材料成型及控制专业英语试题-题型示例
材料成型及控制工程专业英语--4.PLASTIC--FORMING---PROCESSES--AND--DIES解析
As the phenomenon of superplasticity moves from the laboratory into the industrial arena, as in the case of a number of engineering metals, the need for quality and process control during superplastic forming becomes increasingly important.▪Translation Skill —Semantic Extension▪（翻译技巧——常见多功能词的译法）▪多功能词as，it，that，what在科技文章中广泛使用，出现频率很高，有必要提出来重点讨论。
➢as的译法；➢it的译法；➢that的译法；➢what的译法。
as的译法▪1.as 作为介词的译法●as 作为介词可引出主语补足语、宾语补足语、状语、同位语等，可译为“作为”、“为”、“以”、“是”、“当作”等。
●Fire protection engineers define the term explosion as an “effect”produced by a sudden violent expansion of gases.●We take steel as the leading engineering materials.译：消防工程师把爆炸定义为气体瞬时剧烈膨胀的效应。
译：我们把钢作为主要的工程材料。
▪2.as 作为关系代词的译法●as 作为关系代词可以单独使用，也可以与such ，the same等词搭配使用，引导定语从句。
●as单独使用，引导定语从句或省略定语从句时，可译为“正如”或“这”、“这样”等，有时as可略去不译。
●As known to us, inertia(惯性)is an absolute quality possessed by all bodies.●As have been found there are more than a hundred elements. 译：正如我们所知，惯性是所有物体都具有的一种绝对属性。
材料成型及控制工程 英语
材料成型及控制工程英语Materials forming and control engineering is a branch of engineering that focuses on the use of various materials in manufacturing processes. It involves the design, fabrication, and control of various forming processes used in manufacturing.Step 1: Material SelectionThe first step in materials forming and control engineering is material selection. Different materials have different properties, and it is important to select amaterial that is suitable for the intended application. The material selection criteria include strength, durability, corrosion resistance, oxidation resistance, and the abilityto withstand high temperatures.Step 2: Material ProcessingAfter material selection, the next step is material processing. The forming process depends on the type of material being used, the quantity required, and the desired shape. Some of the common forming processes include casting, forging, rolling, sheet metal forming, and extrusion. The process used is determined by the material's properties and the desired outcome.Step 3: Material ControlThe third step in materials forming and control engineering is material control. Material control involves monitoring the production process to ensure that the desired outcome is achieved. Various techniques are used to control the material, such as temperature control, pressure control,and humidity control.Step 4: Quality ControlQuality control is essential in materials forming and control engineering. It ensures that the materials produced meet the desired standards. This involves inspecting the materials to ensure they meet the required specifications and performing tests to determine if the materials are fit for use.Step 5: Material RecyclingFinally, recycling is an essential aspect of materials forming and control engineering. Recycling materials reduces the need for raw materials, reduces waste, and conserves energy. Materials that can be recycled include metals, plastics, glass, and paper.In conclusion, materials forming and control engineering is a vital component in the manufacturing industry. Itinvolves selecting the appropriate materials, processing them through various forming processes, controlling the process, and ensuring the materials meet the desired quality standards. Recycling the materials is also an essential aspect of the process, as it conserves energy, reduces waste, and minimizes the need for raw materials. The production of high-quality materials is essential in ensuring the success of the manufacturing industry.。
材料成型及控制工程专业英语-_3.PRINCINPLES_OF_PLASTIC_FORMING
亚结构（substructure），泛指晶体内部的错位排 列和分布；特指晶体划分为取向差不大（从秒到度 数量级）的亚晶粒，其晶粒间界可以归结为错位的 行列或网络(见位错)。
终轧温度 （finish-rolling temperature）是指热轧 板带离开最后一道精轧机时的温度；而之后的卷取 温度是指板带到达卷取机时的温度，这两个温度对 热轧板带成材后的金相组织、晶粒大小有着极大影 响，从而对其机械性能影响巨大。
dynamic softening 动态软化
static recovery 静态回复 recrystallization 再结晶 thermally activated 热激活的 dislocation density 位错密度
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CHAPTER 3
PRINCIPLES OF PLASTIC FORMING
3.2 Subgrain and Dislocation Strengthening
precipitation沉淀物
tow phase region 两相区
restoration index回复指标
systematic study 系统研究
microalloyed steel 微合金钢
linear dependence 线性关系 misorientation 取向错误 perpendicular垂直的，正交的 axis轴，轴线
这些问题的答案决定了材料在进入下一个和随后的加工过程 时的结构，从而影响材料的流动应力和所需要的作用力。并 最终确定的热加工产品的结构和性能。
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CHAPTER 3
PRINCIPLES OF PLASTIC FORMING
材料成型及控制工程专业英语及翻译【范本模板】
最新消息1-2the benefits of civilization which we enjoy today are essentiallydue to the improved quality of products available to us 。
文明的好处我们享受今天本质上是由于改进质量的产品提供给我们。
the improvement in the quality of goods can be achieved with proper design that takes into consideration the functional requirement as well as its manufacturing aspects. 提高商品的质量可以达到与适当的设计，考虑了功能要求以及其制造方面.The design process that would take proper care of the manufacturing process as well would be the ideal one。
This would ensure a better product being made available at an economical cost.设计过程中,将采取适当的照顾的生产过程将是理想的一个.这将确保更好的产品被使可得到一个经济成本.Manufacturing is involved in turning raw materials to finished products to be used for some purpose. 制造业是参与将原材料到成品用于某些目的。
In the present age there have been increasing demands on the product performance by way of desirable exotic properties such as resistance to high temperatures, higher speeds and extra loads。
广东工业大学材料成型及控制工程专业英语2
welding焊接pressurewelding 压力焊spotwelding 点焊buttwelding对头（缝）焊fusionwelding熔焊flux-shielded arc welding 溶剂保护电弧焊diversity不同，多样性fastening连接件，紧固件shielding遮护，屏蔽soldering软钎焊，低温）焊料bismuth 铋cadmium 镉rivet 铆钉，铆接braze 硬钎焊，铜焊oxidation 氧化flux 焊接，助熔剂squeeze 挤压oxy-acetylene氧（乙）炔torch 焊炬electrode电（焊) 极，焊条filler 填充剂overlap 搭接，重叠strike 放电；microstructure显微组织；low-carbon steel低碳钢；prescribe 规定，指示；microscopic显微的，微观的；spheroidizing球化；normalizing正火；annealing 退火；hardening 淬火；tempering回火；soaking 均热，保温；retarding media 延缓介质；prolonged长时间的，持续很久的；critical temperature 临界温度；globular 球形的；carbide碳化物；quenching淬火，骤冷；removal 除去，放出。
powder metallurgy 粉末冶金；sintering 烧结；refractory metals 难熔金属； tantalum 钽； molybdenum 钼； modulus of elasticity 弹性模量；chemical catalysts化学催化剂； precipitate沉淀物；deflection 挠曲； cemented carbides 烧结碳化物；damping qualities阻尼特性； tungsten carbide碳化钨； cobalt 钴；cratering 缩孔； shock loading振动载荷； Reduction还原；synthetic合成的, 人造的；plasticizer可塑剂；polymer聚合体；celluloid赛璐珞；bakelite酚醛塑料, 胶木, 电木；thermoplastics 热塑性塑料；thermosetting plastics 热固性塑料；polyethylene (PE) 聚乙烯；polypropylene (PP)聚丙烯；polystyrene (PS) 聚苯乙烯；poly-tetra-fluoro-ethylene （PTFE）聚四氟乙烯；polyvinyl chloride （PVC）聚氯乙烯；moulding 模塑，成型；extruding 挤出；vacuum forming 吸塑；blow moulding 吹塑；the geometrical form of polymer molecule 聚合物分子的几何形状；ram injection moulding machine柱塞式注射成型机； screw extrusion machines螺杆式挤出成型机；the heating chamber 加热室a screw preplasticiser unit 螺杆预热装置；curing 固化，硬化； epoxide环氧化物；phenol苯酚,石碳酸；silicone(聚)硅酮, 硅有机树脂；asbestos石棉；melamine [`meləmi(:)n]三聚氰胺；polyester[.pɔli`estə] n. 聚酯纤维, 涤纶；polymerization [.pɔlimərai`zeiʃən]聚合；epoxy resin环氧树脂；lend itself to 有助于； Know-how〈口〉实际知识,技术秘诀,诀窍；idle reture stroke 空回程；the marked creep effects 明显的蠕变效应。
材料成型及控制工程 科目英文
