何家弘法律英语 翻译 第九课
何家弘 法律英语 第九章 合同法
何家弘法律英语第九章合同法全文共3篇示例，供读者参考篇1Chapter Nine of He Jiahong's book "Legal English" discusses contract law. In this chapter, the author examines the principles of contract law in both common law and civil law jurisdictions, as well as the key elements of a contract, including offer, acceptance, consideration, intention to create legal relations, and capacity.One of the main topics covered in this chapter is the different types of contracts, including bilateral contracts, unilateral contracts, and contracts under seal. In addition, the author explores the concept of implied contracts and the distinction between formal and informal contracts.He Jiahong also discusses the formation of contracts, including the importance of offer and acceptance in creating a legally binding agreement. The author explains how an offer can be terminated, revoked, or rejected, and the requirements for acceptance to be valid.Another important aspect of contract law that is examined in this chapter is the doctrine of consideration. He Jiahong explains the significance of consideration in contract formation and the rules regarding adequacy of consideration and past consideration.Furthermore, the author delves into the principles of intention to create legal relations and capacity in contract law. He explains how parties must have the intention to be legally bound by the terms of a contract for it to be enforceable, and the rules regarding minors, intoxicated persons, and mentally incapacitated individuals entering into contracts.Overall, Chapter Nine of "Legal English" by He Jiahong provides a comprehensive overview of contract law principles and key concepts. By examining the various aspects of contract formation, the author offers a thorough understanding of the legal framework that governs contractual relationships in both common law and civil law systems.篇2Title: Chapter Nine of He Jiahong's "Legal English: Contract Law"Chapter Nine of He Jiahong's "Legal English: Contract Law" delves into the intricate details of contract law and provides a comprehensive overview of the key concepts and principles governing contractual relationships. This chapter examines the formation, interpretation, and enforcement of contracts, as well as the rights and obligations of the parties involved.One of the central themes of this chapter is the concept of offer and acceptance, which is essential for the formation of a valid contract. According to He Jiahong, an offer is a proposal by one party to enter into a contract on certain terms, while acceptance is the unconditional agreement to the terms of the offer. The chapter outlines the requirements for a valid offer and acceptance, including communication of the offer and acceptance, intention to create legal relations, and certainty of terms.Moreover, He Jiahong discusses the importance of consideration in contract law, which refers to the exchange of something of value between the parties. He explains that consideration is necessary to make a contract legally binding and distinguishes it from a mere promise or gift. The chapter explores different types of consideration, such as goods, services,or money, and highlights the role of consideration in preventing gratuitous promises.Furthermore, this chapter addresses the issue of contractual interpretation, emphasizing the importance of interpreting contracts objectively and in accordance with the parties' intentions. He Jiahong explains that the courts will consider the language of the contract, the surrounding circumstances, and the parties' conduct to determine the meaning of the agreement. He also discusses the various rules of contractual interpretation, such as the contra proferentem rule and the parole evidence rule.In addition, He Jiahong examines the remedies available for breach of contract, including damages, specific performance, and injunctions. He explains that damages are the most common remedy for breach of contract and can be awarded to compensate the non-breaching party for any losses suffered as a result of the breach. The chapter also explores the principles governing the assessment of damages, such as remoteness, mitigation, and causation.Overall, Chapter Nine of He Jiahong's "Legal English: Contract Law" provides a comprehensive overview of the key principles and concepts of contract law. It offers valuable insightsinto the formation, interpretation, and enforcement of contracts, as well as the rights and obligations of the parties involved. This chapter serves as an essential resource for students, practitioners, and scholars seeking to deepen their understanding of contract law in a legal English context.篇3Chapter 9 Contract LawContract law is a fundamental part of the legal system in most countries around the world. The principles of contract law govern the relationships between parties entering into agreements, and are essential for regulating commerce and promoting fairness in business dealings. In this chapter, we will examine the key concepts and principles of contract law as outlined by legal scholar He Jiahong in his book on legal English.One of the fundamental principles of contract law is the concept of offer and acceptance. An offer is a promise by one party to do something in exchange for something from the other party, and acceptance is the agreement to the terms of the offer. For a contract to be legally binding, there must be a valid offer and acceptance between the parties involved. This principle iscrucial in determining whether a contract exists and what the terms of the contract are.Another important concept in contract law is consideration. Consideration is the exchange of something of value between the parties, such as money, goods, or services. In order for a contract to be enforceable, there must be consideration from both parties. This principle ensures that both parties are giving something of value in exchange for the promises made in the contract.The principle of intention to create legal relations is also essential in contract law. This principle states that the parties must have intended for their agreement to be legally binding. In commercial agreements, this intention is usually assumed. However, in other types of agreements, such as family agreements, the intention to create legal relations may not be present, and therefore the agreement may not be legally binding.One of the key components of contract law is the concept of capacity. Capacity refers to the legal ability of a party to enter into a contract. Minors, people of unsound mind, and those under the influence of drugs or alcohol may lack capacity toenter into a contract. In these cases, the contract may be voidable by the party lacking capacity.Contracts can also be classified into different types, such as bilateral and unilateral contracts. Bilateral contracts involve a promise from each party to the other, while unilateral contracts involve a promise from one party in exchange for an act from the other party. Understanding the different types of contracts is essential for interpreting and enforcing contract law.In conclusion, contract law is a complex and important area of legal study. Understanding the key concepts and principles of contract law is essential for anyone entering into business agreements or other contractual relationships. By following the guidelines outlined in this chapter, parties can ensure that their agreements are legally binding and enforceable.。
何家弘法律英语第四版译文(1-10)
第一课美国法律制度介绍第一部分特征与特点美国既是一个非常新的国家也是一个非常老的国家。
与许多别的国家相比它是一个新的国家。
同时，它还因新人口成分和新州的加入而持续更新，在此意义上，它也是新国家。
但是在其它的意义上它是老国家。
它是最老的“新”国家——第一个由旧大陆殖民地脱胎而出的国家。
它拥有最古老的成文宪法、最古老的持续的联邦体制以及最古老的民族自治实践。
美国的年轻（性）有一个很有意思的特点就是它的历史肇始于印刷机发明之后。
因此它的整个历史都得以记录下来：确实可以很有把握地说，任何其它国家都没有像美国这样全面的历史记录，因为像在意大利、法国或者英国过去的传说中湮没的那样的事件在美国都成了有文字记载的历史之一部分。
而且其记录不仅全面，还非常浩繁。
不仅包括这个国家自1776年以来的殖民时期的记录，还有当前五十个州以及各州和联邦（nation）之间错综复杂的关系网络的历史记录。
因此，据一个非常简单的例子，美国最高法院判例汇编有大约350卷，而一些州的判例汇编也几乎有同样多的卷数：想研究美国法律史的读者要面对的是超过5000巨卷的司法案例。
我们不能说一个文件或几个文件就能揭示出一国人民或其政府的特性。
但如果横跨一百多年的千百万个文件敲出始终如一的音调，我们就有理由说这就是其主调。
当千百万个文件都以同样的方式去解决同样的中心问题，我们就有理由从中得出可以被称为国民特定的确定结论。
第二部分普通法和衡平法同英国一样，美国法律制度从方法论上来说主要是一种判例法制度。
许多私法领域仍然主要是由判例法构成，广泛而不断增长的制定法一直受制于有约束力的（解释制定法的）判例法。
因此，判例法方法的知识以及使用判例法的技巧对于理解美国法律和法律方法是极其重要的。
从历史的角度来看，普通法就是由英国皇家法院的巡回法官的判决所得出的普通的一般法——优于地方法。
采纳或执行某项诉讼请求是以存在法院令状这种特殊形式的诉为前提的，而这就使最初的普通法表现为由类似于古罗马法的“诉”所构成的体系。
何家弘法律英语课件 第九课
various types of performance.
合同法是保护预期的法律机制，该预期 产生于就未来交易各类履行而制定的契
约。
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Legal problems do not always fit neatly into the pigeonholes that legal theorists have created.
must accept the offer and there must be consideration exchanged. Consideration has to be something of value.
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Example of Contracts
Employment contracts Service Contracts Building Construction Insurance Contracts Contract involving real property Sale of Intangibles(stocks, bonds,
Tort law considers what remedy should be made to the individuals so injured
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Criminal law tort law
Treason 判国罪 Tax evasion 偷税罪
overlap
Slander 诽谤
交换的契约是将一些资源组合起来，使 之得到有效利用的手段。
何家弘法律英语词汇全
