武汉大学2013年英语翻译基础真题及详解【圣才出品】
2013年武汉大学考博英语真题及详解【圣才出品】
2013年武汉大学考博英语真题及详解科目名称：英语科目代码：1101注意：所有的答题内容必须写在答题纸上，凡写在试题或草稿纸上的一律无效。
Part I Reading Comprehension(2×20=40分)Directions: In this part for the test, there will be 5 passages for you to read. Each passage is followed by 4 questions or unfinished statement, and each question or unfinished statement is: followed by: four choices marked A, B, C and D. You are to decide on the best choice by blackening the corresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET.Passage 1The changing profile of a city in the United States is apparent in the shifting definitions used by the United States Bureau of the Census. In 1870 the census officially distinguished the nation’s “Urban”from its “rural”population for the first time. “Urban population”was defined as persons living in towns of 8,000 inhabitants or more. But after 1900 it meant persons living in incorporated places having 2,500 or more inhabitants.Then, in 1950 the Census Bureau radically changed its definition of “urban”to take account of the new vagueness of city boundaries. In addition to persons living in incorporated units of 2,500 or more, the census now included those who lived inunincorporated units of that size, and also all persons living in the densely settled urban fringe, including both incorporated and unincorporated areas located around cities of 50,000 inhabitants or more. Each such unit, conceived as an integrated economic and social unit with a large population nucleus, was named a Standard Metropolitan Statistical Area (SMSA).Each SMSA would contain at least one central city with 50,000 inhabitants or more or two cities having shared boundaries and constituting, for general economic and social purposes, a single community with a combined population of at least 50,000, the smaller of which must have a population of at least 15,000. Such an area included the country in which the central city is located, and adjacent countries that are found to be metropolitan in character and economically and socially integrated with the country of the central city. By 1970, about two-thirds of the population of the United States was living in these urbanized areas, and of that figure more than half were living outside the central cities. While the Census Bureau and the United States government used the term SMSA (by 1969 there were 233 of them), social scientists were also using new terms to describe the elusive, vaguely defined areas reaching out from what used to be simple “town”and “cities.”A host of terms came into use: “metropolitan regions,”“polynucleated population groups,”“conurbations,”“metropolitan clusters,”“megalopolises.”and so on.1. What does the passage mainly discuss?A. How cities in the United States began and developedB. Solutions to overcrowding in citiesC. The changing definition of an urban areaD. How the United States Census Bureau conducts a census2. Prior to 1900, how many inhabitants would a town has to have before being defined as urban?A. 2,500B. 8,000C. 15,000D. 50,0003. According to the passage, why did the Census Bureau revise the definition of urban in 1950?A. City borders had become less distinctB. Cities had undergone radical social changeC. Elected officials could not agree on an acceptable definitionD. New businesses had relocated to larger cities4. Which of the following is NOT true of an SMSA?A. It has a population of at least 50,000B. It can include a city’s outlying regionsC. It can include unincorporated regionsD. It consists of at least two cities【答案与解析】1.C 浏览全文，可知文章首段主要讲述了19世纪和20世纪50年代前美国统计局对城区的定义，第二段则描述了1950年城区定义的改变，并引出SMSA的概念，最后第三段则着重于对SMSA的详细介绍。
2013翻译硕士MTI各校真题汇总
2013翻译硕士MTI各校真题汇总2013翻译硕士各校真题汇总2013考研已经过去，各种尘埃即将落定。
先把各个学校的真题回忆版本汇总给后来人一个复习方向。
也算给考研生活画上一个圆满的句号。
感谢网友的及时回忆，谢谢给位的奉献。
欢迎补充！愿各位取的好成绩！1、2013复旦大学MTI专业课真题回忆版基础英语。
今年的基础英语稍微有些变化，第一题仍然是无选项完型，20个空，第二题是改错，和第一题是属于一篇文章的，二十行二十个错误，第三题是词汇和语法，词汇题比去年增加了不少，第四题是阅读理解四篇一共15个小题，最后一篇稍微有些深度，上来第一句是boresom 其实是讲现代社会摧毁理性和真理的。
然后作文25分就最后一篇阅读理解发表一下自己的看法。
翻译。
背了一堆翻译词汇今年竟然一个词汇翻译都没有，就一个汉译英70分与一个英译汉80分。
英译汉是一篇医学文章，里面什么胆囊啊肠啊的生词一大堆。
汉译英是文言文啊亲，我旦不学好啊，跟着北大学考文言文额。
原文如下：世有三乐，真乐也。
一曰人伦之乐，二曰心地之乐，三曰讲习之乐。
孟子曰：“父母俱存，兄弟无故，一乐也。
”此人伦之乐也；“仰不愧于天，俯不怍于人，二乐也。
”此心地之乐也；“得天下英才而教育之，三乐也。
”此讲习之乐也。
人伦之乐自父母兄弟之外，妻室欲其同甘苦，子孙欲其师教，宗族欲其和睦，女之适人者欲其得所归结，自人伦而推之，有一败人意则非乐也。
心地之乐岂止俯仰无愧怍而已，其道德必与圣贤合、与天地并，可也；道德未同乎圣贤、未同乎天地，不可以已也。
讲习之乐何止于得英才而教育，凡学问德行之有胜乎吾者，吾方且师之，虽受人之教育亦乐矣。
此三者，天下之真乐。
不此之乐，而以外物为乐，乐未一二，而忧已八九。
世俗以为乐，识者不贵也。
百科知识中国四大发明，欧债危机，金砖四国，莫言，生态难民，莎士比亚，君主立宪制，euro tunnel，thedeclaration of independence，DNA，伦敦奥运会，秦始皇陵兵马俑，论语，大中华文库，Encyclopedia Britannica，a nation on wheels，还有一个masps 还是什么的这个不知道，数了数17个还有8个想不起来了，这个是一个2分，一共五十分。
2013年南开大学357英语翻译基础考研真题(回忆版)(含答案)【圣才出品】
2013年南开大学357英语翻译基础考研真题（回忆版）（含答案）一、英汉互译1. RCEP（Royal Commission on Environmental Pollution）【答案】皇家环境污染委员会2. a bull market【答案】牛市3. Russian ruble【答案】俄罗斯卢布4. anti-dumping【答案】反倾销5. stock in trade【答案】库存，存货6. paid on delivery【答案】货到付款7. unanimous vote【答案】全票通过8. carbon footprint【答案】碳足迹9. recursive function【答案】递归函数10. provisional agenda【答案】临时议程11. ready-made garment【答案】成衣12. United Nation secretariat【答案】联合国秘书处13. Global Environment Facility【答案】全球环境基金14. International Refugee Organization 【答案】国际难民组织15. The World Travel and Tourism Council 【答案】世界旅行和旅游理事会16. 种族歧视【答案】race discrimination17. 就职演说【答案】inaugural speech18. 和谐共赢【答案】harmonious and win-win19. 文化事业【答案】cultural undertakings20. 全民健身【答案】nationwide fitness programs21. 本地化服务【答案】localization services22. 产能过剩行业【答案】industries with excess capacity23. 放宽市场准入【答案】liberalize market access24. 自主创新能力【答案】capacity for independent innovation25. 载人航天飞行【答案】manned space flight26. 促进生态修复【答案】promote ecological restoration27. 公共卫生体系【答案】public health system28. 科技成果产业化【答案】industrialization of scientific and technological achievements 29. 多语言跨文化交际【答案】multi-language cross- cultural communication30. 古为今用，洋为中用【答案】make the past serve the present, to make foreign things serve China二、英译汉：As long as there is class division and social inequality, Karl Marx will be the most relevant social thinker of the twenty-one century……三、汉译英：科学家们花了300年的时间，通过做实验并进行计算，才确定了光在真空中惊人的传播速度：每秒钟186,282英里（约折合299,784公里）。
2013考研英语二真题翻译试题
2013考研英语二真题翻译试题+参考答案（及出处解析）46. I can pick a date from the past 53years and know instantly where I was, what happened in the news and even theday of the week, I’ve been able to do this, since I was 4.I never feeloverwhelmed with the amount of information my brain absorbs. My mind seems tobe able to cope and the information is stored away neatly. When I think of asad memory. I do what everybody does-try to put it to one side. I don’t thinkit’s harder for me just because my memory is clearer. Powerful memory doesn’tmake my emotions any more acute or vivid. I can recall the day my grandfatherdied and the sadness I felt when we went to the hospital the day before. I alsoremember that the musical play hair opened on Broodway on the same day-theyboth just pop into my mind in the same way.从过去的53年里选择任何一天，我都能立刻回想起我那时在哪儿，当时有什么新闻，甚至连那天是星期几都能回想起来。
2013上大翻硕真题
2013上大翻硕真题翻硕英语1,30个选择题。
生词很少，大多是容易忽视的语法和词汇比较，比如it's about time...it's high time...it's the first time...再比如regretful,regretable,regretting,regretted.....2，4篇阅读。
前两篇选择，后两篇问答。
p1是07年专八阅读真题textA，关于Welsh语言和民族resurgence的。
The Welsh language has always been the ultimate marker of Welsh identity, but a generation ago it looked as if Welsh would go the way of Manx. once widely spoken on the isle of Man but now extinct. Government financing and central planning, however, have helped reverse the decline of Welsh. Road signs and official public documents are written in both Welsh and English, and schoolchildren are required to learn both languages. Welsh is now one of the most successful of Europe’s regional languages, spoken by more than a half-million of the count ry’s three million people.The revival of the language, particularly among young people, is part of a resurgence of national identity sweeping through this small, proud nation. Last month Wales marked the second anniversary of the opening of the National Assembly, the first parliament to be convened here since 1404. The idea behind devolution was to restore the balance within the union of nations making up the United Kingdom. With most of the people and wealth, England has always had bragging rights. The partial transfer of legislative powers from Westminster, implemented by Tony Blair, was designed to give the other members of the club- Scotland, Northern Ireland, and Wales-a bigger say and to counter centrifugal forces that seemed to threaten