陪审团制度范本
英美陪审团制度
英美陪审团制度陪审团制度,是让普通民众能够参与到日常的司法审判工作当中,并且在事实的判断方面享有独立于专业法官的权力,这标志着民众对国家司法权的分割,长期以来它被赞誉为“自由的堡垒”、“民主的学校”,其体现了大多数人民的意愿,并通过法律判决确认公众认可的价值观念,更好地体现民主的精神。
随着社会的发展,陪审团制度的各种弊端也层出不穷,对其质疑并废除的呼声也越来越高,存废、发展一度成为焦点。
我国从陪审团制度上也汲取了它的正面影响,使我国的法制更加公平化,民主化。
一、英美陪审团制度的初步形成的背景现代陪审制,起源于中世纪的英国,并为其他英美法系国家所承袭。
1066年,随着诺曼底公爵成功征服大不列颠,也把诺曼人在审判中设立陪审团的古老习惯带到了大不列颠。
陪审团最初的职能是其成员就知情的内容进行宣誓作证。
当发生纠纷时,行政长官从当事人的邻人中挑选12名熟悉情况并且值得信赖的人组成陪审团,令其宣誓后,向行政长官提供他们所知道的情况,以此作为裁断的依据,最初这种邻里证人制度只是作为一种行政调查手段来运用的。
陪审团被最早运用于11世纪初英王对全国土地进行清理的过程中。
这种见证人制度只是作为一项行政手段来运用的,当时英国的刑事和民事起诉都是采用私诉制,审判仍是采用神明裁判和司法决斗司法权几全操于地方封建中,王室干预地方司法被认为是违反自然法则的、不可容忍的。
因而既没有今天负责犯罪起诉的检察机关和大陪审团,也没有今天负责事实裁判的小陪审团。
直到英王亨利二世颁布了一系列的法令(如《克拉灵顿诏令》、《北汉普顿诏令》),在民事和刑事诉讼中正式确立了陪审制。
1275年,,爱德华一世颁布《韦斯特明斯特诏令》,规定所有刑事案件都应通过陪审团提出起诉。
1352年,爱德华三世又颁布诏令设立参加审判的陪审团,从而确立起诉陪审团(大陪审团)和审判陪审团(小陪审团)相分离的制度。
此后陪审团制度在英国开始真正实施。
陪审制度得到充分的发展是在美国。
陪审团制度(精选多篇)
陪审团制度(精选多篇)07级工程管理王婷婷080122014021浅谈陪审团制度“躲猫猫”、开胸劳动仲裁、唐福珍“暴力抗法”、“钓鱼”执法等这些让人感到沉重、和荒谬的案件,不得不引人深思究竟如何才能做到法律的公平、公开、公正。
正因如此司法改革也已成为人们讨论和关注的热点。
作为司法制度之一的陪审制度也成为讨论热点。
一陪审团制度的历史渊源陪审一词,英美法中称为“jury”“acessor” 。
(在美国的vermont称陪审为陪席法官 side judge)。
德国法中称为“geschworence ”、“volkscricheter ”、“ehrenartlicher beisitzer ”、“slhoffe”。
这些概念实际上具有不同的含义。
它是在古代审判制度的基础上发展起来的一项诉讼制度起源于古代希腊和罗马。
公元前594年担任雅典首席执政官的梭伦改革率先设立了陪审法庭。
当时雅典并没有法官案件主要靠陪审团审理而案件越重要则陪审团人数越多。
例如在雅典审理 aleiblades案件时大约有1501个陪审员。
这一制度经过数千年的发展演变一直延用至今显示了其强大的生命力。
现代的陪审制度实际上起源于欧洲中世纪。
波洛克认为在法国的加洛林(carolingian)国王时期出现的讯问制度中已出现了陪审。
但在漫长的中世纪,由于王权的扩张 ,审判权由国王所垄断 ,推行纠问式诉讼 ,陪审制度遭到封建国家的扼制和摒弃 ,陪审制度便逐步消失。
但在1000年, rurry ncede征服英国以后将该制度带进了英国。
在英国 ,美国的陪审制度完全是在借鉴英国的传统的基础上形成的,并且得到了充分的发展。
早在殖民地时期,英国殖民者就将陪审制度带到了美国 ,1625年在弗吉尼亚开始采用英国的大陪审团制度 ,其他的州也相继效仿,与此同时,小陪审团制度也开始实行。
在美国独立战争时期,陪审制度作为保障公民自由的工具有很高的声誉。
此后,美国各州宪法及美国宪法都规定了陪审制度。
香港的陪审团制度
香港的陪审团制度
香港的陪审团制度是基于英国传统的陪审制度而建立的。
根据香港《陪审团条例》,担任陪审员的人必须是香港永久居民、年满18岁并能够听、说、读、写粤语或普通话。
陪审员的选拔是随机并且建立在完全公正、平等、敬业的原则之上。
在香港,案件只有在被视为重罪时才会有陪审团审判的程序。
例如:谋杀案、强奸案、贪污案等等。
然而,在其他案件中,只有一位法官会审判该案,而不会有陪审团的参与。
在审判中,陪审团成员会听取控方和辩方的证据、辩论、陈述以及法官的指引后,投票作出是否认定被告有罪或无罪的决定。
陪审团的决定必须是十二名陪审员中至少九名同意,才能作为判决结果。
陪审团成员须遵守保密制度,并且他们不可在审讯期间讨论案件相关内容。
审判结束后,陪审员可能会在法庭外接受媒体的采访或接受社会公众的争议。
陪审团制度
陪审团制度(精选多篇)07级工程管理王婷婷080122014021浅谈陪审团制度“躲猫猫”、开胸劳动仲裁、唐福珍“暴力抗法”、“钓鱼”执法等这些让人感到沉重、和荒谬的案件,不得不引人深思究竟如何才能做到法律的公平、公开、公正。
正因如此司法改革也已成为人们讨论和关注的热点。
作为司法制度之一的陪审制度也成为讨论热点。
一陪审团制度的历史渊源陪审一词,英美法中称为“jury”“acessor” 。
(在美国的vermont称陪审为陪席法官 side judge)。
德国法中称为“gesch orence ”、“volkscricheter ”、“ehrenartlicher beisitzer ”、“slhoffe”。
这些概念实际上具有不同的含义。
它是在古代审判制度的基础上发展起来的一项诉讼制度起源于古代希腊和罗马。
公元前594年担任雅典首席执政官的梭伦改革率先设立了陪审法庭。
当时雅典并没有法官案件主要靠陪审团审理而案件越重要则陪审团人数越多。
例如在雅典审理 aleiblades案件时大约有1501个陪审员。
这一制度经过数千年的发展演变一直延用至今显示了其强大的生命力。
现代的陪审制度实际上起源于欧洲中世纪。
波洛克认为在法国的加洛林(carolingian)国王时期出现的讯问制度中已出现了陪审。
但在漫长的中世纪,由于王权的扩张 ,审判权由国王所垄断 ,推行纠问式诉讼 ,陪审制度遭到封建国家的扼制和摒弃 ,陪审制度便逐步消失。
但在1000年, rurry ncede征服英国以后将该制度带进了英国。
在英国 ,美国的陪审制度完全是在借鉴英国的传统的基础上形成的,并且得到了充分的发展。
早在殖民地时期,英国殖民者就将陪审制度带到了美国 ,1625年在弗吉尼亚开始采用英国的大陪审团制度 ,其他的州也相继效仿,与此同时,小陪审团制度也开始实行。
在美国独立战争时期,陪审制度作为保障公民自由的工具有很高的声誉。
此后,美国各州宪法及美国宪法都规定了陪审制度。
陪审团制度(The Jury System)
---------------------------------------------------------------最新资料推荐------------------------------------------------------ 陪审团制度(The Jury System)陪审团制度(The Jury System) The jury system refers to the system that a certain number of voting citizens participate in deciding whether to prosecute the suspect and to decide the case.A jury has the distinction between a grand jury and a small jury.A grand jury may hear several cases during its term, while a minor jury is a case. A small jury is usually composed of 6-12 people. According to American law, every adult citizen of the United States has the duty to serve as a juror. However, a person who is under 18 years of age, who is not living in the mainland, who has no knowledge of English and hearing impairment, who has criminal record, is not eligible to serve as a juror. Jurors are selected by court to draw out a number of residents with state identity cards as candidates. After that, each of them had to fill out a questionnaire about himself. The court notice, and then to the court for questioning and the selection of. Popularly speaking, juries are eligible citizens who have been randomly selected to be brought together and not allowed to contact the outside world during the trial. They are responsible for voting on a defendant: first, whether to prosecute; two, whether guilty?. In the United States, juries1 / 11may be used in criminal cases and in some civil cases (mainly civil cases). In Britain and Commonwealth countries, juries are no longer used in civil cases. As is known to all, the jury’s basic function is to determine the facts of the case. In a jury proceeding, the judge does not recognize the fact that the basic function of the judge is to control the proceedings and to apply the law in accordance with the facts held by the jury. For cases requiring jury trials, the first step is to select jurors and form juries. Jurors are often very complex, and jury selection is a highly skilled work. The jury’s selection is under the auspices of the presiding judge. The judge’s assistant randomly extracts the list of candidates from the local voter registration manual. Judges determine the number of candidates for initial jurors according to the circumstances of the case, and sometimes the number of candidates can be as many as two or three. The jury’s selection was made public. When selecting, both the judge and both attorneys should be present at the court. When the judges begin screening candidates, they