AAbsolute['?bs?lju:t] proof 绝对证明absolute property 绝对财产（权）abstract of title 产权书摘要acceleration clause 提前（偿还）条款act 条例；作为Act for the prevention of Frauds and Perjuries 《预防诈欺和伪证条例》action 诉讼；作为actual losses 实际损失adjudication 裁决；裁定administrative law 行政法administrative law judge 行政法法官administrative procedure 行政程序administrator 管理人；监管人admissible 可采的admissibility 可采性affirm 维持（原判）affirmation 保证书；证词affirmative 确保的agency （行政）机关agency action 机关（行政）机关agreed upon remedies 补救协议agreement 协议agreement-as-written 书面协议agreement -in-fact 事实协议alibi 阿里白（不在犯罪场的证明）alienation of affection 离间夫妻关系allegation 声称；指控appellate action 上诉行为appellate court 上诉法院appellee 被上诉人appealer 上诉人appropriate 拨款appurtenant 附属物arbiter 仲裁人arbitrary武断的arbitration仲裁arraignment初审array 陪审员名单arrest 逮捕assistant attorney 助理法官associate judge 副法官associate justice 副大法官assumption 违约合同，违约赔偿之诉assumption 假定attempt 意图，企图attempted escape 逃脱未遂attestation 证词attorney 代理人，律师attorney at law 律师attorney general 检察长authentication 鉴定barrister 出庭律师battery 殴打bench trial 法官审beneficiary 受益人benefit 收益，福得bigamy 重婚罪bill of lading 提单bill of right 《人权法案》bind over 具保，具结binder 临时保险单binding 有约束力binding contract 有约束力的合同黑bond instrument 债券契据branding 鞭笞breach 违约；破坏bride 贿赂bribery 贿赂（罪）bright-line test 明显界限检验标准broker 中间人brokerage fee 佣金；中介费brother-sister corporation 兄弟公司；姊妹公司Bulk Sales Act《大宗销售条例》burden 责任burden of going forward with the evidence 先California Penal Code《加州刑法典》capital account 资本帐户capital crime 可判死刑罪capital punishment 死刑capital surplus 资本盈余capitation tax 人头税career criminal 职业罪犯career judiciary 职业法官case briefing 案情摘要case-in-chief 主诉case law 判例法case method 案例教学法chief justice 首席大法官child abuse 虐待儿童circuit court 巡回法院circuit judge 巡回法官circumstantial evidence 旁证；情况证据citation 引证cite 援引；传讯civil court 民事法civil forfeiture 民事罚没civil law 民法Civil Law Legal System 民法体系civil liability 民事责任Closing 终结，成交，结帐Closing argument 最后论述Closing statement成交声明Code 法典Code of Judicial Conduct 《法官行为准则》Codify 编成法典Co-felon 共同重罪犯Cohabitation 同居Collateral contract 附属合同Collegiate bench 合议席Collegiate panel 合议庭Commercial clause 商务条款，贸易条款Common stock 普通股票Community property 共同财产Comparative law 比较法Comparative negligence 比较过失Compensation 赔偿（金）Compensatory damage 应予赔偿之损害Competence 管辖权限 Competency 有效性 Complaint 控告，申诉Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act 《滥用毒品的综合预防与控制条例》Constitutional Convention 制宪会议 Constitutional law 宪法 Constitutional tort 宪法性侵权 Constitutionality 合宪性Construction （法律的）结构，解释 Construe 解释，分析Consultation 磋商Consumer protection statute 消费者保护法律 Consumption tax 消费税Continental Law Legal System(or Family) 大陆法系Contingent fee 胜诉酬金 convey 转让 conveyance 转让convertible bond 可转换债券 conviction 有罪判决convincing evidence 使人信服的证据 copyright 版权;着作权corporal punishment肉体刑corporate camsel 公司法律顾问corporate excise tax 公司执照税corporate law 公司法corporation 公司corporation aggregate 合有公司court of chancery 衡平法法院court of claims 索赔法院court of customs and Patent Appeals 关税及专利上诉法院court of domestic relations 家庭关系法院court opinion 法院判决意见courtroom 法庭coverage 保险范围crime 犯罪crime code 刑法典crime homicide 有罪杀人crime justice system 刑事司法系统customary practice 惯例customs court 关税法院Ddamage 损害;损伤damage claim 损害赔偿请求damages 损害赔偿金deadlocked jury 僵局陪审团 death penalty 死刑 death tax 遗产税 debenture 债单(券) debt securities 债权证券 decide a case 判案deliberate intention 故意 deliberation (陪审团)评议 demonstrative evidence 示意证据 deprivation 剥夺derogatory treatment of the work 对作品的贬毁性处理(或使用)designs 设计 detract 毁损;贬低 developer (土地)开发商 dicta 判决附带意见 dignity 尊严direct evidence 直接证据 dispense 执行;施行 dispute 争议;纠纷 disposition 处置(权) dissent 异议;反对dissenting opinion 异议;反对意见 dissolution 解散distort 歪曲;误解district attorney 地区检查官 database right 数据权 dividend 股息division of title 产权分割 divorce 离婚draftman 起草者 drug trade 毒品交易 drug trafficking 毒品交易 dry run 干转;排练 due diligence 适当努力 due process 正当程序Due Process Clause 正当程序条款 due process test 正当程序检验标准 duration 期限 duress 强迫;胁迫 duty 义务;关税 duty of care 照看义务 encumbered property 抵押财产 enforce 实施；执行 enforceable 可强制执行的 enforceability 可执行性 enforcement of Law 执法English-American Legal System (or Family)英吉利法系enjoin(衡平）强制令 entail 限定继承 entity 实体environmental impact statement 环境影响报告essential justice 实质公正 estate 财产；遗产 estate tax 遗产税 ＥＵ Directive 欧盟指令 evaluate 评价evict 逐出（租户）evidence 证据evidentiary presumption 证据推定 evidentiary rule 证据规则 ex aequo at bono 公平且善良 examine 检查；盘问examination 检查；盘问 executive order 行政命令 executor (遗嘱）执行人 executor of estate 遗产执行人exemption 免除；豁免 exhibit 展示物（证）exigent circumstance 紧急情况existing securities 上市证券 exparte 单方面的expectation damages 预期赔偿金 expert 专家（证人） expert testimony 专家证言 expert witness 专家证人Fair trial 公平审判false imprisonment 非法拘禁 family law 家庭法 fault 过错fault principle 过错原则 feasibility study 可行性研究FederalAdministrativeProcedureAct《联邦行政程序》Federal Antitrust Law 《联邦犯托拉斯法》 federal convention 联邦制宪会议 federal crime of murder 联邦杀人罪 Federal Housing Act 《联邦住房条例》 felony-murder 重罪杀人 fiduciary 受托人 file 档案；注册file a petition 呈交诉状；提出请求 fine 罚金 fingerprint 手印fire insurance 火灾保险 fire protection 消防first degree murder 一级谋杀 first instance 一审 fixture （不动产）附属物 flogging 烙印free movement of goods 自由物流，货物的自由流通freedom of choice 选择自由 frustrate 使受挫折 fundamental law 基本法 fundamental right 基本权利Ggeneral acceptance standard (科学证据的)公认标准general partnership 一般合伙 general property 一般财产（权） general provisions 总则 guilty 有罪答辩H habitual offender 惯犯 hail insurance 冰雹保险 handcuff 手铐 handwriting 笔迹health insurance 健康保险 health regulation 卫生法规 hearing 听证（会） hearing of jury 陪审团听审 hearsay 传闻证据 heir 继承人identification 认定；确认身份；身份证 ignore 忽视；驳回 illegal 非法的；违法的 immaterial 无实质性的 immigration law 移民法 immovable property 不动产immunity 豁免（权） impair 损害；削弱 impeachment 弹劾；质疑 implementation 实施；执行 implied contract 默认合同implied warranty 默认保证（保修） income tax on corporations 公司所得税 income tax on individuals 个人所得税 incompetence 无行为能力；无法律资格 incompetent 无行为能力的；无法律资格的 incorporation 法人；公司；组成公司 incorporator 公司创办人independent regulatory agency 独立规制机构indicative list 指导性名单indictment 起诉书indirect evidence 间接证据indirect tax 间接税information 信息; 控告书infomer 耳目;情报员initial ruling 初步裁定injunction 禁令;强制令injunctive relief 强制救济injure 伤害injustice 不公正innocence 无罪innocent 无罪的;无罪者innocent owner defense 无过错所有人辩护inquiry 调查inquisitiorial system 纠问式诉讼制度insurance binder 临时保单insurance broker 保险中间人insurance card 保险卡insurance coverage 保险范围insurance law 保险法insurance policy 保险单;险种insurance premium 保险费 insurance proceeds 保险收益 insurance product 保险项目 insured 被保险人 insurer 保险人 intangible 无形的intentional tort 故意侵权行为 interest 利息;权益;利益 interest rate risk 利率风险 interview 询问invalid 无效的;不合法的 invalidate 使无效invasion of privacy 侵犯隐私权 investigation 侦查;调查 investment 投资investment portfolio risk 投资风险组合 investment securities 投资证券 irrelevancy 无相关性 judge 法官judge-made law 法官立法 judge's chamber 法官室judge's charge to jury 法官对陪审团的指令 judge's instruction to jury 法官对陪审团的指示judgment判决，裁定judicial branch 司法部门judicial clerkship 法院书记员职位judicial decision 法官职位judicial district 司法区judicial interpretation 司法解释jury pool待选陪审员库jury selection 挑选陪审员jury trial陪审团制justice 公正，大法官justice of the peace 治安法官justifiable homicide 正当杀人juvenile court 未成年人法庭juvenile delinquency 未成年人违法行为ＫKey man assurance 关键人保险Key person insurance关键人保险Kickbacks 回扣lawsuit 诉讼，官司lawyer 律师lawyer in government 政府律师；官方律师lawyer in private practice 私人开业律师lawyerette 律师娘lawman 外行人lay witness 普通证人；非专家证人lease 租赁lease agreement 租赁协议legacy 遗产legacy tax 遗产税legal 合法的legal order 法律秩序legal problem 法律问题legal profession 法律职业legal protection 法律保护legal relationship 法律关系legal representative 法律代表legal safeguard 法律保障（措施）legal system 法律体系；法律制度legal theorist 法学理论家legal writing 法律文书写作legalese 法律涩语legality 法制life estate 终生财（遗）产life insurance 人寿保险limited partnership 有限合伙liquidated damages 预定违约金liquidity risk 流动资金风险literary property 着作产权litigant 诉讼当事人litigation 诉讼；打官司livestock insurance 家畜保险loan 贷款lord chancellor (英国)大法官loss of rights 丧失权利mandatory insurance law 强制保险法manslaughter 非恶意杀人marine insurance 海上保险marital status 婚姻状况marital status classification 婚姻状况的分类maritime tort 海上侵权行为market economy 市场经济marriage 婚姻medical malpractice 医生不当行为mental capacity 心智能力mental condition 精神状态mentor 辅导教师minor issue 枝节问题；未成年人问题Miranda Warning 米兰达忠（警）告misapply 错误适用misdemeanor 轻罪mislaid property 错置财产misrepresentation 虚假陈述代授权法则monopolization 垄断monopoly right 专有权moot court 模拟法庭mortgage 抵押（品）motion 动议，请求movable property 动产multiple listing 多重上市；多重登记Multistate Bar Exam 多洲律师资格考试murder 恶意杀人；凶杀the表大会National Environmental Policy Act 《全国环境政策条例》National Institute of Minority Lawyers 全国少数民族律师学会National Law Journal 《国家法律学报》narcotics distribution 麻醉品供销narcotics trafficking 麻醉品交易narcotics violation 麻醉品违法行为natural justice 自然公正negative form of protection 否定（或消non-profit corporation 非营利公司norm 规范；标准not guilty plea 无罪答辩notice 通知notice of transfer 过户通知notification 通知；通报notion??概念nullification process 无效程序? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ???Oobject 反对objection 反对；异议Opening statement开场陈述Opening testimony意见证言Oral contract口头合同? ?? ?? ?? ?? ? Order命令；次序Pperforms' rights 表演权? ??? peril 危险perjure作伪证perjury伪证罪??perpetrate犯罪? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ? perpetator犯罪人petition申请ownership interest所有权力petty misdemeanor微罪physical exhibit展示物品physical injury身体伤害panel团或组plaintiff原告人par value面值? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ? plea答辩paramour奸夫? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?partnership合伙? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ? police magistrate court警察法院passage of title产权转移? ?? ?? ? police power警察权利passive investor消极投资人? ?? ?policy 政策 patent 专利? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ??? policy holder 投保人 paternity 父亲身份? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?poll tax 人头税practicing lawyer 开业律师 penology 刑法学? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?practice of law 律师事物 per curiam 依法院所定? ?? ?? ?? ?precedent 判例peremptory challenge 强制回避? ??? precedential support 判例支持perform 履行? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ? predeprivation hearing 执行剥夺前的听证 Preliminary injunction 预先执行令 Preliminary negotiation 预谈判；初步协商Premises 房屋；上述房屋Premium 保险费；红利；溢价prenticed seizure 通知前扣押preponderance of proof??优势证明 preponderant evidence??优势证据 prescription 时效；规定 presentation 陈述persistence investigation 量刑前调查primary authority 主要法源 principle of legality 法制原则 privacy 隐私权 private corporation 私有公司 private law 私法 private property 私有财产 private prosecution 私诉privilege 特权；特许权；特免权privileges and immunities clause 特权与豁免条款 prose??