the very idea of the union.The Welsh showed little enthusiasm for devolution. Whereas the Scots voted overwhelmingly for a parliament, the vote for a Welsh assembly scraped through by less than one percent on a turnout of less than 25 percent. Its powers were proportionately limited. The Assembly can decide how money from Westminster or the European Union is spent. It cannot, unlike its counterpart in Edinburgh, enact laws. But now that it is here, the Welsh are growing to like their Assembly. Many people would like it to have more powers. Its importance as figurehead will grow with the opening in 2003, of a new debating chamber, one of many new buildings that are transforming Cardiff from a decaying seaport into a Baltimore-style waterfront city. Meanwhile a grant of nearly two million dollars from the European Union will tackle poverty. Wales is one of the poorest regions in Western Europe- only Spain, Portugal, and Greece have a lower standard of living.Newspapers and magazines are filled with stories about great Welsh men and women, boosting self-esteem. To familiar faces such as Dylan Thomas and Richard Burton have been added new icons such as Catherine Zeta-Jones, the movie star, and Bryn Terfel, the opera singer. Indigenous foods like salt marsh lamb are in vogue. And Wales now boasts a national airline. Awyr Cymru. Cymru, which means “land of compatriots,” is the Welsh name for Wales. The red dragon, the nation’s symbol since the time of King Arthur, is everywhere- on T-shirts, rugby jerseys and even cell phone covers.“Until very recent times most Welsh people had this feeling of being second-class citizens,” saidDyfan Jones, an 18-year-old student. It was a warm summer night, and I was sitting on the grass with a group of young people in Llanelli, an industrial town in the south, outside the rock music venue of the National Eisteddfod, Wales’s annual cultural festival. The disused factory in front of us echoed to the sounds of new Welsh bands.“There was almost a genetic tendency for lack of confidence,” Dyfan co ntinued. Equally comfortable in his Welshness as in his membership in the English-speaking, global youth culture and the new federal Europe, Dyfan, like the rest of his generation, is growing up with a sense of possibility unimaginable ten years ago. “We used to think. We can’t do anything, we’re only Welsh. Now I think that’s changing.”（源自/view/2f88c61dff00bed5b9f31d5f.html）p2是讲网络个人信息隐私不安全的，比较好找，选项直接。
2013武汉大学博士入学考试英语真题答案
2013武汉大学博士入学考试英语真题答案第一篇：2013武汉大学博士入学考试英语真题答案2013武汉大学博士研究生入学考试英语试题答案Part I Reading ComprehensionCBADBAADBCBCDACBBDDCPart II English-Chinese Translation1.去年秋季，罗诺克学院的市场调研课业已过半。
有一天，阿里·纳齐米教授宣布课堂上禁用手机的政策。
可话音刚落，他就听到了手机的铃声。
2.我们需要明白的一点是，课堂上的这个事件事先经过策划并被写成剧本。
尼尔·诺兰德始终参与了这个具有伪装性质的行动。
被砸的是他母亲闲置的一部手机，早就停机了。
3.所有的中学和大学都为学生提供了笔记本电脑，配备了计算机实验室，构建了无线网络，所有这些进步原本是为了促进学习，结果反而分散了学生的注意力。
或许，记录学生的考勤时，应该再加上一栏：到堂但未听课。
4.“这种托词我都听腻了，”也许会长寿且成果丰硕的卜浩亚教授说，“关于课上讲授内容乏味的看法真的是相对的。
相比什么它显得乏味呢？到易贝网上买鞋？事实上，我们来这里不是为了玩乐，而是为了寻求刺激。
”Part III Chinese-English TranslationAs a developing country, China is confronted with the dual task of developing its economy and protecting its environment.However, as a country with a large population, relative insufficiency of natural resources and an expanding economy, China suffers an increasingly significant disparity between economic development and natural resources and the environment.The serious environmental problem caused by severe pollution, deteriorating ecological conditions, hugeconsumption of resources and low reclamation has already become a bottleneck for the sustainable development of the Chinese economy.Proceeding from its actual conditions, China has, in the process of promoting its overall modernization program, made environmental protection one of its basic state policies, regarded the realization of sustained economic development as an important strategy and meanwhile, carried out nationwide campaigns for pollution prevention and treatment as well as environment and ecology conservation, the conditions of environmental degradation have been controlled fundamentally.Practice shows that our practice of coordinating the relationship between economic development and environmental protection is effective.Only if man makes reasonable use of nature and keeps and harmonious relationship with it in the process of development can the civilization created by him be maintained and developed, and can he share subsistence and glory with nature and develop with nature in a coordinating way.As a member of the international community, China, while making great efforts to protect its own environment, has taken an active part in international environmental affairs, striven to promote international cooperation in the field of environmental protection, and earnestly fulfilled its international obligations.All those have given full expression to the sincerity and determination of the Chinese government and people to protect the global environment.Part IVWriting(略)第二篇：2013年武汉大学教育学研究生入学考试真题2013年武汉大学教育学研究生入学考试一、选择题教育学历史内容较多（中国远古、近现代明清、民国），近现代教育理论，提出者姓名二、辨析题1、广义教育学涵括狭义的教育学2、学习策略可以直接提高学习效率3、根据加工程度，文献可以分为一次文献、二次、三次三、简答题1、教师劳动特点2、《学记》中的教学论断3、王阳明关于儿童教育的观点及意义4、5、问卷法的优缺点四、论述题1、建构主义教学观2、用教育的功能分析案例：哲学教授通过给废纸带来希望，让失去信心的学生充满自信3、柯尔伯格的道德发展理论及其教育意义第三篇：2013年华中科技大学博士英语入学考试试题翻译和写作(真题)2013年华中科技大学博士英语翻译和写作（真题）翻译题目：汉译英1.科学家认为，出生在夏天将赋予你开朗的性情，而出生在冬天则可能给你的快乐蒙上永久的阴影。
2013MTI英语翻译基础真题回忆版
QE3CNNthe Eighteenth National Congress of the CPCUS pivot to AsiaIMFASEANThe Gaza Strip长三角中产收入陷阱纳米技术独立自主的和平外交政策钓鱼岛争端【想不起了待补充】英译汉Broken BRICs （毁了的“金砖四国）Why the Rest Stopped RisingBy Ruchir SharmaNovember/December 2012Over the past several years, the most talked-about trend in the global economy has been the so-called rise of the rest, which saw the economies of many developing countries swiftly converging with those of their more developed peers. The primary engines behind this phenomenon were the four major emerging-market countries, known as the BRICs: Brazil, Russia, India, and China. The world was witnessing a once-in-a-lifetime shift, the argument went, in which the major players in the developing world were catching up to or even surpassing their counterparts in the developed world.These forecasts typically took the developing world's high growthrates from the middle of the last decade and extended them straight into the future, juxtaposing them against predicted sluggish growthin the United States and other advanced industrial countries. Such exercises supposedly proved that, for example, China was on the verge of overtaking the United States as the world's largest economy-apoint that Americans clearly took to heart, as over 50 percent of them, according to a Gallup poll conducted this year, said they think that China is already the world's "leading" economy, even though the U.S. economy is still more than twice as large (and with a per capita income seven times as high).As with previous straight-line projections of economic trends, however-such as forecasts in the 1980s that Japan would soon be number one economically-later returns are throwing cold water on the extravagant predictions. With the world economy heading for its worst year since 2009, Chinese growth is slowing sharply, from doubledigits down to seven percent or even less. And the rest of the BRICs are tumbling, too: since 2008, Brazil's annual growth has droppedfrom 4.5 percent to two percent; Russia's, from seven percent to 3.5 percent; and India's, from nine percent to six percent.None of this should be surprising, because it is hard to sustainrapid growth for more than a decade. The unusual circumstances of the last decade made it look easy: coming off the crisis-ridden 1990s and fueled by a global flood of easy money, the emerging markets took off in a mass upward swing that made virtually every economy a winner. By 2007, when only three countries in the world suffered negative growth, recessions had all but disappeared from the international scene. But now, there is a lot less foreign money flowing into emerging markets. The global economy is returning to its normal state of churn, with many laggards and just a few winners rising in unexpected places. The implications of this shift are striking, because economic momentum is power, and thus the flow of money to rising stars will reshape the global balance of power.【译文出自网络，仅供参考】为何“其它国家”停止增长？全球经济中提到最多的趋势是所谓的“其它国家”的崛起。
2013年考研英语二真题全文翻译答案超详解析
2013年考研英语二真题全文翻译答案超详解析2013 年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（二）试题答案与解析Section I Use of English一、文章题材结构分析本文主要分析了无现金社会为何迟迟不来的原因。
