not only the city’s vast and ornate ceremonial areas, but also hundreds of simpler apartment complexes where common people lived.[C] How do archaeologists know where to find what they are looking for when there is nothing visible on the surface of the ground? Typically, they survey and sample (make test excavations on) large areas of terrain to determine where excavation will yield useful information. Surveys and test samples have also become important for understanding the larger landscapes that contain archaeological sites.[D] Surveys can cover a single large settlement or entire landscapes. In one case, many researchers working around the ancient Maya city of Copan, Honduras, have located hundreds of small rural villages and individual dwellings by using aerial photographs and by making surveys on foot. The resulting settlement maps show how the distribution and density of the rural population around the city changed dramatically between AD 500 and 850, when Copan collapsed.[E] To find their sites, archaeologists today rely heavily on systematic survey methods and a variety of high-technology tools and techniques. Airborne technologies, such as different types of radar and photographic equipment carried by airplanes or spacecraft, allow archaeologists to learn about what lies beneath the ground without digging. Aerial surveys locate general areas of interest or larger buried features, such as ancient buildings or fields.[F] Most archaeological sites, however, are discovered by archaeologists who have set out to look for them. Such searches can take years. British archaeologist Howard Carter knew that the tomb of the Egyptian pharaoh Tutankhamen existed from information found in other sites. Carter sifted through rubble in the Valley of the Kings for seven years before he located the tomb in 1922. In the late 1800s British archaeologist Sir Arthur Evan combed antique dealers’ stores in Athens, Greece. He was searching for tiny engraved seals attributed to the ancient Mycenaean culture that dominated Greece from the 1400s to 1200s BC. Evans’s interpretations of these engravings eventually led him to find the Minoan palace at Knossos (Knossós) on the island of Crete, in 1900.[G] Ground surveys allow archaeologists to pinpoint the places where digs will be successful. Most ground surveys involve a lot of walking, looking for surface clues such as small fragments of pottery. They often include a certain amount of digging to test for buried materials at selected points across a landscape. Archaeologists also may locate buried remains by using such technologies as ground radar, magnetic-field recording, and metal detectors. Archaeologists commonly use computers to map sites and the landscapes around sites. Two and three-dimensional maps are helpful tools in planning excavations, illustrating how sites look, and presenting the results of archaeological research.41.→ A →42.→ E →43.→ 44.→45.Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)Music means different things to different people and sometimes even different things to the same person at different moments of his life. It might be poetic, philosophical, sensual, or mathematical, but in any case it must, in my view, have something to do with the soul of the human being. Hence it is metaphysical; but the means of expression is purely and exclusively physical: sound. I believe it is precisely this permanent coexistence of metaphysical message through physical means that is the strength of music. (46)It is also the reason why when we try to describe music with words, all we can do is articulate our reactions to it, and not grasp music itself.Beethoven’s importance in music has been principally defined by the revolutionary nature of his compositions. He freed music from hitherto prevailing conventions of harmony and structure. Sometimes I feel in his late works a will to break all signs of continuity. The music is abrupt and seemingly disconnected, as in the last piano sonata. In musical expression, he did not feel restrained by the weight of convention. (47)By all accounts he was a freethinking person, and a courageous one, and I find courage an essential quality for the understanding, let alone the performance, of his works.This courageous attitude in fact becomes a requirement for the performers of Beethoven’s music. His compositions demand the performer to show courage, for example in the use of dynamics.(48)Beethoven’s habit of increasing the volume with an extreme intensity and then abruptly following it with a sudden soft passage was only rarely used by composers before him.Beethoven was a deeply political man in the broadest sense of the word. He was not interested in daily politics, but concerned with questions of moral behavior and the larger questions of right and wrong affecting the entire society. (49)Especially significant was his view of freedom, which, for him, was associated with the rights and responsibilities of the individual: he advocated freedom of thought and of personal expression.Beethoven’s music tends to move from chaos to order as if order were an imperative of human existence. For him, order does not result from forgetting or ignoring the disorders that plague our existence; order is a necessary development, an improvement that may lead to the Greek ideal of spiritual elevation. It is not by chance that the Funeral March is not the last movement of the Erotica Symphony, but the second, so that suffering does not have the last word. (50)One could interpret much of the work of Beethoven by saying that suffering is inevitable, but the courage to fight it renders life worth living.。