材料成型及控制工程科目英文Materials Forming and Control Engineering is a specialized subject that focuses on the various processes involved in shaping and controlling materials to create desired products. It is a multidisciplinary field that combines knowledge from mechanical engineering, materials science, and industrial design.The aim of Materials Forming and Control Engineering is to explore the different methods and techniques utilized in the manufacturing industry to shape materials into specific forms. This includes processes such as casting, molding, extrusion, forging, and sheet metal forming. These processes are crucial in the production of a wide range of products, from automotive parts to kitchen appliances. One aspect of Materials Forming and Control Engineering is the study of material properties and behavior during the forming process. Researchers in this field investigate how materials respond to external forces, such as heat and pressure, and how they deform and change shape. This knowledge is essential in determining the optimal process parameters and ensuring high-quality product outcomes.Another important aspect is the development of control systems for manufacturing processes. Engineers in this field design and implement control algorithms and systems to regulate the various parameters involved in the forming process, such as temperature, pressure, speed, and timing. These control systems aim to ensure consistent and precise shaping of materials, reducing waste and improving productivity.Moreover, Materials Forming and Control Engineering also addresses the challenges related to material defects and quality control. Engineers study the causes of defects, such as cracks, voids, and surface imperfections, and develop strategies to minimize their occurrence. They also design inspection methods and quality control processes to detect and eliminate defective products during manufacturing.The advancements in computer-aided design (CAD) and computer-aided manufacturing (CAM) technologies have significantly contributed to the field of Materials Forming and Control Engineering. These tools enable engineers to simulate and analyze the forming process digitally, optimizing the design and manufacturing parameters before the actual production begins. This helps in reducing costs, improving efficiency, and enhancing product quality.In conclusion, Materials Forming and Control Engineering plays a vital role in the manufacturing industry by exploring and applying various methods and technologies to shape and control materials. It encompasses the study of material behavior, the development of control systems, and the implementation of quality control processes. With continuous advancements in technology, this field is constantly evolving to meet the demands of modern manufacturing and drive innovation.。
材料成型及控制工程专业英语 11CASTING
? 由此看来，句子成分的转译显得变化万千，异 彩纷呈，难于穷究，几乎所有的句子成分都可以互相 转译。进行成分转译的目的是为了使译文通顺，合乎 汉语习惯和更好地跟上下文响应。
CHAPTER 11 CASTING 11.1Various Casting Process
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CHAPTER 11 CASTING 11.1Various Casting Process
? green sand mold 湿砂铸型 ? thermosetting resin 热固树胶（脂） ? centrifugal casting 离心铸造 ? low-melting alloys 低熔点合金 ? silica 硅石，硅土，无水硅酸 ? ethyl silicate 硅酸乙酯 ? tilting furnace 可倾式铁炉
?译：水的 密度是每立方英尺 62.4磅。（宾语转译成主语）
谓语、表语、宾语、状语转译成主语
?Aluminum is very light in weight, being only one third as heavy as iron.
?译：铝的 重量很轻，只有铁的 1/3.（状语转译成主语）
?The same signs and symbols of mathematics are used throughout the world..
?译：固体中也 存在着大量的自由电子。（表语转译成谓语）
主语、状语、宾语转译成定语
?CMOS chips in the computer work a thousand times more rapidly than nerve cells in the human brain.
材料成型专业英语
2. The introduction of our department
2. Introduction of our department
2. The introduction of our department (1)
Material Processing and Control Engineering is an engineering major integrated machinery and materials disciplines, with the method of forming, taking the materials processing as a target, and employing the process control for quality assurance measures to manufacture products. The two main majors are sheet metal stamping and plastic injection molding. The key is development of material forming mold.
Professional English
of
Material Processing and Control Engineering
for Graduate Student
Outline
1. The content of this course 2. The introduction of our department 3. The Properties of English for Science and Technology
For industrial purposes,materials are divided into engineering materials or nonengineering materials. 从工业用途来讲，材料可以划分为工程材料和非工 程材料两大类。
材料成形及控制工程-专业英语阅读
CHAPTER I MA TERIALS AND THEIR PROPERTIES1. 1 Metals and Non-metalsAmong numerous properties possessed by materials, their mechanical properties, in the majority of cases, are the most essential and therefore, they will be given much consideration in the book. All critical parts and elements, of which a high reliability is required, are made of metals, rather than of glass, plastics or stone. As has been given in Sec 1-l, metals are characterized by the metallic bond; where positive ions occupy the sites of the crystal lattice and are surrounded by electron gas .All non-metals have an ionic or a covalent bond. These types of bond are rigid and are due to electrostatic attraction of two ions of unlike charges. Because of the metallic bond, metals are capable of plastic deformation and self-strengthening upon plastic deformation. Therefore, if there is a defect in a material or if the shape of an element is such that there are stress concentrators, the stresses in these points may attain a great value and even cause cracking. But since the plasticity of the material is high, the metal is deformed plastically in that point, say, at the tip of a crack, undergoes strengthening, and the process of fracture comes to an arrest. This does not occur in non-metals. They are uncapable of plastic deformation and self-strengthening; therefore, fracture will occur as soon as the stresses at the tip of a defect exceed a definite value. These facts explain why metals are reliable structural materials and can not be excelled by non-metallic materials.Words and Terms:mechanical property 机械（力学）性能 critical part and element 关键零部件 covalent bond 共价键 metalic bond crystal lattice 金属键晶格 electrostatic attraction 静电吸引plastic deformation 塑性变形 self-strengthening 自强化 stress oncentrator 应力集中点 the tip of a crack 裂纹尖端Questions: 1) What are the differences in properties between metals and non-metals?2) Why are metals capable of plastic deformation and self-strengthening?1. 2 Ferrous AlloysMore than 90 % by weight of the metallic materials used by human beings are ferrous alloys. This represents an immense family of engineering materials with a wide range of microstructures and related properties. The majority of engineering designs that require structural load support or power transmission involve ferrous alloys. As a practical matter, these alloys fall into two broad categories based on the carbon in the alloy composition. Steel generally contains between 0. 05 and 2.0 wt % carbon. The cast irons generally contain between 2.0 and 4.5 wt % carbon. Within the steel category， we shall distinguish whether or not a significant amount of alloying elements other than carbon is used . A composition of 5 wt % total non-carbon additions will serve as an arbitrary boundary between low alloy and high alloy steels. These alloy additions are chosen carefully because they invariably bring with them sharply increased materials costs. They are justified only by essential improvements in properties such as higher strength or improved corrosion resistance.Words and Terms:ferrous 铁的；含铁的 corrosion resistance 耐腐蚀；抗蚀力 arbitrary 特定的；武断的 Questions:l) What is the difference in composition between steel and cast iron?2) How can you distinguish low alloy steels from high alloy steels?CHAPTER 2 HEAT TREATMENT OF STEEL2. 1 Principle of Heat Treatment of SteelThe role of heat treatment in modern mechanical engineering cannot be overestimated. The changes in the properties of metals due to heat treatment are of extremely great significance.2. 1. 1 Temperature and TimeThe purpose of any heat treating process is to produce the desired changes in the structure of metal by heating to a specified temperature and by subsequent cooling. Therefore , the main factors acting in heat treatment are temperature and time , so that any process of heat treatment can be represented in temperature-time ( t-τ) coordinates .Heat treatment conditions are characterized by the following parameters: heating temperature t max, i.e. the maximum temperature to which an alloy metal is heated; time of holding at the heating temperatureτh; heating rate νh and cooling rate νc．