第一段是文章的中心段落，指出真正的无现金社会很可能不会马上到来。
第二、三段从电子支付设备昂贵、纸质支票提供收据、使用纸质支票能获得浮存利息以及电子支付方式存在的安全隐私问题四个方面分析纸币系统得以继续存在的理由。
二、试题解析1．【答案】A （However）【解析】空前作者讲到“鉴于电子货币的优势,你也许会认为,我们将快速步入无现金社会,实现完全电子支付。
”而空后说“真正的无现金社会很可能不会马上到来”，两者之前出现了明显的转折关系，因此答案A。
B. moreover 表递进C.therefore 表结果D. Otherwise 表对比2．【答案】D （around）【解析】由空格所在句的“but”得知，句子前后是转折关系。
事实上,这样的预测已经二十年了,但迄今还没有实现。
A. off 停止; B. back 返回; C. over 结束，与后文均不构成转折，故答案选 D. around 出现。
3．【答案】B （concept）【解析】空格所在的句子意思为例如, 1975 年《商业周刊》预测电子支付手段不久将“彻底改变货币本身的____”将四个选项带入，能够彻底改变的对象只能是金钱的概念（定义），而A“力量”,C“历史”,D“角色”，语义都不恰当，并且如果选择role 的话，应该是复数roles, 因为是金钱的作用不止一个，故答案选B。
4．【答案】D （reverse）【解析】空格填入的动词跟前面的动词revolutionize （变革）意思上应该是同义替换的，要选择含有变革，彻底改变意思的词汇，四个选项中 A. reward 奖励 B. 抵抗 C. resume 重新开始，继续，都不合适，只有 D 选项reverse“颠覆”最为贴切，本句译为“电子支付方式不久将改变货币的定义,并将在数年后颠覆货币本身。
英语翻译基础考研模拟试题及详解(一)【圣才出品】
英语翻译基础考研模拟试题及详解（一）I. Translate the following terms into Chinese. (15 points, 1 point each)1. Localization2. APEC3. MT4. ATA5. BRIC6. Budget Deficit7. Full Refunds8. Paternity Test9. Price Ceiling10. Money Laundering11. Microblog12. Performance Appraisal13. Market Share14. Translation Shift15. Subtitling【答案】1. 本地化2. 亚太经贸合作组织3. 机器翻译4. 大西洋公约协会（Atlantic Treaty Association）5. 金砖四国（Brazil，Russia，India，China）6. 预算赤字7. 全额赔偿8. 亲权认定；亲子鉴定9. 价格上限；最高价10. 洗钱11. 微博12. 绩效考核13. 市场占有率；市场份额14. 翻译转移15. 配字幕Ⅱ. Translate the following terms into English. (15 points, 1 point each)1. 实体经济2. 住房公积金3. 房奴4.不动产5. 债权人6. 纯收入7. 欧债危机8. 增值税9. 国际评级机构10. 免税11. 不可抗力12. 资产负债表13. 醉驾14. 转基因水稻15. 政府采购【答案】1. entity economy；real economy；substantial economy2. house provident fund3. mortgage slave4. real property5. creditor6. net income7. European debt crisis8. value-added tax9. International rating agency10. tax exemption11. force majeure12. balance sheet13. drunk driving14. transgenic rice15. government procurementⅢ. Translate the following passages into Chinese. (60 points)There’s no doubt: In the last few decades, the average temperature on Earth has been higher than it’s been in hundreds of years. Around the world, people are starting to measure the effects of global warming and trying to figure out what to do about it.Scientists recently used satellites to study the temperatures of lakes around the world, and they found that lakes are heating up. Between 1985 and 2009, satellites recorded the nighttime temperatures of the surfaces of 167 lakes. During those 24 years, the lakes got warmer by an average of about 0.045 degree Celsius per year.In some places, lakes have been warming by as much as 0.10 degree Celsius per year. At that rate, a lake may warm by a full degree Celsius in just 10 years. That difference may seem small you might not even notice it in your bathtub. But in a lake, slightly warmer temperatures could mean more algae, and algae can make the lake poisonous to fish.The study shows that in some regions, lakes are warming faster than the air around them. This is important because scientists often use measurements of air temperature to study how the Earth is warming. By using lake temperatures as well, scientists can get a better picture of global warming. The scientists say datas on lakes give scientists a new way to measure the impact of climate change around theworld.That’s going to be useful, since no country is too big or too small to ignore climate change. Scientists aren’t the only ones concerned. Everyone who lives on Earth is going to be affected by the rapid warming of the planet. Many world leaders believe we might be able to do something about it, especially by reducing the amount of greenhouse gases we put into the air.That’s why the United Nations started the Framework Convention on Climate Change, or UNFCCC (联合国气候变化框架公约) . Every year the convention meets, and representatives from countries around the world gather to talk about climate change and discuss global solntions to the challenges of a warming world.【参考译文】毫无疑问，过去几十年里，地球上的平均温度比过去几百年都要高。
陈宏薇《新编汉英翻译教程》（第2版）教材的配套题库（绪论）【圣才出品】
陈宏薇《新编汉英翻译教程》（第2版）教材的配套题库（绪论）【圣才出品】第1章绪论Ⅰ.填空题1.按照⽂本类型来分，翻译可分为_____、_____、_____、_____。
【答案】⽂学翻译；科技翻译；新闻翻译；应⽤⽂翻译【解析】根据书中所述，⽂本的类型概括起来有⼩说、诗歌、戏剧等⽂学⽂本，科技报告、科技论⽂等科技⽂本，新闻报道、通讯、社论、特写等新闻⽂本，⼴告、合同、产品说明书等应⽤⽂本。
2.就翻译⽅式⽽⾔，主要有_____、_____、_____，其中_____是翻译最基本的⽅式。
【答案】全译；摘译；编译；全译【解析】全译，指全⽂翻译，为翻译最基本的⽅式。
摘译，指根据特定⽬的，选取、翻译原⽂的⼀部分，从⽽使译⼊语读者更快地获得所需源语⽂本中的信息。
编译为“编辑”和“翻译”的结合。
3.汉语和英语均具有的语⾔层级为_____、_____、_____、_____、_____。
【答案】词；短语；句⼦；段落；篇章【解析】翻译单位是翻译研究和学习翻译不可忽视的问题，因为涉及到两种语⾔在什么层级上进⾏转换的问题。
汉英两种语⾔均有的语⾔层级为词（word）、短语（phrase）、句⼦（sentence）、段落（paragraph）和篇章（text）。
其中，篇章是最理想的翻译单位。
4._____是能独⽴运⽤的最⼩语法单位，_____是词与词组合⽽成的语法单位。
【答案】词；短语【解析】需要注意的是，由于汉英两种语⾔分属不同的语系，在语⾔⽂化特别是句法结构和思维模式上的差异⽐较⼤，因此以词或短语为翻译单位⾏不通。
5.对于初学者来说，_____是较为理想的翻译单位。
【答案】句⼦【解析】句⼦可以表达完整的意思，可以通过语调来表⽰陈述、疑问、感叹等语⽓，同时句⼦末段会有显著的停顿符号。
这些使得汉语中的句⼦⽐较容易辨识，容易分析，在翻译时较容易转变句⼦结构，使译⽂符合英⽂的句⼦结构。
因此，对于初学者来说，与词、短语或篇章相⽐，句⼦是更为理想的翻译单位。
2013年中南大学357英语翻译基础考研真题及详解【圣才出品】
2013年中南大学357英语翻译基础考研真题及详解I.Directions:Translate the following words,abbreviations or terminology into their target language respectively.There are altogether30items in this part of the test, 15in English and15in Chinese,with one point for each(30′)1.ADB【答案】亚洲开发银行(Asian Development Bank)C【答案】中国强制认证(China Compulsory Certification)3.CITIC【答案】中国国际信托投资公司(China International Investment and Trust Corporation)4.FTAC【答案】对外贸易仲裁委员会(Foreign Trade Arbitration Commission)5.ICRC【答案】红十字国际委员会(International Committee of the Red Cross)6.IOC【答案】国际奥委会(International Olympic Committee)7.UNDP【答案】联合国开发计划署(United Nations Development Programme)8.WFP【答案】世界粮食计划署(World Food Programme)9.WIPO【答案】世界知识产权组织(World Intellectual Property Organization)10.make academic fraud a crime【答案】设立学术欺诈罪11.data falsification【答案】数据伪造12.asset price bubbles【答案】资产价格泡沫13.required reserve ratio【答案】法定准备金率14.subprime crisis【答案】次贷危机15.soak up liquidity【答案】回收流动性17.云计算【答案】cloud computing18.新能源示范城【答案】new-energy model city19,生态旅游【答案】ecotourism20.酒精呼气测试【答案】breath alcohol test21.文化软实力【答案】cultural soft power 22.农村合作医疗【答案】rural cooperative medical system23.环保彩票【答案】environmental lottery24.转基因食品【答案】genetically modified food25.房地产信托资金【答案】real estate trust funds26.热钱流入【答案】hot money inflow27.基准利率【答案】benchmark interest rate28.社会福利制度【答案】social welfare system29.赈灾【答案】disaster relief30.创新型社会【答案】innovation-driven societyII.Directions:Translate the following two source texts into their target!language respectively.(120′)Source Text1:What is a black hole?Well,it’s difficult to answer this question,since the terms we would normally use to describe a scientific phenomenon are inadequate here. Astronomers and scientists think that a black hole is a region of space(not a thing) into which matter has fallen and from which nothing can escape–not even light. So we can’t see a black hole.A black hole exerts a strong gravitational pull and yet it has no matter.It is only space–or so we think.How can this happen?The theory is that some stars explode when their density increases to a particular point;they collapse and sometimes a supernova occurs.From earth,a supernova looks like a very bright light in the sky which shines even in the daytime. The most convincing evidence of black holes comes from research into binary star systems.Binary stars,as their name suggests,are twin stars whose position in space affects each other.In some binary systems,astronomers have shown that there is an invisible companion star,a“partner”to the one which we can see in the sky. Matter from the one which we can see is being pulled towards the companion star. Could this invisible star,which exerts such a great force,be a black hole?Astronomers have evidence of a few other stars too,which might have black holes as companions.The story of black holes is just beginning.Speculations about them are endless. There might bea massive black hole at the center of our galaxy swallowing up stars at a very rapid rate.Mankind may one day meet this fate.On the other hand, scientists have suggested that very advanced technology could one day make use of the energy of black holes for mankind.These speculations sound like science fiction.But the theory of black holes in space is accepted by many serious scientists and astronomers.They show us a world which operates in a totally different way from our own and they question our most basic experience of space and time.(346 words)【关键词】supernova超新星galaxy银河，星系【参考译文】什么是黑洞?说起来，很难回答这个问题，因为通常我们用来描述科学现象的这个术语在这里就不恰当了。
2013年武汉大学211翻译硕士英语考研真题及详解【圣才出品】