自己；亲自procedure 程序proceedings 诉讼；程序product liability 产品责任profit 利润profit corporation 营利公司progeny 后代prohibition 禁止promise 许诺promulgation 颁布proof??证明proof beyond a reasonable doubt 超出proscription 禁止；剥夺公权prosecuting attorney 公诉律师；检察官prosecution 起诉prosecutor 检察官；起诉人prosecutor’s case-in-chief 检方主诉prospective juror 将任陪审员prostitute 妓女protective tariff 保护性关税prove 证明Provision 规定，条款Provisions of Oxford 《牛津条例》Public prosecution 公诉Public prosecutor 公诉人，检察官Public utilities 公共事业Public held corporation 公众持股公司Punishable 可处罚的Punishment 刑罚Punitive sanction 惩罚性处分 Purpose 目的，宗旨Pursuant to law 依法 Q Qualified property 有限制财产Rape 强奸 Ratify 认可 Rational relationship test 合理关系检验标准 Real estate 不动产 Real Estate Settlement Procedure Act《不动产纠纷解决程序条例》 Real evidence 实在证据Real property 不动产Reasonable basis 合理根据Redemption 赎回Redress 矫正，赔偿 Registration sticker 注册贴签Regulation 法规，规章Rehearing 复审Reinstatement （权利）恢复 Reinstatement fee 恢复费 Release 释放 Relevancy 相关性 Relevant evidence 相关证据Reserve 储备金（保险）预备金 Reserve portfolio of risk 预备金组合风险 Resolution 决议，解决 Rest 停止陈述 Restatements of law 《法律注释汇编》Restitution 恢复原状Restitutionary relief 恢复原状的救济 Restraint 约束；限制retain 连任retire 退休；退庭actrigid procedure 刚性程序risk 风险 risk transfer 风险转移robbery 抢劫（罪）roman law 罗马法roman law legal system(or family)罗马法系roster 花名册；专门人员名单rule of evidence 证据规则rule of law 法治；法律规则search warrant 搜查令second instance 二审secondary authon`ty 次要法源secondary benefit 次位补助金secondary financing 间接融资secondary party 间接当事人；次位当事人secret service （联邦）保密署secretary of state 州务部长secured debt 担保债务seizure warrant 扣押令（状）self-defense 自卫；正当防卫self-identification 自我认定self-incrimination 自我归罪seminar 研讨班；研讨会；研讨课程separate 分立；分局 separate legal entity 独立法律实体 separate property 分有财产 separation of powers 三权分立 settlement agreement 清偿协议slander 诽谤 social security act 社会保险条例 social security benefit 社会保险补助金 social security tax??社会保险税solicitor 诉状律师source 渊源sovereign power 主权special court 特别法院；专门法院 special property 特别财产specific performance 特别履行 statute-like norm 准法律规范statute of frauds 诈欺条例；反诈欺法 statutory authority 制定法法源 statutory crime 制定法规定之犯罪；法定犯罪 statutory law 制定法statutory measure 法定措施statutory offense 制定法规定之犯罪；法定犯罪 statutory provision 法律规定 stay 延缓（审判或执行）subject matter 主题事项；标的 subject property 标的财产 subject to financing clause 融资条件条款 subpoena 传唤（令） subsidiary corproration 子公司；附属公司 subsistence allowance 生活津贴substantial evidence 实质（体）证据 substantail law 实体法supreme law 最高法律（宪法） suspect 嫌疑人 suspicion 嫌疑；怀疑sustain 维持；认可? ?? ?? ?? ?Ttangible 有形的 tangible evidence 实物证据tangible property 有形财产 tarriff 关税task force 专项研究组；专案组term 条款；期限testamentary trust 遗嘱委托testator 立遗嘱人testify 作证testimonial evidence 言词证据testimony 证言 the Dispute Settlement Body(DSB) 争端解决机构? ? the European Intellectual PropertyReview 《欧洲知识产权评论》tortions 侵权行为的trade mark 商标traffic accidents 交通事故traffic ticket 交通违章（罚款）通知单tranquility??安宁transaction 交易transfer 转让，过户 travel accident insurance 旅行意外保险treason 叛国罪treaty 条约two-house legislature 两院制立法机关type of evidence 证据类型umpire 仲裁人unanimous 意见一致unanimous court 合意（意见一致的）法庭unanimous verdict??一致裁决? ???unauthorized practice laws 有关无授权开业活动的法律unclaimed property 无主财产，无人认领财产unemployment tax 失业税Uniform Bills of lading Act 《统一提单条例》Uniform Commercial Code 《统一商法典》Uniform Conditional Sales Act 《统一附条件销售条例》Uniform Negotiable Insurance Act 《统一票据条例》Uniform Partnership Act 《统一合伙条unjust enrichment 不当得利unlawful conduct 非法行为unwritten law 不成文法U.S. attorney 联邦检察官Use tax 使用税Vvalidation 有效性；生效；批准validity 合法性；正当性venue 审判地verdict 判决；裁定voir dire （对陪审员的）诚实审查voting right (投票)表决权Wwaive 放弃（权利）warrant 批准令（状）warranty 保证；担保；保（修）单warrant less seizure 无证扣押weight of evidence 证据份量welfare 福利welfare recipient 福利受领人YYour Honor 法官阁下Young Lawyers Division青年律师分会Your Witness证人先生或女士（尊称）Z? ?? ?? ?? ?? ? ? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ? ? ???zoning 区域规划zoning ordinance 区域规划法令。
何家弘法律英语第四版翻译完整版
法律英语何家弘编第四版课文翻译(1-20课)第一课美国法律制度介绍第一部分特征与特点美国既是一个非常新的国家也是一个非常老的国家。
与许多别的国家相比它是一个新的国家。
同时，它还因新人口成分和新州的加入而持续更新，在此意义上，它也是新国家。
但是在其它的意义上它是老国家。
它是最老的“新”国家——第一个由旧大陆殖民地脱胎而出的国家。
它拥有最古老的成文宪法、最古老的持续的联邦体制以及最古老的民族自治实践。
美国的年轻（性）有一个很有意思的特点就是它的历史肇始于印刷机发明之后。
因此它的整个历史都得以记录下来：确实可以很有把握地说，任何其它国家都没有像美国这样全面的历史记录，因为像在意大利、法国或者英国过去的传说中湮没的那样的事件在美国都成了有文字记载的历史之一部分。
而且其记录不仅全面，还非常浩繁。
不仅包括这个国家自1776年以来的殖民时期的记录，还有当前五十个州以及各州和联邦（nation）之间错综复杂的关系网络的历史记录。
因此，据一个非常简单的例子，美国最高法院判例汇编有大约350卷，而一些州的判例汇编也几乎有同样多的卷数：想研究美国法律史的读者要面对的是超过5000巨卷的司法案例。
我们不能说一个文件或几个文件就能揭示出一国人民或其政府的特性。
但如果横跨一百多年的千百万个文件敲出始终如一的音调，我们就有理由说这就是其主调。
当千百万个文件都以同样的方式去解决同样的中心问题，我们就有理由从中得出可以被称为国民特定的确定结论。
第二部分普通法和衡平法同英国一样，美国法律制度从方法论上来说主要是一种判例法制度。
许多私法领域仍然主要是由判例法构成，广泛而不断增长的制定法一直受制于有约束力的（解释制定法的）判例法。
因此，判例法方法的知识以及使用判例法的技巧对于理解美国法律和法律方法是极其重要的。
从历史的角度来看，普通法就是由英国皇家法院的巡回法官的判决所得出的普通的一般法——优于地方法。
采纳或执行某项诉讼请求是以存在法院令状这种特殊形式的诉为前提的，而这就使最初的普通法表现为由类似于古罗马法的“诉”所构成的体系。
完整法律英语第四何家弘主编
完整法律英语第四何家弘主编完整法律英语（第四版）何家弘主编在当今全球化的时代，法律英语的重要性日益凸显。
何家弘主编的《完整法律英语》（第四版）无疑为法律英语的学习者和从业者提供了一本极具价值的教材。
这本书的编排独具匠心，内容涵盖广泛且系统。
从基础的法律英语词汇、语法，到复杂的法律文书写作、案例分析，一应俱全。
对于初学者来说，它是打牢基础的基石；对于有一定基础的学习者，它则是提升能力的阶梯。
在词汇部分，该书不仅罗列了常见的法律专业术语，还详细解释了其含义、用法及在不同语境中的细微差别。
通过丰富的例句和实际应用场景，帮助学习者真正理解并掌握这些词汇。
例如，“burden of proof”（举证责任）、“mens rea”（犯罪意图）等词汇，书中不仅给出了清晰的定义，还通过实际案例中的运用，让学习者明白其在具体法律情境中的准确含义。
语法方面，它结合法律英语的特点，对常见的语法结构和句型进行了深入剖析。
法律英语中的长句、复杂句较多，该书通过拆解和分析这些句子的结构，帮助学习者理清句子成分，从而准确理解句子的意思。
同时，还对容易混淆的语法点进行了对比和区分，让学习者能够避免常见的语法错误。
法律文书写作是法律英语学习中的重要环节。
《完整法律英语》（第四版）在这方面着墨颇多。
它详细介绍了各类法律文书的格式、结构和写作要点，包括合同、诉状、判决书等。
书中提供了大量的范文和模板，并对其进行了细致的分析和点评，让学习者能够模仿和借鉴，逐步提高自己的写作能力。
案例分析部分则让学习者能够将所学的知识应用到实际的法律场景中。
通过对真实案例的研究和分析，学习者可以锻炼自己的法律思维能力，学会从法律的角度去思考问题、解决问题。
同时，案例分析也有助于学习者更好地理解法律条文和法律原则在实践中的运用。
此外，该书还注重培养学习者的跨文化交际能力。
在国际法律事务中，不同国家的法律体系和文化背景存在差异，理解和尊重这些差异对于有效的沟通至关重要。
完整法律英语第四何家弘主编
完整法律英语第四何家弘主编完整法律英语（第四版）何家弘主编在当今全球化的时代，法律英语的重要性日益凸显。
何家弘主编的《完整法律英语（第四版）》无疑为法律从业者和学习者提供了一本极具价值的参考书籍。
这本书的特点首先体现在其内容的全面性上。
它涵盖了法律英语的各个方面，从基础的法律词汇、语法，到复杂的法律文书写作、案例分析，无一不包。
对于初学者来说，这是一本搭建知识框架的基石之作；对于有一定基础的学习者，又能起到查漏补缺、深化知识体系的作用。
在词汇部分，书中不仅列举了大量常见的法律术语，还对其含义、用法及演变进行了详细的解释。
通过学习这些词汇，读者能够准确理解和运用法律语言，避免因词汇理解偏差而导致的法律误解。
同时，书中还提供了丰富的例句，让读者在具体的语境中感受词汇的用法，加深记忆。
语法方面，法律英语有着独特的语法规则和表达方式。
本书对这些特殊之处进行了重点阐述，帮助读者掌握法律英语中复杂的句式结构和时态运用。
比如，在法律文件中经常使用的被动语态、名词化结构等，书中都进行了深入分析，并通过实例让读者明白其在法律语境中的作用和效果。
法律文书写作是法律英语学习中的重要环节。
《完整法律英语（第四版）》在这方面提供了全面而细致的指导。
从合同、诉状到判决书等各类法律文书，书中都给出了规范的格式、写作要点和注意事项。
同时，还提供了大量的范文供读者参考和模仿，使读者能够逐步掌握法律文书写作的技巧，写出准确、清晰、符合法律规范的文书。
案例分析部分则让读者将所学的知识运用到实际情境中。
通过对真实案例的分析，读者可以了解法律英语在实际法律事务中的应用，培养分析问题和解决问题的能力。
这不仅有助于提高法律英语的水平，还能增强对法律知识的理解和运用。
此外，本书的编排也十分合理。
各个章节之间相互关联，逐步递进，形成了一个完整的知识体系。
每章后面都配有练习题和答案，方便读者自我检测和巩固所学知识。
同时，书中还提供了相关的拓展阅读材料，引导读者进一步深入学习。
法律英语翻译1-8课翻译(打印版)
第一课PART one美国是一个即年轻又古老的国家,一个与很多国家相比很年轻的国家.同时,它因新人口的成份和新州的加入而持续更新,在此意义上,它也是新国家.但另一方面它是最古老的年轻国家——第一个从旧大陆殖民中脱胎而生的国家，它有最古老的成文法规、最古老的持续的联邦体系、最古老的自治政府惯例。
美国的年轻性最有趣特征之一就是美国历史是印刷发明以后的历史，这正是美国历史记载的全部。
更确地说，与美国相比，没有那个国家的历史有如此广泛的记载。
因为那些在意大利、法国或英国过去的传说中湮没的那些事件是美国历史有文字记载历史的一部分。
美国历史不仅复杂而且繁多。
它不仅包括殖民时代的记载和国家从1776年开始的记载，而且包括当前50个州和各州与联邦之间错综复杂关系的记载。
一个非常明显的例子，联邦最高法院判例汇编有350册以上，州法院判例汇编几乎同样多。
想要探索美国法律历史的人面对的是5000多巨册的法律案例。
没有哪一个文件或者少数文件可以准确地揭示一国人民或政府的特征。
但当一百多年来成百上千的文件敲击出始终如一的音调时，我们可以说这就是基调。
当成百上千的文件以相同的方式解说相同的包罗万象的问题时，从文件中确凿的推论，我们可以阅读出来被我们可称之为的国家特征。
PART TWO美国法律体系,像英国一样,从方法论上讲主要是判例法体系.私法的大多数领域主要包括判例法，以及广泛的不断增加的成文法。
这些成文法继续通过判例法受制于有约束力的法律解释。
对美国法律和法学方法论的理解，判例法知识和从事判例法工作的技巧是同等重要。
普通法在历史上是普通综合法，由英国皇家法院的巡回法官作出的，地位高于地方法。
某项诉讼请求的强制执行是以法院令状这以特殊诉讼形式存在为前提的，而这就是最初普通法表现的“诉讼行为”构成的体系，类似于古罗马法。
（在1227年）如果有法院令状，诉讼请求就会被强制执行。
没有法院令状的诉讼请求就没有追索权，因而该诉讼请求就不存在。
何家弘法律英语词汇全
.AAbsolute['æbsəlju:t] proof 绝对证明absolute property 绝对财产（权）abstract of title 产权书摘要acceleration clause 提前（偿还）条款acceptance 承诺accident report 事故报告accident insurance 意外保险accusation 指控；控告accusatorial procedure 控告程序accusatorial process of proof 控告证明过程（程序）accusatorial system 控告或诉讼程序accused 被指控者accuser 控告人acknowledgement 认知(书)acquittal 无罪判决act 条例；作为Act for the prevention of Frauds and Perjuries 《预防诈欺和伪证条例》action 诉讼；作为actual losses 实际损失adjudication 裁决；裁定administrative law 行政法administrative law judge 行政法法官administrative procedure 行政程序administrator 管理人；监管人admissible 可采的admissibility 可采性admit 采用；允许adoption 收养adulterous conduct 通奸行为ad valorem property tax 从价财产税adversarial hearing 对抗式听证会adversarial process 对抗式程序adversary 对手adversary trial system 对抗式（或抗辩）审判制度advocacy 出庭辩护；诉讼代理advocate 辩护人；诉讼代理人affidavit 正式书面陈述affirm 维持（原判）affirmation 保证书；证词affirmative 确保的agency （行政）机关agency action 机关（行政）机关.agreed upon remedies 补救协议agreement 协议agreement-as-written 书面协议agreement -in-fact 事实协议alibi 阿里白（不在犯罪场的证明）alienation of affection 离间夫妻关系allegation 声称；指控allege 诉称；指控alleged offense 所控罪行alternate juror 替补陪审员amendment 修正案American Bar Association 美国律师协会American Law Institute 美国法学会analogy 类推Anglo-American Legal System 英美法系anonymous accusation 匿名控告appeal 上诉appear 出庭appellant 上诉人appellate action 上诉行为appellate court 上诉法院appellee 被上诉人appealer 上诉人appropriate 拨款appurtenant 附属物arbiter 仲裁人arbitrary武断的arbitration仲裁arraignment初审array 陪审员名单arrest 逮捕arrest warrant 逮捕令（证）arrestee 被捕人article 条款，文章article of authority 授权条款articles of confederation 《联帮条例》articles of incorporation 公司组织章程artificial person 法人Asian American legal defense and education fund亚裔美国人法律辩护与教育基金会assault 意图或威胁伤害assert 主张，宣称asset 资产assistant attorney 助理法官associate judge 副法官.associate justice 副大法官assumption 违约合同，违约赔偿之诉assumption 假定attempt 意图，企图attempted escape 逃脱未遂attestation 证词attorney 代理人，律师attorney at law 律师attorney general 检察长authentication 鉴定authority 权力，法源，权威性依据automobile insurance 机动车保险automobile tort 机动车侵权行为autonomy 自治（权）Bban 禁令，禁止banishment 流放bankruptcy 破产bankruptcy discharge 破产债务解除bankruptcy judge 破产法官bar 律师职业bar association 律师协会barrister 出庭律师battery 殴打bench trial 法官审beneficiary 受益人benefit 收益，福得bigamy 重婚罪bill of lading 提单bill of right 《人权法案》bind over 具保，具结binder 临时保险单binding 有约束力binding contract 有约束力的合同binding force 约束力binding interpretation 有约束力的解释black-letter law （普通接受之基本原则的）黑体字法black nation bar association 全美黑人律师协会blue sky law 蓝天法（关于股票买卖控制的法律）Board of Governors（ABA）（美国律师协会的）董事会body of law 法体.bond 债券；保释金bond instrument 债券契据branding 鞭笞breach 违约；破坏bride 贿赂bribery 贿赂（罪）bright-line test 明显界限检验标准broker 中间人brokerage fee 佣金；中介费brother-sister corporation 兄弟公司；姊妹公司Bulk Sales Act《大宗销售条例》burden 责任burden of going forward with the evidence 先行举证责任burden of persuasion 说服责任；证明责任burden of producing evidence 举证责任burden of proof 证明责任burglary入室盗窃（罪）business corporation实业公司business law 实业法business organization 实业组织buy-out agreement（股权）承买协议buy-sell agreement（股权）买卖协议bylaws（内部）章程CCalifornia Penal Code《加州刑法典》capital account 资本帐户capital crime 可判死刑罪capital punishment 死刑capital surplus 资本盈余capitation tax 人头税career criminal 职业罪犯career judiciary 职业法官case briefing 案情摘要case-in-chief 主诉case law 判例法case method 案例教学法case report 判决报告case reports 判例汇编casualty insurance （意外伤害）保险catalog 商品目录（单）certificate 证书certificate of existence 实体存在证明（书）challenge 置疑；挑战challenge for cause有理回避.chancery court 衡平法院charging instrument 控告文件checks and balances 制衡（原则）chief judge 首席法官chief justice 首席大法官child abuse 虐待儿童circuit court 巡回法院circuit judge 巡回法官circumstantial evidence 旁证；情况证据citation 引证cite 援引；传讯civil court 民事法civil forfeiture 民事罚没civil law 民法Civil Law Legal System 民法体系civil liability 民事责任civil Liberty 民事自由civil Litigation民事诉讼civil procedure 民事诉讼程序civil suit民事诉讼Civil trial 民事审判Civil right 民权Civil right law 民权法Civil War Income Tax Act 《内战所得税条例》Claim 诉讼请求，索赔Classification of law 法律分类Close corporation内部持股公司Closely held corporation 内部持股公司Closing 终结，成交，结帐Closing argument 最后论述Closing statement成交声明Code 法典Code of Judicial Conduct 《法官行为准则》Codify 编成法典Co-felon 共同重罪犯Cohabitation 同居Collateral contract 附属合同Collegiate bench 合议席Collegiate panel 合议庭Commercial clause 商务条款，贸易条款Commercial law 商法Commercial paper 商务文件Commission佣金Commit 交托，犯（罪）Commitment 犯罪，许诺，委托.Commitment of financing 融资许诺Common law 普通法Common law damages 普通法赔偿金Common law legal system(family) 普通法法系Common law marriage 普通法婚姻Common property 共同财产Common stock 普通股票Community property 共同财产Comparative law 比较法Comparative negligence 比较过失Compensation 赔偿（金）Compensatory damage 应予赔偿之损害Competence 管辖权限Competency 有效性Complaint 控告，申诉Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act 《滥用毒品的综合预防与控制条例》Compulsory license 强制性许可Concur附条件地同意Concurring opinion 并存（判决）意见Confer 授与Conference 协商会议Confidential information 保密信息Confiscation 没收Conflict law 冲突法Congress 国会Consent 同意，认可Consideration 对价，约因Constitution 宪法Constitutional Convention 制宪会议Constitutional law 宪法Constitutional tort 宪法性侵权Constitutionality 合宪性Construction （法律的）结构，解释Construe 解释，分析Consultation 磋商Consumer protection statute 消费者保护法律Consumption tax 消费税Continental Law Legal System(or Family) 大陆法系Contingent fee 胜诉酬金Continuance 诉讼延期Contract 合同.Contract dispute 合同纠纷Contract formation 合同构成Contract interpretation 合同解释Contract law 合同法Contract performance 合同履行contractor 承包商contravence 触犯;违犯contributory negligence 共同过失controlling law 应适应之法律conversion 非法占有convey 转让conveyance 转让convertible bond 可转换债券conviction 有罪判决convincing evidence 使人信服的证据copyright 版权;著作权corporal punishment肉体刑corporate camsel 公司法律顾问corporate excise tax 公司执照税corporate law 公司法corporation 公司corporation aggregate 合有公司corporation code 公司法典corporation law 公司法corporation sole 独有公司corpus 尸体;本金Council on legal Education Opportunities 法律教育机会委员会counselor (法律)顾问;律师counselor-at-law 律师court 法院;法官court decision 法院判决court fee 诉讼费court of appeals 上诉法院court of chancery 衡平法法院court of claims 索赔法院court of customs and Patent Appeals 关税及专利上诉法院court of domestic relations 家庭关系法院court opinion 法院判决意见courtroom 法庭coverage 保险范围crime 犯罪crime code 刑法典crime homicide 有罪杀人crime justice system 刑事司法系统crime law 刑法crime liability 刑事责任crime procedure 刑事诉讼程序cross-examination 交叉盘问;盘诘cruel and unusual punishment 残忍和非常的刑罚cumulative evidence 累计证据curative 临时监护的curriculum guide 课程指南custody 监护custom duty 关税customary law 习惯法customary practice 惯例customs court 关税法院Ddamage 损害;损伤damage claim 损害赔偿请求damages 损害赔偿金deadlocked jury 僵局陪审团death penalty 死刑death tax 遗产税debenture 债单(券) debt securities 债权证券decide a case 判案deed 契约deed book 文契汇编defamation 诽谤default 不履行;违约defendant 被告人defence 辩护defence attorney 辩护律师defense's case-in-chief 辩护方主讼deficiency judgment 不足额判决degrees of murder (恶意)杀人罪的等级delegation 授权delegated legislation 授权立法deliberate intention 故意deliberation (陪审团)评议demonstrative evidence 示意证据deprivation 剥夺derogatory treatment of the work 对作品的贬毁性处理(或使用)designs 设计detract 毁损;贬低developer (土地)开发商dicta 判决附带意见dignity 尊严direct evidence 直接证据direct examination 直接盘问direct tax 直接税disability insurance 残疾保险disabled dependent child 无谋生能力的残疾儿童discharge 解雇;释放discount 贴现;折扣discovery 要求告知discrete risk transfer product 离散性风险转移(保险)产品discretion 自由裁量权discriminatory 歧视性税收dispense 执行;施行dispute 争议;纠纷disposition 处置(权)dissent 异议;反对dissenting opinion 异议;反对意见dissolution 解散distort 歪曲;误解district attorney 地区检查官database right 数据权dividend 股息division of title 产权分割divorce 离婚docket 备审案件目录doctrine 法则;原则doctrine of constitutional supremacy 宪法至上原则doctrine of Maranda Warnings 米兰达忠告原则document 文件;文书document of title 产权证书domant Commerce Clause 休眠的"贸易条款"domicile 住所地double jeopardy 一罪二审draft 起草;草拟draftman 起草者drug trade 毒品交易drug trafficking 毒品交易dry run 干转;排练due diligence 适当努力due process 正当程序.Due Process Clause 正当程序条款due process test 正当程序检验标准duration 期限duress 强迫;胁迫duty 义务;关税duty of care 照看义务Eearnest money 定金easyment 地役权ecclesiastical court 宗教法庭economic law 经济法effective date 生效日期effective time 生效时间element of crime 犯罪要素(件) empower 授权enact 制定;颁布en banc 全体法官出庭审判encroachment 侵占encumbered property 抵押财产enforce 实施；执行enforceable 可强制执行的enforceability 可执行性enforcement of Law 执法English-American Legal System (or Family) 英吉利法系enjoin(衡平）强制令entail 限定继承entity 实体environmental impact statement 环境影响报告environmental Law 环境保护法Environmental protection Agency(EPA) 环境保护局environmental quality 环境质量equal protection clause 平等保护条款equitable relief 衡平救济equity 衡平法equity Law 衡平法equity precedent 衡平法判例equity securities 产权证券；衡平证券error 过错escape 逃走；逃脱escrow 第三者保存合同essential justice 实质公正estate 财产；遗产estate tax 遗产税ＥＵDirective 欧盟指令.evaluate 评价evict 逐出（租户）evidence 证据evidentiary presumption 证据推定evidentiary rule 证据规则ex aequo at bono 公平且善良examine 检查；盘问examination 检查；盘问exception 例外exception clause 例外条款excise tax 执照税exclude 排除exclusive listing 读家上市exclusive right 排他性权利exclusive tax situs 唯一征税地点excusable homicide 可宽恕之杀人execute 执行；签属execution 执行executive acts 行政条例executive branch 行政部门executive order 行政命令executor (遗嘱）执行人executor of estate 遗产执行人exemption 免除；豁免exhibit 展示物（证）exigent circumstance 紧急情况existing securities 上市证券exparte 单方面的expectation damages 预期赔偿金expert 专家（证人）expert testimony 专家证言expert witness 专家证人express contract 明示合同express statutory provision 法律明文规定express warranty 明示保证（保修）ex rel 依据告发face amount 面颊face value 面植facilitate 促使：利于fact 事实fact in issue 争议事实factor 因素；代理商Factors Lien Act 《代理商留置权条例》Fair trial 公平审判false imprisonment 非法拘禁family law 家庭法fault 过错fault principle 过错原则feasibility study 可行性研究Federal Administrative Procedure Act 《联邦行政程序》Federal Antitrust Law 《联邦犯托拉斯法》federal convention 联邦制宪会议federal crime of murder 联邦杀人罪Federal Housing Act 《联邦住房条例》Federal Income Tax Act 《联邦所得税条例》federal judge 联邦法官Federal rules of civil procedure 《联邦民事诉讼规则》Federal rules of criminal procedure 《联邦刑事诉讼规则》Federal rules of evidence 《联邦证据规则》Federal securities act 《联邦证券条例》federal supremacy 联邦至上（原则）Federal tort claims act 《联邦侵权索赔条例》felon 重罪犯felony 重罪felony-murder 重罪杀人fiduciary 受托人file 档案；注册file a petition 呈交诉状；提出请求fine 罚金fingerprint 手印fire insurance 火灾保险fire protection 消防first degree murder 一级谋杀first instance 一审fixture （不动产）附属物flogging 烙印force of law 法律效力forcible felony 暴力性重罪foreign exchange risk 外汇风险forfeiture 没收；罚没form contract 格式合同form of evidence 证据的形式formal adjudication 正式裁决formal rulemaking 正式规则制定formation 构成；鉴定franchise tax 特许经营税fraud 诈欺free enterprise system 自由企业制度free movement of goods 自由物流，货物的自由流通freedom of choice 选择自由frustrate 使受挫折fundamental law 基本法fundamental right 基本权利Ggeneral acceptance standard (科学证据的)公认标准general partnership 一般合伙general property 一般财产（权）general provisions 总则gerontocratic 老人统治的gift tax 赠予税government tort 政府侵权（行为）grant of power 授权gross negligence 严重过失group insurance 团体保险guarantee 担保guardian 监护人guardianship 监护权guidelines for sentencing 量刑指南guilt 有罪guilty 有罪的guilty 有罪答辩Hhabitual offender 惯犯hail insurance 冰雹保险handcuff 手铐handwriting 笔迹health insurance 健康保险health regulation 卫生法规hearing 听证（会）hearing of jury 陪审团听审hearsay 传闻证据heir 继承人hierarchy 等级制度high crime 重罪hold 认定；裁定holding 认定；裁定holding device 拥有手段（形式）homicide 杀人（罪）homosexuality 同性恋house counsel （公司）专职法律顾问.husband-wife relationship 夫妻关系husband-wife tort 夫妻侵权（行为）IId. 