If heating (or cooling) is made at a constant rate, the temperature-time relationship will be described by a straight line with a respective angle of incline.With a varing heating (or cooling) rate , the actual rate should be attributed to the given temperature , more strictly , to an infinite change of temperature and time : that is the first derivative of temperature in time : νact = dt/dτ. Heat treatment may be a complex process , including multiple heating stages , interrupted or stepwise heating (cooling) , cooling to subzero temperatures , etc . Any process of heat treatment can be described by a diagram in temperature-time coordinates.Words and Terms:coordinates 坐标系 heating rate 加热速度 straight line 直线 heating temperature 加热温度 cooling rate 冷却速度 first derivative 一阶导数Questions:1) What are the two main factors acting in heat treatment?2) How many stages may usually be included in the heat treatment of steel?2. 1. 2 Formation of AusteniteThe transformation of pearlite into austenite can only take place at the equilibrium critical point on a very slow heating as follows from the Fe-C constitutional diagram. Under common conditions, the transformation is retarded and results in overheating, i.e. occurs at temperatures slightly higher than those indicated in the Fe-C diagram.When overheated above the critical point, pearlite transforms into austenite, the rate of transformation being dependent on the degree of overheating.The time of transformation at various temperatures (depending on the degree of overheating) shows that the transformation takes place faster (in a shorter time) at a higher temperature and occurs at a higher temperature on a quicker heating. For instance , on quick heating and holding at 780 ℃， the pearlite to austenite transformation is completed in 2 minutes and on holding at 740 ℃， in 8 minutes . The end of the transformation is characterized by the formation of austenite and the disappearance of pearlite (ferrite + cementite). This austenite is however inhomogeneous even in the volume of a single grain. In places earlier occupied by lamellae (or grains) of a pearlitic cementite , the content of carbon is greater than in places of ferritic lamellae . This is why the austenite just formed is inhomogeneous .In order to obtain homogeneous austenite , it is essential on heating not only to pass through the point of the end of pearlite to austenite transformation , but also to overheat the steel above that point and to allow a holding time to complete the diffusion processes in austenitc grains.The rate of homogenization of austenite appreciably depends on the original structure of the steel, in particular on the dispersion and particle shape of cementite. The transformations described occur more quickly when cementite particles are fine and, c therefore, have a large total surface area.Words and Terms : pearlite 珠光体 constitutional diagrm 状态图 inhomogeneous 不均匀的 lamellae 层片 critical point 临界温度 overheat 过热 grain 晶粒 diffuse 扩散Questions:1) Is there no diffusion process in the transformation from pearlite to austenite?2) Is it true that the higher the temperature, the faster the transformation from pearlite into austenite?3) How to obtain homogeneous austenite?CHAPTER 3 PRINCIPLES OF PLASTIC FORMING3. 1 Physical Metallurgy of Hot WorkingThe principles of the physical metallurgy of hot working are now well recognized. During the deformation process itself, e.g. a rolling pass, work hardening takes place but is balanced by the dynamic softening processes of recovery and recrystallization. These processes, which are thermally activated, lead to a flow stress that depends on strain rate and temperature as well as on strain. The structural changes taking place within the material result in an increase in dislocation density with strain until in austenitic steels and nickel- and copper-base alloys a critical strain （εc） is reached when the stored energy is sufficiently high to cause dynamic recrystallization . With further strain, dynamic recrystallization takes place repeatedly as the new recrystallized grains are themselves work-hardened to the critical level of stored energy. These dynamic structural changes leave the metal in an unstable state and provide the driving force for static recovery and static recrystallization to take place after the deformation pass. Static recrystallization may be followed by grain growth if the temperature is sufficiently high. In order to be able to apply these principles to commercial working processes, we require answers to two main questions: (a) how long does recrystallization take place after a deformation pass; and (b) what grain size is produced by recrystallization and grain growth? The answers determine the structure of the material entering the next and subsequent passes and hence influence the flow stress of the material and the working forces required. Eventually they determine the structure and properties of the hot worked products. Words and Terms : physical metallurgy 物理冶金 work hardening 加工硬化static recovery静态回复 thermally activated 热激活的 hot working 热加工 dynamic softening 动态软化recrystallization 再结晶dislocation density 位错密度critical strain 临界应变Questions:l) When does dynamic recrystallization take place within the material work hardened?2) What do the answers to the two questions determine?3. 1. 1 Dynamic Structural ChangeDuring the deformation of austenite at hot-working temperatures and constant strain rate, the characteristic form of stress-strain curve observed is illustrated in Fig. 3. 1. These curves are for low-alloy steels, tested in torsion, but are similar to those obtained for other steels in the austenitic condition tested in torsion, tension, or compression. After initial rapid work- hardening the curves go through a maximum associated with the occurrence of dynamic recrystallization. The peak in flow stress occurs after some low fraction of recrystallization has taken place so the strain to the peak(εp) is always greater than the critical strain for dynamic recystallization (εc) . The relationship between the two strains is complex , but it has been suggested thatεc＝αεp ( where αis a constant ) is a reasonable approximation for conditions of deformation of interest in hot working. however , the proposed values of α differ , being 0.83 , 0.86 , and 0.67 . It can be seen from Fig.3.1 that εp increases systematically with Zener-Hollomon parameter ( Z ) , independent of the particular combination of stain rate （ε） and temperature ( T / K ) in the relationship : Z=εexp Q def/RTWhere the activation energy Q def for this alloy steel is 314 kJ/mol. A similar value of 312kJ/mol is appropriate for a range of C-Mn steels but lower values of 270 and 286 kJ/mol have also been observed.Asεc marks a change in microstructure from one of somewhat poorly developed subgrains , produced by the action of work hardening and dynamic recovery， to one which also contains recrystallization nuclei , it is also a critical strain in terms of the static structural changes that take place after deformation . The dependence of εp， and hence of εc， on Z is shown for the low-alloy steel and a number of C-Mn steels in Fig. 3.2. It can be seen that, indicated by the Fig. 3.2 ，εp generally increases with increasing Z although the curve for the data of Sakui et al. passes through a minimum at Z = 3 x 10s-1， ( corrected to Q def = 312 kcal / mol ) . The curves for the data of Nakamura and Ueki, Cook, Rossard and Blain, and Hughes, and also the data of Suzuki et al. for a number of C-Mn steels were obtained from tests on material reheated to the same temperature as the testing temperature.These all show a trend for higher values of εp at higher testing temperatures.In contrast, the curves for the data of Le Bon et al. , Barraclough , and Morrision refer to tests carried out at lower temperature than the reheating temperature and these show no effect of test temperature 0n εp.In the former group of results, higher reheating/test temperatures will give larger initial grain sizes. As shown by Sah et al., Sakui et al., and Roberts et al. , increase in grain size ( d0） leads to an increase inεp and their data indicate a relationship of the form εp∝ d0^ 1/2 Words and TermsStress-strain curve 应力应变曲线 torsion 扭转;转矩activation energy 激活能 initial grain size 原始晶粒尺寸Questions:l ) What doεc andεp mark ?2 ) What is the relationship between εc andεp ?3. 