2013年武汉大学211翻译硕士英语考研真题及详解一、词汇语法题（共40小题，每小题0.5分，共20分）Directions: There are 40 sentences in this part. Beneath each sentence there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that best completes the sentence. Mark your answer on the answer sheet.1. A man’s worth lies not so much in ______ he has as in ______ he is.A. that, thatB. that, whatC. what, thatD. what, what【答案】D【解析】句意：“一个人的价值与其说在于他拥有什么，不如说他是什么”。
not so much ... as ...与其……不如……。
本题考查宾语从句，所填词既要引导宾语从句，又要在宾语从句中作主语，只有“what”满足条件。
故选择D项。
2. She ran back into the room to see ______ he ______ anything behind.A. if, had forgottenB. if, had leftC. that, had forgottenD. that, had left【答案】B【解析】句意：她跑回房间看他有没有落下什么东西。
根据句意判断宾语从句应由if“是否”来引导，并应为过去完成时态。
leave behind是固定搭配，意思是“丢下，落下”。
故选择B项。
3. Life, as the TV series demonstrates, is too complex for ______ endings.A. intricateB. ambiguousC. straightforwardD. recognizable【答案】C【解析】句意：就像电视剧展现的那样，生活太复杂，往往不会有直截了当的结局。
2013年英语真题+答案解析
2013年英语真题+答案解析2013年普通高等学校专升本招生考试公共英语试卷Part Ⅰ Vocabulary and Structure (1×40 points)Directions:There are 40 incomplete sentences in this part. For each sentence there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the ONE that best completes the sentence，and then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet.1.Some companies might not let you rent a car _______ you have a credit card.A. WhereB. sinceC. becauseD. unless2. In his opinion, success in life mainly _______ on how we get along with other people.A. keepsB. dependsC. insistsD. spends3. We _______ building the bridge by the end of next month.A. are finishingB. would finishC. have finishedD. will have finished4. Our company’s service is _______ in nearly 80 countries around the world.A. availableB. relativeC. naturalD. careful5. It was in Johnson’s hotel _______ the business meeting was held last year.A. thisB. thatC. whatD. which6. It is true that _______ drinking is bad for the health.A. sufficientB. littleC. enoughD. excessive7. Rising prices may _______ the rise in demand for these goods.A. reflectB. remindC. conveyD. explain8. The airplane arrived one hour _______ behind .A. planB. dateC. timeD. schedule9. Fresh air, enough exercise and nutritious food _______ to good health.A. contributeB. addC. attributeD. distribute10. Our English professor is a man _______of French .A. birthB. originC. sourceD. breed11. My advice is that she _______ to apologize to him.A. goB. wentC. goesD. has gone12. After the earthquake, a new school building was put up _______ there had once been a theatre.A. thatB. whereC. whichD. when13. Any man who wants to start a business must have some_______ .A. CurrencyB. incomeC. wealthD. capital14. _______ you decide to take up, you should try to make it a success.A. If onlyB. UnlessC. WhereD. Whatever15. If it _______ too much trouble I’d love a cup of tea.A. isn’tB. weren’tC. wasn’tD. hadn’t been16. If you don’t go. Neither _______.A. shall IB. do IC. I doD. I shall17. Don’t talk about such things of _______ you are not sure.A. WhichB. whatC. asD. those18. I don’t like _______ you speak to her.A. the wayB. the way in thatC. the way whichD. the way of which19. After _______ seemed ages, the newsman disclosed the facts.A. ThereB. whichC. whatD. that20. _______ has finished the work ahead of time wil l be rewarded though we don’t know who it will be.A. Those whoB. AnyoneC. WhoeverD. No matter who21. Jim was caught _______ drugs into the country.A. StealB. smugglingC. smugD. giggling22. The firm will _______ the workers their loss of job.A. compact; withB. conflict; withC. compensate; forD. fight; for23. David sent his girlfriend a ring _______ by his grandmother for all her life.A. have keptB. keptC. has keptD. has been kept24. _______ from the top of the mountain, the building looks like a bird nest.A. ViewedB. ViewingC. Been viewedD. Being viewed25. In the swamp the army _______ by mosquitoes.A. was fallenB. was besetC. was worriedD. was set26. You didn’t take his advice. _______ his advice, you such a mistake.A. Had you taken; wouldn’t have madeB. If you had taken; would makeC. Were you to take; shouldn’t have madeD. Have you taken; won’t have made27. Half of his goods _______ stolen the other day.A. areB. wereC. isD. was28. He asks that he _______ an opportunity to explain why he’s refused to go there.A. is givenB. must giveC. should giveD. be given29. I am sorry that he _______ in such poor health.A. areB. shall beC. wereD. should be30. The piano in the other shop will be_______ , but _______.A. cheaper; not as betterB. more cheap; not as betterC. cheaper; not as goodD. more cheap; not as good31. _______ difficult the task may be, we will try our best to complete it in time.A. No matterB. No wonderC. ThoughD. However32. The reason is _______ he is unable to operate the machine.A. becauseB. whyC. thatD. whether33. We’re talking about the piano and the pianist _______ were in the concert we attended last night.A. whichB. whomC. whoD. that34. The girl _______ an English song in the next room is Tom’s sister.A. who is singingB. is singingC. sangD. was singing35. The first textbook _______ for teaching English as a foreign language came out in the 16th century.A. having writtenB. to be writtenC. being writtenD. written36. We’d like to do _______ we can the poor.A. how; helpB. all; to helpC. whatever; helpD. however; to help37. The defense computers calculate way to _______ the enemy missiles.A. spoilB. harmC. destroyD. damage38. Today, household chores have been made much easier by electrical_______ .A. FacilitiesB. equipmentC. appliancesD. utilities39. I really appreciate _______ to help me, but I am sure that I will be able to manage it by myself.A. you to offerB. that you offerC. your offeringD. you to have offered40. _______ to sunlight for too much time will do harm to one’s skin.A. ExposedB. Having exposedC. Being exposedD. After being exposedPart Ⅱ Cloze (1×20 points)Directions: There are 20 blanks in the following passage. For each blank there are four choices marked A, B,C and D. You should choose the ONE that best fits into the passage and mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet.The old idea that anyone with a little money can start a business and operate it successfully is no longer invalid (无效果的). An equally important factor is business relations with 41 .It is necessary to know what people want and to make it 42 to them in a pleasant and convenient way. With 43 effort you will understand your buyer’s needs, and know how to 44 him and make him appreciate the good points of your 45 . Knowing how to 46 to customers is the secret of successful selling. They appreciate it when you show a genuine, friendly interest in helping them to get the best goods 47 their purpose.All customers have the desire to get value in 48 . Smart people are price and value 49 .They will not insist 50 lower priced goods if they can be shown that higher priced goods will give them better value 51 use. Your function, as a 52 , is to help the buyer get the best 53 his money. This means that you must know your goods, be able to discuss their construction and performance in an intelligent way and be confident when you 54 the special qualities of your product or 55 . If you cannot tell the facts about these qualities, you should say, “I don’t know,” and find them out.Before approaching prospects with the idea of turning them into customers, you need to gaintheir confidence, as many articles are bought because of our faith in people as because of our faith in the 56 .Now we are ready to invite visitors. Who shall they be? Personal 57 is the best way to learn the present and probable market for what you have to offer.Recommendation by friends is also an excellent way to get in touch 58 prospects. That is why it is important to maintain customers. Tell them of your appreciation every time they send in a prospect. Drop 59 at their offices or phone them at their homes. Tell them about things that may interest or 60 them.41. A. customers B. sellers C. merchant D. businessmen42. A. nice B. good C. available D. attractive43. A. personal B. personnel C. manual D. artificial44. A. get B. attract C. cheat D. approach45. A. offer B. dress C. store D. good46. A. please B. supply C. appeal D. adapt47. A. in B. for C. with D. of48. A. clothes B. selling C. food D. exchange49. A. knowing B. ignorant C. conscious D. dependent50. A. in B. upon C. concerning D. with51. A. in B. while C. when D. before52. A. customer B. buyer C. merchandise D. salesman53. A. for B. beyond C. above D. against54. A. stresses B. display C. emphasize D. mentioned55. A. help B. service