同上identification 认定；确认身份；身份证ignore 忽视；驳回illegal 非法的；违法的immaterial 无实质性的immigration law 移民法immovable property 不动产immunity 豁免（权）impair 损害；削弱impeachment 弹劾；质疑implementation 实施；执行implied contract 默认合同implied warranty 默认保证（保修）imprisonment 监禁imputable 可归罪于……的imputation 归罪in re 关于；案由in recess 休庭in rem 对物的（诉讼）in session 开庭inadmissible evidence 不可采证据incarceration 禁闭；监禁incest 乱伦income tax 所得税Income Tax Act 《所得税条例》income tax on corporations 公司所得税income tax on individuals 个人所得税incompetence 无行为能力；无法律资格incompetent 无行为能力的；无法律资格的incorporation 法人；公司；组成公司incorporator 公司创办人independent regulatory agency 独立规制机构indicative list 指导性名单indictment 起诉书indirect evidence 间接证据indirect tax 间接税individual choice 个人选择（权）individual freedom 个人自由individual omni competence 个人全权individual proprietorship 个体业主individual right 个人权利ineffective 失效的inequality 不平等infamous 罪恶的；丑恶的inference 推理;推论infliction 处罚informal adjudication 非正式裁决informal rulemaking 非正式规则制定information 信息; 控告书infomer 耳目;情报员initial ruling 初步裁定injunction 禁令;强制令injunctive relief 强制救济injure 伤害injustice 不公正innocence 无罪innocent 无罪的;无罪者innocent owner defense 无过错所有人辩护inquiry 调查inquisitiorial system 纠问式诉讼制度insane 精神失常insanity defense 精神失常辩护inspection 检查;审查installment land vendor 分期付款的土地出售人installment plan agreement 分期付款购物协议instruction 指示instrument 文件insurable interest 可保利益insurable loss 可保损失insurance agent 保险代理商insurance binder 临时保单insurance broker 保险中间人insurance card 保险卡insurance coverage 保险范围insurance law 保险法insurance policy 保险单;险种insurance premium 保险费insurance proceeds 保险收益insurance product 保险项目insured 被保险人insurer 保险人intangible 无形的intangible damage 无形损害intangible property 无形财产intangible personal property 无形的人身财产(权)inter alia 除了别的以外interfere 干涉;侵犯interlocutory injunction 临时强制令;(诉讼)中间的强制令intermediate appellate court 中级上诉法院intermetional business 调解interrogation 国际商务intentional 故意的intentional tort 故意侵权行为interest 利息;权益;利益interest rate risk 利率风险interview 询问invalid 无效的;不合法的invalidate 使无效invasion of privacy 侵犯隐私权investigation 侦查;调查investment 投资investment portfolio risk 投资风险组合investment securities 投资证券irrelevancy 无相关性irrelevant 不相关的irrelevant evidence 无相关性证据irrevocable 不可撤销的irrevocable life insurance trust 不可撤销的人寿保险信托itinerant judge 巡回法官Jjoint tenancy 共同租借(权)joint venture 合资企业joint venture corporation 合资公司joint venture with Chinese and foreign investment中外合资企业judge 法官judge-made law 法官立法judge's chamber 法官室judge's charge to jury法官对陪审团的指令judge's instruction to jury 法官对陪审团的指示judgment判决，裁定judicial branch 司法部门judicial clerkship 法院书记员职位judicial decision 法官职位judicial district 司法区judicial interpretation 司法解释judicial notice 司法任职judicial opinion 法官判决意见.judicial review 司法审查judicial scrutiny 司法检查judicial subjectivity 审判主观性judicial system 法院系统judiciary 法官jurisdiction 司法管辖区jurisprudence 法理学juror 陪审员jury 陪审团jury charge 法官对陪审团的指令jury pool待选陪审员库jury selection 挑选陪审员jury trial陪审团制justice 公正，大法官justice of the peace 治安法官justifiable homicide 正当杀人juvenile court 未成年人法庭juvenile delinquency 未成年人违法行为ＫKey man assurance 关键人保险Key person insurance关键人保险Kickbacks 回扣Kill杀人Killer 杀人者Know-how 技术秘密，商业秘密Ｌland use law 土地使用法last clear chance doctrine 最后明显机会法则law 法，法律law firm 律师事务所law merchant商业习惯法law of evidence证据法law reform 法律改革lawsuit 诉讼，官司lawyer 律师lawyer in government 政府律师；官方律师lawyer in private practice 私人开业律师lawyerette 律师娘lawman 外行人lay witness 普通证人；非专家证人lease 租赁lease agreement 租赁协议legacy 遗产legacy tax 遗产税legal 合法的.legal advice 法律咨询legal commentary 法律评论legal education 法律教育legal effect 法律教育legal enforcement 法律效力legal English 法律英语legal family 法系legal history 法律史legal instrument 法律文件legal mechanism法律机制legal memorandum 法律备忘录legal methodology 法律方法论legal order 法律秩序legal problem 法律问题legal profession 法律职业legal protection 法律保护legal relationship 法律关系legal representative 法律代表legal safeguard 法律保障（措施）legal system 法律体系；法律制度legal theorist 法学理论家legal writing 法律文书写作legalese 法律涩语legality 法制legislation 立法legislative branch 立法部门legislative history 立法史legislature 立法机关legitimate 合法的levy 征收（税）liability 责任；债务liability insurance 责任保险liberty 自由license plate （车）执照牌license tax 执照税lien 留置（权）life estate 终生财（遗）产life insurance 人寿保险limited partnership 有限合伙liquidated damages 预定违约金liquidity risk 流动资金风险literary property 著作产权litigant 诉讼当事人litigation 诉讼；打官司livestock insurance 家畜保险loan 贷款lord chancellor (英国)大法官loss of rights 丧失权利MMagistrate 司法官Magna Charta of great Britain 《英国大宪章》mail order 邮购majority opinion 多数（法官）的意见malicious prosecution 恶意起诉malfeasance 渎职（罪）malpractice 渎职行为mandate 命令；授权mandatory insurance law 强制保险法manslaughter 非恶意杀人marine insurance 海上保险marital status 婚姻状况marital status classification 婚姻状况的分类maritime tort 海上侵权行为market economy 市场经济marriage 婚姻marriage ceremony 婚礼marriage certificate 结婚证书marriage law 婚姻法marriage relationship 婚姻关系marriage termination rule (残疾人领取社会保险补助的)婚姻终止规则material 实质性的materiality 实质性maxims of equity law 衡平法准则Mayflower Compact “五月花号”公约medical malpractice 医生不当行为mental capacity 心智能力mental condition 精神状态mentor 辅导教师minor issue 枝节问题；未成年人问题Miranda Warning 米兰达忠（警）告misapply 错误适用misdemeanor 轻罪mislaid property 错置财产misrepresentation 虚假陈述mistrial 无效审判mock trial 模拟审判Model Business Corporation Act 《标准实业公司条例》Model Penal Code 《标准刑法典》Model State Administrative Procedure Act 《标准洲行政程序条例》modern commerce Power test 现代商务（贸易）权力检验标准modern delegation of power doctrine 现代授权法则monopolization 垄断monopoly right 专有权moot court 模拟法庭mortgage 抵押（品）motion 动议，请求movable property 动产multiple listing 多重上市；多重登记Multistate Bar Exam 多洲律师资格考试murder 恶意杀人；凶杀murderer 杀人犯mutilation 断肢NNational Association for the Advancement of Colored People 全国有色人种促进会National Conference of Black Lawyers 全国黑人律师大会National Conference of Commissioners on Uniform state Laws 统一各洲法律全国代表大会National Environmental Policy Act 《全国环境政策条例》National Institute of Minority Lawyers 全国少数民族律师学会National Law Journal 《国家法律学报》narcotics distribution 麻醉品供销narcotics trafficking 麻醉品交易narcotics violation 麻醉品违法行为natural justice 自然公正negative form of protection 否定（或消极）形式的保护negligence 过失negligent homicide 过失杀人negligent tort 过失侵权行为negotiable instrument 票据negotiation 谈判；协商New Deal （罗斯福）“新政”no contest 无争辩no par share 无面值股票non-profit corporation 非营利公司norm 规范；标准not guilty plea 无罪答辩notice 通知notice of transfer 过户通知notification 通知；通报notion 概念nullification process 无效程序Oobject 反对objection 反对；异议obligation 义务occupancy agreement 占用协议offender 犯罪人offense 罪行offer 要约；发盘offer of Proof 提供证明Old Boy Network 老哥们关系网Omission不做为：不履行义务Omni competence有全部权利Opening statement开场陈述Opening testimony意见证言Oral contract口头合同Order命令；次序Pperforms' rights 表演权peril 危险perjure作伪证perjury伪证罪perpetrate犯罪perpetator犯罪人ordinance法令personal property动产outstanding balance未付款额personal right人身权利outstanding share已发行股票personal tort人身侵权overrule推翻；驳回persuasive authority劝导性发源ownership所有权petition申请ownership interest所有权力petty misdemeanor微罪physical exhibit展示物品physical injury身体伤害panel团或组plaintiff原告人par value面值plea答辩paramour奸夫plea of guilty有罪答辩parent child relation父子女关系plea of contest无争辩答辩parent corporation母公司plea of guilty无罪答辩parent unfitness父母不胜任police警察parole假释police magistrate警务法官partnership合伙police magistrate court警察法院passage of title产权转移.police power警察权利passive investor消极投资人policy政策patent专利policy holder投保人paternity父亲身份poll tax人头税penal code刑法典portfolio of risk风险组合penalty刑罚possession占有权pending待决postponement延迟penitentiary监狱practice law从事律师工作penitentiary sentence监禁刑practicing lawyer开业律师penology刑法学practice of law律师事物per curiam依法院所定precedent判例peremptory challenge强制回避precedential support判例支持perform履行predeprivation hearing执行剥夺前的听证performance履行predictability可预见性performance bond履行保证金preept 优先于Preferential claim 优先索赔权Preferred stock 优先股票Prejudice 偏见Preliminary exanimation 预审Preliminary hearing 预审听证会Preliminary injunction预先执行令Preliminary negotiation预谈判；初步协商Premises房屋；上述房屋Premium保险费；红利；溢价prenticed seizure 通知前扣押preponderance of proof 优势证明preponderant evidence 优势证据prescription 时效；规定presentation 陈述persistence investigation 量刑前调查presidential Assassination Statute 《暗杀总统法》presumption innocence 无罪推定pretrial motion 审前动议prevailing doctrine 优势法则；流行学说prevail 优先（适用）prima facie 表面的；初步的prima facie evidence 有表面证据之案prima facie evidence 表面证据primary authority 主要法源principle of legality 法制原则privacy 隐私权private corporation 私有公司private law 私法private property 私有财产private prosecution 私诉privilege 特权；特许权；特免权privileges and immunities clause 特权与豁免条款prose 自己；亲自probable cause 可能理由；合理原因probate court 遗嘱检验法院probation 缓刑probation officer 缓刑官probative value 证明价值probativeness 证明性procedural history 程序史procedural regime 诉讼制度procedural safeguard 程序保障procedure 程序proceedings 诉讼；程序product liability 产品责任profit 利润profit corporation 营利公司progeny 后代prohibition 禁止promise 许诺promulgation 颁布proof 证明proof beyond a reasonable doubt 超出合理怀疑的证明property 财产property law 财产法property right 财产权利property tax 财产税property tort 财产侵权行为proponent 支持者；提议者proprietor 个体业主proprietorship 个体企业proscription 禁止；剥夺公权prosecuting attorney 公诉律师；检察官prosecution 起诉prosecutor 检察官；起诉人prosecutor’s case-in-chief 检方主诉prospective juror 将任陪审员prostitute 妓女protective tariff 保护性关税prove 证明Provision 规定，条款Provisions of Oxford 《牛津条例》Psychiatrist 精神病学家Public charge 受政府救济者、Public corporation 公有公司Public defender 公共辩护律师Public good 公益Public law 公法Public offense 公罪（侵犯公共利益的犯罪）Public property 公共财产Public prosecution 公诉Public prosecutor 公诉人，检察官Public utilities 公共事业Public held corporation 公众持股公司Punishable 可处罚的Punishment 刑罚Punitive sanction 惩罚性处分Purpose 目的，宗旨Pursuant to law 依法QQualified property 有限制财产Quantum meruit （无合同规定时）按合理价格支付，合理给付Quasi tort 准侵权行为Quote 引用，引证RRacial discrimination 种族歧视Racial segregation 种族隔离Rain insurance 雨水保险Rarnpant 猖獗的Rape 强奸Ratify 认可Rational relationship test 合理关系检验标准Real estate 不动产Real Estate Settlement Procedure Act 《不动产纠纷解决程序条例》Real evidence 实在证据Real property 不动产Reasonable basis 合理根据Reasoning 论证，推论Rebuttable presumption 可驳回推定Rebuttal evidence 反驳证据Recess 休庭Reciprocal exemption statutes 互免税法律Reckless conduct 疏忽大意行为Reckless homicide 疏忽大意杀人Recourse 追索权，求偿权Recovery 追索，补偿Redemption 赎回Redress 矫正，赔偿Registration sticker 注册贴签Regulation 法规，规章Rehearing 复审Reinstatement （权利）恢复Reinstatement fee 恢复费Release 释放Relevancy 相关性Relevant evidence 相关证据Relief 救济Remand 发回重审Remedy 补救Repeal 废止，撤消Repealer 废止议案Repeat offender 累犯Representation 代理Res ipsa loquitur 不言自明的Reservation of power 权利保留Reserve 储备金（保险）预备金Reserve portfolio of risk 预备金组合风险Resolution 决议，解决Rest 停止陈述Restatements of law 《法律注释汇编》Restitution 恢复原状Restitutionary relief 恢复原状的救济Restraint 约束；限制retain 连任retire 退休；退庭retroactive 有溯及力的retroactive effect 溯及力revenue 税收revised uniform limited partnership act 统一有限合伙修订条例revocable trust 可撤销的信托revocation 撤回right 权利right to privacy 隐私权rigid procedure 刚性程序risk 风险risk transfer 风险转移robbery 抢劫（罪）roman law 罗马法roman law legal system(or family)罗马法系roster 花名册；专门人员名单rule of evidence 证据规则rule of law 法治；法律规则rulemaking 规章制定；规则制定ruling 裁定ruling on evidence 关于证据的裁定SSafety responsibility law 安全责任法Sales tax 销售税Sanction 制裁；处分；罚则sanitary code 卫生条例search 搜查search warrant 搜查令second instance 二审secondary authon`ty 次要法源secondary benefit 次位补助金secondary financing 间接融资secondary