1. 2 Static Recrystallization RateAfter deformation, softening by static recovery and recrystallization take place with time at rates which depend on the prior deformation conditions and the holding temperature. These processes may be followed by studying the changes in yield or flow stress during a second deformation given after different holding times to obtain a restoration index, or recrystallization may be measured directly by metallographic examination of quenched specimens. An example of the form of recrystallization curves obtained by the latter method for low-alloy steel is shown inFig 3.3. The curves generally follow an Avrami equation of the formwhere X v is the fraction recrystallized in time t ; t F is the time for some specified fraction of recrystallization ( say 0.5 ) ; k is a constant ; and C＝-In ( 1－F ) . For the Curves shown k = 2 , which is consistent with the value observed for other steels deformed to strains <εc． With this relationship t0.05＝ 0 . 27t0.5 and t0.95 = 2.08 t0.5 , i.e. recrystallization proceeds over about one order of magnitude in time.The dependence on strain of the characteristic time t0.5, measured by either metallographic or restoration method, is shown for several steels in Fig. 3.4. All the curves show a steep dependence on strain for strains up to ~0. 8εp， which fits a relationship t0.5∝ε-m , where the mean value of m = 4 . This value is also given by observations on ferritic metals. The lower limit of strain to which this relationship is applicable is uncertain as the critical strain for static recrystallization has not received systematic study. The data of Norrison indicate that it is < 0.05 for low-carbon steel at 950℃ whereas the observations of Djaic and Jonas indicate a value of > 0.055 for high-carbon steel at 780 ℃． It is clear whether this difference arises from the difference in temperature or composition as the simple dependence on Z suggested by the broken line in Fig. 3.2 may be unrealistic. This deserves further study as low strains my be applied in the final passes of plate rolling and , as shown previously , these could have significant effects on the final grain size if they exceed the critical strain for static recrystallization.In the strain range of steep dependence of t0.5 on ε， Morrison observed that there was no effect of strain rate over the two orders of magnitude studied . This is somewhat surprising as interesting strain rate (or Z) increases the flow stress at any particular strain. Increasing flow stress would be expected to increase the random dislocation density and decrease the subgrain size and hence increase the stored energy． The subgrain boundaries provide the largest contribution to the stored energy and as their misorientation increases with strain, the driving force for recrystallization will increase. However, this increase would be expected to be about linear with strain so the much greater dependence of t0.5 on strain must also arise from an increase in density of nucleation sites and in nucleation rate. The lack of influence of strain rate may thus reflect compensating effects on stored energy and substructure development at any strain. This contrasts with the strain rate effect observed for stainless steel.The observations of Djaic and Jonas indicate that an abrupt change takes place from strain dependence to independence at a strain ~0.8εp， as illustrated in Fig .3. 4. This corresponds reasonably with the strain expected forεc and arises because preexisting recrystallization nuclei are always present in the deformed structure at strains greater thanεc． Static recrystallization under these conditions has been referred to as ’metadynamic’to distinguish it from the 'classical ' recrystallization after lower strains when the nuclei must be formedafter deformation . The restoration measurements indicate that the recrystallization kinetics may have a complex form after strains betweenεc and the onset of steady state , and direct metallographic observations of static recrystallization after stains well into steady state show that the exponent k in the Avrami equation drops to a value of ~1 . This means that t0.05 = 0.074 t0.5 and t0.95 = 4.33 t0..5, i. e. static recrystallization proceeds over about two orders of magnitude in time after strains which give dynamically recrystallized structures during deformation 。
材料成型级控制工程专业英语阅读
材料成型级控制工程专业英语阅读1.2.1 Plain Carbon Steel 普通碳钢Hot-rolled steel delivered （供给）by steelmaking works as rolled sections(bars, beams，sheets．tubes，etc) is the most wildly used material for manufacture of various machines，machine tools, building structures，consumer goods，etc．Delivered steel should have the properties as specified by State Standards（国家标准）．钢铁制造车间供给的热轧钢主要为棒材、柱材、板材、管材等，热轧钢是制造各种机械、机器工具、建筑结构和消费品中应用最广泛的材料。
所供给的钢应具有国家标准规定的各种性能。
In the RSSU．Plain carbon steels are classified into three groups：A, B and C，depending on their application.在RSSU中，普通碳钢根据其用途分为A、B、C三类。
A: If a steel is to be used for making products without hot working (welding, Forging．Etc.). Its structure and properties in the final product will be the same as delivered from the rolling mill．In that case the user requests for a steel of warranted（保证）mechanical properties，while the chemical composition is not guaranteed（保证、担保）．A:如果钢在制造产品的过程中没有进行热加工（焊接、锻造等），则最终产品的组织和性能将与轧厂提供的相同。
材料成型及控制工程专业英语--1.MATERIALS-AND-THEIR-PROPERTIES解析
1.1 Metals and Non-metalsWords and termsdefinite－确定的、明确的defect－缺陷plastic deformation塑性变形stress concentrator 应力集中点self-strengthening自强化the tip of a crock裂纹尖端☐Among numerous properties possessed by materials，their mechanical properties，in the majority of cases，are the most essential and therefore，they will be given much consideration in the book．☐在一些主要应用场合，机械性能是材料的各种性能中最重要的性能，因此，本书中将重点讨论。
▪consideration 考虑，需要考虑的事项，报酬☐All critical parts and elements，of which a high reliability （可靠性）is required，are made of metals, rather than of glass，plastics or stone.☐由于各种关键零部件的可靠性要求高，均用金属而不是玻璃、塑料或石头制造。
▪is required 翻译时将英文中的被动语态，改译为汉语中的主动语态。
▪rather than 而不是☐As has been given in Sec.1-1，metals are characterized by the metallic bond（金属键），where positive ions （正离子）occupy the sites of the crystal lattice （晶格）and are surrounded by electron gas（电子云）．☐正如Sec1-1中所说，金属主要由金属键组成（其特征主要……）。
材料成型及控制工程 答案B-06专业英语(3)
2、The power supply provides a voltage potential between the electrode and the die block such that, when the gap between the two is sufficiently small, a spark passes through this gap.（6分）
模块和电极都接通电源就会有电压，当电极和模块之间的间隙足够小时，电压会产生电火花击穿这个间隙。
3、The most important problem in the process of injection molding is undoubtedly the correct design of the injection mold, because the molding shop has little influence, if any, on the construction of the machine.（6分）
因为成型车间没什么影响，即使有，也是注塑机的结构的影响。因此，注射成型工艺最重要的问题无疑是正确设计模具。
4、The flywheel , which is driven by an electric motor and “V” belts, stores energy that is used only during a small portion of the crank revolution, namely during deformation of the material.（6分）
飞轮由电机和三角皮带驱动，飞轮积聚的能量仅在曲柄转动的小部分范围，即材料变形的时候才释放出来。
材料成型及控制工程专业英语