should brief the candidate on the merits. With the consent of the judge, the others may sit in the court. The candidate of the jury determines the seat number in the court by drawing lots. The number of candidates for a jury is very---------------------------------------------------------------最新资料推荐------------------------------------------------------ important because the jurors are chosen in numerical order. To determine the number of candidates in accordance with the number of seated, according to the instructions of the assistant judge, fill out the questionnaire in the help of assistant judges. The specific cases are different, and the questionnaire will also investigate the problems. On environmental litigation cases, the questionnaire may have you on environmental protection and industrial development to see, you are affected by environmental pollution violations ; on tobacco litigation cases, the questionnaire may have do you smoke , your friends have no patient and smoking related diseases ; in AIDS related litigation, there may be how do you see this problem on the questionnaire on homosexuality. The questionnaire will also cover the question of the relationship between candidates and lawyers in the case, such as whether or not to know which lawyer, whom to counsel, and so on. The relationship between candidates and witnesses is also an important issue to be investigated. The questionnaire will list the names of witnesses to appear in the subsequent suits. Judges and attorneys will screen candidates based on these findings.A judge may also direct a greeting to a candidate, such as asking3 / 11whether a candidate has any factors that will affect him or her and make a fair decision. The judge will remove the person who does not meet the legal requirements from the jury candidate. For example, non US citizens, criminal records, no voting rights, etc.. The candidate may also submit to the judge a reason not suitable for serving as a juror in the case, requesting not to serve as a juror, such as suffering from illness, etc.. For these reasons, the corresponding evidence is required to be proved, and may be allowed to exit after the judge’s consent. Since the jury is a duty of the citizen, the candidate shall not withdraw from the court when the judge does not agree to it. According to the survey, most Americans are reluctant to serve as jurors, and the main reasons are the delay, the impact on their work and life. Although there are subsidies as jurors, the amount is small, usually between $8 and $15. The judges reject the non qualified candidates, and the next procedure is to screen candidates from both sides of the bar.A lawyer may reject or reserve a candidate by number according to his own needs. In general cases, a lawyer may not exercise more than four or five times the veto power, but for special cases, it may be 6 or 7 times, up to 10 times, and the exercise of the veto power is decided by the judge. The composition of---------------------------------------------------------------最新资料推荐------------------------------------------------------ the jury determines the case of victory. In the case of the famous Rodney King v. Losangeles police, the trial resulted in the prosecution losing the case because of the formation of a jury in favor of the defendant. However, the principle of screening is simple and will not be favorable to candidates who reject one party. For both candidates, both lawyers must take a serious look at the candidate’s situation. Both lawyers may ask questions about the candidates and judge whether or not to exercise their veto power based on what the candidates have answered. What kind of problem a lawyer designs is a highly technical one. But lawyers should not directly ask such questions as how candidates see the case. The judge should check the questions raised by the lawyer and reject it when the question is wrong. If the veto power is used, the jury does not meet the requirements of the jury - when the 12 jurors are numbered, they are determined by the judge. After the jury has been set up, several alternate jurors are needed to prevent the accident. A juror may be replaced by an alternate juror once the jury is unable to exercise the jury’s discretio n for illness or other reasons. The jury will wear a special jury badge. State jurors have different badges, mostly round, but5 / 11with different colors, some states are yellow, and some states are red, white and two colors. Before a formal court session, the judge informs the jury in detail of the notes. Tell what can be done and what can not be done. For example: in the jury not to discuss the case with anyone (including other jurors), are not allowed to leave the court, without the consent of the use of telephone, other people and jurors illegal contact should promptly report the judge on the case, can not read newspapers without approval. In general, jurors cannot talk to judges individually. If you want to talk to the judge, you must also have a lawyer from both parties present. The judge asked the jurors to pay attention to as many as dozens of items. Each juror, after reading these documents, signs his name to indicate that he has understood the notes. The jury has a coordinating and organizer, who can also be called the head of the jury. The head of a jury is elected by all jurors. In some major criminal and civil cases, the judge