(完整版)2018Mini-lecture专业八级真题听力原文
2018专业八级答案
PartⅠLISTENING COMPREHENSIONSECTION A MINI-LECTURE1. humans / human species2. intelligence3. learn from others4. repeat5. others’ wisdom/other people’s wisdom6. accumulateevolutionary dilemmaothers/watching other people9. systems of communication10. knowledge and wisdom11. benefits of cooperation12. identity establishment/establishment of identities13. isolation14. communication15. different languagesSECTION B INTERVIEW1. Which aspect of the election event is the interviewee most concerned about答案：D. Direction of the electoral events.2. Why was the announcement made yesterday, according to the interviewee答案：B. The date had been set previously.3. According to the BBC interviewer, why did the electoral institutions want to prepare the ground答案：D. To stop complaints from the loser.4. What did the interviewee think of the BBC’s reason of preparing the ground答案：D. Ill considered.5. What is the interviewee’s attitude towards establishing a parallel presidency答案：C. Opposed.6. What does the interviewee think both candidates need to do答案：D. Seek support from important sectors.7. What was the margin of victory at the time of the interview答案：C. 56%-44%.8. Who should be responsible for dealing with the fraud in the election答案：B. Electoral institutions.9. What does the interviewee think of the problem in the Afghan election答案：D. It occurred elsewhere.10. What is the interview mainly about答案：A. Problems in the electoral process.Part II READING COMPREHENSIONSECTION A MULTIPLE-CHOICE QUESTIONSPASSAGE ONE11. The Australians want a strong flow of immigrants because .答案：A. immigrants speed up economic expansion12. Australia prefers immigrants from Britain because .答案：C. they easily merge into local communities13. In explaining why some migrants return to Europe the author答案：B. emphasizes the variety of their motives14. Which of the following words is used literally, not metaphorically答案：D. “selective” (Para. 6).15. Para. 11 pictures the Australians as .答案：B. ungenerous.PASSAGE TWO16. According to the author, which of the following advantages of bilingualism is commonly accepted答案：B. Better task performance.17. According to the passage, that language influences thought may be related to .答案：D. the slowdown of thinking in a second language18. What is the author’s response to the question at the beginning of Para. 8答案：A. It’s just one of the popular tales of national stere otypes.19. Which of the following statements concerning Para. 9 is correct答案：C. Grammar is unnecessarily a condition for change in personality.20. In discussing the issue, the author’s attitude is .答案：B. objectivePASSAGE THREE21. She quickened her steps because she .答案：C. wanted to look like someone working there22. Why didn’t she enter Storm and King the first time答案：A. She was too timid to enter the building.23. What does “every foot of her progress being a satisfactory porti on of a flight which she gladly made” mean according to the context (Para. 2)答案：D. She just wanted to leave the place.24. Why did she feel greatly relieved (Para. 7)答案：B. She was kindly received by the clerk.SECTION B SHORT-ANSWER QUESTIONSPASSAGE ONE25. What do “promise” and “should” in Para. 2 imply about the author’s vision of Australia’s economy答案：Australian economy cannot achieve fast development as assumed without immigrants.26. Explain the meaning of “the growth of national groups” according to the context (Para. 7).答案：The increase of groups formed by immigrants from different sources.PASSAGE TWO27. Explain the meaning of “The choice between two languages is a huge prime.” according to the context (Para. 6).答案：Different languages trigger different related memories and feelings.28. What reasons does the author give to explain why people feel different when speaking different languages答案：Asymmetric language competence and the priming effect.29. What does the author focus on in the passage答案：Whether different languages confer different personalities.PASSAGE THREE30. Select and write down at least THREE words or phrases in Para. 1 describing the girl’s inner feelings while walking in the streets looking for a job.答案：Lacked courage, indefinable shame, weakening heart, hesitating and helpless.31. Explain the meaning of “So severe a defeat told sadly upon her nerves.” according to the context (Para. 2).答案：The severe defeat made her sad and disheartened.32. In “It was a severe set-back to her recently pleased mental state.” (Para. 16), what does “her recently pleased mental state” refer to according to the context答案：Courage and joy gained from her previous reception.答案解析：Part III LANGUAGE USAGE1. ∧case→the2. as→like3. small→smaller4. ∧specialty→while5. raise→rise6. ∧it also→but7. the→the8. were→are9. When→While10. understand→understanding参考译文：When life gives us lemons, literature books provide us with an achievable realm that is better than reality. The water described in the books may be clearer than the water in our real life and the sky is bluer than what it is like in the real world. The idea of a perfect relationship is impossible in reality. However, the love stories in Butterflies in Love and Romeo and Juliet are eternal. Therefore, reading books will smooth over the nastiness and roughness in real life.。
2018年英语专业八级真题及答案
2018年英语专业八级真题及答案Mini-lecture1species2intellengence3learn from others4more elegant5wisdom6accumulation8efforts~~包~guo+扣扣21046907811benefits cooperation12establish identily14cooperation15solveMINI1.tradition2.subjective3.integrating4.more elegant5.profits of companies6.multipleMini-lecture1species2intellengence3learn from others4more elegant5wisdom包~guo+扣扣2104690786accumulation8efforts11benefits cooperation12establish identily14cooperation15solve改错1The.2 Like3 smaller 4 while 5 rise 6 But 7The 8are 9whil e 10Under Standing。
阅读，11A 12c 13b 14c 15d 16到20ABBDA 21到24 AABB 包~guo+扣扣21046907825. He think it‘s government’s responsibility26.Australia prefer British migrants27.Choosing differently between these two languages can havetotally different influence on the speaker28. There are two good reasons: asymmetrical ability and pr iming.包~guo+扣扣21046907811、澳大利亚人希望移民有很强的流动性，因为移民加速经济的增长，而失业率下降到一个低水平的移民，而外国的首都奥斯特拉西亚则和美国一样大。
英语专八听力原文及答案
英语专八听力原文及答案The popularity of EnglishGood morning, everyone. T oday's lecture is about the popularity of English.As we all know, English is widely used in the world. Althpugh English is not the language with the largest number of native or first language speakers, it has really become a lingua franca. Then what is a lingua franca The term refers to a language which is widely adopted for communication between two speakers whose native languages are different from each others and where one or both speakers are using it as a second language ( Q1). For example, when an Indian talks to a Singaporean using English, then English is the lingua franca.Then actually how many people speak English as either a first or a second language Some researches suggested that a few years ago that between 320 , 000 , 000 to 380 , 000 , 000 people spoke English as a first language. And anyway between 250 , 000 , 000 to 350 , 000 , 000 as a second language ( Q2 ) . And of course , if we include people who are learning English as a foreign language all over the world, that number may increase dramatically. Then we may ask a question, how did English get there That is how did English gain the present status of popularity There are in fact a number of interlocking reasons for the popularity of English as a lingua franca. Many of the reasons are historical , but they also include economic and cultural factors that influenced and sustained this spread of the language. Let's go through the reasons one by one. First, it's the historical reason ( Q3) . This is related to the colonial history. As we know, when' the Pilgrim Fathers landed on the Massachusetts coast in 1620after their journey from England, they brought with them not just a set of religious beliefs, a pioneering spirit or a desire for colonization, but also their language. Although many years later, the Americans broke away from their colonial master, the language of English remained and still does. It was the same in Australia too. When Commander Philippe planted the British flag in Sydney curve on the 26th of January 1788 , it was not just a bunch of British convicts and their guardians but also a language. In other parts of the former British Empire, English rapidly became a unifying or dominating means of control. For example, it became a lingua franca in India where a variety of indigenous languages made the use of any one of them as a whole country system problematic ( Q4). So the imposition of English as the one language of a ministration helps maintain the colonizers' control and power. Thus English traveled around many parts of the world in those days and long after that colonial empire has faded away. It is too widely used as a main or at least an institutional language in countries as far apart as Jamaica and Pakistan, \ Uganda and New Zealand. That is the first factor. Now the second major factor. in the spread of English has been the spread of commerce throughout the world. The spread of international commerce has taken English along with it ( Q5 ) . This is the 20111 century phenomenon of globalization. Therefore, one of the first sights many travelers see when arriving in countries as diverse as Brazil, China for example, it's the yellow, twin art sign of a Macdonald's fast food restaurant or some other