A an ionic or a covalent bond离子或共价键at the tip of a crack裂纹尖端as a practical matter 根据实际情况alloy composition合金浓度absence缺乏alloying element合金元素high/low alloy steels高低合金钢austenitic奥氏体antimony锑austenite to pearlite奥氏体到珠光体axis 纵坐标abscissa横坐标a coarse grained 粗大晶粒annealing 退火Account for解释Activation energy活化能Anchor抛锚Austenitic grains奥氏体成状结构Actual grain size 实际晶粒An anchor for the backing material of the mold 一个模具的基底材料的锚B beam梁bar棒材brittleness脆性bend of 变弯曲Be about linear关于线性Bring about造成Binder粘合剂Brittleness脆性Be attributed to 归因于……Be extremely abrasive to punches 对凸模非常耐磨C Cast irons铸铁corrosion resistance合金浓度critical part and element关键零部件corrosion resistance耐磨性crystal lattice晶格charges电荷carbon content含碳量corrosion atmosphere腐蚀环境chromium铬corrosion腐蚀crystalline fracture结晶断面cementite碳化铁crucibles坩埚catalytic converters催化转换器cementite 渗碳体concentration 集中carburizing 渗碳critical rate 临界速度Carbonitrides碳氮化物Carbides碳化物Cell size晶胞大小Cell misorientation细胞取向差Casting铸造Centrifugal casting离心铸造Coarse-grained silica粗大晶粒的二氧化硅Concentrate聚集浓缩Creep strength蠕变强度Cooling rate冷却Crystallization 结晶Combustion燃烧Constitutional diagram状态图Constituents组份Chain-like链状Coarsening of Austenite grains粗化奥氏体晶粒D defect缺陷deoxidation去氧ductile易延展的designation名称deformation变形dislocation motion位错运动high/low ductility塑性ductile iron球墨铸铁，韧性铁ductility韧性die castings压铸dental alloys牙齿的合金Depends v. 依赖disperse 分散depletion 消耗尽decomposes分解diffusionless martensite transformation 无扩散马氏体转变Deformed elongated structure变形细长结构Dislocation cell formation位错胞的形成Dislocation density位错密度Dynamic recrystallization 动态再结晶Static recrystallization静态再结晶Ductility and toughness塑性（延展性）和韧性Distortion 变形（畸变）Depends依赖Deformability可变形性Diminishes减小Diffusion扩散Decomposition 分解Diffusion扩散Deformability n. 可变形性Diminishes减小Diffusion扩散Decomposition分解E Exceed超越electrostatic attraction静电吸引electrical conductivity导电性electronics industry 电子产业Equilibrium平衡electron microscope 电子显微镜Evacuated排空的Embrittling impurities 杂质脆化Equiaxed等轴的，各项等大的Eddy current losses涡流耗损Equilibrium平衡F Fracture断裂ferrous alloys铁合金forging锻造ferrite铁素体heat resistant alloys耐热合金formability可成形性forged锻造的fabrication制造fabrication制造Foams v. 起泡沫Fabrication制造Fine grains小晶粒Formation of Austenite 奥氏体形成Ferrite gain铁氧体收益Flow stress流变应力Flask型腔Fine，equiaxed grains细小等轴晶粒Fluid tightness液体密闭性Fatigue strength疲劳强度Foams起泡沫Fabrication制造Fine grains小晶粒Formation of Austenite 奥氏体形成G General-purpose plain steels普通钢gray iron灰铸铁finely faceted细面的graphite石墨galvanization通流电Grains成状结构granular粒状的Grain boundary strengthening晶界强化Grain growth颗粒增长H Hot-rolled steel热轧钢higher strength高强度hardness硬度hot working热处理Heating temperature加热温度Homogeneous austenite均匀奥氏体homogeneous均匀hypereutectoid 过共析体hypoeutectoid 亚共析体hypoeutectoid ferrite 亚共析铁素体hypereutectoid cementite 过共析渗碳体Hinged and fastened with a screw device用螺纹设备来连接并固定I Bad Impurities有害杂质immense极大的inferior较低的Inhomogeneous 不平均Inherent fine grained本质粗大晶粒Incubation period 孕育期Is accompanied with 伴随着Interrupted 中断打断incubation period 孕育期isothermal decomposition ofaustenite 奥氏体的等温转变Internal cavitation and fracture behaviors内部的气穴现象和断裂行为Investment molds 熔模铸造Invert倒置In wrought form按照加工的形式impaire损害J justificationL less liable to grain coarsening 晶粒粗化不易lamellar薄片状的left hand curve左边的曲线logarithmic 对数lamellar structure 层状结构Lubricant润滑剂Lost wax process失蜡铸造法M Mechanical property机械性能martensite马氏体malleable可塑的molten metal金属液molybdenum钼Molecules 分子Macromolecules 大分子measure of its stability 衡量它的稳定性Metallographic examination of quenched specimens淬火试样的金相检验N Nitrites亚硝酸盐类niobium铌Nucleation of pearlite珠光体形核normalizing正火Nitrides氮化物O Oxidation氧化ore reserves矿藏量oxides氧化物Overheat 过热P Plasticity塑性plastic deformation塑性变形precipitation-hardening steels沉淀硬化钢phase 相properties性能porosity多孔precipitates析出物，沉淀物passivation钝化作用platinum coatingsPearlitic grain 珠光体Pearlite（ferrite+cementite）珠光体是有铁素体和渗碳体组成的Pearlite transformation珠光体表面Polymers 聚合物Polymerization 聚合物白金涂料Pinning of subboundaries钢钉的分界限Plastic flow塑性流动Plastic-bonded shell molds塑性粘结壳型Plaster molds 石膏模Pour into 倒入Precision-cast精铸Precision精度Q Quench冷却quasi-eutectoid 伪共析R Rolling mill轧钢厂resistance阻力radiators散热器rival竞争的radiation shielding辐射防护层Rigidity of刚性的Retarded 迟钝的Retarded adj. 智力迟钝的recrystallization再结晶Retention保留Recovery 回火Recrystallized再结晶Replica复制品Refractory material耐火材料S Structural materials结构材料self-strengthening自强化stress concentrator应力集中点state standard国家标准stamping冲压sheet板材stainless steels不锈钢springs弹性shrinkage减少spheroidal球状的solution hardening固溶淬火solubility可溶性Single grain 单晶Spontaneous 自发sorbite索氏体superposition重叠structural 结构strain hardened 应变强化saturation 饱和Softening软化Stored energy储存的能量Stress 应力Strain rate应变率Subgrain and dislocation strengthening亚晶和位错强化Superplasticity超塑性Static recovery静态恢复Strain rate应变率Stress strain应力应变Strength and stiff 强度和硬度Stress rupture应力破坏，应力断裂Surface finish 表面光洁度Setting and firing固化Sand is rammed or packed沙子是冲压和晒满的T Thermal保热的tenacious紧密的tensile strength抗拉强度tantalum钽tungsten钨The liability of austenite to grain coarsening趋向The final grain size最终晶粒尺寸The rate of transformation 转变温度The rate of nucleation 形核速度The rate of crystal晶核Thermoplastic polymers热塑聚体Transparency 透明的troostite 屈氏体tempering 回火Torsion扭转tension拉伸compression 压缩Two orders of magnitude两个数量级Thermally activated热启动Thermosetting resin热固性树脂Tolerance公差U Undercooling 过冷undercooled austenite 过冷奥氏体undercool过冷V Viscosities粘度vanadium钒W Weight reduction测量结构wrought alloys可锻合金welding焊接Work hardening 加工硬化Wooden pattern 木制的模板Withdrawn取出Wax蜡烛Weakness缺点Y Yield屈服Yield strength屈服强度。
材料成型及控制工程的英语
材料成型及控制工程的英语Material forming and its control engineering is a fascinating field that deals with the transformation of raw materials into finished products. It's all about understanding the science behind how materials behave when they're shaped, heated, cooled, or pressed.In this discipline, we play with the physics and chemistry of materials, pushing their limits to create strong, durable, and sometimes even aesthetically pleasing structures. It's like being a sculptor, but with metals, plastics, and alloys instead of clay.Control engineering, on the other hand, adds the precision and automation to the process. It's about designing systems that monitor and adjust the variablesthat affect material forming – temperature, pressure, speed – to ensure consistency and quality.When you're in the workshop, it's all hands-on. You canfeel the vibration of the machines, smell the heat of the molten metal, and hear the satisfying click when a partfits perfectly. But it's not just about the physical aspect; it's also about the intellectual challenge of solving problems and finding innovative solutions.For me, the best part is seeing the finished product –that car part, that medical implant, or that high-tech gadget – and knowing that I played a role in bringing itto life. It's a reminder that material forming and control engineering is not just about science and engineering; it's about making a difference in the real world.。
材料成型及控制工程答案A-06专业英语(3)
广东工业大学试卷参考答案及评分标准 ( A )课程名称: 专业英语（3）考试时间: 2008 年 11 月 25 日 (第 13 周星期 3 )I、 Translate the expressions:（每小题1分，合计20分）1、热固性塑料 1、 thermosetting plastics2、注射模 2、 injection mold3、液压机 3、 _hydraulic press4、板料成形 4、 sheet metal forming5、计算机辅助工艺规划 5、 _computer-aided process planning6、模锻压力机 6、 close-die presses7、原形制造 7、 _prototype construction8、进给速度 8、 _feed rate9、回程缸 9、 _______return cylinder10、自由锻 10、 open- die forging11、draft angle 11、拔模角度12、drive mechanism 12、驱动机构13、photo-curable resin 13、 _感光树脂_14、fused deposition modeling 14、 _熔化沉积制模_15、time-consuming task 15、高耗时的工作_16、mold core 16、型芯17、material residue 17、料渣18、automatic tracing 18、自动跟踪19、computer-aided engineering 19、计算机辅助工程20、overload safety 20、过载保护П、Translate the sentences into Chinese:（共5题，合30分）1、An operation similar to trimming is punching in which excess material on an internal surface is removed .（6分）修边与冲孔工序相似，即冲孔是切除多余材料形成内表面。
材料成型及控制工程专业英语-_5PLASTICS__FORMING__AND__MOLDS
-4-
CHAPTER 5 PLASTICS FORMING AND MOLDS
5.1.2 Basic Mold Construction 基本模具结构 5.1.2.1 Operating Principle 工作原理
Basically the injection mold consists of two halves. One mold half contains the sprue bushing and runner system, the other half houses the ejector system. The molded part is located at the parting line (ref. To DIN 16700）
模具的耐用程度取决于他们维护和处理。可移动（可 拆装）组件和模具的型腔往往是经过淬硬和研磨的， 所以它们的寿命应该在50万至 10亿注射次数之间。
▪durability 耐久性 ▪harden 淬火 grind(ground) 磨削
▪3
-3-
CHAPTER 5 PLASTICS FORMING AND MOLDS
For ease of construction and to lower manufacturing cost, injection molds are becoming standardized. Some firms offer ready-made bases of square or round design as standard or stripper plate molds for immediate use. Only the inserts then have to be fitted into the bases.