can isolate the jury from the outside world so as to avoid the jury from being disturbed by the outside world. The separation of juries is rare. The segregated jury usually lives in the designated hotel and has a guard. The jury can not leave the house without the permission of the judge. During the separation, jurors could---------------------------------------------------------------最新资料推荐------------------------------------------------------ not read newspapers or watch TV so as not to be influenced by the outside world. In the case of the famous Simpson case, the jury was isolated from the outside world. Foreign trial cases are generally consecutive trials, from the court until the ruling, except the statutory rest, shall not be interrupted. In a court session, the judge keeps issuing instructions to the jury. For example: what evidence pointed out that illegal evidence is not evidence, instructed the jury in fact can not be used if the evidence, the jury accepted the evidence, the jury verdict is invalid. In order for the jury to make a fair decision, any act of bribing jurors is illegal, and jurors must comply with the relevant laws and regulations, and those who are severely punished will be subject to criminal sanctions. Court trials in the United States require cross examination, which means that judges and juries can not directly ask witnesses about the case and can only be questioned by lawyers from both parties. The lawyer’s enquiry for one of his own witnesses is called the main inquiry, and the interrogation of the other party’s witnesses is called counter questioning. The jury knows the facts of the case through questioning by both lawyers, and the judge controls the cross examination of both7 / 11lawyers. When the judge and the lawyer discuss the procedural matters in the case, the jury can not participate because the jury can not decide the procedural matters. When both witnesses appear in court, the judge may ask the jury to discuss and decide on the case. The jury formed a verdict on the plaintiff’s request and handed the jurors a vote. General civil and criminal cases require a vote of more than 9 votes. The murder is unanimous, unanimously agreed. When voting, 12 jurors are required to vote. Of course, in history there were 1 jurors absent, and 11 jurors were still valid. If a general case fails to establish the plaintiff’s claim to more than 9 votes, the jury will need to reconsider it until a majority verdict is formed. How the jury finds the facts and how to form the verdict is absolutely confidential, even when the case is decided, the jury will reveal the case and will be punished by law. In the trial of civil compensation cases, the jury can only make a ruling within the amount requested by the plaintiff, and shall not exceed the amount requested by the plaintiff. This is in the same spirit as the debate principle in the continental law system. Before the court session, the judge will notify the parties and both lawyers and the jury will announce the verdict at the next session. During the court session, the judge will---------------------------------------------------------------最新资料推荐------------------------------------------------------ ask the jury leader whether to form an opinion. In the event of a verdict, the head of the regiment will announce the award and the result of the voting. After the chief of the jury read out the verdict, the judge will also ask one of the jurors whether they agree or object. If a juror has objected at this time, and the opposition will exceed 4 votes, the award will be null and void, and the jury will reconsider. The jury system is an integral part of the American rule of law and the American litigation system, and reflects the characteristics of the American litigation system. The national participation of the jury system is the most attractive aspect of the American litigation system, which fully embodies the democratization of the rule of law in the United states. The existence of the jury system has become the basis and premise of other system with American characteristics, such as cross examination system, lawyer system, and even affected the American legal education system and method. The charm of the jury system toppled many continental law countries, and with the strong American culture, some continental law countries tried to transplant the introduction, but in the end they failed. In our country, there are a lot of people have the same jury system, for its splendor9 / 11in the. But we should note that the jury system is a product of the special history of the United States, and has a special background of general social, cultural and legal culture, especially the jury system is a very expensive system. Countries like ours are hard to enjoy, and it takes a few days to select jurors. Under the unique background of legal consciousness, the will of the jury is the will of the people, that is, God, must not question the jur y’s impartiality in the fact finding, and the jury’s decision is unquestionable. Based on our country’s legal consciousness background, I am afraid it is very difficult for society to accept. In fact, different jurors will have different verdict because of the difference of knowledge background, life background, method of cognition and racial consciousness of jurors. The jury system embodies a kind of regular game. The question of the abolition of