famous brand's outlets. And without doubt, English is used as the language of communication in the international business community.And the third factor related to the popular use of English is the boom in international travel ( Q6). And you will find thatmuch travel and tourism is carried on around the world in English. Of course this is not always the case. As the multi-lingualism of many tourism workers in different countries demonstrate. But a visit to most airports on the globe will show signs not only in the language of that country but also in English. Just as many airline announcements are broadcast in English too. Whatever the language of the country the airport is situated in. So far, English is also the preferred language of air-traffic control in many countries and it is used widely in sea travel communication ( Q7 ).Another factor has something to do with the information exchange around the world. As we all know, a great deal of academic discourse around the world takes place in English. It is often a lingua franca of conferences, for example. And many journal articles in fields as diverse as astronomy, trial psychology and zoology have English as a kind of default language ( Q8).The last factor I cite here concerns popular culture. In the western world at least, English is a dominating language in popular culture. Pop music in English can be heard on many radios ( Q9). Thus many people who are not English speakers can sing words from their favorite English medium songs. And many people who are regular cinema-goers or TV viewers can frequently hear English in sub-titled films coming out of the USA.\Now, to sum up, in today's lecture, we have reviewed some of the reasons or factors that lie behind the popular use of English as the NO. 1 world language. Before we finish, I would like to leave a few questions for you to think about. Is the status of English as the NO. 1 world language assured in the future Will it split into varieties that become less mutually intelligible Or some other language or languages take the place of English asthe world language in future ( Q1 ). These questions are not easy to answer, I know, but they are definitely worth pondering over after the lecture. OK, let's bring us to the end of today's lecture. Thank you for your attention. SECTION B CONVERSATION W Hello! Freddy.NI: Hello! Marry. How nice to see you again! How is everything goingW Fine. Busy these daysM : Yeah. With lots of things to do. Would you like to join me for a drinkW: Ok! Thanks!M: Any news recentlyW Oh! Well , I read in the local paper the other day that the government is planning to build an airport here. You knew that M Afraid not.】My real objection to this idea of a new airport is... is that the whole thing is so wasteful. I mean, we know we are currently in a fuel crisis. We know that we've got to conserve oil and fuel and allthe rest of it and yet here the government seems quite deliberately to be encouraging people to travel, to use. And these jets use a heck of a lot of oil. I mean it takes a ton of oil, a ton of petrol before one of this big jets even takes off (Q1).M: Hmmm.W: It seems so completely short-sighted to me, quite apart from all the waste of land and so on. I can't see, I can't see the rational behind really wanting an... an airport at all.M: Well, surely you must admit the existing airport nearby are becoming swarmed. I mean, why should people...NV: Well, they are being swarmed.111: be treated like cattle when there's a chance of a new airport here.W: But, but really, people shouldn't be traveling as much. That's, that's why most of the journeys, I mean, they are swarmed, because there is far too much unnecessary tourism and so on. It isn't necessary for people to travel so fast, or still, even so often ( Q2).M: Well. You take the climate here in this country. Now, just before Christmas, there 'was this dreadful cold spell and there was a tremendous increase in the number of people who wanted to leave and spend Christmas and the New Year in a reasonable climate of sun and a certain mild climate. And in summer, the same situation occurs. It is unbearably hot here and people want go somewhere cool.W: Yes, I can sympathize with that. But it is still not really necessary to do or as it is necessary to conserve fuel and it is necessary to ... well not to waste land, I mean, land for new airport could be used for far more important things which would benefit the people here far more ( Q2). I mean, it could be used for farming, for instance.M: True./W: It could also be used for housing, or it could be used for parks, you know. People then, could come and enjoy themselves without having to travel far.Mi But, airports do bring some local advantages. They bring roads, there's obviously extra employment, for instance, new hotels, shops, restaurants will have to be built, this means, more jobs for the locals and it is good for local economy ( Q3).W: But, you ask the people, you ask those who are now living near the airports, for instance, whether they reckon that airports are bringing them advantages or the airport is bringing noise and vast motorways and the whole area is desolated, isn't it ( Q2) M: But, the airport infrastructure relies on housing and other facilities for the great number of people who would be employed in the airport, the pilot even, the stewardnesses. They have to live somewhere near the airport, rightW: Yeah, but it's, it's just so damaging to the whole area. I think, airports, from my point of view, the whole concept is outdated really. With modern technology, we're going to make a lot of travel unnecessary, really (Q4). For example, it won't be necessary for businessman to fly out toa foreign country to talk to somebody. They can just lift up telephone in the office, press the button and see the person they want to do business with. You see, business deals can be made without having to travel back and forth, rightM: Yes, you're right. But, for a lot of people, 'personal contact is important. And this means travel, and means quick travel, air 'travel and we just need a new airport (Q5).SECTION C NEWS BROADCASTNews Item 1 (for question 6)The New Moderates Party began forming the new Swedish government on Monday. In Sunday's Elections , the New Moderates Party defeated the Social Democrats. The Social Democratic Party has controlled Sweden for all but nine years since 1932 , building up the country's generous welfare state. But the New Moderates wants to change it. ( Q6 ) Sweden's welfare system is famed around the world, but the system encourages people to be lazy and unemployment is also high in Sweden. Onereason is the high tax on companies which makes it difficult to employ new people.News Item 2 (for questions 7 and 8)！Much of the world was watching on television when the command of the Apollo-11 mission Neal Armstrong took the first steps on the moon in July 1969. The pictures of that historic footstep and everything else about that and subsequent of Apollo moon landings were recorded on magnetic tape at three NASA ground tracking stations around the world. The tapes were then shipped to a NASA operation centre near Washington—the Goddard Space Flight Centre. ( Q7 ) In late 1969 , the space agency began transferring them and tens of thousands of tapes from other space missions to a nearby U. S. government archives warehouse: NASA says it asked for them back in the 1970s, but now does not know where they are. "I probably am overly sensitive to the word `lost' . I did not feel they are lost. " said Richard Nafzger, a Goddard Space Flight Centre engineer who was in charge of television processing from all of NASA's ground receiving sites. The Space Agency has authorized him to set aside his other duties for the foreseeable future and devote his time to the hunt for the tapes. Nafzger says- they are stored somewhere. ( Q8 )News Item 3 (for questions 9 and 10)More than 22 million people who live in the Unite State don't speak or understand English very well and that can be deadly. In a study published in the New England Journal of Medicine, Doctor Glan Flores highlights some cases where language barriers prevented patients from communicating with health-care providers with serious consequences. ( Q9 ) Doctor Floresrecords one incident in which English-speaking doctors `thought a Spanish-speaking man was suffering from a drug over-doze. "He was in the hospital basically for two days being worked up for drug abuse " , Flores says. " They finally did a head CT scan and realized he had had a major bleed into his brain. He ended up being paralyzed and he got a 71 million dollars settlement award from the hospital. " Doctor Flores , a professor at the Medical College of Wisconsin, saysthat despite examples like that, the majority of US health-care facilities still do not have trained interpreters on sight, but he acknowledges that increasing numbers of health care workers are bilingual and that more clinics and hospitals do make sure their staff and patients understand each other. ( Q10) 参考答案SECTION A MINI-LECTURE（1）native languages (2).350 (3).Historical (4).India (5)merce (6).Boom (7).sea travel communication (8).conferences (9).many radios (10).split…SECTION B&C。
（完整版）2018年英语专业八级真题