C. personality D. repair56. A. merchant B. salesman C. future D. merchandise57. A. attraction B. contact C. ability D. traveling58. A. with B. through C. by D. on59. A. out B. in C. across D. letters60. A. disinterest B. cheat C. fool D. benefitPart Ⅲ Reading Comprehension (2×20 points)Directions:There are 4 passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or incomplete statements. For each of them there are 4 choices marked A,B,C and D. You should decide on the best choice, and mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet.Passage 1“If you want to see a thing wel l, reach out (伸出手) and touch it!”That may seem a strange thing to say. But touching things can help you to see them better. Your eyes can tell you that aglass ball is round. But by holding it in your hands, you can feel how smooth (光滑) and cool the ball is. You can feel how heavy the glass is. When you feel all these about the ball, you really see it. With your skin, you can feel better. For example, your fingers can tell the difference between two coins in your pocket. You can feel a little drop of water on the back of your hand, too.All children soon learn what “Don’t touch!” means. They hear it often. Yet most of us keep on touching things as we grow up. In shops, we touch things as we might buy: food, clothes. T o see something well, we have to touch it. There are ways of learning to see well by feeling. One way is to close your eyes and try to feel everything that is touching your skin. Feel the shoes on your feet, the clothes on your body, the air on your skin. At first, it is not easy to feel these things. You are too used to (习惯于) them!Most museums are just for looking. But today some museums have some things to touc h. Their signs say, “Do touch!” There you can feel everything on show. If we want to see better, reach out and touch. Then you will really see!61. By touching things,________ .A. you will have a strange feelingB. you will learn how to reach out your handC. you can know them betterD. you can tell what colors they are62. When people buy things in shops, they often________ .A. buy them firstB. keep their right hands on themC. ask about themD. feel and touch them63. Why does it say “At first, it is n ot easy to feel thesethings”? Because________ .A. the things are used by people, tooB. people feel the things too oftenC. people know how to use the thingsD. the things are easy to feel64. Which of the following is true?A. Touching is more important than seeing.B. Our feet, fingers, hands and skin can help us buy food.C. People have to learn to see by feeling as they grow up.D. Visitors can feel the things on show in some museums.65. Which of the following can be the best title of the story?A. Touching by Feeling.B. To See or to Feel?C. To See Better — Touch.D. Ways of Feeling.Passage 2The old V olkswagen Beetle —“The Bug” — is making a comeback. People who own them are planning to keep them forever. People who don’t own them are paying hig h prices when they can find one for sale. It’s more remarkable when you realize that VW doesn’t even make them anymore!A spokesman for V olkswagen of America says there were about five million “Bugs” on American roads in 1977.That was the last year they were shipped to America. VW estimates that about four million of them are still running and running and running.Used car dealers say they can’t keep “Bugs” on their lots these days. They feel it’s because these cars have a history of reliable, inexpensive transportation. The cars average about 30 miles per gallon of gas.But all hasn’t been smooth going for the “Bugs”. The heating system is poor. And since it travels very close to the ground, larger cars tend to splash it with winter’s snow and mud. Some in the safety field consider the Beetle as defenseless against heavier cars. But the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration has nothing that shows any problem with them at all.66. American people like to have a “Bug”,________.A. because it is no more in productionB. because it is reliable and energy savingC. because it is remarkable and easy to driveD. because it is safe67. According to the passage, which of the following statements is TRUE?A. “Bugs” are more popular than other cars in America.B. “Bugs” are now produced in small quantity.C. American feel proud if they can own a “Bug”.D. No “Bugs” h ave been shipped to America since 1977.68. In the last sentence of the second paragraph, the word “them” refers to________ .A. a car by the name of V olkswagen BeetleB. heavier cars imported from other countriesC. people in the safety fieldD. people from National Highway Traffic Administration69. What is the problem with a “Bug”?A. It does not go smoothly.B. It is not comfortable in winter.C. It splashes mud and water.D. It travels too slowly.70. What can be concluded according to the NationalHighway Traffic Safety Administration?A. They are going to investigate into “Bugs” problem.B. Some of the “Bugs” are not usable any more.C. It is defenseless when it is hit by a heavy car.D. The “Bugs” is good for use.Passage 3There are many ways to learn about people of other lands. One way is to study the clothing other people wear. For thousands of years, people in different part of the world have worn very different types of clothing. There are four big reasons for this.One reason might be religion. In many Moslem countries, women must wear veils to hide their faces. The veils must be worn in public. Veils are part of the Moslem religion. The second reason is that different materials are used in different countries. For instance, in France the materials used in clothing may be cotton, silk, wool, or many other man made materials. Most people in China wear cotton.The ways clothes are made are also very different. This is another reason why people dress differently. Western countries rely on machines to make most of their clothing. Someone living inIndia can use only hand power to make the clothing he needs.World wide differences in customs also lead to differences in clothing. A Mexican farmer wears a straw hat with a brim up. In China, a farmer wears a straw hat with a brim down. Both hats are used to protect the farmers from the sun. Some of these customs have come down through thousands of years.71. If you want to learn about the differences about people in the world, you________.A. should know the ways to study other landsB. should know the four big reasons given in the passageC. may study the different types of clothing people wearD. may be surprised by the ways people wear hats72. In many Moslem countries, women have to ________ in public.A. wear more clothes than menB. cover their faces with veilsC. protect their faces from being hurtD. wear religious clothing73. Which of the following is the reason for the differences in clothing?A. Materials used for clothes differ from country to country.B. Cotton is the common material for clothing.C. Man made materials are invented to make clothes.D. Most people like silk clothes.74. The third reason for difference in clothing is________ .A. different materialsB. different ways of making clothesC. different styles of dressingD. different religions75. The two examples of wearing hats are given in the last paragraph to show________ .A. the effect of customs on dressing styleB. the function of wearing straw hatC. the correct way of wearing straw hatD. the long history of some customsPassage 4Pressure Cooker (高压锅) SafetyWhen you are cooking with a pressure cooker, you shouldlearn a few common sense (常识) rules:1. Never leave the cooker unwatched when it is in use.2. Add sufficient liquid but never past the recommended fill point. Overfilling the cooker may block the vent pipe (排气孔) and cause the cooker to explode.3. Set the cooking time. Too much time may overcook the food or too much pressure may build up in the cooker. Too little time will lead to under cooked food.4. If you are new to pressure cooking, follow the cooking instructions carefully. Heat and time can either result in a great meal or a ruined one.5. Never try to force a pressure cooker cover open. Allow the cooker to cool or run it under cool water before trying to open the cover.6. Clean the cooker thoroughly after each use. Mild detergent (洗涤剂) and hot water work the best. Do not use stove ash or sand for they may damage the cooker. The gasket (密封圈) is best cleaned in warm soapy water and then dried. Store the gasket in the bottom of the pot.76. According to the first rule, the user should________ .A. keep the cooker under close watchB. always keep the cooker half fullC. never leave the cooker emptyD. never turn off the stove77. According to the second rule, too much liquid in the cooker may result in________ .A. a ruined mealB. under cooked foodC. too little pressureD. a blocked vent pipe78. According to the fifth rule, a pressure cooker cover should be opened________ .A. as soon as the cook is finishedB. which it is still on the stoveC. with force when it is hotD. after it is cooled down79. According to the instructions, which of the following is TRUE?A. The gasket should be cleaned thoroughly with cold water.B. Mild detergent and hot water can best clean the cooker.C. Soapy water will often damage the cooker.D. Sand can be used to clean the cooker.80. Which of the following operations may be dangerous?A. Overfilling the cooker with food and water.B. Cleaning the cooker with detergent.C. Cooling the cooker with cold water.D. Setting too little cooking time.Part Ⅳ Translation (2×10 points)Directions: There are 10 sentences in this section. Please translate sentences 8185 from Chinese into English, and translate sentences 8690 from English into Chinese. Write your answer on the Answer Sheet.81.