2018届高三英语话题阅读话题《自然》学案含答案-最新教学文档

话题自然NatureClass：Name：Group：No：Learning Objectives：1.Review the important words and expressions in the reading material:2. Learn the reading skills: scanning and skimmingLearning Key Points：1.Grasp the important words and expressions in the reading material2.Master the reading skills: scanning and skimmingLearning Difficult Points：Improve the reading abilityLearning Procedures：I.【Pre-class homework】Read the passage and choose the best answer(1)Life in the ClearTransparent animals let light pass through their bodies the same way light passes through a window. These animals typically live between the surface of the ocean and a depth of about 3,300 feet—as far as most light can reach. Most of them are extremely delicate and can be damaged by a simple touch. Sonke Johnsen, a scientist in biology, says, “These animals live through their life alone. They never touch any thing unless they’re eating it, or unless something is eating them.”And they are as clear as glass. How does an animal become see-through? It’s trickier than you might think.The objects around you are visible because they interact with light. Light typically travels in a straight line. But some materials slow and scatter(散射) light, bouncing it away from its original path. Others absorb light, stopping it dead in its tracks. Both scattering and absorption make an object look different from other objects around it, so you can see it easily.But a transparent object doesn’t absorb or scatter light, at least not very much, Light can pass through it without bending or stopping. That means a transparent object doesn’t look very different from the surrou nding air or water. You don’t see it ----you see the things behind it.To become transparent, an animal needs to keep its body from absorbing or scattering light. Living materials can stop light because they contain pigments(色素) that absorb specific col ors of light. But a transparent animal doesn’t have pigments, so its tissues won’t absorb light. According to Johnsen, avoiding absorption is actually easy. The real challenge is preventing light from scattering.Animals are built of many different materia ls----skin, fat, and more----and light moves through each at a different speed. Every time light moves into a material with a new speed, it bends and scatters. Transparent animals use different tricks to fight scattering. Some animals are simply very small or extremely flat.第 - 1 - 页Without much tissue to scatter light, it is easier to be see—through. Others build a large, clear mass of non-living jelly-lie(果冻状的)material and spread themselves over it .Larger transparent animals have the biggest challenge, because they have to make all the different tissues in their bodies slow down light exactly as much as water does. They need to look uniform. But how they’re doing it is still unknown. One thing is clear for these larger animals, staying transparent is an active p rocess. When they die, they turn a non-transparent milky white.（NMET2019北京卷C篇）63. According to Paragraph 1, transparent animals_______.A. stay in groupsB. can be easily damagedC. appear only in deep oceanD. are beautiful creatures64. The underlined word “dead” in Paragraph 3 means__________.A. silentlyB. graduallyC. regularlyD. completely65. One way for an animal to become transparent is to ________.A. change the direction of light travelB. gather materials to scatter light.C. avoid the absorption of lightD. grow bigger to stop light.66. The last paragraph tells us that larger transparent animals________.A. move more slowly in deep waterB. stay see-through even after deathC. produce more tissues for their survivalD. take effective action to reduce light spreading(2)Their cheery song brightens many a winter's day. But robins are in danger of wearing themselves out by singing too much. Robins are singing al l night一as well as during the day, British-based researchers say.David Dominoni, of Glasgow University, said that light from street lamps, take away signs and homes is affecting the birds' biological clock, leading to them being wide awake when they s hould be asleep.Dr Dominoni, who is putting cameras inside nesting boxes to track sleeping patterns, said lack of sleep could put the birds’ health at risk. His study shows that when robins are exposed to light at night in the lab, it leads to some ge nes being active at the wrong time of day. And the more birds are exposed to light, the more active they are at night.He told people at a conference, "There have been a couple of studies suggesting they are increasing their song output at night and during the day they are still singing. Singing is a costly behavior and it takes energy. So by increasing their song output, there might be some costs of energy."And it is not just robins that are being kept awake by artificial light.Blackbirds and seagulls are also being more nocturnal. Dr Dominoni said, "In Glasgow where I live, gulls are a serious problem. I have people coming to me saying `You are the bird exp ert. Can you help us kill these gulls?'.During the breeding(繁殖)season, between April and June, they are very active at night and very noisy and people can't sleep."Although Dr Dominoni has only studied light pollution, other research concluded that robins living in noisy cities have started to sing at night to make them heard over loud noise.However, some birds thrive(兴旺)in noisy environments. A study from California Polytechnic University found more hummingbirds in areas with heavy industrial machinery. It is thought that they are capitalising on their predators(天敌)fleeing to quieter areas.(NMET2019四川卷D篇)42. According to Dr Dominoni's study, what cause robins to sing so much?A. The breeding season.B. The light in modemC. The dangerous environment.D. The noise from heavy machinery.43. What is the researchers' concern over the increase o f birds' song output?A. The environment might be polluted.B. The birds' health might be damaged.C. The industry cost might be increased.D. The people's hearing might be affected.44. What does the underlined word "nocturnal" in Paragraph 5 mean?A. Active at night.B. Inactive at night.C. Active during the day.D. Inactive during the day.45. Why do some birds thrive in noisy environments?A. Because there are fewer dangers.B. Because there is more food to eat.C. Because there is less light pollutionD. Because there are more places to take shelterII.