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TEST FOR ENGLISH MAJORS (2018)-GRADE EIGHT-TIME LIMIIT：150 MIN PART I LISTENING COMPREHENSION [25 MIN]SECTION A MINI-LECTUREIn this section you will hear a mini-lecture. You will hear the lecture ONCE ONLY. While listening to mini-lecture, please complete the gap-filling task on ANSWER SHEET ONE and write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS for each gap. Make sure you fill in is both grammatically and semantically acceptable. You may use the blank sheet for note-taking.You have THIRTY seconds to preview the gap-filling task.Now listen to the mini-lecture. When it is over, you will be given THREE minutes to check your work.SECTION B INTERVIEWI n this section you will hear ONE interview. The interview will be divided into TWO parts. At the end of each part, five questions will be asked about what was said. Both the interview and the questions will be spoken ONCE ONLY. After each question there will be a ten-second pause. During the pause, you should read the four choices of A), B), C) and D), and mark the best answer to each question on ANSWER SHEET TWO.You have THIRTY seconds to preview the choices.Now, listen to the first interview. Questions 1 to 5 are based on Part One of the interview.Now listen to the interview.1. A. Announcement of results.B. Lack of a time schedule.C. Slowness in ballots counting.D. Direction of the electoral events.2. A. Other voices within Afghanistan wanted so.B. The date had been set previously.C. All the ballots had been counted.D. The UN advised them to do so.3. A. To calm the voters.B. To speed up the process.C. To stick to the election rules.D. To stop complaints from the labor.4. A. Unacceptable.B. Unreasonable.C. Insensible.D. Ill considered.5. A. Supportive.B. Ambivalent.C. Opposed.D. Neutral.Now listening to Part Two of the interview. Questions 6 to 10 are based on Part Two of the interview.6. A. Ensure the government includes all parties.B. Discuss who is going to be the winner.C. Supervise the counting of votes.D. Seek support from important sectors.7. A. 36%-24%.B. 46%-34%.C. 56%-44%.D. 66%-54%.8. A. Both candidates.B. Electoral institutions.C. The United Nations.D. Not specified.9. A. It was unheard of.B. It was on a small scale.C. It was insignificant.D. It occurred elsewhere.10.A. Problems in the electoral process.B. Formation of a new government.C. Premature announcement of results.D. Democracy in Afghanistan.PART ⅡREADING COMPREHENSION [25 MIN] SECTION A MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONSIn this section there are three passages followed by fourteen multiple choice questions. For each multiple choice question, there are four suggested answers marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that you think is the best answer and mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET TWO.PASSAGE ONE(1) “Britain’s best export,” I was told by the Department of Immigration in Canberra, “is people.” Close on 100,000 people have applied for assisted passages in the first five months of the year, and half of these are eventually expected to migrate to Australia.(2) The Australian are delighted. They are keenly ware that without a strong flow of immigrants into the workforce the development of the Australian economy is unlikely to proceed at the ambitious pace currently envisaged. The new mineral discoveries promise a splendid future, and the injection of hugeamounts of American and British capital should help to ensure that they are properly exploited, but with unemployment in Australia down to less than 1.3 per cent, the government is understandably anxious to attract more skilled labor.(3) Australia is roughly the same size as the continental United States, but has only twelve million inhabitants. Migration has accounted for half the population increase in the last four years, and has contributed greatly to the country’s impressive economic development. Britain has always been the principal source – ninety per cent of Australians are of British descent, and Britain has provided one million migrants since the Second World War.(4) Australia has also given great attention to recruiting people elsewhere. Australians decided they had an excellent potential source of applicants among the so-called “guest w orkers” who have crossed their own frontiers to work in other arts of Europe. There were estimated to be more than four million of them, and a large number were offered subsidized passages and guaranteed jobs in Australia. Italy has for some years been the second biggest source of migrants, and the Australians have also managed to attract a large number of Greeks and Germans.(5) One drawback with them, so far as the Australians are concerned, is that integration tends to be more difficult. Unlike the British, continental migrants have to struggle with an unfamiliar language and new customs. Many naturally gravitate towards the Italian or Greek communities which have grown up in cities such as Sydney and Melbourne. These colonies have their own newspapers, their own shops, and their own clubs. Their habitants are not Australians, but Europeans.(6) The government’s avowed aim, however, is to maintain“a substantially homogeneous society into which newcomers, from whatever sources, will merge themselves”. By a nd large, therefore, Australia still prefers British migrants, and tends to be rather less selective in their case than it is with others.(7) A far bigger cause of concerns than the growth of national groups, however, is the increasing number of migrants who return to their countries of origin. One reason is that people nowadays tend to be more mobile, and that it is easier than in the past to save the return fare, but economic conditions also have something to do with it. A slower rate of growth invariably produces discontent –and if this coincides with greater prosperity in Europe, a lot of people tend to feel that perhaps they were wrong to come here after all.(8) Several surveys have been conducted recently into the reasons why people go home. One not ed that “flies, dirt, and outside lavatories” were on the list of complaints from British immigrants, and added that many people also complained about “the crudity, bad manners, and unfriendliness of the Australians”. Another survey gave climate conditions, homesickness, and “the stark appearance of the Australian countryside” as the main reasons for leaving.(9) Most British migrants miss council housing the National Health scheme, and their relatives and former neighbor. Loneliness is a big factor, especially among housewives. The men soon make new friends at work, but wives tend to find it much harder to get used to a different way of life. Many are housebound because of inadequate public transport in most outlying suburbs, and regular correspondence with their old friends at home only serves to increase their discontent. One housewife was quoted recently as saying: “I even find I miss thepeople I used to hate at home.”(10) Rent are high, and there are long waiting lists for Housing Commission homes. Sickness can be an expensive business and the climate can be unexpectedly rough. The gap between Australian and British wage packets is no longer big, and people are generally expected to work harder here than they do at home. Professional men over forty often have difficulty in finding a decent job. Above all, perhaps, skilled immigrants often finds a considerable reluctance to accept their qualifications.(11) According to the journal Australian Manufacturer, the attitude of many employers and fellow workers is anything but friendly. “We Australians,” it stated in a recent issue, “are just too fond of painting the rosy picture of the big, warm-hearted Aussie. As a matter of fact, we are so busy blowing our own trumpets that we have not not time to be warm-hearted and considerate. Go down “heart-break alley” among some of the migrants and find out just how expansive the Aussie is to his immigrants.”11.The Australians want a strong flow of immigrants because .A.Immigrants speed up economic expansionB.unemployment is down to a low figureC.immigrants attract foreign capitalD.Australia is as large as the United States12.Australia prefers immigrants from Britain because .A.they are selected carefully before entryB.they are likely to form national groupsC.they easily merge into local communitiesD.they are fond of living in small towns13.In explaining why some migrants return to Europe the author .A.stresses their economic motivesB.emphasizes the variety of their motivesC.stresses loneliness and homesicknessD.emphasizes the difficulties of men over forty14.which of the following words is used literally, not metaphorically?A.“flow” (Para. 2).B.“injection” (Para. 2).C.“gravitate” (Para. 5).D.“selective” (Para. 6).15.Para. 11 pictures the Australians as .A.unsympatheticB.ungenerousC.undemonstrativeD.unreliablePASSAGE TWO(1) Some of the advantages of bilingualism include better performance at tasks involving “executive function” (which involves the brain’s ability to plan and prioritize), better defense against dementia in old age and—the obvious—the ability to speak a second language. One purported advantage was not mentioned, though. Many multilinguals report different personalities, or even different worldviews, when they speak their different languages.(2) It’s an exciting notion, the idea that one’s very self could be broadened by the mastery of two or more languages. In obvious ways (exposure to new friends, literature and so forth) the self really is broadened. Yet it is different to claim—as many people do—to have a different personality when using a different language. A former Economist colleague, for example, reportedbeing ruder in Hebrew than in English. So what is going on here?