材料成型及控制专业英语试题-题型示例
Ⅰ. Vocabulary(词汇，30分)(一)．Translate the following words and expressions into Chinese(写出下列词组的汉语。
)(10分，每题1分)1、central processing unit（CPU）中央处理器2、white box testing 白盒测试3、hard disk 硬盘4、management information system 管理信息系统5、electronic commerce 电子商务6、 cursor 光标7、software engineering 软件工程8．credit card 信用卡9． menu bar 菜单栏10．machine language 机器语言(二)．Fill in the blanks with the corresponding English words.(根据汉语写出相应的英语单词。
) (10分，每题1分)1．结构化查询语言 SQL 2．广域网 WAN3．超文本链接标示语言 HTML 4．文件传送[输]协议 FTP5．单文档界面 SDI 6．面向对象编程 OOP7．集成开发环境 IDE 8．传输控制协议/网际协议 TCP/IP9．数据库管理系统 DBMS 10．电子数据交换EDI（三）Match the following words and expressions in the left column with those similar in meaning in the right column.(将左列的词汇与右列相应的汉语匹配。
10分，每空1分1. application software a. 图像2. machine language b. 应用软件3. structured programming c. 机器语言4. functional testing d. 软件测试5. memory e. 结构化程序设计6. relational database f. 内存7. firewall g. 功能测试8. software testing h. 关系数据库9. hacker i. 黑客10. image j. 防火墙1． b 6. h2． c 7． j3． e 8. d4． g 9. i5． f 10. aⅡ. Comprehension(阅读理解，40分)（一）Fill in the blanks with suitable words or expressions from the list given below, and change the form where necessary. （从下面方框中选择合适的词或表达，以其适当的形式填空。
材料成形及控制工程-专业英语阅读
CHAPTER I MA TERIALS AND THEIR PROPERTIES1. 1 Metals and Non-metalsAmong numerous properties possessed by materials, their mechanical properties, in the majority of cases, are the most essential and therefore, they will be given much consideration in the book. All critical parts and elements, of which a high reliability is required, are made of metals, rather than of glass, plastics or stone. As has been given in Sec 1-l, metals are characterized by the metallic bond; where positive ions occupy the sites of the crystal lattice and are surrounded by electron gas .All non-metals have an ionic or a covalent bond. These types of bond are rigid and are due to electrostatic attraction of two ions of unlike charges. Because of the metallic bond, metals are capable of plastic deformation and self-strengthening upon plastic deformation. Therefore, if there is a defect in a material or if the shape of an element is such that there are stress concentrators, the stresses in these points may attain a great value and even cause cracking. But since the plasticity of the material is high, the metal is deformed plastically in that point, say, at the tip of a crack, undergoes strengthening, and the process of fracture comes to an arrest. This does not occur in non-metals. They are uncapable of plastic deformation and self-strengthening; therefore, fracture will occur as soon as the stresses at the tip of a defect exceed a definite value. These facts explain why metals are reliable structural materials and can not be excelled by non-metallic materials.Words and Terms:mechanical property 机械（力学）性能critical part and element 关键零部件covalent bond 共价键metalic bond crystal lattice 金属键晶格electrostatic attraction 静电吸引plastic deformation 塑性变形self-strengthening 自强化stress oncentrator 应力集中点the tip of a crack 裂纹尖端Questions: 1) What are the differences in properties between metals and non-metals?2) Why are metals capable of plastic deformation and self-strengthening?1. 2 Ferrous AlloysMore than 90 % by weight of the metallic materials used by human beings are ferrous alloys. This represents an immense family of engineering materials with a wide range of microstructures and related properties. The majority of engineering designs that require structural load support or power transmission involve ferrous alloys. As a practical matter, these alloys fall into two broad categories based on the carbon in the alloy composition. Steel generally contains between 0. 05 and 2.0 wt % carbon. The cast irons generally contain between 2.0 and 4.5 wt % carbon. Within the steel category，we shall distinguish whether or not a significant amount of alloying elements other than carbon is used . A composition of 5 wt % total non-carbon additions will serve as an arbitrary boundary between low alloy and high alloy steels. These alloy additions are chosen carefully because they invariably bring with them sharply increased materials costs. They are justified only by essential improvements in properties such as higher strength or improved corrosion resistance.Words and Terms:ferrous 铁的；含铁的corrosion resistance 耐腐蚀；抗蚀力arbitrary 特定的；武断的Questions:l) What is the difference in composition between steel and cast iron?2) How can you distinguish low alloy steels from high alloy steels?CHAPTER 2 HEA T TREA TMENT OF STEEL2. 1 Principle of Heat Treatment of SteelThe role of heat treatment in modern mechanical engineering cannot be overestimated. The changes in the properties of metals due to heat treatment are of extremely great significance.2. 1. 1 Temperature and TimeThe purpose of any heat treating process is to produce the desired changes in the structure of metal by heating to a specified temperature and by subsequent cooling.Therefore , the main factors acting in heat treatment are temperature and time , so that any processof heat treatment can be represented in temperature-time ( t-τ) coordinates .Heat treatment conditions are characterized by the following parameters: heating temperature t , i.e. the maximum temperature to which an alloy metal is heated; time of holding at the maxheating temperatureτh; heating rate νh and cooling rateνc．If heating (or cooling) is made at a constant rate, the temperature-time relationship will be described by a straight line with a respective angle of incline.With a varing heating (or cooling) rate , the actual rate should be attributed to the given temperature , more strictly , to an infinite change of temperature and time : that is the first derivative of temperature in time : νact = dt/dτ.Heat treatment may be a complex process , including multiple heating stages , interrupted or stepwise heating (cooling) , cooling to subzero temperatures , etc . Any process of heat treatment can be described by a diagram in temperature-time coordinates.Words and Terms:coordinates 坐标系heating rate 加热速度straight line 直线heating temperature 加热温度cooling rate 冷却速度first derivative 一阶导数Questions:1) What are the two main factors acting in heat treatment?2) How many stages may usually be inc luded in the heat treatment of steel?2. 1. 2 Formation of AusteniteThe transformation of pearlite into austenite can only take place at the equilibrium critical point on a very slow heating as follows from the Fe-C constitutional diagram. Under common conditions, the transformation is retarded and results in overheating, i.e. occurs at temperatures slightly higher than those indicated in the Fe-C diagram.When overheated above the critical point, pearlite transforms into austenite, the rate of transformation being dependent on the degree of overheating.The time of transformation at various temperatures (depending on the degree of overheating) shows that the transformation takes place faster (in a shorter time) at a higher temperature and occurs at a higher temperature on a quicker heating. For instance , on quick heating and holding at 780 ℃，the pearlite to austenite transformation is completed in 2 minutes and on holding at 740 ℃，in 8 minutes .The end of the transformation is characterized by the formation of austenite and the disappearance of pearlite (ferrite + cementite). This austenite is however inhomogeneous even in the volume of a single grain. In places earlier occupied by lamellae (or grains) of a pearlitic cementite , the content of carbon is greater than in places of ferritic lamellae . This is why the austenite just formed is inhomogeneous .In order to obtain homogeneous austenite , it is essential on heating not only to pass through the point of the end of pearlite to austenite transformation , but also to overheat the steel above that point and to allow a holding time to complete the diffusion processes in austenitc grains.The rate of homogenization of austenite appreciably depends on the original structure of the steel, in particular on the dispersion and particle shape of cementite. The transformations described occur more quickly when cementite particles are fine and, c therefore, have a large total surface area.Words and Terms : pearlite 珠光体constitutional diagrm 状态图inhomogeneous 不均匀的lamellae 层片critical point 临界温度overheat 过热grain 晶粒diffuse扩散Questions:1) Is there no diffusion process in the transformation from pearlite to austenite?2) Is it true that the higher the temperature, the faster the transformation from pearlite into austenite?3) How to obtain homogeneous austenite?CHAPTER 3 PRINCIPLES OF PLASTIC FORMING3. 