南京航空航天大学大学物理练习册答案

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v v a + b = 2 2 + 4 2 = 20
q = arctan = 63.4°
q
v 2i
v v a - b = 22 2 + 4 2 = 10 5
0-2
q = arctan
4 = 10.3° 22
(图略)
v v v v v v (1) a × b = (6 i + 12 j ) × ( -8 i - 6 j ) = -48 - 72 = -120 v v v v v v v v v (2) a ´ b = (6 i + 12 j ) ´ (-8 i - 6 j ) = -36 k + 96 k = 60 k
30°

v v B对地
a
v v A对B
v v A对地 v A对地 - vB对地 sin 30° 1000 - 800 ´ 0.5 sin a = = v A对B 917 = 0.6543 a = 40.9° 即 A 机相对于 B 机的速度方向为向西偏南 40.9° 。
1-13
v v v v 船对地 = v 船对水 + v水对地
1-4 设 x 轴方向水平向左,影子到灯杆距离为 x ,人到灯杆距离为 x ¢ ,由几何关系得
h x - x¢ H dx H d x¢ H = ,x= x¢ , v = = = V H x H -h dt H - h dt H - h
1-5
a=
1-6
dv dv d x dv = =v = 3 + 6x 2 , dt d x dt dx dv = A - Bv , dt
v v船对地 v v船对水
v v 船对水
v v船对地
a
v v水对地
b
v v水对地
(2) b = arctan
x = v水对地 ´
船到达对岸下游 500 m 处。 2-1
3
(1) (2) 假设 A 下滑
ì m A g cos 60 ° - T A = m A a m A g cos 60° - m B g cos 30° ï = -0.12 m/s 2 ,系统将向右边运动。 íT B - m B g cos 30 ° = m B a 得 a = m + m A B ï îT A = T B
物体到最高点时, v = 0 ,得 y max = (2) 下落时, - mg + kmv 2 = mv
2 ( g + kv 0 ) 1 ln 2k g
dv , dy
ò
y ymax
dy=-
ò
vdv , 2 0 g - kv
v
y - ymax =
1 g - kv 2 ln ,v = 2k g
g (1 - e 2 k ( y - ymax ) ) k
v v v v v v v v v v (2) Dr = r2 - r1 = (6 i + 11 j ) - (3 i + 5 j ) = 3 i + 6 j , Dr = 3 2 + 6 2 = 45 ,
与 x 轴正向的夹角 q = arctan
6 = 63.4° 3
v v v v v v v v v v v v v v r2 - r1 3 i + 6 j v r1 - r0 (3 i + 5 j ) - 3 j = = 3 i + 2 j , v2 = = = 3i + 6 j (3) v1 = Dt1 1 Dt 2 1
1 2
2 æ kv0 ö ÷ 物体到最地面时, y = 0 ,得 v y=0 = v0 ç 1 + ç g ÷ è ø
2-5
4
设链条质量为 m ,质量线密度为 l =
m ,下垂长度为 y 时速度为 v ,由牛顿定律 l
lyg = m
dv dv = mv , lg dt dy
ò
y a
yd y =m
ò
0-3
v v v v (1) a + b = - c = c = 5 m
源自文库v v v v (2) Q a ^ b ,\ a × b = 0 v v v v v (3) a ´ b = 3 j ´ 4 i = -12 k
0-4
v v v v v v v dr v v dr v 2 - 2t (1) = (3t + 2)i + 6e j + 10 cos 5t k , t = 0 时, r = 3 j , = 2 i + 6 j + 10 k dt dt
0-1
v v v v v v v (1) a + b = (12 i + 4 j - 10 i ) m = (2 i + 4 j ) m
v 4j
v v a +b
4 2 v v v v v v v (2) a - b = (12 i + 4 j + 10 i ) m = (22 i + 4 j ) m
v
0
vdv,v =
lg ( y 2 - a 2 )
m
=
g ( y2 - a2 ) l
当 y = l 时链条滑离桌边, v y=l = 2-6
g (l 2 - a 2 ) l
ì m1 g + ( m1a ) - T1 = m1a ¢ m1 - m2 2m1 m2 ï ( g + a ) T = m2 ( g + a¢ + a) = ( g + a) íT2 - m2 g - ( m 2 a ) = m 2 a ¢ ,得 a¢ = m + m m + m 1 2 1 2 ïT = T = T 2 î 1
(2)
v dr = 2 2 + 6 2 + 10 2 = 140 dt
v v v v v dr (3) r × = ( -3 j ) × (6 j + 10 k ) = -18 dt v v v v v v dr (4) r ´ = (-3 j ) ´ (6 j + 10 k ) = -30 i dt
vx =
ò
ò
ò
ò
1-3 质点作匀加速运动
v v v v v (1) v = v 0 + a t = 6t i + 4t j
v 1 v v v v 1v v v v r = r0 + v 0 t + a t 2 = 10 i + (6 i + 4 j )t 2 = (10 + 3t 2 )i + 2t 2 j 2 2 y 3y 2 (2) y = 2t 2 , t 2 = , x = 10 + ,\ y = ( x - 10) 2 2 3
x 2x 2 æ xö (4) t = , y = 2ç ÷ + 3 = +3 3 9 è3ø
1
2
1-2