(3) Benjamin Lee Whorf, an American linguist who died in 1941, held that each language encodes a worldview that significantly influences its speakers. Often called “Whorfianism”,this idea has its sceptics, but there are still good reasons to believe language shapes thought.(4) This influence is not necessarily linked to the vocabulary or grammar of a second language. Significantly, most people are not symmetrically bilingual. Many have learned one language at home from parents, and another later in life, usually at school. So bilinguals usually have different strengths and weaknesses in their different languages—and they are not always best in their first language. For example, when tested in a foreign language, people are less likely to fall into a cognitive trap (answering a test question with an obvious-seeming but wrong answer) than when tested in their native language. In part this is because working in a second language slows down the thinking. No wonder people feel different when speaking them. And no wonder they feel looser, more spontaneous, perhaps more assertive or funnier or blunter, in the language they were reared in from childhood.(5) What of “crib” bilinguals, raised in two languages? Even they do not usually have perfectly symmetrical competence in their two languages. But even for a speaker whose two languages are very nearly the same in ability, there is another big reason that person will feel different in the two languages. This is because there is an important distinction between bilingualism and biculturalism.(6) Many bilinguals are not bicultural. But some are. And of those bicultural bilinguals, we should be little surprised that theyfeel different in their two languages. Experiments in psychology have shown the power of “priming”—small unnoticed factors that can affect behavior in big ways. Asking people to tell a happy story, for example, will put them in a better mood. The choice between two languages is a huge prime. Speaking Spanish rather than English, for a bilingual and bicultural Puerto Rican in New York, might conjure feelings of family and home. Switching to English might prime the same person to think of school and work.(7) So there are two very good reasons (asymmetrical ability, and priming) that make people feel different speaking their different languages. We are still left with a third kind of argument, though. An economist recently interviewed here at Prospero, Athanasia Chalari, said for example that:Greeks are very loud and they interrupt each other very often. The reason for that is the Greek grammar and syntax. When Greeks talk they begin their sentences with verbs and the form of the verb includes a lot of information so you already know what they are talking about after the first word and can interrupt more easily.(8) Is there something intrinsic to the Greek language that encourages Greeks to interrupt? People seem to enjoy telling tales about their languages' inherent properties, and how they influence their speakers. A group of French intellectual worthies once proposed, rather self-flatteringly, that French be the sole legal language of the EU, because of its supposedly unmatchable rigor and precision. Some Germans believe that frequently putting the verb at the end of a sentence makes the language especially logical. But language myths are not always self-flattering: many speakers think their languages are unusually illogical or difficult—witness the plethora of books along thelines of "Only in English do you park on a driveway and drive on a parkway; English must be the craziest language in the world!" We also see some unsurprising overlap with national stereotypes and self-stereotypes: French, rigorous; German, logical; English, playful. Of course.(9) In this case, Ms Chalari, a scholar, at least proposed a specific and plausible line ofcausation from grammar to personality: in Greek, the verb comes first, and it carries a lot of information, hence easy interrupting. The problem is that many unrelated languages all around the world put the verb at the beginning of sentences. Many languages all around the world are heavily inflected, encoding lots of information in verbs. It would be a striking finding if all of these unrelated languages had speakers more prone to interrupting each other. Welsh, for example, is also both verb-first and about as heavily inflected as Greek, but the Welsh are not known as pushy conversationalists.16. According to the author, which of the following advantages of bilingualism is commonly accepted?A. Personality improvement.B. Better task performance.C. Change of worldviews.D. Avoidance of old-age disease.17. According to the passage, that language influences thought may be related to .A. the vocabulary of a second languageB. the grammar of a second languageC. the improved test performance in a second languageD. the slowdown of thinking in a second language18. What is the author’s response to the question at thebeginning of Para. 8?A. It’s just one of the popular tales of national stereotypes.B. Some properties inherent can make a language logical.C. German and French are good examples of Whorfianism.D. There is adequate evidence to support a positive answer.19. Which of the following statements concerning Para. 9 is correct?A. Ms. Chalari’s theory about the Greek language is well grounded.B. Speakers of many other languages are also prone to interrupting.C. Grammar is unnecessarily a condition for change in personality.D. Many unrelated languages don’t have the same features as Greek.20. In discussing the issue, the author’s attitude is .A. satiricalB. objectiveC. criticalD. ambivalentPASSAGE THREE(1) Once across the river and into the wholesale district, she glanced about her for some likely door at which to apply. As she contemplated the wide windows and imposing signs, she became conscious of being gazed upon and understood for what she was-a wage-seeker. She had never done this thing before, and lacked courage. To avoid a certain indefinable shame she felt at being caught spying about for a position, she quickened her steps and assumed an air of indifference supposedly common to one upon an errand. In this way shepassed many manufacturing and wholesale houses without once glancing in. At last, after several blocks of walking, she felt that this would not do, and began to look about again, though without relaxing her pace. A little way on she saw a great door which, for some reason, attracted her attention. It was ornamented by a small brass sign, and seemed to be the entrance to a vast hive of six or seven floors. "Perhaps," she thought, "they may want some one," and crossed over to enter. When she came within a score of feet of the desired goal, she saw through the window a young man in a grey checked suit. That he had anything to do with the concern, she could not tell, but because he happened to be looking in her direction her weakening heart misgave her and she hurried by, too overcome with shame to enter. Over the way stood a great six-story structure, labelled Storm and King, which she viewed with rising hope. It was a wholesale dry goods concern and employed women. She could see them moving about now and then upon the upper floors. This place she decided to enter, no matter what. She crossed over and walked directly toward the entrance. As she did so, two men came out and paused in the door. A telegraph messenger in blue dashed past her and up the few steps that led to the entrance and disappeared. Several pedestrians out of the hurrying throng which filled the sidewalks passed about her as she paused, hesitating. She looked helplessly around, and then, seeing herself observed, retreated. It was too difficult a task. She could not go past them.(2) So severe a defeat told sadly upon her nerves. Her feet carried her mechanically forward, every foot of her progress being a satisfactory portion of a flight which she gladly made. Block after block passed by. Upon streetlamps at the variouscorners she read names such as Madison, Monroe, La Salle, Clark, Dearborn, State, and still she went, her feet beginning to tire upon the broad stone flagging. She was pleased in part that the streets were bright and clean. The morning sun, shining down with steadily increasing warmth, made the shady side of the streets pleasantly cool. She looked at the blue sky overhead with more realization of its charm than had ever come to her before.(3) Her cowardice began to trouble her in a way. She turned back, resolving to hunt up Storm and King and enter. On the way, she encountered a great wholesale shoe company, through the broad plate windows of which she saw an enclosed executive department, hidden by frosted glass. Without this enclosure, but just within the street entrance, sat a grey-haired gentleman at a small table, with a large open ledger before him. She walked by this institution several times hesitating, but, finding herself unobserved, faltered past the screen door and stood humble waiting.(4) "Well, young lady," observed the old gentleman, looking at her somewhat kindly, "what is it you wish?"(5) "I am, that is, do you--I mean, do you need any help?" she stammered.(6) "Not just at present," he answered smiling. "Not just at present. Come in some time next week. Occasionally we need some one."