天津外国语大学2014年翻译硕士英语考研真题及详解【圣才出品】

天津外国语大学2014年翻译硕士英语考研真题及详解I. Choose the one answer that best explains the underlined word or phrase in the sentence. Write your answers on the ANSWER SHEET (20 points).1. The native opposition to authority began at midnight, when a gang of youths massacred the Newton family and set the house afire.A. approbationB. rebellionC. recriminationD. action【答案】B【解析】句意：午夜，一群年轻人杀害了牛顿一家人并放火烧了他们的房子，这标志着当地反政府行动的开始。

opposition反对；反抗。

rebellion反抗；叛乱。

approbation 认可；赞许。

recrimination相互指责；揭丑。

action行动。

2. Their relations during the divorce proceedings had been mostly friendly, so his belligerence in the judge’s chambers surprised her.A. antebellumB. trustC. pactD. aggressiveness【答案】D【解析】句意：离婚诉讼期间他们的关系还算友好，因此法院开庭时他的挑衅态度让她颇为震惊。

belligerence好战；斗争性。

aggressiveness进攻性；侵略性。

antebellum（美国南北）战争前的。

trust信任。

pact条约，公约。

3. The Senate Republicans, outraged by their treatment, were in a bellicose mood.A. quarrelsomeB. troublesomeC. charmingD. terrible【答案】A【解析】句意：参议院的共和党人被所受到的待遇激怒，争吵一触即发。

2014年考研英语历年真题和答案(英语一)