the jury system has always been an issue that the Americans have been talking about. We must not be for the jury system face appearance and eye. As the Americans say, the jury system is at least as good as its advantages. Although the new constitution provides for the implementation of the jury system in criminal proceedings and will be implemented within the Russian Federation in 2003, it has faced many problems in the---------------------------------------------------------------最新资料推荐------------------------------------------------------ trial. Moreover, the introduction of jury system in Russia also has its special political and historical background. As the court play is the color film 12 angry men took place in a scene, the 1 angry men questioned the psychological changes observed then 11 members of the jury, which is respect for life, reflect on the bias, the justice of responsibility, 12 angry men good and great in my opinion is reflected in the pursuit of humanitarian universal values,11 / 11。
香港法庭陪审团制度
香港法庭陪审团制度【实用版3篇】目录(篇1)一、香港陪审团制度的起源与历史二、香港陪审团制度的实施与构成三、香港陪审团制度的改革与趋势四、香港陪审团制度与英国陪审制度的比较五、香港陪审团制度的独特性与适应性正文(篇1)一、香港陪审团制度的起源与历史香港的陪审团制度始于 1845 年,至今已有 160 多年的历史。
最早的陪审团由 6 名陪审员组成。
随着香港人口的增长和社会的发展,陪审团的规模和组成也发生了变化。
目前,在最严重的刑事案件(如谋杀、误杀、强奸、持械行劫等)中,陪审团由 1 位原讼法庭法官和 7 名陪审员组成。
二、香港陪审团制度的实施与构成香港的陪审团制度在实施过程中,严格遵循公平、公正和公开的原则。
陪审员的选拔采用随机抽选的方式,确保陪审员的代表性和公正性。
陪审团在聆讯过程中,负责对案件的事实进行评议,而法官则负责对法律问题进行解释和裁判。
这种分权制度旨在确保审判过程的公正性和客观性。
三、香港陪审团制度的改革与趋势近年来,随着社会的变化和司法制度的改革,香港的陪审团制度也面临着一些挑战。
为了适应社会的发展和提高司法效率,香港政府和法院开始对陪审团制度进行改革,包括扩大陪审团的规模、简化陪审团的选拔程序等。
这些改革旨在提高陪审团制度的效率和适应性。
四、香港陪审团制度与英国陪审制度的比较香港的陪审团制度源于英国,但经过多年的发展,两者之间已经存在一些差异。
首先,在陪审团的规模上,香港的陪审团较小,通常由 7 名陪审员组成,而英国的陪审团通常较大,陪审员数量通常在 12 人以上。
其次,在陪审员的选拔上,香港采用随机抽选的方式,而英国则采用更复杂的选拔程序。
此外,在审判程序上,香港的陪审团在聆讯过程中负责事实评议,而英国的陪审团在聆讯过程中则负责事实和法律的评议。
五、香港陪审团制度的独特性与适应性香港的陪审团制度在适应本地社会和文化的同时,也具有独特的特点。
首先,香港的陪审团制度在保证公正性的同时,注重提高司法效率。
陪审团制度(精选多篇)
陪审团制度(精选多篇)第一篇:浅谈陪审团制度07级工程管理王婷婷08012202*021浅谈陪审团制度“躲猫猫”、开胸劳动仲裁、唐福珍“暴力抗法”、“钓鱼”执法等这些让人感到沉重、和荒谬的案件,不得不引人深思究竟如何才能做到法律的公平、公开、公正。
正因如此司法改革也已成为人们讨论和关注的热点。
作为司法制度之一的陪审制度也成为讨论热点。
一陪审团制度的历史渊源陪审一词,英美法中称为“jury”“acessor” 。
(在美国的vermont称陪审为陪席法官 side judge)。
德国法中称为“gesch)站在一个旁观者的角度来分析案子,结果自然会比较公正,其结果也比较容易为当事人所接受,也解决了对法官不信任的问题。
既然信任、接受,又怎么会上访呢?四是有助于增进公民的法律意识。
参加了陪审团,不仅在开庭前要接受必要的法律知识教育,更重要的是在整个庭审过程中,受法律专家分析问题的思路、方法及语言的影响,直接体验法律与生活的关系。
特别是在讨论判决的过程中,是一次最好、最生动、最有针对性的法治教育,使陪审员从一个个具体的案子中,懂得了法律规定了什么?他为什么违法了?怎样才是不违法的?违法要受到什么样的制裁?从而使公民的法律意识大大增加,无形中提高了整个社会的法律素质。
在我们正处在改革特别是司法改革的今天,陪审团制度的做法、意义无疑对我们是一种极好的启示。
六、结语可以预见的是,陪审团制度并不会因为其出现的劣势而招致废止,它必将在争议中不断前行,常言道,“他山之石,可以攻玉”。
陪审团制度是一个具有特色的司法制度,我们可以借鉴美国陪审团制度的法律价值,吸收其中所蕴涵的民主、正义、分权的理念,权衡公正与效率的关系,来改革我国目前流于形式的人民陪审员制,使人民陪审员制更好发挥作用。
参考文献:[1] 何勤华.外国法制史.法律出版社.202*.[2] 由嵘.外国法制史.北京大学出版社.202*.[3] 张飞舟、蒙振祥.外国法制史.陕西人民出版社.1999.[4]《美国历史文献选编》.新华出版社.第 45、152 页.[5]王利明.司法改革研究.法律出版社.202*年版.[6]托克维尔.论美国的民主.董良果译.商务印书馆.202*:315.[7]肖建国.陪审制度的考察及思考.河南省政法管理干部学院学报.202*院系:法律硕士学院法律硕士专业3班姓名:李晓平学号:202*4101001385第三篇:浅谈英美陪审团制度法学院刘学斌202*417461浅谈英美陪审团制度----------观赏陪审团系列电影有感欣赏一系列关于陪审团的电影,感受到美国司法制度的特色,特别是陪审团制度。
香港法庭陪审团制度
香港法庭陪审团制度介绍香港法庭陪审团制度是香港司法体系中的重要组成部分,它确保了公正和民主的司法程序。
本文将对香港法庭陪审团制度进行全面详细、完整且深入的介绍。
法庭陪审团制度的定义与历史定义法庭陪审团制度是指在刑事案件中,由一群普通市民组成的陪审团,根据证据和法官的指导,对被告人是否有罪做出裁决。
历史香港法庭陪审团制度源于英国传统。
在1844年,英国殖民当局将英国自身的司法制度引入香港,并包括了陪审团制度。
随着时间的推移,这一制度逐渐发展壮大,并成为香港司法体系中不可或缺的一部分。
法庭陪审团的组成与选拔组成一般情况下,一个刑事案件的陪审团由7名普通市民组成。
这些市民会按照特定条件进行筛选,并接受培训以了解陪审团的职责和义务。
选拔香港法庭陪审团的选拔程序非常严格,旨在确保选出的陪审员具备公正、独立和无偏见等素质。
选拔程序包括两个阶段:1.随机选择:首先,从香港特别行政区的选民登记册中随机选择一定数量的人作为潜在陪审员。
2.筛选:接下来,经过筛选的候选人将接受法庭审查,并进行面试。
这些程序旨在确保候选人具备适当的知识和素质。
经过严格筛选和选拔程序后,最终确定7名普通市民作为陪审团成员。
法庭陪审团的权力与义务权力法庭陪审团在刑事案件中拥有重要权力,包括:1.审理证据:陪审团有权听取检方和辩护方提供的证据,并根据其认为合理和可靠的证据作出裁决。
2.决定罪名:根据法官的指导,陪审团可以对被告人是否有罪进行投票表决。
3.制定量刑建议:如果被告人被判有罪,陪审团有权根据法官的指导制定量刑建议。
义务作为陪审团成员,个人有以下义务:1.公正和无偏见:陪审团成员应当保持公正和无偏见,并根据证据和法官的指导作出裁决。
2.保密:陪审团成员在案件审理期间必须保密,不得向他人透露案件细节。
3.出席:陪审团成员需要全程出席庭审,并积极参与讨论和裁决过程。
法庭陪审团制度的优点与争议优点香港法庭陪审团制度具有以下优点:1.公正性:由普通市民组成的陪审团能够代表社会各个阶层的观点,确保了公正的司法程序。
陪审团制度
陪审团制度一般认为英国是现代陪审制度的发源地。
但英国的陪审制并非土生土长,而是从法兰克移植而来。
诺曼征服后,这种制度被带到英国。
1166年,亨利二世颁布《克拉灵顿诏令》,将陪审制正式确立下来。
诏令规定,发生刑事案件后,必须由熟悉情况的12名陪审员向法庭控告并证明犯罪事实,这就是所谓的起诉陪审团,即大陪审团。
但这种由同一批人既控告犯罪又证实犯罪的制度,极容易使被告陷入危险的境地,于是1352年,爱德华三世下令禁止起诉陪审团参与审判,要求另设一个12人的陪审团进行实体审理,这就是通常所说的小陪审团。
目录不了解法律的历史,我们就无法理解法律的现在。
——-- 霍姆斯两个陪审团至此,英国出现了两个陪审团:大陪审团负责起诉,决定是否对嫌疑犯提出控诉;小陪审团负责审理,决定被告是否有罪。
大小两个陪审团在英国共存了几百年,并由此构成英国陪审制的重要特点之一。
审判陪审团的适用范围锐减19 世纪中期开始,英国在民事诉讼中逐渐淘汰陪审团,至1993 年根据新的法律民事陪涉及公民名誉的案件。
另外,适应控制犯罪和提高司法效率的需要,英国的近代警察制度和检察制度相继得以发展。
终于除了起诉陪审团——即大陪审团(1948 年正式废除),而代之以检察官制度。
并于1948 年,法律准许以简易程序对轻罪进加,这使审判陪审团的适用范围锐减。
陪审制度的起源问题英国陪审制度的起源问题似乎相当模糊,研究者的意见分歧较大,有的追溯其源于盎格鲁——撒克森时期的类似做法,有的曼输入。
我们确实可以在盎格鲁——撒克森国王埃塞尔雷德 (Ethelred) 的法律中找到这样的规定:“在每个百家村 (wapentake) 十二个年长的乡绅及邑长 (reeve) 一起手持圣物宣誓,不起诉无辜者,不隐匿罪恶者。
” [4] 这的确很象后来的起诉陪审团法兰克王国的教会法院偶尔也有过将某人有罪或无罪的问题交给十二人组成的民众团体裁决的作法,而英国的教会于 Dunstan 借用过法兰克教会的这种作法。
USjurytrial美国陪审团制度