(7) She received the answer in silence and backed awkwardly out. The pleasant nature of her reception rather astonished her. She had expected that it would be more difficult, that something cold and harsh would be said--she knew not what. That she had not been put to shame and made to feel her unfortunate position, seemed remarkable. She did not realize that it was just this whichmade her experience easy, but the result was the same. She felt greatly relieved.(8) Somewhat encouraged, she ventured into another large structure. It was a clothing company, and more people were in evidence.(9) An office boy approached her.(10) "Who is it you wish to see?" he asked.(11) "I want to see the manager," she returned.(12) He ran away and spoke to one of a group of three men who were conferring together. One of these came towards her.(13) "Well?" he said coldly. The greeting drove all courage from her at once.(14) "Do you need any help?" she stammered.(15) "No," he replied abruptly, and turned upon his heel.(16) She went foolishly out, the office boy deferentially swinging the door for her, and gladly sank into the obscuring crowd. It was a severe setback to her recently pleased mental state.21. She quickened her steps because she .A. was afraid of being seen as a strangerB. was in a hurry to leave the districtC. wanted to look like someone working thereD. wanted to apply at more factories that day22. Why didn’t she enter Storm and King the first time?A. She was too timid to enter the buildingB. Two men stopped her at the entranceC. Several pedestrians had found her strangeD. The messenger had closed the door behind him23. What does “every foot of her progress being a satisfactory portion of a flight which she gladly made” meanaccording to the context (Para.2)?A. She thought she was making progress in job search.B. She was glad that she was looking for a job.C. She found her experience satisfactory.D. She just wanted to leave the place.24. Why did she feel greatly relieved (Para.7)?A. She eventually managed to enter the building.B. She was kindly received by the clerk.C. She had the courage to make an inquiry.D. She was promised a work position.SECTION B SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONSIn this section there are eight short answer questions based on the passages in SECTION A. Answer each question in NO MORE THAN TEN WORDS in the space provided on ANSWER SHEET TWO.PASSAGE ONE25. What do “promise” and “should” in Para. 2 imply about author’s vision of Australia’seconomy？26. Explain the meaning of “the growth of national groups” according to the context (Para. 7). PASSAGE TWO27. Explain the meaning of “The choice betwe en two languages is a huge prime.” according tothe context (Para. 6)28. What reasons does the author give to explain why people feel different when speaking different languages？29. What does the author focus on in the passage?PASSAGE THREE30. Select and write down at least THREE words or phrases in Para. 1 describing the girl’s inner feelings while walking in thestreets looking for a job.31. Explain the meaning of “So severe a defeat told sadly upon her nerves.” according to the context (Para. 2).32. In “It was a severe setback to her recently pleased mental state.” (Para. 16), what does “her recently pleased mental state” refer to according to the context?PART III LANGUAGE USAGE [15 MIN] The passage contains TEN errors. Each indicated line contains a maximum of ONE error. In each case, only ONE word is involved. You should proof-read the passage and correct it in the following way:For a wrong word, underline the wrong word and write the correct one in theblank provided at the end of the line.For a missing word, mark the position of the missing word with a “∧”sign andwrite the word you believe to be missing in the blank providedat the end of the line.For an unnecessary word, cross the unnecessary word with a slash “/”and put theword in the blank provided at the end of the line.ExampleWhen∧art museum wants a new exhibit, (1) anit never buys things in finished form and hangs (2) neverthem on the wall. When a natural history museumwants an exhibition, it must often build it. (3) exhibitProofread the given passage on ANSWER SHEET THREE as instructedTranslate the underlined part of the following text from Chinese into English. Write your translation on ANSWER SHEETTHREE文学书籍起码使我们的内心可以达到这样的三感：善感、敏感和美感。
[真题] 2018年专业英语八级真题
![[真题] 2018年专业英语八级真题](https://img.taocdn.com/s3/m/a07d616d83c4bb4cf6ecd137.png)
[真题] 2018年专业英语八级真题PART I LISTENING COMPREHENSION SECTION A MINI-LECTURE In this section you will hear a mini-lecture. You will hear the lecture ONCE ONLY. while listening, take notes on the important points. Your notes will not be marked, but yon will need them to complete a gap-filling task after the mini-lecture. when the lecture is over, yon will be given two minutes to check your notes, and another ten minutes to complete the gap-filling task on ANSWER SHEET ONE. Use the blank sheet for note-taking.Language and HumanityLanguage is powerful and it can help us do or get things as we wish.Language as a born traitLanguage has evolved only in__1__Comparison between chimpanzees and human beings: -Chimpanzees-use of tools: once seen as a sign of__2__-inability to__3__-tendency to__4__-Human beings-able to improve and build on__5__-able to__6__ideasLanguage and social learningProblem of social learning:__7__-Cause:-stealing others´ideas by__8__-Solution:-__9__developed to share ideasResults-__10__made available to every individual-language as social technology to enhance__11__Language and the modern worldExistence of many different languages has led to-separation of cooperative groups-__12__-knowledge protection-slow flow of ideas and tendency toward__13__Globalization needs__14__.__15__hinder cooperation.Solution: one world with one language[听力原文]Language and HumanityGood morning, everyone. In today´s lecture, we´re going to discuss the relationship between language and humanity. As we all know, language is very powerful. It allows you to put a thought from your mind directly in someone else´s mind. Languages are like genes talking, getting things they want. And you just imagine the sense of wonder in a baby when it first discovers that, merely by uttering a sound, it can get objects to move across a room as if by magic,and maybe even into its mouth.(1)Now we need to explain how and why this remarkable trait, you know, humans´ability to do things with language, has evolved, and why did this trait evolve only in our species? In order to get an answer to the question, we have to go to tool use in the chimpanzees.(2)Chimpanzees can use tools, and we take that phenomenon as a sign of their intelligence. But if they really were intelligent, why would they crack open nuts with a rock? Why wouldn´t they just go to a shop and buy a bag of nuts that somebody else had already cracked open for them? Why not? I mean, that´s what we do.The reason the chimpanzees don´t do that is that they lack what psychologists and anthropologists call social learning.(3)That is, they seem to lack the ability to learn from others by copying or imitating or simply watching. As a result, they can´t improve on others´ideas, learn from others´mistakes, or even benefit from others´wisdom.(4)And so they just do the same thing over and over and over again. In fact, we could go away for a million years and come back and these chimpanzees would be doing the same thing with the same rocks to crack open the nuts.Okay, so what this tells us is that, contrary to the old saying "monkey see, monkey do," the surprise really is that all of the other animals really cannot do that—at least not very much. But by comparison, we humans can learn. We can learn by watching other people and copying or imitating what they can do. We can then choose, from among a range of options available, the best one.(5)We can benefit from others´ideas. We can build on their wisdom.(6)And as a result, our ideas do accumulate, and our technology progresses. And this cumulative cultural adaptation, as anthropologists call this accumulation of ideas, is responsible for everything around you in your bustling and teeming everyday life. I mean the world has changed out of all proportion to what we would recognize even 1,000 or 2,000 years ago. And all of this is because of cumulative cultural adaptation. For instance, the chairs you´re sitting in today, the lights in this lecture hall, my microphone, the iPads and the smart phones that you carry around with you—all are a result of cumulative cultural adaptation.(7)But, our acquisition of social learning would create an evolutionary dilemma, and the solution to the dilemma, it´s fair to say, would determine not only the future course of our psychology, but the future course of the entire world. And most importantly for this, it´ll tell us why we have language.And the reason that dilemma arose is, it turns out, that social learning is visual theft.(8)What I mean is, if I can learn by watching you, I can steal your best ideas, and I can benefit from your efforts, without having to put in the same time and energy that you did into developing them. Social learning really is visual theft. And in any species that acquired it, it would encourage you to hide your best ideas, lest somebody steal them from you.And so some time around 200,000 years ago, our species confronted this crisis.(9)And we chose to develop the systems of communication that would allow us to share ideas and to cooperate amongst others.(10)Choosing this option would mean that a vastly greater fund of knowledge and wisdom would become available to any one individual than would ever arise from within an individual family or an individual person on their own. Well, language is the result.Language evolved to solve the crisis of visual theft.(11)Language is a piece of social technology for enhancing the benefits of cooperation—for reaching agreements, for striking deals and for coordinating our activities. And you can see that, in a developing society that was。