2014考研英语一试题完整版Section 1 Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text .Choose the word(s) for each numbered blank andmark A,B,C or D on the ANSWER SHEET .(10 points)As many p eople hit middle age, they often start to notice that their memory and mental clarity are not what they used to be .We suddenly can’t remember ___we put the keys just a moment ago ,or an old acquaintance’s name, or the name o f an old band we used to love .As the brain ___,we referto these occurrences an “senior moments.”　___ seemingly innocent , this loss of mental focus can potentially have a(n) ___impact on our professional, social , and personal___.Neuroscientists ,experts who study the nervous system ,are increasinglyshowing that there’s actually a lot that can be done .It___out that the brain needs exercise in much the same way our muscles do ,and the rightmental ___can significantly improve our basic cognitive ___.Thinking is___essentially a ___of making connections in the brain .To a certainextent ,our ability to ___in marking the connections that drive intelligence is inherited . ability to ___in making the connections aremade t hrough effort and practice ,___,because these connections are made through effort and practice , scientists believe that intelligence canexpand and fluctuate ___ mental effort .Now , a new Web-based company has taken it a step ___and developed thefirst “ brain training program ” designed to actually help peopleimprove and regain their mental ___.The Web-based program ___ you to systematically improve your memory and attention skills . The program keeps ___of your progress and providesdetailed feedback ___ your performance and improvement .Most importantly,it ___modifies and enhances the games you play to ___ on the strengthsyou are developing - much like a(n) ___ exercise routine requires you to increase resistance and vary your muscle use .1.[A]where [B]when [C]that [D]why2.[A]improves [B]fades [C]recovers [D]collapses3.[A]If [B]Unless [C]Once [D]While4.[A]uneven [B]limited [C]damaging [D]obsucure5. [A]wellbeing [B]envirenment [C]relationahip [D]outlook6. [A]turns [B]finds [C]points [D]figures7. [A]roundabouts [B]responses [C]workouts [D]associations8. [A]genre [B]functions [C]cicumstances [D]criterion9. [A]channel [B]condition [C]sequence [D]process10. [A]persist [B]believe [C]excel [D]feature11. [A]Therefore [B]Moreover [C]Otherwise [D]However12. [A]according to [B]regardless of [C]apart from [D]instead of13. [A]back [B]further [C]aside [D]around14. [A]sharpness [B]stability [C]framework [D]flexibility15. [A]forces [B]reminds [C]hurries [D]allows16. [A]hold [B]track [C]order [D]pace17. [A]to [B]with [C]for [D]on18. [A]irregularly [B]habitually [C]constantly [D]unusually19. [A]carry [B]put [C]build [D]take20. [A]risky [B]effective [C]idle [D]familiarSection 2 Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections：Read the following four texts.Answer the questions below each text bychoosing A,B,CorD.Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.(40 points)Text 1In order to "change lives for the better" and reduce "dependency." George Osbome, C hancellor of the Exchequer, inroduced the "upfront work search" sebeme. Only if the jobless arrive at the jobcentre with a CV. registerfor online job search, and start looking for work will they be eligiblefor benefit - and then they should report weekly rather than fortnightly. What could be more reasonable?More apparent reasonableness followed. There will now be a seven-day wait for the jobseeker's allowance. "There first few days should be spentlooking for work, not looking to sign on." he4 claimed, "We're doing these things because we know they help people stay off benefits and help those on benefits get into work faster." Help? Rellay? On first hearing, thiswas the socially concerned chancellor, trying to change lives for thebetter, complete with "reforms" to an obviously indulgent system thatdemands too little effort from the newly unemployed to find work, andsubsidises laziness. What motivated him, we were to understand, was hiszeal for "fundamental fairness" - protecting the taxpayer, controllingspending and ensuring that only the most descring claimants received their benefits.Losing a job is hurting: you don't skip down to the jobcenter with a song in your heart, delighted at the prospect of doubling your income from the generous state. It is financially terrifying, psychologically embarrassing and you know that suport is minimal and extraordinarily hard to get. You are now not wanted; you are now excluded from the workenvironment that offers purpose and structure in your life. Worse, thecrucial income to feed yourself and your family and pay the bills has disappeared. Ask anyone newly unemployed what they want and the answeris always : a job.But in Osbomeland, your first instinct is to fall into depency - permanent dependency if you can get it - supported by a state only too ready toindulge your falsehood. It is as though 20 years of erer-thougher reforms of the job search and benefit administration system never happend. Theprinciple of British welfare is no longer that you cna insure yourselfagainst the risk of unemployment and receive unconditional payments ifthe disaster happens. Even the very phrase "jobseeker's allowance" isabout redefining rhe unemployed as a "jobseeker" who had no fundamentalright to a benefit he or she has earned through making national insurance contributions. Instead, the claimant receives a time-limited "allowance," conditional on actively seeking a job; no entitlement andno insurance, at $71.70 a week, one of the least generous in the EU.21. George Osborue’s scheme was intended to[A]provide the unemployed with easier access to benefits.