无论问题看起来怎么复杂，他总能找到解决办法。
2013年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试英语试题(湖北卷,解析版)
2013年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试（湖北卷）英语试题答案解析第一部分：听力1—5 ACABC 6—10 CAABB 11—15 CBABA 16—20 CBACC第二部分：词汇知识运用第一节：多项选择（每小题1分，满分10分）21. A 【命题立意】考查动词的辨义。
【解析】perspective 观点、看法； priority 优先权； participation参加、参与；privilege特权。
此处是指城市年轻人的观点（看法），所以选A。
解题的关键在于正确理解和把握一词多义和熟词生义。
22.D 【命题立意】考查动词的辨义。
【解析】barrier 障碍屏障、分界线；difference差别、差异； comparison比较、不同；connection 连接、联系。
此处是指二氧化碳把我们和太阳光线分割开来……，所以选D。
解题的关键在于正确理解和把握一词多义和熟词生义。
23.C 【命题立意】考查动词的辨义。
【解析】simplify简化，使单纯，使简易；sacrifice牺牲，贡献； substitute 代替，替补； survive幸存，活下来；此处是指聪明人经常把复杂的事情简单化，所以选C24. D 【命题立意】考查动词的辨义。
【解析】register登记，注册；associate（使）发生联系；（使）联合；结交；联想；dispute 辩论，争论；negotiate谈判，协商；此处是指所有的外国人都必须在抵达两周内到当地警察局登记，所以选D。
解题的关键在于正确理解和把握一词多义和熟词生义。
25. B 【命题立意】考查固定词组的辨义。
【解析】feed on以…为食，以…为能源；carry on经营，继续进行； put on增加，穿上，上演； focus on致力于，使聚焦于；此处是指蝴蝶以花中甜液为食，所以选B。
解题的关键在于正确理解和把握固定词组的多个意思。
26. A 【命题立意】考查固定词组的辨义。
【推荐】2013年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试(湖北卷)
2013年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试（湖北卷）英语试题答案解析第一部分：听力1—5 ACABC 6—10 CAABB 11—15 CBABA 16—20 CBACC第二部分：词汇知识运用第一节：多项选择（每小题1分，满分10分）21. A 【命题立意】考查动词的辨义。
【解析】perspective 观点、看法；priority 优先权；participation参加、参与；privilege 特权。
此处是指城市年轻人的观点（看法），所以选A。
解题的关键在于正确理解和把握一词多义和熟词生义。
22.D 【命题立意】考查动词的辨义。
【解析】barrier 障碍屏障、分界线；difference差别、差异；comparison比较、不同；connection 连接、联系。
此处是指二氧化碳把我们和太阳光线分割开……，所以选D。
解题的关键在于正确理解和把握一词多义和熟词生义。
23.C 【命题立意】考查动词的辨义。
【解析】simplify简化，使单纯，使简易；sacrifice牺牲，贡献；substitute 代替，替补；survive幸存，活下；此处是指聪明人经常把复杂的事情简单化，所以选C24. D 【命题立意】考查动词的辨义。
【解析】register登记，注册；associate（使）发生联系；（使）联合；结交；联想；dispute 辩论，争论；negotiate谈判，协商；此处是指所有的外国人都必须在抵达两周内到当地警察局登记，所以选D。
解题的关键在于正确理解和把握一词多义和熟词生义。
25. B 【命题立意】考查固定词组的辨义。
【解析】feed on以…为食，以…为能；carry on经营，继续进行；put on增加，穿上，上演；focus on致力于，使聚焦于；此处是指蝴蝶以花中甜液为食，所以选B。
解题的关键在于正确理解和把握固定词组的多个意思。
26. A 【命题立意】考查固定词组的辨义。
【解析】set aside把…放置一旁，不理会，留出；set down制定，（使）放下；set off出发，（使）开始；set up建立，准备，安排；此处是指晚上是留出睡觉的，所以选A。
2013年湖北武汉大学语言学基础考研真题
2013年湖北武汉大学语言学基础考研真题及答案1. Explain the following terms. ( 5×10=50)（1）cultural transmission（2）complementary distribution（3）morpheme（4）assimilation（5）locutionary act（6）immediate constituents（7）concord（8）idiolect（9）hypercorrection（10）lexeme(1) This process whereby language is passed on from one generation to the next is described as cultural transmission. While human capacity for language has a genetic basis, i.e., we are all born with the ability to acquire language, the details of any language system are not genetically transmitted, but instead have to be taught and learned. Language is cultural transmitted. It is passed on from one generation to the next through teachingand learning, rather than by instinct.(2) When two sounds never occur in the same environment, and the occurrence of one sound as opposed to another is determined by their phonetic environment, the sounds concerned were said to be in a complementary distribution. Not all the sounds in complementary distribution belong to the same phoneme; if the sounds in complementary distribution belong to the same phoneme, they should be phonetically similar.(3) Morpheme is the smallest meaningful unit of language in terms of relationship between expression and content, a unit that cannot be divided into further smaller units without destroying or drastically altering the meaning, whether is lexical or grammatical. Morphemes can be subclassified into different types, depending on what criteria followed, such as free morpheme & bound morpheme, inflectional morpheme& derivational morpheme.(4) Assimilation is a process by which one sound takes on some or all the characteristics of a neighboring sound. Assimilation is often used synonymously with co-articulation. There are two possibilities of assimilation: if a following sound is influencing a proceeding sound, we call it regressive assimilation; theconverse process, in which a preceding sound is influencing a following sound, is knows as progressive assimilation.(5) According to Jane Austin, there are three senses in which saying something may be understood as doing something. The first sense is an ordinary one. That is, when we speak we move our vocal organs and produce a number of sounds, organized in a certain way and with a certain meaning. The act performed in this sense is called a locutionary act. It is the act of uttering words, phrases, and clauses. It is the act of conveying literal meaning by means of syntax, lexicon and phonology. The other two acts are illocutionary act and perlocutionary act.(6) Structural linguists hold that a sentence does not only have a linear structure but also a hierarchical structure. Under this premise, immediate constituents are constituents immediately, directly, below the level of a construction. Theoretically speaking, the constituent may also be a word; a word may also be analyzed into its immediate constituents-morphemes. The last level of constituents, i.e. morphemes, is known as ultimate constituents.(7) Concord, also known as agreement, may be defined as the requirement that the forms of two or more words in a syntacticrelationship should agree with each other in terms of some categories. For example, in English the determiner and the noun it precedes should concord in number; the form of a subject should agree with that of the verb in terms of number in tense. (8) Idiolect is a personal dialect of an individual speaker that combines elements regarding regional, social, gender, and age variations. In other words, an individual speaker’s regional and social background, his/ her gender and age jointly determine the way he/she talks. And the language he/she uses, which bears distinctive features of his/her own, is his/ her idiolect. In a narrow sense, what makes up a person’s idiolect also includes such factors as voice quality, pitch and speech tempo and rhythm.(9) Hypercorrection is the process where a rule is applied to contexts in which it is not needed (similar to overgeneralization). It also refers to the incorrect use of a word, pronunciation or other linguistic feature in speaking as a result of the attempt to speak in an educated manner and in the process of replacing a form that is it self correct. For example the use of ‘whom’instead of ‘who’in ‘Whom do you think painted that picture?’Hypercorrections are sometimes used by a speaker ofa second language learner who is attempting to speak correctly or by a speaker of a non-standard variety of a language, when speaking formally.