USjurytrial美国陪审团制度United StatesMain article: Trial by jury in the United StatesIn the United States every person accused of a crime punishable by incarceration for more than six months has a constitutional right to a trial by jury, which arises in federal court from Article Three of the United States Constitution, which states in part, "The Trial of all Crimes...shall be by Jury; and such Trial shall be held in the State where the said Crimes shall have been committed." The right was expanded with the Sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution, which states in part, "In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right to a speedy and public trial, by an impartial jury of the state and district wherein the crime shall have been committed." Both provisions were made applicable to the states through the Fourteenth Amendment. Most states' constitutions also grant the right of trial by jury in lesser criminal matters, though most have abrogated that right in offenses punishable by fine only. The Supreme Court has ruled that if imprisonment is for six months or less, trial by jury is not required, meaning a state may choose whether or not to permit trial by jury in such cases.[28]Under the Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure, if the defendant is entitled to a jury trial, he may waive his right to have a jury, but both the government (prosecution) and court must consent to the waiver.In the cases Apprendi v. New Jersey, 530 U.S.466 (2000), and Blakely v. Washington, 542 U.S.296 (2004), the Supreme Court of the United States held that a criminal defendant has a right to a jury trial not only on the question of guilt or innocence, but any fact used to increase the defendant's sentence beyond themaximum otherwise allowed by statutes or sentencing guidelines. This invalidated the procedure in many states and the federal courts that allowed sentencing enhancement based on "a preponderance of evidence", where enhancement could be based on the judge's findings alone. Depending upon the state a jury must be unanimous for either a guilty or not guilty decision.A hung jury results in the defendants release, however charges against the defendant are not dropped and can be reinstated if the state so chooses.Jurors in some states are selected through voter registration and drivers' license lists. A form is sent to prospective jurors to pre-qualify them by asking the recipient to answer questions about citizenship, disabilities, ability to understand the English language, and whether they have any conditions that would excuse them from being a juror. If they are deemed qualified, a summons is issued.It has been speculated that jury trials encourage harsh punishment in the United States.[29]English common law and the United States Constitution recognize the right to a jury trial to be a fundamental civil liberty or civil right that allows the accused to choose whether to be judged by judges or a jury.In America, it is understood that Juries usually weigh the evidence and testimony to determine questions of fact, while judges usually rule on questions of law, although the dissenting justices of the Supreme Court case Sparf et al. v. U.S. 156 U.S. 51 (1895), generally considered the pivotal case concerning the rights and powers of the jury, declared: “It is our deep and settled conviction, confirmed by a re-examination of the authorities … that the jury, upon the general issue of guilty or notguilty in a criminal case, have the right, as well as the power, to decide, according to their own judgment and consciences, all questions, whether of law or of fact, involved in that issue.” Jury determination of questions of law, sometimes called jury nullification, cannot be overturned by a judge if doing so would violate legal protections against double jeopardy.[30] Although a judge can throw out a guilty verdict if it was not supported by the evidence, a jurist has no authority to override a verdict that favors a defendant.[31]It was established in Bushel's Case that a judge cannot order the jury to convict, no matter how strong the evidence is. In civil cases, a special verdict can be given, but in criminal cases, a general verdict is rendered, because requiring a special verdict could apply judicial pressure to the jury, and because of the jury's historic function of tempering rules of law by common sense brought to bear upon the facts of a specific case. For this reason, Justice Black and Justice Douglas indicated their disapproval of special interrogatories even in civil cases.[32]There has been much debate about the advantages and disadvantages of the jury system, the competence or lack thereof of jurors as fact-finders, and the uniformity or capriciousness of the justice they administer.[33] The jury has been described as "an exciting and gallant experiment in the conduct of serious human affairs."[34]As fact-finders, juries are expected to fulfill the role of lie detector.[35]However, not all cases are eligible for jury trials. In most US states, there is no right to a jury trial in family law actions not involving a termination of parental rights, such as divorce and custody modifications.[36][37] Only eleven states allow juries in any aspect of divorce litigation (Colorado, Georgia, Illinois,Louisiana, Maine, Nevada, New York, North Carolina, Tennessee, Texas and Wisconsin).[36]Mostof these limit the right to a jury to try issues regarding grounds or entitlement for divorce only. Texas provides jury trial rights most broadly, including even the right to a jury trial on questions regarding child custody.[36][37]But those who charged with a criminal offense, breach of contract or federal offence have a Constitutional right to a trial by jury.[36]。
人民陪审员制度章程规章制度.doc
人民陪审员制度-章程规章制度第一篇:人民陪审员制度改革第二篇:关于人民陪审员制度的思考第三篇:浅析人民陪审员制度存在的问题及对策第四篇:关于我国人民陪审员制度的完善第五篇:论我国人民陪审员制度的完善更多相关范文正文第一篇:人民陪审员制度改革昂仁县人民法院人民陪审员制度改革实施情况的调研报告《关于完善人民陪审员制度的决定》的颁布和实施,是我国民主法制建设的一件大事,是司法民主化、人民当家作主的具体体现,是人民群众监督支持法院工作,确保司法公正的重要途径,也是对人民群众进行法律宣传和法制教育的重要形式。
为了使人民陪审员能更好地发挥作用,我院专门对人民陪审员制度实施情况进行调查分析,针对陪审功能的发挥以及存在的问题进行分析,提出建议。