[B]encourage jobseekers active engagement in job seeking.[C]motivate the unemployed to report voluntarily.[D]guarantee jobseekers legitimate right to benefits.22. The phrase “to sign on “most probably means[A] to check on the availability of jobs at the jobcentre.[B]to accept the government’s restriction on the allowance.[C]to register for an allowance form the government.[D]to attend a government job-training program.23. What prompted the chancellor to develop his scheme?[A]A desire to secure a better life for all[B]An eagerness to protect the unemployed.[C] An urge to be generous to the claimants.[D]A passion to ensure fairness for taxpayers.24.According to Paragraph 3，being unemployed makes one feel[A]uneasy[B]enraged[C]insulted[D]guilty25.To which of the following would the author most probably agree?[A]The British welfare system indulges jobseekers laziness.[B]Osborne’s reforms will reduce the risk of unemployment.[C]The jobseekers’ allowance has met their actual needs.[D]Unemployment benefits should not be made conditional.Text2All around the world, lawyers generate more hostility than the membersof any other profession -with the possible exception of journalism. Butthere are few places where clients have more grounds for complaint than America.During the decade before the economic crisis spending on legal servicesin America grew twice as inflation. The best lawyers made skyscrapers-fullof money,tempting ever more students to pile into law schools.But mostlaw graduates never get a big -firm job. Many of them instead become thekind of nuisance-lawsuit filer that makes the tort system a costlt nightmare.There are many reasons for this. One is the excessive costs of a legal education.There is just one path for a lawer in most American states afour-year undergraduate degree in some unrelated subject, then a three-year law degree at one of 200 law schools authorized by the American Bar Association and an expensive preparation for the bar exam. This leaves today's average law-school graduate with ＄1000,000 of debt on top of undergraduate debts. Law-school debt means that they have to work fearsomely hard.Reforming the system would help both lawyers and their customers. Sensible ideas have been around for a long time, but the state-level bodies thatgovern the profession have been too conservative to implement them. Oneidea is to allow people to study law as an undergraduate degree. Anotheris to let students sit for the bar after only two years of law school.If the bar exam is truly a stem enough test for a would-be lawyer, thosewho can sit it earlier should be allowed to do so. Students who do notneed the extra training could cut their debt mountain by a third.The other reason why costs are so high is the restrictive guild-likeownership syucture of the business. Except in the District of Columbia,non-lawyers may n ot own any share of a law firm. This keeps fees high and innovation slow. There is pressure for change from within the profession, but opponents of change among the regulators insist that keeping outsiders out of a law firm isolates lawyers from the pressure to make money r ather than serve clients ethically.In fact, allowing non-lawyers to own shares in law firms would reduce costs and improve services to customers, by encouraging law firms to use technology and improve services to customers, by encouraging law firmsto use technology and to employ professional managers to focus on improving firms' efficiency.After all, other countries, such as Australia and Britain, have startedliberalizing there legal professions. America should follow.26. A lot of students take up law as their profession due to[A] the growing demand from clients.[B] the increasing pressure of inflation.[C] the prospect of working in big firms.[D] the attraction of financial rewards.27. Which of the following adds to the costs of legal education in mostAmerican states?[A] Higher tuition fees for undergraduate studies.[B] Admissions approval from the bar association.[C] Pursuing a bachelor’s degree in another major.[D] Receiving training by professional associations.28. Hindrance to the reform of the legal system originates from[A] la wyers’ and clients’ strong resistance.[B] the rigid bodies governing the profession.[C] the stern exam for would-be lawyers.[D] non-professionals’ sharp criticism.29. The guild-like ownership structure is considered “restrictive”　partly because it[A] bans outsiders’ involvement in the profession.