大学专业英语八级考试模拟试题(带答案)
大学专业英语八级考试模拟试题PART ⅠLISTENING COMPREHENSIONSECTION A MINI-LECTUREIn this section you will hear a mini-lecture. You will hear the mini-lecture ONCE ONLY. While listening to the mini-lecture, please complete the gap-filling task on ANSWER SHEET ONE and write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS for each gap. Make sure what you fill in is both grammatically and semantically acceptable. You may use the blank sheet for note-taking.You have THIRTY seconds to preview the gap-filling task.Now listen to the mini-lecture. When it is over, you will be given THREE minutes to check your work.Non-Verbal Communications Across CulturesNon-verbal communications can affirm, complement or even contradict what is being verbally transmitted. In addition to this, non-verbal communications vary from country to country.Ⅰ. Gesture—Pointinga) Pointing with a single finger is considered 1 in Asiab) American people use 2 fingers to pointc) German people use pinky to pointd) In UK, flashing a peace sign with the back of one's hand is an3 of flipping someone the bird—Greetinga)USA: 4b) Somewhere else: a kissⅡ. Eye Contact—West: direct eye contact is 5—African-Americans: more eye contact when speaking, less when listening—Anglo-Americans: 6 African-Americans—Northern Europe: more flirtatious facets—Middle East: prolonged eye contact means to show 7—Some Asian countries: avoiding eye contact means to show 8Ⅲ. Physical Contact—Americans will shake hands, 9 , upon encountering someone—Islamic cultures: 10 is not allowed—Asian cultures: touching the head is considered 11 the soulⅣ. 12—Some cultures think Americans do not bathe 13—Some think Americans over-bathe themselvesⅤ. Time—14 is highly valued in Switzerland, Germany and Sweden—Europeans: 15 of vacation is the norm—Americans: 2 weeks is the normSECTION B INTERVIEWIn this section you will hear TWO interviews. At the end of each interview, five questions will be asked about what was said. Both the interviews and the questions will be spoken ONCE ONLY. After each question there will be a ten-second pause. During the pause, you should read the four choices of A, B, C and D, and mark the best answer to each question on ANSWER SHEET TWO.You have THIRTY seconds to preview the choices.16、A. He never feels road rage when he is out driving.B. He sometimes is aggressive when he is out driving.C. He manages to stay in the car when he feels road rage.D. He always tries to keep away from minor accidents.17、A. 68%. B. 23%. C. 40%. D. 50%.18、A. Around 13,333-20,000. B. Around 13,333-26,666.C. Around 20,000-26,666.D. Around 26,666-40,000.19、A. Drivers lose their cool and change lanes carelessly.B. Drivers lock their vehicle and refuse to leave the highways.C. Drivers get angry at other motorists and move into physical confrontation.D. Drivers aggressively pursue other cars with their own and smash into them.20、A. It involved a father of two. B. The father was shot.C. The father changed lanes carelessly.D. The father refused to get out of the car.21、A. A super flexible body.B. A tremendously strong body.C. An independent personality with strong will power.D. A peaceful mind.22、A. Because we feel healthy enough.B. Because they are less important than making money.C. Because they cause no visible impact on our daily routine.D. Because we are feeling tired and have no time to exercise.23、A. It was caused by yoga exercise. B. Yoga helped alleviate it.C. It was caused by cardio exercise.D. Yoga helped exacerbate it.24、A. Because yoga provides stress relief. B. Because yoga is easy.C. Because yoga is fashionable.D. Because yoga is cool.25、A. They are good for all people. B. They are as good as yoga.C. They may not be suitable for old people.D. They help lose weight.PART ⅡREADING COMPREHENSIONSECTION A MULTIPLE-CHOICE QUESTIONSIn this section there are three passages followed by fourteen multiple choice questions. For each multiple choice question, there are four suggested answers marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that you think is the best answer and mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET TWO.PASSAGE ONE26When I was 10 years old one of my father's customers had caught a bigcatfish on a weekend trip to the Colorado River. It weighed 86 pounds, a swollen, gasping, grotesque netherworld creature pulled writhing and fighting up into the bright, hot, dusty world above.27The man had brought the fish, wrapped in wet burlap, all the way out to my father's service station in the back of his car. We were to have a big barbecue that weekend, and I was given the job of keeping the fish watered and alive until the time came to kill and cook it.28All day long that Friday—in late August, school had not yet started—I knelt beside the gasping fish and kept it hosed down with a trickle of cool water, giving the fish life one silver gasp at a time, keeping its gills and its slick gray skin wet: the steady trickling of that hose, and nothing else, helping it stay alive. We had no tub large enough to hold the fish, and so I squatted beside it in the dust, resting on my heels, and studied it as I moved the silver stream of water up and down its back.29The fish, in turn, studied me with its eyes, which had a gold lining to their perimeter, like pyrite. The fish panted and watched me while the heat built all around us, rising steadily through the day from the fields, giving birth in the summer-blue sky to towering white clouds. I grew dizzy in the heat, and from the strange combination of the unblinking monotony and utter fascination of my task, until the trickling from my hose seemed to be inflating those clouds—I seemed to be watering those clouds as one would water a garden. Do you ever think that those days were different—that we had more time for such thoughts, that time had not yet been corrupted? I am speaking less of childhood than of the general nature of the world we are living in. If you are the age I am now—mid-50s—then maybe you know what I mean.30The water pooled and spread across the gravel parking lot before running in wandering rivulets out into the field beyond, where bright butterflies swarmed and fluttered, dabbing at the mud I was making.31Throughout the afternoon, some of the adults who were showing up wandered over to examine the monstrosity. Among them was an older boy, Jack, a 15-year-old who had been kicked out of school the year before for fighting. Jack waited until no adults were around and then came by and said that he wanted the fish, that it was his father's—that his father had been the one who had caught it—and that he would give me five dollars if I would let him have it.32"No," I said, "my father told me to take care of it."33Jack had me figured straightaway for a Goody Two-Shoes. "They're just going to kill it," he said. "It's mine. Give it to me and I'll let it go. I swear I will," he said. "Give it to me or I'll beat you up."34As if intuiting or otherwise discerning trouble—though trouble followed Jack, and realizing that did not require much foresight—my father appeared from around the corner, and asked us how everything was going. Jack, scowling but saying nothing, tipped his cap at the fish but not at my father or me, and walked away.35"What did he want?" my father asked.36"Nothing," I said. "He was just looking at the fish." I knew that if I told on Jack and he got in trouble, I would get beaten.37"Did he say it was his fish?" my father asked. "Was he trying to claim it?"38"I think he said his father caught it."39"His father owes us $67," my father said. "He gave me the fish instead. Don't let Jack take that fish back."40"I won't," I said.41I can't remember if I've mentioned that, while not poor, we were right at the edge of poor.42The dusty orange sky faded to the cool purple-blue of dusk. Stars appeared and fireflies emerged from the grass. I watched them, and listened to the drum and groan of the bullfrogs in the stock tank in the field below, and to the bellowing of the cattle. I kept watering the fish, and the fish kept watching me, with its gasps coming harder. From time to time I saw Jack loitering, but he didn't come back over to where I was.43Later in the evening, before dark, but only barely, a woman I thought was probably Jack's mother—I had seen her talking to him—came walking over and crouched beside me. She was dressed as if for a party of far greater celebration than ours, with sequins on her dress, and fiat leather sandals. Her toenails were painted bright red, but her pale feet were speckled with dust, as if she had been walking a long time. I could smell the whiskey on her breath, and on her clothes, I thought, and I hoped she would not try to engage me in conversation, though such was not to be my fortune.44"This's a big fish," she said.45"Yes, ma'am," I said, quietly. I dreaded that she was going to ask for the fish back.46"My boy and my old man caught that fish," she said. "You'll see. Gonna have their pictures in the newspaper." She paused and stared at the fish as if in labored communication with