一、人民陪审员的遴选情况1、人民陪审员基本情况我院共选任人民陪审员5名,均为藏族、男性、乡镇干部,年龄在30-35岁之间,今年我院没有增选人民陪审员,因为法官人数与人民陪审员人数相等,根据上级要求我院人民陪审员人数已经超过法官人数的三分之一。
2、人民陪审员的产生方式。
我院5名人民陪审员均为我院提名报人大批准方式产生。
3、我院人民陪审员完全按照《决定》规定的方式遴选,没有违背《规定》的标准。
4、我院没有长期不能履行职责的人民陪审员,所以尚未建立人民陪审员的退出机制和轮替机制。
二、人民陪审员参与案件审理情况。
1、我院人民陪审员参与审理案件范围我院完全依照《规定》执行,因重大案件集中于刑庭所以人民陪审员仅参与了刑事案件的审理,我院民事案件多数为调解结案,而且立案调解居多,所以在民事和执行案件中都没有人民陪审员参与。
2、人民陪审员参审情况到目前为止人民陪审员参与案件审理4件,占本辖区内普通程序案件的7%,人民陪审员没有参加其他程序。
3、我院人民陪审员参与案件均采取随机抽取方式进行全员轮流。
4、我院人民陪审员固定分配于刑事审判庭。
5、我院人民陪审员参与了庭前阅卷、庭审发言、评议阶段发表意见,没有起到对法官的监督作用,与审判组织配合较好,积极性较高,希望陪审员今后多学习法律基础知识,提高对参与庭审工作的认识。
人民陪审团制度
竭诚为您提供优质文档/双击可除人民陪审团制度篇一:论人民陪审制度论人民陪审制度1.未按时间要求交付资料,不审开题报告、文献综述;请对照论文修改意见进行修改。
2.论文结构基本说得过去,但安排不算精细;标题归纳、文题对应需再考虑。
3.参考资料陈旧,格式不规范。
对照要求修改。
4.文中用语,特别是关键用语,如陪审制度与陪审员制度,需要统一5.对策部分要具体,方向性的建议无价值。
摘要:人民陪审制度作为我国司法民主的一项重要内容政策,在日常司法审判中发挥不可替代的做用,使法律、司法审判工作受到人民的热情关注,我国的司法民主进程迈向新的台阶。
同时使得我国的法治国家建设得到大大提升,在我国社会主义法律体系初步形成的大环境下,随着法律背景的变迁,我国的人民陪审制度的不足日益凸显,只要不断完善人民陪审制度,充分发挥人民陪审制度的作用。
摘要是对论文的归纳,特别应突出你的观点。
你的摘要似无需论文就可写出!关键词:人民陪审制度完善民主一、我国的人民陪审法律制度(章标题与论文标题若重复,其他各章就不必写了。
注意编号符合规范。
)我国人民陪审制度的发展与作用(一)人民陪审制度的法律概念人民陪审制度是我国一项基本的诉讼制度中的重要内容,是国家审判机关吸收普通公民作为非职业法官审判人员参加民事、事、政案件审理的一项重要司法制度,是人民群众行使国家权力的一种有效方式和参与国家管理的具体体现。
(二)人民陪审制度的产生人民陪审制度渊源于民主革命时期,发展于社会主义革命时期,成熟于改革开放和现代化建设时期。
它不仅开创了一条具有中国特色的人民参与国家政权建设的重要途径,是我国审判制度的重要组成部分,是国家审判机关吸收普通公民作为非职业法官参加民事、刑事、行政案件审理的一项重要司法制度。
【重复】几十年来的实践证明,人民陪审员参加人民法院的审判工作,对人民群众参加国家管理,保证审判权全面、正确地反映人民的意愿,客观、公正地行使审判权,防止审判权的滥用;保证审判机关密切联系群众,防止案件审判的暗箱操作,扩大审判工作的政治效果,提高人民法院的办案质量和效率,确保司法公正,防止司法腐败起到了积极的作用,具有积极意义。
陪审团制度 The Jury System
陪审团制度The Jury SystemThe Jury System 陪审团The Anglo-American jury is a remarkable political institution. It recruits a group of no more than 12 laypersons, chosen at random from the widest population; it convenes them for the purpose of the particular trial; it entrusts them with great official powers of decision; it permits them to carry on deliberations in secret and to report our their final judgment without giving reasons for it; and, after their momentary service to the state has been completed, it orders them to disband and return to private life.英美法系的陪审团制度是一个非常著名的政治制度。
它由招募来的法律外行者组成,数目不多于12个,这些成员是在最广泛的公民之中随机产生的;在特别的初审案件中将他们召集起来;这些成员是由于被信任而被赋予的判决案件的伟大权力;他们被允许对案件进行秘密评议并提供他们最终的判决结果,而可以不用给予任何理由;最后,他们在履行完对这个国家的短暂的义务之后,这个组织中的成员将被解散,并回归到他们正常的私人生活中。
The jury system is traceable to nine-century France and was imported to England by William the Conqueror. In its earliest form, a jury was a group of the defendant’s neighbors, who were expected to answer questions based on their own knowledge. Such jurors functioned as both witnesses and triers of fact. Later, the right to a jury trial was guaranteed by Bill of Rights and U.S. Constitution and by the separate state constitutions.陪审团制度可以追溯到九世纪的法国,然后被征服者——威廉姆斯大帝引入英国。
陪审团制度
作为法庭戏非常出彩的电影《12怒汉》就发生在一个场景中,通过1名怒汉提出了质疑,观察随后11位陪审团成员的心理变化,其中有“对生命 的 尊 重,对偏 见的反思,对公 正的责任”,《12怒汉》的出色与伟大在我看来是表现在对 人 道 主 义 普 世价 值的追寻,
通俗地说陪审团就是抽签随机选出的符合资格的公民,他们被集中到一起,案件审理期间不得和外界联系。他们负责投票决定对某一被告来说:一、是否起诉;二、是否有罪。 在美国,刑事案件的审理和部分民事案件(主要是民事侵权案件)都有可能使用陪审团。而在英国及英联邦国家,民事案件基本不再使用陪审团。众所周知,陪审团的基本作用是认定案件事实。在有陪审团的诉讼中,法官不认定事实,法官的基本作用是控制诉讼程序,根据陪审团认定的事实适用法律。
在开庭审理中,法官会不断地给陪审团发出各种指示。例如:指出哪些证据属于违法证据,不具有证据效力,指示陪审团在认定事实不能采用该证据,如果陪审团采纳了该证据,则该陪审团作出的裁决就是无效的。
为了使陪审团能公正地作出裁决,任何贿赂陪审员的行为都是违法行为,陪审员也必须遵守相应的法律规定,严重者将受到刑事制裁。
在某些重大的刑事案件和民事案件的审理中,法官可以根据情况将陪审团与外界隔离开来,以避免陪审员受到外界的干扰。将陪审团隔离的情形是很少发生的。被隔离的陪审员通常住在指定的酒店,有警卫看守,未经法官许可,陪审员不得擅自离开住处。在隔离期间,陪审员不能看报、看电视等,以防受外界影响。著名的辛普森案件的审理,其陪审团就是与外界隔离的。国外开庭审理案件一般都是连续审判,从开庭起一直到作出裁决,除法定休息以外,不得中断。
当双方的证人都出庭作证后,法官就可以要求陪审团对案件进行讨论并作出裁决。陪审员根据原告的请求初步形成一项裁决意见,然后交陪审员们投票表决。一般的民事和刑事案件要求裁决的投票结果达到9票以上。指控谋杀成立的案件则要求一致通过,全票同意。投票时,要求12名陪审员都要投票。当然历史上也曾有过诉讼中1名陪审员缺席,11名陪审员投票仍然有效的情形。一般的案件如果不能就原告的请求是否成立达到9票以上时,就需要陪审团重新审议,直至形成多数裁决意见。陪审团是如何认定事实以及如何形成裁决的过程都是绝对保密的,即使在案件判决生效后,陪审员将案件的讨论过程透露出去也将受到法律的制裁。在民事赔偿案件的审理中,陪审团同样只能在原告所要求的数额范围内作出裁决,不能超出原告请求的数额。这一点与大陆法系中的辩论原则的精神相同。在开庭前,法官将告知当事人及双方律师和陪审团将在下次开庭时宣布裁决结果。开庭时,法官将询问陪审团团长是否形成裁决意见。如果形成裁决意见,团长将宣布裁决及投票结果。在陪审团团长宣读裁决结果后,法官还将一一询问各位陪审员的意见,是同意,还是反对。如果这时有陪审员反对,使反对票超过4票时,裁决就将无效,陪审团就要重新审议。
人民陪审员制度-章程规章制度.doc
人民陪审员制度-章程规章制度第一篇:人民陪审员制度改革第二篇:关于人民陪审员制度的思考第三篇:浅析人民陪审员制度存在的问题及对策第四篇:关于我国人民陪审员制度的完善第五篇:论我国人民陪审员制度的完善更多相关范文正文第一篇:人民陪审员制度改革昂仁县人民法院人民陪审员制度改革实施情况的调研报告《关于完善人民陪审员制度的决定》的颁布和实施,是我国民主法制建设的一件大事,是司法民主化、人民当家作主的具体体现,是人民群众监督支持法院工作,确保司法公正的重要途径,也是对人民群众进行法律宣传和法制教育的重要形式。
为了使人民陪审员能更好地发挥作用,我院专门对人民陪审员制度实施情况进行调查分析,针对陪审功能的发挥以及存在的问题进行分析,提出建议。
一、人民陪审员的遴选情况1、人民陪审员基本情况我院共选任人民陪审员5名,均为藏族、男性、乡镇干部,年龄在30-35岁之间,今年我院没有增选人民陪审员,因为法官人数与人民陪审员人数相等,根据上级要求我院人民陪审员人数已经超过法官人数的三分之一。
2、人民陪审员的产生方式。
我院5名人民陪审员均为我院提名报人大批准方式产生。
3、我院人民陪审员完全按照《决定》规定的方式遴选,没有违背《规定》的标准。
4、我院没有长期不能履行职责的人民陪审员,所以尚未建立人民陪审员的退出机制和轮替机制。
二、人民陪审员参与案件审理情况。
1、我院人民陪审员参与审理案件范围我院完全依照《规定》执行,因重大案件集中于刑庭所以人民陪审员仅参与了刑事案件的审理,我院民事案件多数为调解结案,而且立案调解居多,所以在民事和执行案件中都没有人民陪审员参与。
2、人民陪审员参审情况到目前为止人民陪审员参与案件审理4件,占本辖区内普通程序案件的7%,人民陪审员没有参加其他程序。
3、我院人民陪审员参与案件均采取随机抽取方式进行全员轮流。
4、我院人民陪审员固定分配于刑事审判庭。
5、我院人民陪审员参与了庭前阅卷、庭审发言、评议阶段发表意见,没有起到对法官的监督作用,与审判组织配合较好,积极性较高,希望陪审员今后多学习法律基础知识,提高对参与庭审工作的认识。
USjurytrial美国陪审团制度[合集]