[B] keeps lawyers from holding law-firm shares.[C] aggravates the ethical situation in the trade.[D] prevents lawyers from gaining due profits.30. In this text, the author mainly discusses[A] flawed owners hip of America’s law firms and causes.[B] the factors that help make a successful lawyer in American.[C] a problem in America’s legal profession and solutions to it.[D] the role of undergraduate studies in America’s legal education.Text 3The USS3-millon Fundamental Physics Prize is indeed an interesting experiment as Alexander Polyakov said when he accepted this year’s award in Mach A nd it is far from the only one of lucrative awards for researchers have joined the Nobel Prizes in recent years. Many, like the Fundamental Physics Prize are funded from the telephone-number-sized bank accountsof internet entrepreneurs. These benefactors have succeeded in theirchosen fields, they say, and they want to use their wealth to draw attention to those who have succeeded in science.What’s not to like? Quite a lot, according to a handful of scientistsquoted in the News F eature. You cannot buy class, as the old saying goes, and these upstart entrepreneurs cannot buy their prizes the prestige ofthe Nobels. The new awards are an exercise in self-promotion for thosebehind them, say scientists. They could distort the status quo of peer-reviewed research. They do not fund peer-reviewed research. They perpetuate the myth of the lone genius.The goals of the prize-givers seem as scattered as the criticism. Somewant to shock, others to draw people into science, or to better rewardthose who have made their careers in research.As Nature has pointed before, there are some legitimate concerns abouthow s cience prizes –both new and old –are distributed. The breakthrough prize in Life Sciences, launched this year, takes an unrepresentative view of what the life sciences include. But the Nobel Foundation’s limit of limit of three recipients per prize, each of whom must still be living,has long been outgrown by the collaborative nature of modern research –as will be demonstrated by the inevitable row over who is ignored whenit comes to acknowledging the discovery of the Higgs boson. The Nobelswere, of course, themselves set up by a very rich individual who haddecided what he wanted to do with his own money. Time, rather than intention, has given them legitimacy.As much as some scientists may complain about the new awards, two things seem c lear. First, most researchers would accept such a prize if they were offered one. Second, it is surely a good thing that the money a nd attention come to science rather than go elsewhere. It is fair to criticize andquestion the mechanism – that is the culture of research, after all –but it is the prize-givers’ money to do with as they please. It is wiseto take such gifts with gratitude and grace.31.The Fundamental physics Prize is seen as[A] a symbol of the entrepreneurs' wealth[B] a possible replacement of the Nobel Prizes[C] an example of bankers' investments[D] a handsome reward for researchers32.The critics think that the new awards will most benefit[A]the profit-oriented scientists[B]the founders of the new awards[C]the achievement-based system[D]peer-review-led research33.The discovery of the Higgs boson is a typical case which involves[A]contreversies over the recipients’ status[B]the joint effort of modern researchers[C]legitimate concerns over the new prizes[D]the demonstration of research findings34.According to Paragraph4, which of the following is true of the Nobels?[A]Their endurance has done justice to them[B]Their legitimacy has long been in dispute[C]They are the most representative honor[D]History has never cast doubt on them35.the author believes that the now awards are[A]acceptable despite the criticism[B]harmful to the culture of research[C]subject to undesirable changes[D]unworthy of public attentionText 4“The Heart of the Matter, ”the just-released report by the American Academy of Arts and Sciences （AAAS）， deserves praise for affirming the importance of the humanities and social sciences to the prosperity andsecurity of liberal democracy in America. Regrettably, however, the report's failure to address the true nature of the critics facing liberal education may cause more harm than good.In 2010, leading congressional Democrats and Republicans sent liners tothe AAAS asking that it identify actions that could be taken by“federal, atste and local”to “maintain national excellence in humanitie s and social scientific scholarship and education.”In response, the American Academy formed the Commission on the Humanities and Social Sciences. Among the commission's 51members are top-tier-university presidents, scholars, lawyers, judges, and business executives. As well ad prominent figuresfrom diplomacy, filmmaking, music and journalism.The goals identified in the report are generally admirable. Becauserepresentative government representative government presupposes an informed citizenry, the report supports full literacy, stresses the study of history and government, particularly American history and