x t dx = 10t , d x = 10t d t , x = 5t 2 + 1 1 0 dt y t dy 2 1 vy = = t , d y = t 2 d t , y = t3 + 2 2 0 dt 3 v v v v v v dv v v 1 v v r = (5t 2 + 1)i + ( t 3 + 2) j , v = 10t i + t 2 j , a = = 10 i + 2t j 3 dt v 14 v v v v v j , a = 10 i + 4 j t = 2 s 时, r = 21i + 3
ò
v 0
vdv =
A
ò (3 + 6x
0
- Bt
x
2
1 ) d x , v 2 = 3 x + 2 x 3 ,\ v = ± 6 x + 4 x 3 2
a=
1-7
ò
v 0
dv = A - Bv
ò d t , v = B (1 - e
0
t
)
(1) a =
x dv dx = 2 m/s 2 , v = = 8 + 2t m/s , d x = - 52 dt dt
(1) a = arccos
v水对地 0.55 = arccos = 60° v船对水 1.10 1000 1000 1000 t= = = = 1050 s v船对地 v船对水 sin 60° 1.1´ sin 60°
v船对水 1.10 = arctan = 63.4° v水对地 0.55 1000 1000 = 0.55 ´ = 500 m v船对水 1.10
1-12
x
v v雨对车
v v雨对地 v v车对地
v v v v A对地 = v A对B + v B对地
v A对B = v 2 A对地 + v 2 B对地 - 2v A对地 × v B对地 cos 60° = 10002 + 8002 - 2 ´1000 ´ 800 ´ cos 60° = 917 km/h
ò
ò (8 + 2t ) d t , x = 8t + t
8
t
2
- 180 m
(2) v0 = 8 m/s , x0 = -180 m 1-8
w=
dq dw = 4t 3 , a = = 12t 2 , at = Ra = 12 R t 2 , a n = Rw 2 = 16 R t 6 dt dt
ìT - m2 g = m 2 a (b) í îT = F = m1 g
得 a=
(2) 设物体相对于电梯的加速度大小为 a¢ ,则
ì m1 g - T1 = m1 ( a ¢ - a ) ï íT2 - m 2 g = m 2 ( a ¢ + a ) ïT = T = T 2 î 1
得 a¢ = 2-4
m1 - m2 2m1 m2 ( g + a ) T = m2 ( g + a¢ + a) = ( g + a) m1 + m2 m1 + m2
(1) 以地面为原点,竖直向上为 y 轴正向,由牛顿定律
- mg - kmv 2 = m
dv dv = mv , dt dy
ò
y 0
dy=-
ò
v v0
2 vdv 1 g + kv0 ,y= ln 2 2k g + kv 2 g + kv
t = 1 s 时, at = 12 m/s 2 , a n = 16 m/s 2 , a = 12 2 + 16 2 = 20 m/s
v v v a 16 v F = ma , F = ma = 0.1 ´ 20 = 2 N , F 与切线方向夹角 b = arctan n = arctan = 53.13° at 12
dt =
2prn d r ,整张 CD 的放音时间 v R2 2prn d r pn p ´ 6500 t = dt = = ( R22 - R12 ) = (5.6 2 - 2.2 2 ) = 4166 s = 69.4 min R1 v v 130
ò
ò
(2) w =
v 130 dw v dr v v v2 , r = 5.0 cm 时, w = = 26 /s 2 , a = =- 2 =- 2 =r 5.0 dt r dt r 2prn 2pr 3 n 130 2 = -3.31´10 -3 /s 2 rad/s r = 5.0 cm 时, a = 2p ´ 5 3 ´ 6500
ò
dv =v2
ò
m
R
dt ,v =
v0 mv 1+ 0 t R
ì m1 g - T1 = m1a (a) ï íT2 - m2 g = m2 a ïT = T = T 2 î 1
得 a=
m1 - m2 g, m1 + m2 m1 - m2 g m2
T = m2 ( g + a) =
2m1m2 g m1 + m2
(3) T = m A g cos 60° - mA a = 100 ´ (9.8 ´ cos 60° + 0.12) = 502 N 2-2 设圆环内壁给小球的向心力为 Fn ,则 法向: Fn = ma n = m
v2 , R
v v0
切向: - mFn = m
dv dt
\ -m
2-3 (1)
v2 dv = , R dt
1-1
v v v v v dr v v v d2 r v v 2 (1) r = 3t i + (2t + 3) j , v = = 3 i + 4t j , a = 2 = 4 j dt dt v v v v v v v v t = 2 s 时, r = 6 i + 11 j , v = 3 i + 8 j , a = 4 j
2
1-11
v v v v雨对地 = v雨对车 + v 车对地
y
30°
v (1) 雨滴相对于地面的水平分速度 v1x = 0
v v 雨滴相对于列车的水平分速度 v 2 x = -36 i km/h
v v (2) v雨对地 = v 车对地 tan 60° = 36 tan 60° = 62.4 km/h v v v雨对车 = v 车对地 / cos 60° = 36 / cos 60° = 72 km/h
1-9
v=
ds dv v 2 (b + ct ) 2 = b + ct , at = = c , an = = dt dt R R 2 (b + ct ) Rc - b at = a n , = c ,t = R c
2
1-10 (1) 在 距 离 中 心 为 r 、 宽 度 为 d r 内 音 轨 的 长 度 为 2prn d r , 激 光 划 过 这 些 音 轨 所 需 的 时 间
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