it. "That fish is worth a lot of money, you know?" she said.47I didn't say anything. Her diction and odor were such that I would not take my first sip of alcohol until I was 22.PASSAGE TWO26Improving the balance between the working part of the day and the rest of it is a goal of a growing number of workers in rich Western countries. Some are turning away from the ideals of their parents, for whom work always came first; others with scarce skills are demanding more because they know they can get it. Employers, caught between a falling population of workers and tight controls on immigration, are eager to identify extra perks that will lure more "talent" their way. Just now they are focusing on benefits (especially flexible working) that offer employees more than just pay.27Some companies saw the change of mood some time ago. IBM has more than 50 different programmes promoting work-life balance and Bank of America over 30. But plenty of other firms remain unconvinced and many lack the capacity to cater to such ideas even if they wanted to. Helen Murlis, with Hay Group, a human-resources consultancy, sees a widening gap between firms at the creative endof employment and those that are not.28The chief component of almost all schemes to promote work-life balance is flexible working. This allows people to escape rigid nine-to-five schedules and work away from a formal office. IBM says that 40% of its employees today work off the company premises. For many businesses, flexible working is a necessity. Globalization has spread the hours in which workers need to communicate with each other and increased the call for flexible shifts.29Nella Barkley, an American who advises companies on work-life balance, says that large firms are beginning to understand the value of such schemes, "but only slowly". For most of them, they still mean little more than child care, health care and flexible working.30Yet some schemes go well beyond these first steps. American Century Investments, an investment manager in Kansas City, pays adoption expenses and the cost of home-fitness equipment for its employees. Rob Marcolina, a consultant with Bain & Company based in Los Angeles, was allowed time off to marry his partner in Canada. Mr Marcolina, who has an MBA from the high-ranked Kellogg business school, says his employer's understanding makes him want to be "part of Bain for some time".31Businesses have other good reasons for improving employees' work-life balance. Wegmans Food Markets, a grocery chain based in Rochester, New York, frequently appears near the top of lists of the best employers in America. It has a broad range of flexible-work programmes, which gives it one of the lowest rates of employment turnover in its industry—8% a year for full-tinge workers, compared with 19% across the industry.32Simple programmes can be surprisingly cost-effective. IBM, for instance, is spending $50m over five years on "dependant-care" facilities for its employees. Although that sounds generous, it is the equivalent of little more than $30 for each IBM employee every year. That is far cheaper than a pay rise and probably a better way to retrain talented mothers and fathers. Ernst & Young, a global accounting firm, has a low-cost range of initiatives called "People First". It provides breaks for people to provide care and has over 2,300 flexi-time employees in the United States. James Freer, a senior executive, says he is "absolutely convinced" the initiatives help produce better financial results.33DeAnne Aguirre, a mother of four and a senior partner in San Francisco with Booz Allen Hamilton (BAH), says "it is easy to make the business case" for work-life balance programmes at the consultancy by looking at attrition rates. BAH calculated that it was investing more than $2m in turning a raw recruit into a partner, an investment it should be reluctant to write off. Coming, an American glass company, reckons that it costs 1.5 times a worker's salary and benefits to replace him. If it can retain just 20 workers a year who would otherwise have left, Corning reckons it would produce annual savings of $2.6m.34The spread of flexible work has come about at least partly as a result of initiatives to keep women workers. Companies have had to offer extended periods of leave for them to look after dependants (young and old), and flexible working inbetween. At BAH, women partners take an average of eight-and-a-half extended breaks during their careers. Men take an average of one-and-a-half. Ernst & Young, keen to show that part-time workers can also become partners, recently made the first such appointment in Houston, Texas.35Some of these initiatives are spreading even to the castles of binge working, such as investment banks. Business schools are now climbing on the bandwagon, too. In October Tuck School at Dartmouth, New Hampshire, will start a course on returning to corporate life after an extended absence. Called "Back in Business", the 16-day, $12,000 re-entry programme is open only to students with "'work experience in a high-potential career".36The majority will inevitably be mothers wanting to rejoin the workforce. But fathers are also asking for sabbaticals (公休假). Work-life balance "is not just a women's issue" any more, says Ted Childs, who is in charge of workforce diversity at IBM. "Men, too, are very concerned about it."37The demand is being stoked by the "Generation Y", the tmder-28s. They look sceptically at the idea of lifetime employment within a single organisation and they are wary of the commitment they believe too often drove their parents to the divorce courts. Hay's Ms Murlis says that today's business-school graduates are "looking for a workstyle to go with their lifestyle", not the other way round. They are happy to binge-work for a while, but in return want extended sabbaticals.38Many of the more imaginative schemes come from organisations that are not under pressure to report quarterly to Wall Street. Wegmans and American Century Investments are family-controlled businesses and the big accounting firms and consultancies, such as Ernst & Young, KPMG, Bain and BAH, are partnerships. This allows them to take a longer-term view of growth and costs.39To some extent, the proliferation of work-life-balance schemes is a function of today's labour market. Companies in knowledge-based industries worry about the shortage of skills and how they are going to persuade talented people to work for them. Although white-collar workers are more likely to be laid off nowadays, they are also likely to get rehired. Unemployment among college graduates in America is just over 2%. The same competition for scarce talent is evident in Britain.40For some time to come, talented people in the West will demand more from employers, and clever employers will create new gewgaws to entice them to join. Those employers should note that for a growing number of these workers the most appealing gewgaw of all is the freedom to work as and when they please.PASSAGE THREE26The blind, overweight patient in the wheelchair has terrible pain in her back and burning pain in her legs. She also has advanced arthritis in her knees and end-stage circulatory disease, which have left her with two useless legs that are red, swollen and infected. Now her shoulder has started to hurt. She can't raise her arm to comb her hair. Five or six other things are wrong with her—she tells me about each. Some we can help; most we can't. I tell her as much.27In my office, she listens carefully. I hardly ever have to repeat myself with Doris (not her real name). She asks questions—mostly good ones. She needs lots oftests, various therapies. I ultimately recommend an operation on her shoulder. Sick, weakened by multiple symptoms and with lousy insurance, Doris is—surprise—a really good patient. She communicates efficiently with her doctors and treats us with respect and trust. She has reasonable expectations. I can tell she looks things up, but her knowledge is helpful—never challenging. I've talked about her with other doctors, and we agree on this: when you see Doris' name on your day's list, you know you're going to work hard. But you're usually glad her name is there.28Few patients realize how deeply they can affect their doctors. That is a big secret in medicine—one doctors hate to admit. We think about, talk about, dream about our patients. We went into clinical medicine because we like dealing on a personal, even intimate level with people who have chosen to put their bodies in our hands. Our patients make or break our days.29Take the compliment. Our career choice means we really do think that you —with your aches and pains—are more interesting than trading hot securities, more fun than a courtroom full of lawyers. Massaging the ego is the key to manipulating responsible types like doctors. When we feel your trust, you have us.30The most compelling reasons to be a good patient are selfish ones. You will get more than free drug samples if your doctor is comfortable and communicates easily with you. You'll get more of the mind that you came for, a mind working better because it's relaxed—recalling and associating freely, more receptive to small, even unconscious clues. That means better medical care. But you should try to be a good patient for unselfish reasons too. We worry about you 60 hours a week. We gave up our 20s for you. Why not show us some love? It's not hard.31The medical relationship is intrinsically one-sided. It's about you and