American government; and encourages the use of new digital technologies. To encourage innovation and competition, the report calls fornicated investment in research, the crafting of coherent curricula that improvestudents' ability to solve problems and communicate effectively in the21st century, increased funding for teachers and the encouragement ofscholars to bring their learning to bear on the great challengers of the day. The report also advocates greater study of foreign languages, international affairs and the expansion of study abroad programs.Unfortunately, despite 2% years in the making,“　The heart of the Matter”　never gets to the heart of the matter, the illiberal nature of libraryeducation at our leading colleges and universities. The commission ignores that for several decades America's colleges and universities have produced graduates who don't know the content and character of liberaleducation and are thus deprived of its benefits.Sadly,the spirit ofinquiry once at home o n campus has been replaced by the use of humanities and social sciences an vehicles for publicizing “progressive, ”or left-liberal propaganda.Today, professors routinely treat the progressive interpretation of history and progressive public policy as the proper subject of study while portraying conservative or classical liberal ideas-such as free marketsand self-reliance-as falling outside the boundaries of routine, and sometimes legitimate, intellectual investigation.The AAAS displays great enthusiasm for liberal education. Yet its report may well set back reform by obscuring the depth and breadth of the challenge that Congress asked it to illuminate.36. According to Paragraph 1, what is the author’s attitude toward the AAAS’s report?[A] Critical[B] Appreciative.[C] Contemptuous.[D] Tolerant.37. Influential figures in the Congress required that the AAAS report on how to[A] retain people’s interest in liberal educ ation.[B] define the government’s role in education.[C] keep a leading position in liberal education.[D] safeguard individuals’ rights to education.38. According to Paragraph 3, the report suggest[A] an exclusive study of American history.[B] a greater emphasis on theoretical subjects.[C] the application of emerging technologies.[D] funding for the study of foreign languages.40. Which of the following would would be the best title for text?[A] Ways to Grasp “The Heart of the Matter”[B] Illiberal Education and “The Heart of the Matter”[C] The AAAS’s Contribution to Liberal Education[D] Progressive Policy vs. Liberal EducationPart BDirectionsThe following paragraphs are given in a wrong order. For questions 41-45, you are required to reorganize these paragraphs into a coherent articleby choosing from the list A-G and filling them into the numbered boxes.Paragraphs A and E have been correctly placed. Mark your answers on ANSWERSHEET. (10 points)[A] Some archaeological sites have always been easily observable-forexample, the Parthenon in Athens, Greece; the pyramids of Giza in Egypt; and the megaliths of Stonehenge in southern England. But these sites are exceptions to the norm. Most archaeological sites have been located bymeans of careful searching, while many others have been discovered by accident. Olduvai Gorge, an early hominid site in Tanzania, was found by a butterfly hunter who literally fell into its deep valley in 1911.Thousands of Aztec artifacts came t o light during the digging of the Mexico City subway in the 1970s.[B] In another case, American archaeologists Rene Million and GeorgeCowgill spent years systematically mapping the entire city of Teotihuacan in the Valley of Mexico near what is now Mexico City. At its peak aroundAD 600, this city was one of the largest human settlements in the world.The researchers mapped not only the city ‘s vast and ornate ceremonial areas, but also hundreds of simpler apartment complexes where commonpeople lived.[C] How do archaeologists know where to find what they are looking forwhen there is nothing visible on the surface of the ground? Typically,they survey and sample(make test excavations on)large areas of terrainto determine where excavation will yield useful information. Surveys and test samples have also become important for understanding the largerlandscapes that contain archaeological sites.[D] Surveys can cover a single large settlement or entire landscapes. In one case, many r esearchers working around the ancient Maya c ity of Copan, Honduras, have located hundreds of small rural villages and individualdwellings by using aerial photographs and by making surveys on foot. the resulting settlement maps show how the distribution and density of therural population around the city changed dramatically between AD 500 and 850,when Copan collapsed.[E] Te find their sites ,archaeologists today rely heavily on systematic survey methods and a variety of high-technology tools and techniques ,Airborne technologies ,such as different types of radar and photographic equipment carried by airplanes or spacecraft , allow archaeologists to learn about what lies beneath the ground without digging , Aerial surveys locate general areas of interest or larger buried features, such an ancient buildings or fields.