1 Physical Metallurgy of Hot WorkingThe principles of the physical metallurgy of hot working are now well recognized. During the deformation process itself, e.g. a rolling pass, work hardening takes place but is balanced by the dynamic softening processes of recovery and recrystallization. These processes, which are thermally activated, lead to a flow stress that depends on strain rate and temperature as well as on strain. The structural changes taking place within the material result in an increase in dislocation density with strain until in austenitic steels and nickel- and copper-base alloys a critical strain （εc）is reached when the stored energy is sufficiently high to cause dynamic recrystallization . With further strain, dynamic recrystallization takes place repeatedly as the new recrystallized grains are themselves work-hardened to the critical level of stored energy. These dynamic structural changes leave the metal in an unstable state and provide the driving force for static recovery and static recrystallization to take place after the deformation pass. Static recrystallization may be followed by grain growth if the temperature is sufficiently high. In order to be able to apply these principles to commercial working processes, we require answers to two main questions: (a) how long does recrystallization take place after a deformation pass; and (b) what grain size is produced by recrystallization and grain growth? The answers determine the structure of the material entering the next and subsequent passes and hence influence the flow stress of the material and the working forces required. Eventually they determine the structure and properties of the hot worked products.Words and Terms : physical metallurgy 物理冶金work hardening 加工硬化static recovery静态回复thermally activated 热激活的hot working 热加工dynamic softening 动态软化recrystallization 再结晶dislocation density 位错密度critical strain 临界应变Questions:l) When does dynamic recrystallization take place within the material work hardened?2) What do the answers to the two questions determine?3. 1. 1 Dynamic Structural ChangeDuring the deformation of austenite at hot-working temperatures and constant strain rate, the characteristic form of stress-strain curve observed is illustrated in Fig. 3. 1. These curves are for low-alloy steels, tested in torsion, but are similar to those obtained for other steels in the austenitic condition tested in torsion, tension, or compression. After initial rapid work- hardening the curves go through a maximum associated with the occurrence of dynamic recrystallization. The peak in flow stress occurs after some low fraction of recrystallization has taken place so the strain to the peak(εp) is always greater than the critical strain for dynamic recystallization (εc ) . The relationship between the two strains is complex , but it has been suggested thatεc＝αεp( where αis a constant ) is a reasonable approximation for conditions of deformation of interest in hot working. however , the proposed values of αdiffer , being 0.83 , 0.86 , and 0.67 . It can be seen from Fig.3.1 that εp increases systematically with Zener-Hollomon parameter ( Z ) , independent of the particular combination of stain rate （ε）and temperature ( T / K ) in the relationship : Z=εexp Q def/RTWhere the activation energy Q def for this alloy steel is 314 kJ/mol. A similar value of 312kJ/mol is appropriate for a range of C-Mn steels but lower values of 270 and 286 kJ/mol have also been observed.Asεc marks a change in microstructure from one of somewhat poorly developed subgrains , produced by the action of work hardening and dynamic recovery，to one which also contains recrystallization nuclei , it is also a critical strain in terms of the static structural changes that take place after deformation . The dependence of εp，and hence of εc，on Z is shown for the low-alloy steel and a number of C-Mn steels in Fig. 3.2. It can be seen that, indicated by the Fig.3.2 ，εp generally increases with increasing Z although the curve for the data of Sakui et al. passes through a minimum at Z = 3 x 10s-1，( corrected to Q def = 312 kcal / mol ) . The curves for the data of Nakamura and Ueki, Cook, Rossard and Blain, and Hughes, and also the data of Suzuki et al. for a number of C-Mn steels were obtained from tests on material reheated to the same temperature as the testing temperature.These all show a trend for higher values of εp at higher testing temperatures.In contrast, the curves for the data of Le Bon et al. , Barraclough , and Morrision refer to tests carried out at lower temperature than the reheating temperature and these show no effect of test temperature 0n εp.In the former group of results, higher reheating/test temperatures will give larger initial grain sizes. As shown by Sah et al., Sakui et al., and Roberts et al. , increase in grain size ( d0）leads to an increase inεp and their data indicate a relationship of the form εp∝d0^ 1/2 Words and TermsStress-strain curve 应力应变曲线torsion 扭转;转矩activation energy 激活能initial grain size 原始晶粒尺寸Questions:l ) What doεc andεp mark ?2 ) What is the relationship between εc andεp ?3. 1. 2 Static Recrystallization RateAfter deformation, softening by static recovery and recrystallization take place with time at rates which depend on the prior deformation conditions and the holding temperature. These processes may be followed by studying the changes in yield or flow stress during a second deformation given after different holding times to obtain a restoration index, or recrystallization may be measured directly by metallographic examination of quenched specimens. An example of the form of recrystallization curves obtained by the latter method for low-alloy steel is shown inFig 3.3. The curves generally follow an A vrami equation of the formwhere X v is the fraction recrystallized in time t ; t F is the time for some specified fraction of recrystallization ( say 0.5 ) ; k is a constant ; and C＝-In ( 1－F ) . For the Curves shown k = 2 , which is consistent with the value observed for other steels deformed to strains <εc．With this relationship t0.05＝0 . 27t0.5 and t0.95 = 2.08 t0.5 , i.e. recrystallization proceeds over about one order of magnitude in time.The dependence on strain of the characteristic time t0.5, measured by either metallographic or restoration method, is shown for several steels in Fig. 3.4. All the curves show a steep dependence on strain for strains up to ~0. 8εp，which fits a relationship t0.5∝ε-m , where the mean value of m = 4 . This value is also given by observations on ferritic metals. The lower limit of strain to which this relationship is applicable is uncertain as the critical strain for static recrystallization has not received systematic study. The data of Norrison indicate that it is < 0.05 for low-carbon steel at 950℃whereas the observations of Djaic and Jonas indicate a value of > 0.055 for high-carbon steel at 780 ℃．It is clear whether this difference arises from thedifference in temperature or composition as the simple dependence on Z suggested by the broken line in Fig. 3.2 may be unrealistic. This deserves further study as low strains my be applied in the final passes of plate rolling and , as shown previously , these could have significant effects on the final grain size if they exceed the critical strain for static recrystallization.In the strain range of steep dependence of t0.5 on ε，Morrison observed that there was no effect of strain rate over the two orders of magnitude studied . This is somewhat surprising as interesting strain rate (or Z) increases the flow stress at any particular strain. Increasing flow stress would be expected to increase the random dislocation density and decrease the subgrain size and hence increase the stored energy．The subgrain boundaries provide the largest contribution to the stored energy and as their misorientation increases with strain, the driving force for recrystallization will increase. However, this increase would be expected to be about linear with strain so the much greater dependence of t0.5on strain must also arise from an increase in density of nucleation sites and in nucleation rate. The lack of influence of strain rate may thus reflect compensating effects on stored energy and substructure development at any strain. This contrasts with the strain rate effect observed for stainless steel.The observations of Djaic and Jonas indicate that an abrupt change takes place from strain dependence to independence at a strain ~0.8εp，as illustrated in Fig . 3. 4. This corresponds reasonably with the strain expected forεc and arises because preexisting recrystallization nuclei are always present in the deformed structure at strains greater thanεc．Static recrystallization under these conditions has been referred to as ‟metadynamic‟ to distinguish it from the 'classical ' recrystallization after lower strains when the nuclei must be formed after deformation . The restoration measurements indicate that the recrystallization kinetics may have a complex form after strains betweenεc and the onset of steady state , and direct metallographic observations of static recrystallization after stains well into steady state show that the exponent k in the A vrami equation drops to a value of ~1 . This means that t0.05 = 0.074 t0.5 and t0.95 = 4.33 t0..5, i. e. static recrystallization proceeds over about two orders of magnitude in time after strains which give dynamically recrystallized structures during deformation 。