party 间接当事人；次位当事人secret service （联邦）保密署secretary of state 州务部长secured debt 担保债务securities 证券Securities and Exchange Commission 证券交易委员会securities exchange act 《证券交易条例》securities law 证券法security 担保；保安；证券seductive 诱人堕落的seize 扣押seizure 扣押seizure warrant 扣押令（状）self-defense 自卫；正当防卫self-identification 自我认定self-incrimination 自我归罪seminar 研讨班；研讨会；研讨课程separate 分立；分局separate legal entity 独立法律实体separate property 分有财产separation of powers 三权分立settlement agreement 清偿协议settler 财产授予者share 股份；股票share holder 股东shell corporation 空壳公司shoplifting 商店偷拿行为short title 简称shyster 讼棍sickness insurance 疾病保险simulation 模拟（练习）slander 诽谤social security act 社会保险条例social security benefit 社会保险补助金social security tax 社会保险税solicitor 诉状律师source 渊源sovereign power 主权special court 特别法院；专门法院special property 特别财产specific performance 特别履行specimen 样本stamp tax 印花税standard of proof 证明标准standing 依据stare decisis 遵从前例state attorney 洲检察官state property 国家财产statd capital 设定资产statute 制定法；法律statute-like norm 准法律规范statute of frauds 诈欺条例；反诈欺法statutory authority 制定法法源statutory crime 制定法规定之犯罪；法定犯罪statutory law 制定法statutory measure 法定措施statutory offense 制定法规定之犯罪；法定犯罪statutory provision 法律规定stay 延缓（审判或执行）stock 股票stock exchange 股票交易stock retirement plan 退股计划stock transfer tax 股票过户税strategy 战略；策略strict liability tort 严格责任侵权strike insurance 罢工保险sub judice 在审判中；尚未判决subject 主体；标的subject matter 主题事项；标的subject property 标的财产subject to financing clause 融资条件条款subpoena 传唤（令）subsidiary corproration 子公司；附属公司subsistence allowance 生活津贴substantial evidence 实质（体）证据substantail law 实体法substantive due process 实体性正当程序substantive law 实体法sue 起诉；诉sufficient evidence 充足证据suit 诉讼summary judgment 即决判决supervisor 监察；监委support 供养；抚养supreme court 最高法院supreme law 最高法律（宪法）suspect 嫌疑人suspicion 嫌疑；怀疑sustain 维持；认可Ttangible 有形的tangible evidence 实物证据tangible property 有形财产tarriff 关税task force 专项研究组；专案组tax 税；税收tax assessment procedure 税额评定程序tax court 税收法院tax evasion 逃税tax law 税法taxation 税收；税务taxation law 税收法；税务法tenant 承租人term 条款；期限testamentary trust 遗嘱委托testator 立遗嘱人testify 作证testimonial evidence 言词证据testimony 证言the Dispute Settlement Body(DSB) 争端解决机构the European Intellectual Property Review 《欧洲知识产权评论》the Fleet Street Reports《舰队街判例汇编》title 产权书title insurance 产权保险title insurer 产权保险人title plant 产权书库tort 侵权（行为）tort claim 侵权索赔（请求）tort feasor 侵权行为人tort law 侵权法tortions 侵权行为的trade mark 商标traffic accidents 交通事故traffic ticket 交通违章（罚款）通知单tranquility 安宁transaction 交易transfer 转让，过户travel accident insurance 旅行意外保险treason 叛国罪treaty 条约trespass 侵犯，侵害trial 审判trail by judge 法官审判trail by jury 陪审团审判trail court 审判法院，初审法院trail process 审判程序trust 信托，托拉斯trustee 托管人truth-in-ending form 真实借贷表two-house legislature 两院制立法机关type of evidence 证据类型umpire 仲裁人。
第9课 Who Stole the Tarts - 记事本
9Who Stole the Tarts?The King and the Queen were sitting on the throne.The Knave of Hearts was standing in front of them .There were two soldiersnear the Knave.It was the Knave of Hearts’ trial.‘I must be in a courtroom. Here’s the judge with his wig and gown and that’s the jury,’thought Alice ,Looking at the twelve animals and birds in the jury-box.Alice sat down.When everybody was ready the King ,who was thejudge,said :’Read the accusation !’The White Rabbit read from a big roll of paper:The Queen of Hearts,she made some tartsAll on a summer day:The Knave of Hearts,he stole those tarts,And took them all away!’Off with his head!’cried the Queen.‘But we must have some witneses first!’cried the White Rabbit. ‘Call the first witness!’sid the King .The first witness was the Hatter.He had his tea in one handand bread and butter in the other hand.‘I am sorry about this but I was having my tea when theycalled me,' said the Hatter.'When did you begin your tea?' asked the King.'March the fourteenth, I think,' answered the Hatter.'The fifteenth,' said the March Hare.'The sixteenth,' added the Dormouse.'Write that down!' said the King, 'and take off your hat.''It isn't mine,' said the Hatter.'You stole it, didn't you?' inquired the King.'No, your Majesty, I didn't,' replied the Hatter. He was veryfrightened.'I sell hats, you see. I'm a Hatter,' he said.'Let's continue now. What did you see?' asked the King.'Well, your Majesty, I was having my tea when the March Haresaid .. .''I didn't!' protested the March Hare.'I mean ... the Dormouse said.'The Dormouse didn't protest.He was asleep so the Hatter wenton, 'Well, I cut more bread and butter.''But what did the Dormouse say?' inquired the King.'I can't remember,' replied the Hatter.'You must remember or I'll cut off your head!' threatened theKing. The Hatter was shaking with fear.'Please, your Majesty, I'm a poor man. Let me go!' cried theHatter. 'Cut off his head!' ordered the Queen.The Hatter ran away so quickly that the executioner couldn'tcatch him.Alice felt very strange. 'This courtroom seems so small.Perhaps I'm growing again!' Alice thought.'Next witness!' the King called out.The next witness was the Duchess' cook. When she entered thecourtroom she had a pepper pot so everybody started to sneeze. 'Tell us what you know,' said the King. 'Your Majesty, youmust ask her questions,' said the White Rabbit.'That's right. Well, let's see, what are tarts made of?' asked the King.'Pepper, of course,' answered the cook.'Next witness!' said the King.The White Rabbit looked at his paper and read out the name:'ALICE!'1． Throne：君位2． Courtroom：法庭3． Jury－box：陪审席4． Accusation：指控5． Witnesses：目击证人6． Stole:偷7． Protested：抗议 8． Fear：害怕。
何家弘法律英语第9、10课全文翻译整合
Part One Contract and Contract Law合同与合同法1.1、当我们使用“合同”一词得时候,通常就是说它就是一份存在于两方或三方之间得契约。
它不就是一种简单得信任,而就是通常理解为合同得一方或双方在将来得时候都要去做得某种事情。
2、有时候,“合同”也用来指一套包括四部分内容得文件。
3、对于律师而言,“合同”通常就是指具有法律效力得协议,即设置了一种法律义务,当某行为没有按照预先约定得那样去履行时,可以依照合同去依法强制履行。
【对于律师而言,“合同”通常就是指当某方没有按照预先约定履行义务时,当事人可以依照这个文件依法强制对方去履行得法律协议书。
】这种翻译方式比较符合现代汉语得句式结构,但就是在口译时比较费劲。
4、因此,有时候,在一次交易中,区分三种不同得因素就变得非常必要,这些因素中得每个因素都可以叫做合同:(1)双方之间得事实合同(2)书面合同,它可能与事实合同不完全一致(3)基于前(1)(2)两项而对应产生得权利与义务。
注:此段得“合同”就是基于我国《合同法》得分类而翻译得,《合同法》规定了“事实合同”“书面合同”,而非“事实协议”“书面协议”。
5、在权利义务问题上,如果情况可以允许,我们可做到不用去努力阐明这种短少但包含法律意义得界定情况,那么它就强烈建议我们在早己设定好得合同与现行法律(定义)柜架下得去审视在(订立)创制合同中律师与法官得(角色)作用,她们会解决各方行为引发得争执以及对违约行为以恰当得形式进行补偿。
21、在英美法律体系中,有相当大部分得法律都明确或者间接得规定了所有权这个敏感得问题。
2、从一台推土机、一枚钻戒到帝国大厦、小说《飘》,都可能就是一个人或者一些人得财产。
这意味着国家将保护所有权人对其所有物得使用、享受甚至就是毁灭得权利,同时排除她人对此行为得干涉。
3、按照惯例,第一年得财产课程会侧重于英美法律对财产保护得详细规定,诸如土地与地上物等不动产得所有权得细化性规定。
合同法何家弘法律英语课件第九课
合同法何家弘法律英语课件第九课全文共3篇示例，供读者参考篇1Contract Law: Hejia Hongfa's Legal English Course, Lesson 9As a law student, I always look forward to Professor Hejia Hongfa's Legal English classes. Not only is he an esteemed scholar in the field of contract law, but he also has a unique way of making complex legal concepts accessible and engaging. This week's lesson on "Interpretation of Contracts" was no exception.Right from the start, Professor Hongfa emphasized the importance of contract interpretation in resolving disputes and ensuring the parties' intentions are upheld. He explained that while the language of a contract may seem clear on its surface, ambiguities and conflicting interpretations often arise, necessitating the application of various rules and principles.One of the first principles we explored was the "plain meaning rule." This rule dictates that if the language of a contract is unambiguous, it should be interpreted according to its ordinary and natural meaning. However, as Professor Hongfa pointed out, determining whether language is trulyunambiguous can be a challenging task, often requiring an examination of the context and surrounding circumstances.We then delved into the "parol evidence rule," which generally prohibits the introduction of extrinsic evidence (such as prior negotiations or discussions) to contradict or vary the terms of a written contract. This rule aims to promote certainty and finality in contractual relationships. Nonetheless, Professor Hongfa highlighted several exceptions to this rule, such as cases involving ambiguity, fraud, or mistake.Next, we discussed the principle of "contra proferentem," which states that ambiguous terms should be construed against the party who drafted or imposed the contract. This principle is particularly relevant in situations involving adhesion contracts or contracts of adhesion, where one party has significantly less bargaining power than the other.Professor Hongfa also introduced us to the concept of "implied terms," which are terms that, although not explicitly stated in the contract, are nevertheless considered part of the agreement based on the parties' intentions, customs, or legal principles. He provided examples of implied terms, such as the implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing, which requiresparties to act reasonably and in good faith when performing their contractual obligations.Throughout the lecture, Professor Hongfa emphasized the importance of considering the commercial context and the parties' intentions when interpreting contracts. He encouraged us to look beyond the literal language and consider factors such as the purpose of the contract, the parties' course of dealing, and any industry-specific practices or customs.One aspect that stood out to me was Professor Hongfa's incorporation of real-world case studies and examples. He shared several court decisions that illustrated the application of various interpretation principles, helping us understand the nuances and complexities involved in contract interpretation.For instance, we analyzed a case where the court had to determine whether the term "chicken" in a contract for the sale of livestock referred only to live chickens or included processed chicken products as well. By examining the context, industry practices, and the parties' course of dealing, the court ultimately ruled that the term "chicken" encompassed both live and processed chicken products.Another captivating case study involved a contract for the purchase of a "cotton-picking machine." The issue arose whenthe seller delivered a machine that could only pick cotton from the plant, but not separate the cotton fibers from the seeds and debris. The court had to interpret the term "cotton-picking machine" and ultimately held that it implied a machine capable of completing the entire cotton-picking process, not just a partial step.As the class drew to a close, Professor Hongfa emphasized the significance of drafting clear and unambiguous contracts to minimize the need for interpretation. He advised us to use precise language, define key terms, and anticipate potential ambiguities or disputes. Additionally, he encouraged us to seek legal advice when drafting or interpreting complex contracts to ensure our clients' interests are protected.Overall, this lesson on contract interpretation was a truly enriching experience. Professor Hongfa's depth of knowledge, practical examples, and engaging teaching style made the subject matter not only comprehensible but also intellectually stimulating. As future legal professionals, understanding the principles and nuances of contract interpretation will be invaluable in navigating the intricate world of contractual agreements and resolving disputes effectively.