[F] Most archaeological sites , however , are discovered by archaeologistswho have set out to look for them .Such searches can take years. British archaeologist Howard Carter knew that the tomb of the Egyptian pharaoh Tutankhamun existed from information found in other sites . Carter sifted through rubble in the Valley of the King for seven years before be located the tomb in 1922 .In the late 1800s British archaeologist Sir Arthur Evans combed antique dealers’ stores in Athens ,Greece He was sear ching for tiny engraved seals attributed to the ancient Mycenaean culture thatdominated Greece from the 1400s to 1200s BC .Evans’s interpretations of these engravings eventually led him to find the Minoan palace at Knossos (Knosos), on the island of Crete , in 1900.[G] Ground surveys allow archaeologists to pinpoint the places where digs will be successful .Most ground surveys involve a lot of walking , looking for surface clues such as small fragments of pottery ,They often include a certain amount of digging to test for buried materials at selected points across a landscape .Archaeologists also may l ocate buried remains by using such technologies as ground radar ,magnetic-field recording ,and metaldetectors . Archaeologists commonly use computers to map sites and the landscapes around sites .Two and three-dimensional maps a re helpful tools in planning excavations , illustrating how sites look , and presentingthe results of archaeological research.41. > A >42. > E >43. > 44. >45.PART CDirections:Read the following text carefully and them translate the underlinedsegments into Chinese .Your translation should be written neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)Music means different things to different people and sometimes evendifferent things to the same person at different moments of his life. Itmight be poetic, philosophical, sensual, or mathematical, but in any case it must, in my view, have something to do with the soul of the human b eing. Hence it is metaphysical; but the means of expression is purely andexclusively physical: sound. I believe it is precisely this permanentcoexistence of metaphysical message through physical means that is thestrength of music. (46)It is also the reason why when we try to describemusic with words, all we can do is articulate our reactions to it, andnot grasp music itself.Beethoven’s importance in music has been principally defined by therevolutionary nature of his compositions. He freed music from hithertoprevailing conventions of harmony and structure. Sometimes I feel in his late works a will to break all signs of continuity. The music is abruptand seemingly disconnected, as in the last piano sonata. In musicalexpression, he did not feel restrained by the weight of convention. (47)By all accounts he was a freethinking person, and a courageous one, and Ifind courage an essential quality for the understanding, let alone the performance, of his works.This courageous attitude in fact becomes a requirement for the performers of Beethoven’s music. His composit ions demand the performer to show courage, for example in the use of dynamics. (48)Beethoven’s habit of increasing the volume with an intense crescendo and then abruptly following it with a sudden soft passage was only rarely used by composers before him.Beethoven was a deeply political man in the broadest sense of the word.He was not interested in daily politics, but concerned with questions of moral behavior and the larger questions of right and wrong affecting the entire society. (49)Especially significant was his view of freedom, which, for him, was associated with the rights and responsibilities of theindividual: he advocated freedom of thought and of personal expression. Beethoven’s music tends to move fro m chaos to order as if order were an imperative of human existence. For him, order does not result from forgetting or ignoring the disorders that plague our existence; order is a necessary development, an improvement that may l ead to the Greek ideal of spiritual elevation. It is not by chance that the Funeral March is not the last movement of the Eroica Symphony, but the second, so that suffering does not have the last word. (50)One could interpret much of the work of Beethoven by saying that suffering is inevitable, but the courage to fight it renders life worth living.Section 3 WritingPart A51. Directions:Write a letter of about 100 words to the president of your university,suggesting how to improve students’ physical condition.You should include the details you think necessary.You should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET.Do not sign your own name a t the end of the letter. Use "Li Ming" instead.Do not write the address. (10 points)Part B52. Directions:Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay, you should1) describe the drawing briefly,2) interpret its intended meaning, and3) give your comments.You should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET(20 points)来。