材料成型及控制工程专业英语--2.-HEAT-TREATMENT-OF-STEEL
材料成型及控制⼯程专业英语--2.-HEAT-TREATMENT-OF-STEELThe role of heat treatment in modern mechanical engineering can not be overestimated.The changes in the properties of metals due to heat treatment are of extremely great significance.热处理在现代机械⼯程中的作⽤不可能评价的过⾼。
由热处理⽽产⽣的性能改变是特别重要的。
2.1.1 temperature and time 温度和时间The purpose of any heat treating process is to produce the desired changes in the structure of metal by heating to a specified temperature and by subsequent cooling.任何热处理的⽬的都是（通过）将⾦属加热到⼀定的温度并(随后)冷却,以使⾦属组织产⽣所需变化。
2.1.1温度和时间Therefore, the main factors acting in heat treatment aretemperature and time, so that any process of heattreatment can be represented in temperature-time ( t-r ) coordinates.因此，热处理的主要因素是温度和时间，所以任何热处理⼯艺都以⽤温度-时间为坐标轴进⾏表⽰。
热处理⼯艺主要有以下⼏个参数：加热温度t max ，既合⾦加热的最⾼温度；在加热温度下的保温时间；加热速率和冷却速率。
Heat treatment conditions are characterized by thefollowing parameters: heating temperature t max , i.e.the maximum temperature to which an alloy metal is heated; time of holding at the heating temperature ; heating rate and cooling rate .如果以不变速率加热或冷却，则温度和时间的关系可以具有不同倾斜⾓的直线。
材料成型及控制工程专业英语 - 8-CAD-CAM
材料成型及控制工程专业英语 - 8-CAD-CAMCHAPTER 8 CAD/CAM8.1 Computer-aided Design and Computer-aided Manufacturing?Words and terms- 0 -8.1 Computer-aided Design and Computer-aided Manufacturing?Throughout the history of our industrial society,many inventions have been patented and whole new technologies have evolved . Whitney’s concept of interchangeable parts, Watt’s steam engine, andFord’s assembly line are but a few developments that are most noteworthy during our industrial period.?纵观工业社会的整个历史，许多发明都申请的专利，所有的新技术都已发生演变。
Whitney 零件互换性概念，Watt的蒸汽机，Ford的装配线仅仅是我们工业时代最令人注目的新发展。
- 1 -8.1 Computer-aided Design and Computer-aided Manufacturing?Each of these developments has impactedmanufacturing as we know it, and has earned these individuals deserved recognition in our history books.?就我们所知，每一项新技术的发展都冲击着制造业，并且也在我们的历史书中赢得了应有的赞誉。
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Ⅰ. Vocabulary(词汇，30分)(一)．Translate the following words and expressions into Chinese(写出下列词组的汉语。
)(10分，每题1分)1、central processing unit（CPU）中央处理器2、white box testing 白盒测试3、hard disk 硬盘4、management information system 管理信息系统5、electronic commerce 电子商务6、 cursor 光标7、software engineering 软件工程8．credit card 信用卡9． menu bar 菜单栏10．machine language 机器语言(二)．Fill in the blanks with the corresponding English words.(根据汉语写出相应的英语单词。
) (10分，每题1分)1．结构化查询语言 SQL 2．广域网 WAN3．超文本链接标示语言 HTML 4．文件传送[输]协议 FTP5．单文档界面 SDI 6．面向对象编程 OOP7．集成开发环境 IDE 8．传输控制协议/网际协议 TCP/IP9．数据库管理系统 DBMS 10．电子数据交换EDI（三）Match the following words and expressions in the left column with those similar in meaning in the right column.(将左列的词汇与右列相应的汉语匹配。
10分，每空1分1. application software a. 图像2. machine language b. 应用软件3. structured programming c. 机器语言4. functional testing d. 软件测试5. memory e. 结构化程序设计6. relational database f. 内存7. firewall g. 功能测试8. software testing h. 关系数据库9. hacker i. 黑客10. image j. 防火墙1． b 6. h2． c 7． j3． e 8. d4． g 9. i5． f 10. aⅡ. Comprehension(阅读理解，40分)（一）Fill in the blanks with suitable words or expressions from the list given below, and change the form where necessary. （从下面方框中选择合适的词或表达，以其适当的形式填空。
10分, 每空2分)Microsoft Word XP is the current Window version of Word, and documents created in Word XP can be easily ________ incorporated into __________ Excel, Power Point and Access files. In the interface of Word, the ____ title bar _____ displays the name of the current application and name of the current document; the ___ menu bar _____lists the names of the menus available; the ____ toolbar ________gives the user quick access to frequently used editing functions; the ___ ruler ____enables the user to change left and right margin.Passage AThe central processing unit (CPU) is the heart of the computer systems. Among other things, its configuration determines whether a computer is fast or slow in relation to other computers. The CPU is the most complex computer system component, responsible for directing most of the computer system activities based on the instructions provided. As one computer generation has evolved to the next, the physical size of the CPU has often become smaller and smaller, while its speed and capacity have increased tremendously. Indeed, these changes have resulted in microcomputers that are small enough to fit on your desk or your lap.The CPU comprises the control unit and the arithmetic / logic unit (ALU).The control unit is responsible for directing and coordinating most of the computer systems activities. It determines the movement of electronic signals between main memory and the arithmetic/logic unit, as well as the control signals between the CPU and input/output devices.The ALU performs all the arithmetic and logical (comparison) functions — that is, it adds, subtracts, multiplies, divides, and does comparisons. These comparisons, which are basically “less than”, “greater than”, and “equal to”, can be combined into several common expressions, such as “greater than or equal to”. The objective of most instructions that use comparisons is to determine which instruction should be executed next.（二）Tell whether the following statements are true(T) or false(F) according to the passage A.（根据上文的内容判断下列句子的正误。
10分,每题2分）1.With the development of computer, the physical size of the CPU has often become bigger and bigger. (F )2.The movement of electronic signals between main memory and the ALU as well as the control signal between the CPU and input/output devices are controlled by the control unit of the CPU. (T )3.The CPU comprises the control unit and memory. ( F)4.The control unit performs all the arithmetic and logical (comparison) functions. ( F )5. The central processing unit (CPU) is the heart of the computer systems. ( T )Passage BIn order to solve a computational problem, its solution must be specified in terms of a sequence of computational steps, each of which may be performed by a human or a digital computer . If you want to solve the computational problem with a computer, you should learn how to program. The task of developing programs for the solution of computational problems is referred to as programming. Computer programming is the process of planning and creating a sequence of steps for a computer to follow. In general, this process will help us resolve a problem, which is either too tedious or difficult to work out otherwise . So programming is breaking a task down into small steps.Programming is sometimes contrasted with coding. Coding generally refers to the writing of programs for given program specification, while programming includes the task of preparing the program specification as well as that of writing the program. The text of a program is sometimes referred to as code, and lines of program text are referred to as lines of code, especially in the case of machine-language programs. The term coder is used to describe a person engaged exclusively in implementing program specifications prepared by others.What's actually involved in programming - the actual process of writing programs? Here's a quick overview of the process:· Write a program. · Compile the program. · Run the program. · Debug the program.· Repeat the whole process until the program is finished.(三) choose the best answer according to the passage B.(根据上文的内容选择正确的答案。