篇2Contract Law with Professor Hongfa - A Student's PerspectiveChapter 9: Discharge of ContractHey guys, it's me again with another recap of Professor Hongfa's Contract Law English class. This week, we dove into the heavy topic of how contracts can be discharged or terminated. It was a dense chapter, but Hongfa did his usual brilliant job of breaking it down for us with engaging examples and clear explanations. Let me walk you through the key points.We started with the basics - what exactly does it mean for a contract to be "discharged"? Essentially, it refers to the contract obligations being brought to an end, releasing both parties from any future liability or duties under that agreement. There are a variety of ways this can happen, which we covered in depth.The most straightforward way is through performance. When both sides have fulfilled all their contractual responsibilities, the contract is discharged by performance or execution. This is the ideal scenario where everything goes smoothly according to plan. No drama, no disputes - just mission accomplished for both parties. Easy peasy.But of course, we can't always count on things being that simple. Contracts can also be discharged by agreement between the parties to terminate or cancel the existing deal. Maybe circumstances have changed and they mutually agree to walk away. This requires an explicit agreement though, as basic as a "you're released from your end, and I'm released from mine" kind of mutual understanding.Where it gets really interesting is all the other scenarios where the law says a contract can be discharged, even without the consensus of both parties. Hongfa walked us through several of these, using super relatable examples to illustrate the concepts.There's discharge by breach, where one party fails to perform their contractual duties in a major way. If you bail on a huge obligation, the other side may be able to walk away from the whole deal as a result of your material breach. Although, Hongfa did caution that there's a test for whether a breach is serious enough to warrant full discharge.Frustration is another wild one - where an supervening event makes contractual performance fundamentally impossible or radically different than what was envisioned. Like if you hired a singer to perform at your birthday party, but then they lose theirvoice entirely before the date. Through no one's fault, the contract has been frustrated by that unforeseen circumstance and is discharged.We also covered discharge by operation of law, such as if a contractual obligation becomes illegal over time due to new legislation. Or discharge due to failure of some contractualpre-condition or contingency on which the deal was based. It's all about changed circumstances rendering performance moot.My personal favorite example Hongfa used was economic dislocation caused by the zombie apocalypse. Yes, he went there! If society as we know it has collapsed due to a walker invasion, most outstanding contracts would likely be discharged by that fundamental change of circumstances. Although good luck collecting damages from the zombie horde.In addition to all those ways a contract can be discharged entirely, we also talked about discharge of just one party's remaining duties in scenarios like anticipatory breach (where one side demonstrates clear intention not to perform before the due date) or impaired ability to perform. The other party may then be discharged from their obligations since there's no point performing for someone who won't hold up their end of the bargain.Honestly, my head was spinning a bit from all the nuances and exceptions by the end. But Hongfa assured us that with practice, we'd get better at analyzing whether the facts of a case could discharge a contract through any of those various channels. It's all about identifying which discharge doctrine applies to a specific situation.I have to give Hongfa major props for his teaching style too. He has this knack for peppering in humor and getting the class engaged through thoughtful hypotheticals and relatable pop culture references. The zombie example was just the tip of the iceberg - he wove in clever storylines about everything from Game of Thrones castle construction projects to Wakandan mining contracts to keep us interested. Definitely one of the most entertaining lecturers at our law school.Speaking of which, let me wrap up by giving a shoutout to the small but elite cadre of us taking Hongfa's Contract Law English course. It's no easy feat juggling the complexities of contracts in a second language. But I continue to be impressed by how this group of international LL.M. students from around the world shows up each week ready to engage, ask questions, and internalize these challenging concepts. We may speak different native tongues, but we're united by our commitment tomastering Contract Law in English under Hongfa's tutelage. It's been an incredibly rewarding experience so far.Okay, that's all I've got for you on discharge of contract! As always, let me know if you need any clarification or have additional questions. I'll be over here prepping for next week's chapter...while also keeping an eye out for the first signs of the zombie apocalypse. You know, just in case I need to echo Hongfa's epic example about discharge by fundamental change of circumstances. A lawyer's gotta be ready for anything!篇3Contract Law by He Jiahong: Law English Course, Lesson 9Hey there, fellow students! Today, I'll share my notes on Lesson 9 of Professor He Jiahong's Law English course on Contract Law. As you know, this course has been a realgame-changer for us aspiring legal professionals, equipping us with the linguistic prowess to navigate the intricate world of contracts. Brace yourselves; this lesson was a doozy!We kicked things off by delving into the concept of "breach of contract." Now, this term might sound like a fancy way of saying someone dropped the ball, but in legalese, it carries far more weight. A breach occurs when one party fails to fulfill theircontractual obligations, whether it's not delivering goods or services as promised, missing deadlines, or violating specific terms and conditions.Professor He emphasized that breaches can be classified as "material" or "immaterial." A material breach is a big no-no – it's a substantial failure that essentially defeats the purpose of the contract altogether. On the other hand, an immaterial breach is a minor hiccup that doesn't significantly impair the contract's overall performance. Imagine ordering a red car but receiving a blue one – that's an immaterial breach because, hey, at least you got the car!Next up, we explored the concept of "anticipatory breach." This one's a real doozy! It occurs when one party clearly indicates, through words or actions, that they don't intend to fulfill their contractual obligations before the performance is due. It's like saying, "Yeah, I'm not gonna do that thing we agreed on." Talk about a party pooper!Professor He then introduced us to the concept of "repudiation," which is essentially rejecting or renouncing the contract altogether. It's like saying, "Nope, not happening, I'm out!" This can happen before or after the breach, but either way, it's a clear signal that one party is throwing in the towel.But wait, there's more! We also covered "remedies" for breaches of contract. These are the legal solutions available to the non-breaching party to compensate for the harm caused by the breach. Professor He walked us through various remedies, including:Damages: Monetary compensation for the losses suffered due to the breach. This could be actual damages (direct losses), consequential damages (indirect losses), or even punitive damages (punishment for egregious breaches).Specific performance: A court order compelling the breaching party to fulfill their contractual obligations. This is like a legal "do it or else!"Rescission: Canceling the contract altogether and putting the parties back in their pre-contract positions, as if the contract never existed.Restitution: Restoring the non-breaching party to theirpre-contract position by requiring the breaching party to return any benefits received under the contract.Phew, that's a lot to take in, right? But fear not, my fellow legal eagles! Professor He made sure to provide plenty ofreal-world examples and case studies to help us grasp thesecomplex concepts. We analyzed landmark cases, dissected contract clauses, and even engaged in some lively debates about the ethical implications of breaches and remedies.Overall, Lesson 9 was a whirlwind of legal terminology, intricate concepts, and practical applications. It reinforced the importance of understanding contract law inside and out, as even the slightest breach can have far-reaching consequences. As future lawyers, business leaders, or legal professionals, this knowledge will prove invaluable in navigating the treacherous waters of contractual disputes.So, there you have it, folks – my comprehensive recap of Lesson 9 in good ol' English. Study hard, apply what you've learned, and remember, when it comes to contracts, knowledge is power! Until next time, keep those legal minds sharp and those contract clauses airtight!。