2014年南开大学357英语翻译基础考研真题(回忆版)(含答案)【圣才出品】

2014年南开大学357英语翻译基础考研真题（回忆版）（含答案）一、英汉互译1. CBD【答案】中央商务区(Central Business District)2. NYSE【答案】纽约证券交易所（New York Stock Exchange）3. Royal Swedish Academy of Science【答案】瑞典皇家科学协会4. Chicago Board of Trade【答案】芝加哥交易所（世界最大的谷物交易所）5. stakeholder【答案】利益相关者6. multi-polar world【答案】多极世界7. economic aggregate【答案】经济总体数字；经济活动总量8. GPS【答案】全球定位系统9. UNESCO【答案】联合国教科文组织10. an irrevocable letter of credit 【答案】不可撤销信用证11. shareholding system【答案】股份制12. extensive deforestation【答案】过度砍伐13. sustainable development【答案】可持续发展14. 技术传播【答案】technology transfer15. 全球价值链【答案】Global Value Chains16. 国际货币基金组织【答案】International Monetary Fund (IMF)17. 国有企业【答案】state-owned business18. 诚实守信【答案】Honest and Trustworthy19. 碳排放【答案】carbon emission20. 虚拟经济【答案】Virtual Economy21. 准据法【答案】applicable law22. 边际成本【答案】marginal cost23. 高速公路【答案】expressway24. 诺贝尔文学获奖者【答案】The Nobel Prize winner25. 金砖四国【答案】BRIC（Brazil Russia India China）26. 创意产业顾问【答案】a consultant of Creative Industries27. 另有说明除外【答案】except where otherwise provided28. 石油输出国组织【答案】OPEC(Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries)。

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2014年天津商业大学712基础英语考研真题
天津商业大学2014年研究生入学考试试题
专业：外国语言学及应用语言学
课程名称：基础英语（712）
I Structure &Vocabulary (每小题1分，共20分)
Directions: In each question, decide which of the four choices given will most suitably complete the sentence if inserted at the place marked.
注意：答案应这样写：1-----5 a b c d a 6-----10 a b c d a 如果写成：1. a 2. c 3. d 等等将视为无效，后果由考生自负。

1. ______ before we leave the day before tomorrow, we should have a wonderful dinner party.
a. Had they arrived
b. Were they arriving
c. Would they arrive
d. Were they to arrive
2. I would like to have a look at your cameras before I decide on one .” “We have several models______ .”
b. for your choice
c. for the choice of yours
d. for you to choose
3. It is not easy for you to learn English well, but if you ______, you will succeed in the end．
a. hang up
b. hang about
c. hang on
d. hang around
4. We are going to the cinemas tonight, why don’t you come along______?.
a. either
b. also
c. as well
d. in addition
5. ______ we wish him prosperous, we have objections to his ways of obtaining wealth.
a. Much as
b. As much
c. More as
6. The index of industrial production ______ last year.
a. raised up by 4 percent
b. rose up with 4 percent
c. arose up with 4 percent
d. went up by 4 percent
7. British hopes a gold medal in the Olympic games suffered ______ yesterday, when Hunter failed to qualify during the preliminary heats.
a. a sharp set-back
b. severe set-back
c. a severe blow-up
d. sharp blow-up
8. The scheme was so impracticable that I refused even ______.
a. to considering to support it
b. to consider supporting it
c. to considering to support it
d. considering supporting it
9. Although there was a lot more to say, Stephen ______ from further questions.
b. strained
c. refrained
d. resisted
10. People are getting a better idea of the need to protect ______ property rights.
a. knowledge
b. intelligence
c. intellectual
d. learning
11. The governor said he would ______ judgment until he received the committee’s report.
a. withstand
b. withhold
c. scrutinize
d. publicize
12. A patient who is dying of incurable cancer of the hroat is in terrible pain, which can not be satisfactorily______.
a. diminished
c. replaced
d. abandoned
13. Does brain power ______ as we get older? Scientists now have some surprising answers.
a. collapse
b. descend
c. deduce
d. decline
14. Some people want to ______ the monument, while others want to preserve it so that the young generation could not forget the tragic history.
a. demolish
b. annihilate
c. wreck
d. ruin
15. In 1945 he worked for Hambro’s Bank, touring the Middle East to report on an ______diamond trading.
a.. elicit
b.. illiberal
c. illuminant
d. illicit
16. In the 1850’s before the climax of westward ______, the vast basin drained three-quarters of the settled United States.
a. extension
b. expansion
c. enlargement
d. invasion
17. Being careless, she had her arm ______ by the barbed wire.
a. lacerated
b. lamented
c. juggled
d..bemoaned
18. So far, however, we seem ______ of the fragility of the earth’s natural systems.
a. obvious
b. oblivious
c. clamorous
d. industrious。