(10) The lexeme is the smallest unit in a meaningful system of language that can de distinguished from other similar unit. It is an abstract sense, when it ‘occurs’in a certain context, is a word-form, which has a particular phonological or orthographical shape. The standard form of the realization of the lexeme is called ‘citation-form’which enters dictionary. The idioms that are semantically understood as a whole will be regarded as a single lexical entry in as dictionary, so they are also regarded as lexeme.2. Briefly answer the following questions: (10×4=40)(1) Why is spoken language is primary and writing secondary? Speech and writing are two major media of linguistic communication. Modern linguistics regards the spoken language as the natural or the primary medium of human language for some obvious reasons. From the point of view of linguistic evolution, speech is prior to writing. The writing system of any language is always “invented”by its users to record speech when the need arises. Even in today’s world there are still manylanguages that can only be spoken but not written. Then in everyday communication, speech plays a greater role than writing in terms of the amount of information conveyed. And also, speech is always the way in which every native speaker acquires his mother tongue, and writing is learned and taught later when he goes to school. For modern linguistics, spoken language reveals many true features of human speech while written language is only the “revised”record of speech. Thus their date for investigation and analysis are mostly drawn from everyday speech, which they regard as authentic.(2) Why is the negative morpheme in realized as in, im, il ir in such words as inefficient, impossible, illegal, irrelevant? Morpheme is an abstract notion. In the actual context it is realized by morphs called allomorphs. Allomorphs are the actual realization form of a morpheme, usually related to phonological forms. The occurrence of a particular allomorph is closely related to a particular sound context, this is regarded as phonological conditioning, which accounts for the phonic variants of a certain morpheme. The negative morpheme in is an abstract sense, it has four variants in actual sound context: /im/ occurs before labial consonants/m/, /p/, /b/, as in impossible; /ir/ before /r/ as in irrelevant; /il/ before /l/, as in illegal; and /in/before all the other sounds, as in inefficient.(3) What are differences between competence and communicative competence?Noam Chomsky defines competence as a language user’s underlying knowledge about the system or rules. In Chomsky’s view, the native speaker’s competence can be characterized as a set of rules for producing an understanding sentences in his language. To acquire the native speaker’s competence is to obtain the ability of recognizing and producing grammatical sentences in a language.Dell Hymes pointed out ant Chomsky’s competence is necessary but not sufficient for a learner to communicate with others successfully in a speech community. In addition to grammatical accuracy, a successful communication requires appropriacy in the sense that he knows when he speaks what to whom. Thus he extended the notion of competence, restricted by Chomsky to knowledge of grammar, to incorporate the pragmatic ability for language use. This extended idea of competence is called communicative competence.Thus we can see that the content of communicative competence is larger than competence. Communicative competence usuallyincludes the several parts: grammatical competence, that is knowledge of grammar, vocabulary, phonology, and semantics of a language; sociolinguistic competence, that is the knowledge of the relationship between language and its nonlinguistic context, knowing how to use and respond appropriately to different types of speech acts, and so forth; discourse competence, that is knowing how to begin and end conversations and strategic competence, that is knowledge of communication strategies that can compensate for weakness in other areas.(4) How do lexicographers distinguish polysemy from homonymy?What lexicographers can depend on is the etymology of the words in question. A polysemic word is the result of the evolution of the primary meaning of the word. The various meanings of the word are related to some degree. Complete homonyms are often brought into being by coincidence and their meaning is less related.3. Essay problems: (20×3=60)(1) Discuss the differences between structural grammar and TG grammar?Structural grammar and TG grammar have different views onthe nature of language. First, while Bloomfield defines language as a set of utterances and set of “lexical and grammatical habits”, Chomsky defines language as a set of rules or principles. Second, the two grammars have different aims in linguistics. For structural grammar, the aim of linguistics is to describe one or a set of languages: such a description is often evaluated in terms of the use to which it is gonging to be put. For Chomsky, the aim of linguistics is to produce a generative grammar which captures the tacit knowledge of the native speaker of his language. This concerns the question of learning theory and the question of linguistic universal. Third, the two grammars make use of different types of data in their analysis. The strcuturalists only make use of naturally occurring utterances, observable and observed. They are not allowed to consult the informant whether a sentence is grammatical or not. In contrast, Chomsky and his followers are interested in any data that can reveal the native speaker’s tactic knowledge. They seldom use what native speakers actually say; they rely on their own intuition. Fourth, the two grammars employ different methods. The strcuturalists’methodology is essentially inductive. Chomsky’s method is hypothesis-deductive, which operates at two levels: (a) the linguist formulates a hypothesis about language structure-ageneral linguistic theory; this is tested by grammars for particular languages, and (b) each such grammar is a hypothesis on the general linguistic theory. Finally, the two grammars view language learning differently. While the strcuturalists follow empiricism in philosophy and behaviourism in psychology, Chomsky follows rationalism in philosophy and mentalism in psychology.(2) Give your ideas about a good test.Lado proposes two basic requirements that a test must fulfil: validity and reliability.A. Validity is the degree to which a test measures what it is meant to measure. There are several kinds of validity:(a) Content validity. It refers to the extent to which the test adequately covers the syllabus area to be tested. It can be affected by the length, selection of topics, and some other factors of the test.(b) Construct validity. It the test proves the theoretical construct on which it is based, it can be said to have construct validity. (c) Empirical validity. If the results of test correlate with some external criteria, the test can be said to possess empirical validity. Empirical validity can be “concurrent”, when test results match the results of other valid tests or independent measures or“predictive”, when test results correspond with another criterion.(d) Face validity. Unlike the other three forms of validity, face validity is based on the subjective judgement of an observer. If the test appears to be measuring what it intends to measure, the test is considered to have face validity.B. ReliabilityReliability can be defined as consistency. If a test produces the same or very similar results when given to the same candidates twice in succession or marked by different people, it is regarded as having high degree of reliability.Reliability can be affected by two kinds of error. The extrinsic sources of error consist of the variability of the testers and testees, and the variability of the test situation. The intrinsic sources of error are within the test itself. These occur when there is a lack of stability or equivalence.(a) Stability reliability. A measuring device is stable if it gives the same reading when used twice on the same object, assuming there is no change in the object between the two measurements.(b) Equivalence reliability. A measuring device is equivalent to another if they produce the same results when used on the same objects.(3) Discuss the relationship between language and culture.In terms of relationship between language and culture, we can infer that a language not only expresses facts, ideas, or events that represent similar world knowledge by its people, but also reflects the people’s attitudes, beliefs, world outlooks, and etc. Language expresses cultural reality. On the other hand, as people’s language uses express their culture represented by its social conventions, norms and social appropriateness, the culture both emancipates and constrains people socially, historically and metaphorically. Sharing a same community culture, people have acquired common ways of viewing the world through their speech interactions with other members of the same group. Although language and culture are inextricably intertwined, culture is a wider system that completely includes language as a subsystem. The knowledge and beliefs that constitute a people’s culture are habitually encoded and transmitted in the language of the people. Language as an integral part of human being, permeates his thinking and way of viewing the world, language both expresses and embodies cultural reality.。