【While-class】Step1. Lead-inStep2. Group discussion and presentation第 - 3 - 页Step3．Consolidation: Read the following passage and choose the best answer(1)California Condor’s Shocking RecoveryCalifornia condors are North America’s largestbirds, with wind-length of up to 3 meters. In the1980s, electrical lines an d lead poisoning (铅中毒)nearly drove them to dying out. Now, electric shock training and medical treatment are helping to rescue these big birds.In the late 1980s, the last few condors were taken from the wild, and there are now more than 150 flying over California and nearby Arizona, Utah and Baja in Mexico.Electrical lines have been killing them off. “As they go in to rest for the night, they just don’t see the power lines,” says Bruce Rideout of San Diego Zoo. Their wings can bridge the gap between lines, resulting in electrocution(电死) if they touch two lines at once.So scientists have come up with a shocking idea. Tall poles, placed in large training areas, teach the birds to stay clear of electrical lines by giving them a painful but undeadly electric shock. Before the training was introduced, 66% of set-freed condors died of electrocution. This has now dropped to 18%.Lead poisonous has proved more difficult to deal with. When condors eat dead bodies of other animals containing lead, they absorb large quantities of lead. This affects their nervous systems and ability to produce baby birds, and can lead to kidney(肾) failures and death. So condors with high levels of lead are sent to Los Angeles Zoo, where they are treated with calcium EDTA, a chemical that removes lead from the blood over several days. This work is startin g to pay off. The annual death rate for adult condors has dropped from 38% in 2019 to 5.4% in 2019.Rideout’s team thinks that the California condors’ average survival time in the wild is now just under eight years. “Although these measures are not ef fective forever, they are vital for now,” he says. “They are truly good birds that are worth every effort we put into recovering them.” (NMET 2019 北京)63. California condors attract researchers’ interest because they .A. are active at nightB. had to be bred in the wildC. are found on in CaliforniaD. almost died out in the 1980s64. Researchers have found electrical lines are.A. blocking condors’ journey homeB. big killers of California condorsC. rest places for condors at nightD. used to keep condors away65. According to Paragraph 5, lead poisoning .A. makes condors too nervous to flyB. has little effect on condors’ kidneysC. can hardly be gotten rid of form condors’ bloodD. makes it different for condors to produce baby birds66. The passage shows that .A. the average survival time of condors is satisfactoryB. Rideout’s research interest lies in electric engineeringC. the efforts to protect condors have brought good resultsD. researchers have found the final answers to the problem(2)Chimps (黑猩猩) will cooperate in certain ways, like gathering in war parties to protect their territory. But beyond the minimum requirements as social beings, they have little instinct (本能) to help one another. Chimps in the wild seek food for themselves. Even chimp mothers regularly decline to share food with their children. Who are able from a young age to gather their own food?In the laboratory, chimps don’t naturally share food either. If a chimp is put in a cage where he can pull in one plate of food for himself or, with no great effort, a plate that also provides food for a neighbor to the next cage, he will pull at random ---he just doesn’t care whether his neighbor gets fed or not. C himps are truly selfish.Human children, on the other hand are extremely corporative. From the earliest ages, they decide to help others, to share information and to participate achieving common goals. The psychologist Michael Tomasello has studied this cooperativeness in a series of expensive with very young children. He finds that if第 - 5 - 页babies aged 18 months see a worried adult with hands full trying to open a door, almost all will immediately try to help.There are several reasons to believe that the urges to help, inform and share are not taught .but naturally possessed in young children. One is that these instincts appear at a very young age before most parents have started to train children to behave socially. Another is that the helping behaviors are not improved if the children are rewarded. A third reason is that social intelligence. Develops in children before their general cognitive（认知的）skills, at least when compared with chimps..In tests conducted b y Tomtasell, the children did no better than the chimps on the physical world tests, but were considerably better at understanding the social world.The cure of what children’s minds have and chimps’ don’t in what Tomasello calls what. Part of this ability is that they can infer what others know or are thinking. But that, even very young children want to be part of a shared purpose. They actively seek to be part of a “we”, a group that intends to work toward a shared goal. (NMET 2019江苏)58. What can we learn from the experiment with chimps?A. Chimps sel dom care about others’ interests.B. Chimps tend to provide food for their children.C. Chimps like to take in their neighbors’ food.D. Chimps naturally share food with each other.59. Michael Tomasello’s tests on young children indicate that they____.A. have the instinct to help othersB. know how to offer help to adultsC. know the world better than chimpsD. trust adults with their hands full60. The passage is mainly about ____.A. the helping behaviors of young childrenB. ways to train childre n’s shared intentionalityC. cooperation as a distinctive human natureD. the development of intelligence in childrenStep4．PresentationStep5．SummaryIII.【Post-class】Self- reflectionKeys:Suggested Answers:I. Pre-class homework63. B 64. D 65. C 66. D42.B 43.B 44.A 45.AII. While-class （课堂教学流程）63. D 64. B 65. D 66. C58. A 59. A 60. C第 - 7 - 页。