何家弘 法律英语 第九章 合同法 英汉对照
Lesson 9 合同法Part One Contract and Contract Law 合同与合同法Contract, as we will use that term, ordinarily connotes an agreement between two or more persons—not merely a shared belief, but a common understanding as to something which is to be done in the future by one or both of them.当我们使用“合同”一词的时候,通常是说它是一份存在于两方或三方之间的契约。
它不是一种简单的信任,而是通常理解为合同的一方或双方在将来的时候都要去做的某种事情。
Sometimes, the term contract is used also to refer to a document—the set of papers in which such an agreement is set forth.有时候,“合同”也用来指一套包括四部分内容的文件。
For lawyers, contract usually is used to refer to agreement that has legal effect;i.e., it creates obligations for which some sort of legal enforcement will be available if performance is not forthcoming as promised.对于律师而言,“合同”通常是指具有法律效力的协议,即设置了一种法律义务,当某行为没有按照预先约定的那样去履行时,可以依照合同去依法强制履行。
Thus, it will sometimes be necessary to distinguish among three elements in a transaction, each of which can be called a contract: (1) the agreement –in-fact between the parties, (2) the agreement-as- written (which may or may not correspond accurately to the agreement-in-fact), and (3)the set of rights and duties created by (1) and (2).因此,有时候,在一次交易中,区分三种不同的因素就变得非常必要,这些因素中的每个因素都可以叫做合同:(1)双方之间的事实合同(2)书面合同,它可能与事实合同不完全一致(3)基于前(1)(2)两项而对应产生的权利和义务。
合同法何家弘法律英语课件第九课
合同法何家弘法律英语课件第九课Sure, I can help you with that. Let's start with the English response first and then we can follow up with the Chinese response.In this lesson, we will cover the legal English terms related to the Contract Law. Contract Law is a fundamental aspect of the legal system that governs the creation and enforcement of agreements between parties. It is important to understand the key terms and concepts in both English and Chinese to effectively navigate the complexities of contract law.Some of the essential legal English terms in Contract Law include "offer and acceptance", "consideration", "capacity", "legality", "genuine consent", and "legal purpose". Understanding these terms in both English and Chinese is crucial for anyone involved in drafting, negotiating, or interpreting contracts.Now, let's move on to the Chinese response.在这节课上，我们将涵盖与合同法相关的法律英语术语。
法律英语第九、十课重点翻译
•Even societies that do not permit private ownership of wealth to the degree that ours does are likely to recognize the personal rights of individuals to be free from certain kinds of conduct …•即使是那些对财产私有权的许可没有达到我们这种程度的社会，也会承认个人的人身权利不受某种行为的侵犯。
Infliction of physical injuryOther interferences with freedom or dignity•给人造成身体伤害•其他对个人自由或尊严的侵犯Ownership of property•Include the right to use and consume the thing owned•所有权包括对属于自己的物品使用和耗费的权利•be more to the advantage of the owner to transfer the right of the ownership to some other person in exchange for something else of value•有时所有者以所有权与其他人交换有价值的东西可能更有利•Agreements for exchange are the means by which some resources are assembled and put to productive use.•交换的契约是将一些资源组合起来，使之得到有效利用的手段。
•Some agreement for exchange call for the immediate and simultaneous exchange of money for goods and services.•有效交换契约要求现金与货物、服务的立即和同时交换。
【精品课件】何家弘法律英语课件
写作能力
学习撰写法律文件，如合同、 协议、备忘录等，培养学生的
写作能力。
听说能力
通过模拟法庭、谈判等场景， 培养学生的听说能力，提高学
生的法律英语口语水平。
法律英语案例分析
01
02
03
案例选择
选择真实的、有代表性的 法律案例，涵盖不同法律 领域。
分Байду номын сангаас方法
介绍案例分析的基本方法 ，如法律关系分析法、请 求分析法等。
《【精品课件】何家弘法律 英语课件》
xx年xx月xx日
目录
• 课程概述 • 教学内容 • 教学方法 • 教学资源
01
课程概述
课程背景与目的
背景
随着全球化的推进，法律英语越来越受到重视，许多国家的 律师、法官、法学家和学者都在积极探索法律英语的教学和 培训方法。
目的
本课程旨在帮助学习者提高法律英语水平，掌握法律英语的 表达方式，培养其法律思维和跨文化交流能力，使其能够更 好地从事涉外法律工作、参加国际法律交流活动以及进行法 学研究。
互动式教学
总结词
灵活、创新、参与
详细描述
互动式教学注重师生互动、学 生互动，通过开展课堂讨论、 小组合作等活动，激发学生的 学习兴趣和积极性，增强其自
主学习能力。
总结
这种教学方法能够提高学生的 学习效果和参与度，但需要教 师具备一定的课堂掌控能力和
引导学生讨论的能力。
情境式教学
总结词
真实、实践、应用
学习方法
本课件采用线上和线下相结合的方式，学习者可以先通过线上视频学习基础知识 和基本概念，再通过线下实践和应用深入学习和掌握法律英语。
要求
学习者需要具备一定的英语基础和法律基础知识，并能够积极思考和分析问题， 同时需要具备一定的自学能力和实践能力。
【精品课件】何家弘法律英语课件
法律英语文献阅读
法律英语文献的文体特点
法律英语文献具有独特的文体特点，如正式、准确、清晰和 严密。课程将介绍这些特点以及如何运用它们阅读和理解法 律文献。
法律英语文献阅读技巧
除了了解法律英语文献的文体特点，还需要掌握如何运用阅 读技巧理解复杂的法律文献。课程将教授阅读技巧，并通过 实践练习提高学员的阅读理解能力。
每周教学内容
• 第1周：介绍法律英语的基本概念、学习方法、教材使用方法等。 • 第2周：从单词的层面讲解法律英语的构成特点，介绍常见的法律英语词汇。 • 第3周：详细讲解法律英语词汇在特定语境下的特殊用法和意义。 • 第4周：针对法律英语中的长句和疑难句进行分析和讲解，提升学生的理解和分析能力。 • 第5周：介绍法律英语的写作规范和技巧，并进行写作练习。 • 第6周：详细讲解法律英语合同的分类和结构，并进行合同翻译实践。 • 第7周：总结上周学习内容，继续进行合同翻译实践，并讲解相关难点。 • 第8周：介绍法律英语的论文写作规范和技巧，并进行论文写作练习。 • 第9周：详细讲解法律英语论文的翻译实践，并进行相关难点讲解。 • 第10周：总结本学期学习内容，进行复习和测试。
法律英语句型
法律英语句型的结构特点
法律英语句型具有独特的结构特点，如长句、复杂句和被动句。将分析这些句型 的特点，并通过实例说明如何运用这些句型撰写法律文件和进行法律交流。
法律英语句型的运用技巧
除了了解法律英语句型的结构特点，还需要掌握如何运用这些句型表达复杂的法 律概念和思想。课程将教授运用这些句型的技巧，并通过实践练习提高学员的运 用能力。
学习方法建议
课前预习
01
提前预习课件内容，熟悉要学习的知识点，标注不理解的地方
，以便上课时更加针对性地学习。
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2013-7-12 法律英语 7
法律补救方法
TEXT
Contract —— an agreement between two or more persons. Not merely a shared belief 不仅仅是共有的想法 A common understanding as to something
2013-7-12
法律英语
3
Example of Contracts
Employment contracts Service Contracts Building Construction Insurance Contracts Contract involving real property Sale of Intangibles(stocks, bonds, patents, copyrights,etc)
Contract ---- an agreement that has legal effect. 合同是具有法律效力的契约。 It creates obligations for which some sort of legal enforcement will be available if performance is not forthcoming as promised.
2013-7-12 法律英语 12
Property
A great of thing are susceptible ―ownership‖
Tangible 有形的
Intangible 无形的
2013-7-12 法律英语 13
bulldozer Ring
The Empire State Building
2013-7-12 法律英语 30
―fraud‖ conduct 欺诈行为
Criminal law vs. tort law
Criminal law focuses in those violations of personal and property rights that society deems serious enough to be deterred by the threat of severe punishment for their commission
2013-7-12
法律英语
20
பைடு நூலகம்
certain kinds of conduct
Infliction of physical injury
Other interferences with freedom or dignity
给人造成身体伤害 其他对个人自由或尊严的侵犯
2013-7-12 法律英语 21
2013-7-12 法律英语 2
Three Factors
There are three factors necessary to create a contract:
1) an offer, 2) acceptance, and 3) consideration. One party makes an offer, the second party must accept the offer and there must be consideration exchanged. Consideration has to be something of value.
2013-7-12
法律英语
26
Some agreement for exchange call for the immediate and simultaneous exchange of money for goods and services. 有效交换契约要求现金与货物、服务的 立即和同时交换。
2013-7-12
法律英语
11
THE WAYS 订立协议和执行协议的方法
The role of lawyers and judges
1. In creating contracts 在制定合同中的作用； 2.in deciding disputes that may arise with respect to their performance 在裁决履行合同时可能出现争议时的作用； 3.in fashioning appropriate remedies for their breach 在形成对其违约的适当补救时的作用
它设立了当不按约履行时，便可由某种 法律强制手段保证实施的义务。
2013-7-12 法律英语 10
Three elements in a transaction ——contract
1. The agreement-in-fact 事实协议 2. The agreement-in-written 书面协议 3. The set of rights and duties ……一系列权利与义务
支付货币
2013-7-12 法律英语 29
Legal problems do not always fit neatly into the pigeonholes that legal theorists have created. 法律问题不可能总是与法理学家所创 立的分类完全相符。 Frequently they raise issues involving more than one body of law. 法律问题往往涉及到不止一部法律。
Lesson Nine
Contract Law
2013-7-12 法律英语 1
Contract Definition
A contract is basically an agreement between two or more people which creates an obligation to do, or not do, something. The agreement creates a legal relationship of rights and duties. If the agreement is broken, then the law provides certain remedies.
Also address the question of how it should respond when someone violates those rights
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Even societies that do not permit private ownership of wealth to the degree that ours does are likely to recognize the personal rights of individuals to be free from certain kinds of conduct … 即使是那些对财产私有权的许可没有达 到我们这种程序的社会，也会承认个人 的人身权利不受某种行为的侵犯。
Tort law considers what remedy should be made to the individuals so injured
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Criminal law
Treason 判国罪 Tax evasion 偷税罪
overlap tort law
Slander 诽谤
而且是对某些未来将要进行的事项有共同 的理解
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Contract
Document The set of papers in which such agreement is set forth. 文件——陈述契约的一系列文件。
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For lawyers
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The law of contracts
Legal mechanism for protecting the expectations that arise from the making of agreements for the future exchange of various types of performance. 合同法是保护预期的法律机制，该预期 产生于就未来交易各类履行而制定的契 约。 转让财产 提供服务
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Gone with the wind
法律英语
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Rights
Use
国家保护该“所有人”使用、享受乃 至耗费该物的权利，将所有其他人排 除在这种权利之外。 Enjoy
Consume
Exclusion
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Real property
不动产 buildings
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Exchange of significant size 涉及到大额交易时
Both the planning and performance to be spread over a considerable period of time 交易的计划和履行都要经历相当长的 时间。
Land