2013全国考研英语(一)翻译真题及解析.doc
2013考研英语（一）翻译真题及解析--中域教育网46. yet when one looks at the photographs of the gardens created by the homeless, it strikes one that, for all their diversity of styles, these gardens speak of various other fundamental urges beyond that of decoration and creative expression.解析考察重点：非谓语动词做后置定语，状语从句，插入语这个句子结构非常清晰：it strikes one that, for all their diversity of styles,these gardens speak of various other fundamental urges beyond that of decoration and creative expression.是主句，其中for all their diversity of styles是插入语。
时间壮语从句yet when one looks at the photographs of the gardens created by the homeless,提前至主句之前，其中created by the homeless 是过去分词短语充当后置定语，用来修饰the gardens。
词汇的识别：句子中的动词looks at，对应的宾语是the photographs of the gardens,因此翻译成“观看”。
句子中created by the homeless对应的宾语是the gardens,因此翻译成“创建、建立”。
句子中的动词speak of对应的宾语是various other fundamental urges，因此翻译成“透露、显示、表明”。
2013年考研英语二真题全文翻译答案超详解析
2013年考研英语二真题全文翻译答案超详解析2013 年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（二）试题答案与解析Section I Use of English一、文章题材结构分析本文主要分析了无现金社会为何迟迟不来的原因。
第一段是文章的中心段落，指出真正的无现金社会很可能不会马上到来。
第二、三段从电子支付设备昂贵、纸质支票提供收据、使用纸质支票能获得浮存利息以及电子支付方式存在的安全隐私问题四个方面分析纸币系统得以继续存在的理由。
二、试题解析1．【答案】A （However）【解析】空前作者讲到“鉴于电子货币的优势,你也许会认为,我们将快速步入无现金社会,实现完全电子支付。
”而空后说“真正的无现金社会很可能不会马上到来”，两者之前出现了明显的转折关系，因此答案A。
B. moreover 表递进C.therefore 表结果D. Otherwise 表对比2．【答案】D （around）【解析】由空格所在句的“but”得知，句子前后是转折关系。
事实上,这样的预测已经二十年了,但迄今还没有实现。
A. off 停止; B. back 返回; C. over 结束，与后文均不构成转折，故答案选 D. around 出现。
3．【答案】B （concept）【解析】空格所在的句子意思为例如, 1975 年《商业周刊》预测电子支付手段不久将“彻底改变货币本身的____”将四个选项带入，能够彻底改变的对象只能是金钱的概念（定义），而A“力量”,C“历史”,D“角色”，语义都不恰当，并且如果选择role 的话，应该是复数roles, 因为是金钱的作用不止一个，故答案选B。
4．【答案】D （reverse）【解析】空格填入的动词跟前面的动词revolutionize （变革）意思上应该是同义替换的，要选择含有变革，彻底改变意思的词汇，四个选项中 A. reward 奖励 B. 抵抗 C. resume 重新开始，继续，都不合适，只有 D 选项reverse“颠覆”最为贴切，本句译为“电子支付方式不久将改变货币的定义,并将在数年后颠覆货币本身。
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武汉大学2013年英语翻译基础真题及详解I. Put the Following Terms into Chinese. (共15小题，每小题1分，共15分) Globalization; Accreditation; CAT; CPI; CRH; ASEAN; OPEC; Dubbing; Third-Party insurance; sampling; tax refund; overdraft; after service; the tertiary industry; fiscal deficit.II. Put the Following Terms into English. (共15小题，每小题1分，共15分)生态文明，小康社会，科学发展观，自由职业翻译者，律师事务所，法人代表，国有资产流失，上市公司，人民币升值压力，外汇储备，信用评级，成本价，安居工程，贸易保护主义，三农问题III. Put the Following English into Chinese. (60分)In each century since the beginning of the world wonderful things have been discovered. In the last century more amazing things were found out than in any century before. In this new century hundreds of things still more astounding will be brought to light. At first people refuse to believe that a strange new thing can be done, then they begin to hope it can be done, then they see it can be done—then it is done and all the world wonders why it was not done centuries ago. One of the new things people began to find out in the last century was that thoughts—just mere thoughts—are as powerful as electric batteries—as good for one as sunlightis, or as bad for one as poison. To let a sad thought or a bad one get into your mind is as dangerous as letting a scarlet fever germ get into your body. If you let it stay there after it has got in you may never get over it as long as you live.So long as Mistress Mary’s mind was full of disagreeable thoughts about her dislikes and sour opinions of people and her determination not to be pleased by or interested in anything, she was a yellow-faced, sickly, bored and wretched child. Circumstances, however, were very kind to her, though she was not at all aware of it. They began to push her about for her own good. When her mind gradually filled itself with robins, and moorland cottages crowded with children, with queer crabbed old gardeners and common little Yorkshire housemaids, with springtime and with secret gardens coming alive day by day, and also with a moor boy and his "creatures," there was no room left for the disagreeable thoughts which affected her liver and her digestion and made her yellow and tired.IV. Put the Following Chinese into English. (60分)以经济建设为中心是兴国之要，发展仍是解决我国所有问题的关键。
只有推动经济持续健康发展，才能筑牢国家繁荣富强、人民幸福安康、社会和谐稳定的物质基础。
必须坚持发展是硬道理的战略思想，决不能有丝毫动摇。
在当代中国，坚持发展是硬道理的本质要求就是坚持科学发展。
以科学发展为主题，以加快转变经济发展方式为主线，是关系我国发展全局的战略抉择。
要适应国内外经济形势新变化，加快形成新的经济发展方式，把推动发展的立足点转到提高质量和效益上来，着力激发各类市场主体发展新活力，着力增强创新驱动发展新动力，着力构建现代产业发展新体系，着力培育开放型经济发展新优势，使经济发展更多依靠内需特别是消费需求拉动，更多依靠现代服务业和战略性新兴产业带动，更多依靠科技进步、劳动者素质提高、管理创新驱动，更多依靠节约资源和循环经济推动，更多依靠城乡区域发展协调互动，不断增强长期发展后劲。
坚持走中国特色新型工业化、信息化、城镇化、农业现代化道路，推动信息化和工业化深度融合、工业化和城镇化良性互动、城镇化和农业现代化相互协调，促进工业化、信息化、城镇化、农业现代化同步发展。
参考答案及解析I. Put the Following Terms into Chinese.Globalization：全球化Accreditation：鉴定合格CAT：计算机辅助翻译CPI: 消费物价指数CRH: 中国高速铁路ASEAN; 东南亚国家联盟OPEC; 石油输出国组织Dubbing; 配音Third-Party insurance:第三者责任保险Sampling: 抽样Tax refund: 退税Overdraft: 透支After service: 售后服务The tertiary industry: 第三产业Fiscal deficit: 财政赤字II. Put the Following Terms into English.生态文明Ecological civilization小康社会Moderately Prosperous Society科学发展观Scientific Outlook on Development自由职业翻译者Freelance translator律师事务所law office法人代表legal representative国有资产流失erosion of state assets上市公司listed company人民币升值压力upward pressure on the Renminbi外汇储备foreign exchange reserves信用评级credit rating成本价cost price安居工程affordable/comfortable housing project贸易保护主义trade protectionism三农问题Issues of agriculture, farmer and rural areaIII. Put the Following English into Chinese.从世界起始之初，每个世纪里都会发现一些奇妙的事物。
上个世纪发现的令人惊奇的事物比以往任何世纪都多。
在这个世纪里，成百上千更为震撼人心的事物将出现。
开始，人们不相信自己能够做到什么奇怪的新事，不过之后他们又开始希望能够做到，后来他们发现这是能做到的——然后就做到了。
现在全世界都奇怪为什么几个世纪前没做到。
上世纪人们开始发现了一件新奇的事情，那就是思想——仅仅是本身，和电池一样有威力，宛如阳光一样美好，又或者像毒物一样糟糕。
当悲伤的，恶意的念头进入你的心里时，这和让一个猩红热病菌进入你的身体一样危险。
假如它进入了你的思想，并且你允许它留下来的话，只要你活着，你也许永远无法逃脱它的魔爪。
玛丽小姐是个面色蜡黄、身体虚弱、心情烦躁而又身世可怜的孩子。
面对她讨厌的东西时她会心生厌恶，看待别人时她的意见也总是酸溜溜的。
她决意不被任何事物所取悦，也不想对什么事产生兴趣。
然而，周围环境非常善待她，只是她并未察觉到这一点。
于是，环境开始为了她的好而推动着她。
玛丽的心渐渐被知更鸟、旷野上挤满了孩子的农舍、古怪易怒的老花匠、普通的约克郡小女仆、灿烂的春光和日益复苏的秘密花园所填满。
除了这些，还有荒野男孩儿和他的“生物们”。
她的心里已经没有空间去容纳那些不愉快的想法，这些想法曾经损害她的肝脏，影响她的消化，使她面庞发黄，身体疲倦。
IV. Put the Following Chinese into English.Taking economic development as the central task is vital to national renewal, and development still holds the key to addressing all the problems we have in China. Only by promoting sustained and sound development can we lay a solid foundation for enhancing the country’s prosperity and strength, improving the people’s wellbeing and ensuring social harmony and stability. We must unwaveringly adhere to the strategic thinking that only development counts.In contemporary China, pursuing development in a scientific way best embodies the thinking that only development counts. Taking the pursuit ofdevelopment in a scientific way as the underlying guideline and accelerating the change of the growth model as a major task is a strategic choice we have made for promoting China's overall development. In response to changes in both domestic and international economic developments, we should speed up the creation of a new growth model and ensure that development is based on improved quality and performance. We should fire all types of market participants with new vigor for development, increase motivation for pursuing innovation-driven development, establish a new system for developing modern industries, and create new favorable conditions for developing the open economy. This will make economic development driven more by domestic demand, especially consumer demand, by a modern service industry and strategic emerging industries, by scientific and technological progress, by a workforce of higher quality and innovation in management, by resource conservation and a circular economy, and by coordinated and mutually reinforcing urban-rural development and development between regions. T aking these steps will enable us to sustain long-term development.We should keep to the Chinese-style path of carrying out industrialization in a new way and advancing IT application, urbanization, and agricultural modernization. We should promote integration of IT application and industrialization, interaction between industrialization and urbanization, and coordination between urbanization and agricultural modernization, thus promoting harmonized development of industrialization, IT application,。