USjurytrial美国陪审团制度[合集]第一篇:US jury trial 美国陪审团制度United StatesMain article: Trial by jury in the United StatesIn the United States every person accused of a crime punishable by incarceration for more than six months has a constitutional right to a trial by jury, which arises in federal court from Article Three of the United States Constitution, which states in part, “The Trial of all Crimes...shall be by Jury;and such Trial shall be held in the State where the said Crimes shall have been committed.” The right was expanded with the Sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution, which states in part, “In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right to a speedy and public trial, by an impartial jury of the state and district wherein the crime shall have been committed.” Both provisions were made applicable to the states through the Fourteenth Amendment.Most states' constitutions also grant the right of trial by jury in lesser criminal matters, though most have abrogated that right in offenses punishable by fine only.The Supreme Court has ruled that if imprisonment is for six months or less, trial by jury is not required, meaning a state may choose whether or not to permit trial by jury in such cases.[28] Under the Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure, if the defendant is entitled to a jury trial, he may waive his right to have a jury, but both the government(prosecution)and court must consent to the waiver.In the cases Apprendi v.New Jersey, 530 U.S.466(2000), and Blakely v.Washington, 542 U.S.296(2004), the Supreme Court of the United States held that a criminal defendant has a right to a jury trial not only on the question of guilt or innocence, but any factused to increase the defendant's sentence beyond the maximum otherwise allowed by statutes or sentencing guidelines.This invalidated the procedure in many states and the federal courts that allowed sentencing enhancement based on “a preponderance of evidence”, whe re enhancement could be based on the judge's findings alone.Depending upon the state a jury must be unanimous for either a guilty or not guilty decision.A hung jury results in the defendants release, however charges against the defendant are not dropped and can be reinstated if the state so chooses.Jurors in some states are selected through voter registration and drivers' license lists.A form is sent to prospective jurors to pre-qualify them by asking the recipient to answer questions about citizenship,disabilities, ability to understand the English language, and whether they have any conditions that would excuse them from being a juror.If they are deemed qualified, a summons is issued.It has been speculated that jury trials encourage harsh punishment in the United States.[29]English common law and the United States Constitution recognize the right to a jury trial to be a fundamental civil liberty or civil right that allows the accused to choose whether to be judged by judges or a jury.In America, it is understood that Juries usually weigh the evidence and testimony to determine questions of fact, while judges usually rule on questions of law, although the dissenting justices of the Supreme Court case Sparf et al.v.U.S.156 U.S.51(1895), generally considered the pivotal case concerning the rights and powers of the jury, declared: “It is our deep and settled conviction, confirmed by a re-examination of the authorities … that the jury, upon the general issue of guilty or not guilty in a criminal case, have the right, as well as the power,to decide, according to their own judgment and consciences, all questions, whether of law or of fact, involved in that issue.” Jury determination of questions of law, sometimes called jury nullification, cannot beoverturned by a judge if doing so would violate legal protections against double jeopardy.[30] Although a judge can throw out a guilty verdict if it was not supported by the evidence, a jurist has no authority to override a verdict that favors a defendant.[31]It was established in Bushel's Case that a judge cannot order the jury to convict, no matter how strong the evidence is.In civil cases, a special verdict can be given, but in criminal cases, a general verdict is rendered, because requiring a special verdict could apply judicial pressure to the jury, and because of the jury's historic function of tempering rules of law by common sense brought to bear upon the facts of a specific case.For this reason, Justice Black and Justice Douglas indicated their disapproval of special interrogatories even in civil cases.[32]There has been much debate about the advantages and disadvantages of the jury system, the competence or lack thereof of jurors as fact-finders, and the uniformity or capriciousness of the justice they administer.[33] The jury has been described as “an exciting and gallant experiment in the conduct of serious human affairs.”[34] As fact-finders, juries are expected to fulfill the role of lie detector.[35]However, not all cases are eligible for jury trials.In most US states, there is no right to a jury trial in family law actions not involving a termination of parental rights, such as divorce and custodymodifications.[36][37] Only eleven states allow juries in anyaspect of divorce litigation(Colorado, Georgia, Illinois, Louisiana, Maine, Nevada, New York, North Carolina, Tennessee, Texas and Wisconsin).[36] Mostof these limit the right to a jury to try issues regarding grounds or entitlement for divorce only.Texas provides jury trial rights most broadly, including even the right to a jury trial on questions regarding child custody.[36][37] But those who charged with a criminal offense, breach of contract or federal offence have a Constitutional right to a trial by jury.[36]第二篇:美国陪审团制度美国陪审团制度的功能及其对我国审判制度改革的启迪来源:作者:美国陪审团制度的功能及其对我国审判制度改革的启迪饶世权(西南交通大学成都 610031)TEL:(028)87601311 E-mail:**************通讯地址:成都市西南交通大学南园21317#作者简介:饶世权(1969~),男,四川仁寿人,西南交通大学,副教授[摘要]陪审团制度在美受到尊重,是因为陪审团具有保障公民自由的政治功能、提升司法公信力的司法功能、促进立法的造法功能、推进法制教育的教育功能。
2021年陪审团管理规定范文
陪审团管理规定范文陪审团管理规定目录第一章陪审团概述第一条编制目的第二条适用范围第三条名词解释第四条陪审团权限第五条陪审团运营架构第六条陪审团庭审原则(一)程序公平(二)相关人员回避原则第二章陪审团成员日常管理规范第一条陪审员的定义第二条陪审员日常职责第三条陪审团成员选拔(一)选拔流程(二)报名资格(三)选拔形式(四)选拔周期第四条陪审团成员考核第五条陪审团成员出库第六条陪审团成员奖惩(一)陪审团福利(二)陪审团开除(三)陪审团严重警告(四)陪审团警告第三章陪审团工作机制第一条内争议处理及陪审团启动流程(一)内争议/ / 陪审团申报流程(二)内争议/ / 陪审团受理时限(三)内争议/ / 陪审团受理流程(四)内争议/ / 陪审团立案第二条陪审团庭审结构(一)当事人品牌直营与加盟(二)当事人为同品牌第三条陪审员投票权第四条陪审团庭审中职责(一)庭长职责(二)书记员职责(三)陪审员职责第五条陪审团庭审流程(一)庭审通知(二)开场(三) ___陈述/ / 问询答疑(四)陪审员合议(五)宣读合议结果认定书(六)结果公示备档第六条陪审团裁决通过标准第七条陪审团庭审裁定原则第八条陪审团决议规则第九条陪审团庭审纪律第四章附则版本变更记录序号制度版本修改内容发布日期第一章陪审团概述第一条编制目的为了给各合作品牌公司(以下简称“各合作品牌公司”)包含但不限于_______和_______的运营员工提供公平、公正、公开的内部纠纷协调处理服务,解决员工间的侵权行为带来的不良影响,从而更好的促进平台内部合作,特制定本规定。
第二条适用范围适用于_____平台 _______内各合作品牌公司全体员工。
第三条名词解释陪审团(以下简称“陪审团”)是负责对平台内各合作品牌公司内部业务纠纷以及品牌间业务纠纷进行最终裁决的 ___。
第四条陪审团权限陪审团作为平台内经纪人之间、经纪人与其他业务部门之间产生业务争议的最终判定部门,具有最高裁定权限。
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陪审团制度范本第一篇:浅谈陪审团制度07级工程管理王婷婷08012XXXX年021浅谈陪审团制度“躲猫猫”、开胸劳动仲裁、唐福珍“暴力抗法”、“钓鱼”执法等这些让人感到沉重、和荒谬的案件,不得不引人深思究竟如何才能做到法律的公平、公开、公正。
正因如此司法改革也已成为人们讨论和关注的热点。
作为司法制度之一的陪审制度也成为讨论热点。
一陪审团制度的历史渊源陪审一词,英美法中称为“ jury ”“ acessor ” 。
德国法中称为“geschworence ”、“ volkscricheter ”、“ ehrenartlicher beisitzer ”、“ slhoffe ”。
这些概念实际上具有不同的含义。
它是在古代审判制度的基础上发展起来的一项诉讼制度起源于古代希腊和罗马。
公元前594年担任雅典首席执政官的梭伦改革率先设立了陪审法庭。
当时雅典并没有法官案件主要靠陪审团审理而案件越重要则陪审团人数越多。
例如在雅典审理aleiblades 案件时大约有1501个陪审员。
这一制度经过数千年的发展演变一直延用至今显示了其强大的生命力。
现代的陪审制度实际上起源于欧洲中世纪。
波洛克认为在法国的加洛林国王时期出现的讯问制度中已出现了陪审。
但在漫长的中世纪,由于王权的扩张,审判权由国王所垄断,推行纠问式诉讼,陪审制度遭到封建国家的扼制和摒弃,陪审制度便逐步消失。
但在1000年,rurry ncede征服英国以后将该制度带进了英国。
在英国,美国的陪审制度完全是在借鉴英国的传统的基础上形成的,并且得到了充分的发展。
早在殖民地时期,英国殖民者就将陪审制度带到了美国,1625年在弗吉尼亚开始采用英国的大陪审团制度,其他的州也相继效仿,与此同时,小陪审团制度也开始实行。
在美国独立战争时期,陪审制度作为保障公民自由的工具有很高的声誉。
此后,美国各州宪法及美国宪法都规定了陪审制度。
大陆法系最早采取陪审方式的国家应是法国。
开始于“加洛林”王朝,在中世纪时由于王权的扩张而逐渐消失。
大革命时期由于反封建和推进民主的需要引入了英美法模式的陪审制,再加上18、19世纪,启蒙思想家霍布斯•洛克和孟德斯鸠等权力来源和社会契约的学说在欧洲社会的广泛传播,使那里的人们对权力持有一种高度警惕的态度,同时又都将“天赋”的人权视为神圣以反对司法的独断专横,因此他们在司法制度的设计上突出公民权和对司法权力的制约使其成为体现司法民主和主权在民宪政思想的一项重要制度。
由于拿破仑对德国的征服,陪审制也随拿破仑的铁骑踏进了德国。
由于法德两国与英美两国的法律渊源、法系的不同,所以两国都根据本国的实际对陪审团制进行了改造,最终形成了大陆法系独具特色的参审制。
二陪审制度的本质及职能纵观陪审制度起源和发展的过程,尽管两大法系采纳陪审制度的原因有所不同,但其在整个西方社会中经百余年而不衰,显示出旺盛的生命力。
这除了其具备浓厚的社会、文化和法律基础之外,更主要的是它的价值意蕴和精神实质,,陪审团制度的存在的原因有以下几点:(一)防止司法腐败,实现司法公正与民主无论英美法还是大陆法系,在陪审制度中都精心设计了法官和陪审员之间相制约的机制,其各自的形式虽然迥异,但整个核心的目的都在于最大限度地防止法官专断,保证普通公民参加审判,并且在事实的判断方面有独立于专业法官的权力。
这也标志着民众对国家司法权的分割。
同时,在当地社区选择陪审员也使得为本地民众所信奉的价值准则成为制约政府以及专业法官恣意的砝码,保障了人民能够成为真正的审判者。
法国著名的政治思想家托克维尔曾对陪审制度评价道“实行陪审制就可把人民本身,或至少把一部分公民提到法官的地位,这实际上就是把陪审制度把领导社会的权力置于人民或一部分公民之手。
”国家存在的惟一理由就是人类生存需要以正义作为维系的手段,因此国家的目的从一个方面来说就是追求正义,而司法被认为是一个国家一个社会是否能够确保正义的最后一道屏障,也是普通公民对一个国家还有没有信心的检测标尺,同时还是一个社会能否稳定的寒暑表。
因此司法的权威现对于其他部门而言,具有固定的特出性,正是基于此,必须保其公正性。
一旦出现腐败,后果不堪设想。
培根曾指出“一次不公的司法判断比多次不公的其他举动为或尤烈。
因为,这些不公的举行不过弄脏了水流,而不攻的判断则把水源败坏了。
”作为社会公众代表的陪审员参与诉讼,使得职业发福安的一切行为都受到约束和监督,违法乱纪、枉法裁判等等“暗箱操作”的可能性就大大减少。
陪审的真正生命生意在于,它将社会监督引入法庭审理中,陪审员直接参加审判,在诸多维护司法公正的途径中,甚或更为重要性的却是一种对审判活动的制约与监督,从而有效防止的民间生活经验,较之与社会环境有隔膜的法官更容易了解被告的心理及其所处的状况,从而可以是司法更贴近社会生活,反映民意。
(二)实现司法监督,保障司法廉洁由于陪审员的社会性、临时性、个案性和非职业性,使他们能充分发挥作用,排除后顾之忧,在一定程度上遏制司法审判中的长官意志和政治干扰。
因为陪审员负责审理,法官负责法律的适用,这就形成一种内在的民主监督机制,从而有效防止法官以权谋私,权钱交易行为。
正如凯尔文所指出的,要影响甚至收买12个,必影响甚至收买1个人要困难得多。
因此陪审有利于司法的廉洁公正。
(三)促进司法公开,培养公民的法律意识普通公民参与审判,不但耳闻木对了司法机关的运作过程,而且直接行使着司法权力,提高了司法决策的透明度,增进了社会对司法机关的了解。
一方面可以更好地贯彻审判公开原则,从而促进司法公正,另一方面,又增进了社会对司法机关的信任程度,,强了审判机关的公信力。
雅典与罗马的陪审员达400人甚至1000人,而现代的陪审团人数虽然只有12个人,但他们要经过严格的遴选程序,也涉及到成百上千人的参与。
遴选的过程本身也就是一个法制教育的过程,再加上审判过程,使得普通公民常常受到法律家分析问题的思路、方法以及语言的影响,这也是法治精神向社会渗透的重要渠道,无形中提高了社会整体的法律意识,扩大了司法审判的政治效果和社会效果。
三我国陪审制度的发展与反思纵观我国陪审制度的发展过程,可以看出陪审制度就是民众参与国家事务的一种形式,它经过了艰难曲折的发展过程,曾经起到了一定的作用。
但是陪审制度在司法实践中所起的作用还远没有达到其应有的程度,也暴露出不少的问题。
具体如下:1.政治色彩浓厚我国的陪审制并不像西方国家那样是从市民与国家充分分立的基础上建立起来的,而是从饱受几千年的圭寸建专制统治的历史土壤中走出来。
新中国成立后,虽然建立了人民民主专政,但由于长期实行集中型计划经济管理模式,,没有独立的市民社会的经济结构和社会阶层,在此大背景,陪审制的价值理念就注定了先天性的政治色彩。
有很多学者论及我国是人民民主专政的社会主义国家,人民陪审员制度是吸收人民群众参加国家管理的一种良好形式。
这项制度的存在与发展,是基于团结群众,维护革命政权的政治需要,也是当时人民当家作主的一种重要表现形式。
2•陪而不审中国是一个乡土社会计划经济管理模式下,整个社会仍然是一个相对静态的社会,尽管改革开放以后相对流动,但由于户籍制度的限制和市场经济不发达,使人们摆脱不了血缘和地缘的人情关系网络的影响。
由于民众历来“重人情,轻法治”,故一旦陪审员参与审理案件,就摆脱不了人情的影响。
一则是狭小的社会空间和复杂的关系网络能为被审者容易找到各种关系前来说情;二则是陪审员担心自己“得罪人”,日后不好在这个熟人社会继续生存和发展,故从实践中来看,多数陪审员只是静坐,始终不说一句话,庭审完全由审判长进行。
3•陪审职能泛化司法作为一个职业性很强的行业,是社会分工的产物,故要求法官要有丰富的法律理论知识和实践经验。
在诉讼过程中也一样,民众不可能像法官那样懂法,因此民众作为旁观者在案件审理中不一定是被蒙蔽而认识错误,而常常是观念的非职业性带来对法律事务的陌生,使得他们无法对案件作出法律上正确的判断。
因此,如果司法人员的意志被不懂法律、非法律专业人员的意志所左右,非因案件本身以及法律原因而造成的错案就几乎不可避免。
我国陪审职能并不像英美法系的陪审团那样只负责审理事实问,法官负责审理法律问题,两者在原则上互不干涉,这样在制度层面避免了陪审团因不懂法律而影响法官断案。
我国的陪审员职能过于泛化,陪审员不仅在审理案件过程中参加法庭审理的全过程,而且在庭审后的诉讼中,也与合议庭中职业法官具有相同的职权,既可对案件中的事实和法律问题发表意见,也可以对案件的判决结果发表个人意见,这势必从制度上造成了对案件审判质量的影响。
无论陪审制度如何变化,都应建立在保护公民权利。
公正执法的基础上。
第二篇:小议美国的陪审团制度小议美国的陪审团制度——观《12怒汉》有感摘要:美国的陪审团制度是其具有特色的司法制度。
本文从陪审团制度的起源和现状出发,重点分析了其在美国司法中的运作,以及对该制度本身所具有的优劣性进行评析。
最后,探讨了美国的陪审团制度对我国的借鉴意义,以期对我国的人民陪审制度有所帮助和借鉴。
关键词:陪审团制度;起源;运作;优劣评析弓I子:这学期,在刘老师的安排和指导下,我们观看了电影《12怒汉》。
刚开始看的时候,觉得这部片子平淡无奇,没有什么激烈的庭审场面。
这一点跟中国的人民陪审制度很不相像。
而是出现12个素不相识的男人,他们被关在一个密闭的屋子里边。
他们的任务就是讨论决定另一个与他们毫不相干的18岁的男孩是否有罪。
这种陪审团制度乍看起来有点荒谬。
因为这12个审判员都只是普通的老百姓,根本不具备什么法律的专业知识。
因此,怎么可以由这么些莽夫来断案呢?也许这正是美国陪审团制度吸引人的地方。
一、美国陪审团制度概述陪审团制度是指由特定人数、享有选举权的公民参与的、决定对嫌疑人是否起诉、是否有罪的制度。
美国陪审团是美国诉讼的重要组织和制度基础,反映了美国诉讼制度的特性,是美国诉讼制度中最具特色的制度之一。
很多学者包括相当数量的法官都对美国的陪审团制度津津乐道。
陪审团制度最具诱惑之处在于民众的参与,它被认为是美国法治民主化的标志。
美国的陪审团分为大陪审团和小陪审团。
大陪审团,又称“起诉陪审团”,其角色大致相当于我国的“人民检察院”。
其职责是根据检控官的指控、当事人的陈述、证人的证词,以及其掌握的其他证据决定是否对犯罪嫌疑人进行起诉。
大陪审团一般由6—23位随机抽取的普通公民组成。
小陪审团又称“审判陪审团”,一般由12位随机抽取的普通公民组成。
其职责是决定刑事案件的被告人是否有罪,民事案件的被告人是否构成侵权。
如果陪审团裁定被告有罪或侵权成立,则由主审法官裁定刑罚或赔偿金额;如果陪审团裁定被告无罪或侵权不成立,审判宣告结束。
也就是说法官和陪审团有着严格的分工,陪审团负责对案件事实加以裁定,法官负责具体的法律适用。