your problem. I am going to find out more about you in the next 20 minutes than you will find out about me. Don't fret about that. We don't expect you to ask much about us. Good patients answer questions accurately and completely. They ask questions too.32But many patients talk too much. You might notice that we are writing when we see you—we are creating your chart. We need specific facts but not every fact in your life. Here's a classic exchange:33How long has your shoulder hurt, Beatrice? "Oh, for quite some time now." But for how long? How many months? "Oh, at least since the wedding—well, then again it did act up a bit when Margaret came back from Ireland..."34All I want to do is write something like "Right shoulder, 6 months, no trauma" on my chart. Although I lack the heart to tell her, Beatrice would be a better patient if she tried to be a bit more concise. There are lots of Beatrices.35Here's another classic:36"Well, I don't need to have good mariners—I'm sick—and I'm not going to be a patsy for some smooth talker in a white coat. The squeaky wheel gets the grease, you know."37That is the mind-set of many patients who abuse their doctors; my bet is they abuse other people as well. Any good doctor knows when you're too sick to be polite and will let it roll off his back. The squeaky wheel we don't like is the one playing a dominance game. That big wheel is likely to get a shorter, less sensitiveexamination and more tests, and then still more tests to follow up the abnormalities in the first tests, followed by extra consultations with specialists—anything to relieve the doctor's responsibility for a bad patient.38Are doctors good patients? Others may disagree, but I think they are. Medical terms don't faze them, so communication is easier, and their expectations tend to be more reasonable. Anyone in medicine is painfully aware that there are plenty of problems for which we have no good answer. Nurses tend to be even better patients, being adept at following doctors' orders—a virtue lacking in doctors.39Doctors and nurses also know when to respect an educated opinion. When the MRI says one thing and I want to do another, they are more likely to be on my side. But you need not be a medical professional, or educated at all, to be a great patient. It's pretty much the same strain of human decency— a truthful consideration of who the people around you are and of what they are trying to do—that infects a good patient and any good person.26、The author's behavior of guarding the fish showed (PASSAGE ONE.A. bravery and serf-control.B. wisdom and responsibility.C. devotion and romance.D. chivalry and charity.27、From the fourth paragraph, we get the impression that (PASSAGE ONE.A. the author cherished his childhood memories.B. the author spent much time in daydreaming.C. the author may not have a happy childhood.D. the author can't remember his childhood days.28、"Jack had me figured straightaway for a Goody Two-Shoes." (Paragraph Eight) means that (PASSAGE ONE.A. I was not the boy as Jack supposed to be.B. I was much stingier than Jack thought.C. I was viewed as virtuous and righteous.D. I was irritating and foolish in Jack's eyes.29、It can be inferred from the passage that Jack was all EXCEPT (PASSAGE ONE.A. cunning.B. bad-tempered.C. rude.D. considerate.30、Employees tend to demand more from their employers because (PASSAGE TWO)A. they always give priority to their work.B. they are pursuing a more balanced lifestyle.C. they are equipped with special skills.D. they focus on benefits rather than salary.31、The current situation about the work-life balance problem is that (PASSAGE TWO)A. many companies launch varying programmes for the problem.B. most companies are ready to take effective solutions.C. companies are at two extremes in solving the problem.D. most companies are indifferent to the problem.32、IBM is cited as an example in the third paragraph to show that (PASSAGE TWO)A. IBM has many different programmes enhancing work-life balance.B. the tendency of large firms to improve employee's work-life balance.C. flexible working includes allowing employees to work outside offices.D. flexible working is adopted to meet the new demand of communication.33、Which of the following is NOT the cause for the spread of flexible work? (PASSAGE TWO)A. Low turnover rate.B. Initiatives to stabilise workforce.C. General thirst for talents.D. Labour force competition.34、The word gewgaws in the last paragraph probably means (PASSAGE TWO)A. jewelry.B. positions.C. strategies.D. payment.35、The first two paragraphs in the passage (PASSAGE THREE.A. cite an example as a hook to start the issue.B. bring out the theme with strong argument.C. provide ways to deal with the issue.D. introduce the issue with an extreme case.36、The expression "massaging the ego" in Paragraph Four most probably means (PASSAGE THREE.A. affecting doctors deeply.B. praising doctors sincerely.C. showing interest in doctors.D. staying in touch with doctors.37、The benefit for one to be a good patient is that (PASSAGE THREE.A. his doctor will be receptive to all clues.B. his doctor will undercharge him for medicine and operation.C. he can get free drug samples and better care.D. he can get more time to talk with his doctor.38、If one intends to become a good patient, he should learn (PASSAGE THREE.A. to find out more about his doctor.B. to respect both doctors and nurses.C. to become as unselfish as possible.D. to accurately follow his doctor's orders.39、The text is mainly about (PASSAGE THREE.A. what makes a good patient.B. how deeply patients can affect their doctors.C. the relationship between patients and doctors.D. the most significant reasons to be a good patient.40、SECTION B SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONSIn this section there are eight short answer questions based on tire passages in SECTION A. Answer each question in NO more than 10 words in the space provided on ANSWER SHEET TWO.Why did the author water the fish? (PASSAGE ONE.41、What created the towering clouds? (PASSAGE ONE.42、Why did the author hope Jack's mother not to engage him in conversation? (PASSAGE ONE.43、What do the examples of American Century Investments and Bain & Company in Para.5 show? (PASSAGE TWO)44、Why does IBM invest money for employees? (PASSAGE TWO)45、What are the characteristics of today's business-school graduates? (PASSAGE TWO)46、What does the first classic exchange show? (PASSAGE THREE.47、What might happen to the big wheel style patients? (PASSAGE THREE.PART ⅢLANGUAGE USAGEThe passage contains TEN errors. Each indicated line contains a maximum of ONE error. In each case, only ONE word is involved. You should proofread the passage and correct it in the following way:For a wrong word, underline the wrong word and write the correct one in the blank provided atthe end of the line.For a missing word, mark the position of the missing word with a "∧" sign and write the wordyou believe to be missing in the blank provided at the end of the line.For an unnecessary word, cross the unnecessary word with a slash "—" and put the word in the blankprovided at the end of the line.For centuries, immigrants have come to America seeking thepromise of life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. Some camefleeting religions persecution. Others came for the possibility of a 48better life. But all were inspired by the freedoms that exist in theUnited States because of the rule of law.Throughout our history, immigrants have contributed toAmerican society and help build the American dream. But today 49 we face with an immigration crisis. Lax enforcement of our 50immigration laws threatens the promise of life, liberty, and thepursuit of happiness that has made America that it is today. In 51order to protect the American dream, we must enforce ourimmigration laws.According to a report by the Government AccountabilityOffice, only 44 percent of the U.S.-Mexico border is under the"operational control" of the U.S. Border Patrol. Forty-four percentis a failure grade. Holes in the security of our borders threaten 52American lives. The first promise of the American dream is "life."In order to protect that promise, we must secure the U.S.-Mexicoborder.We must also do more to prohibit Americans from criminal 53illegal immigrants. Despite the Obama administration has 54increased the deportation of criminal immigrants, two SupremeCourt rulings created a safe haven for dangerous criminalimmigrants who can be removed. Because these rulings prohibit 55 criminal immigrants from detained longer than six months 56when they cannot be deported, federal officials have been forced to 57。
(最新整理)2018年英语专业八级真题
2018年英语专业八级真题编辑整理：尊敬的读者朋友们：这里是精品文档编辑中心，本文档内容是由我和我的同事精心编辑整理后发布的，发布之前我们对文中内容进行仔细校对，但是难免会有疏漏的地方，但是任然希望（2018年英语专业八级真题）的内容能够给您的工作和学习带来便利。
同时也真诚的希望收到您的建议和反馈，这将是我们进步的源泉，前进的动力。
本文可编辑可修改，如果觉得对您有帮助请收藏以便随时查阅，最后祝您生活愉快业绩进步，以下为2018年英语专业八级真题的全部内容。
QUESTION BOOKLET 试卷用后随即销毁.严禁保留、出版或复印。
TEST FOR ENGLISH MAJORS (2018）-GRADE EIGHT—TIME LIMIIT:150 MINPART I LISTENING COMPREHENSION ［25 MIN］SECTION A MINI—LECTUREIn this section you will hear a mini—lecture。
You will hear the lecture ONCE ONLY. While listening to mini—lecture，please complete the gap—filling task on ANSWER SHEET ONE and write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS for each gap. Make sure you fill in is both grammatically and semantically acceptable. You may use the blank sheet for note-taking。
You have THIRTY seconds to preview the gap-filling task。
Now listen to the mini-lecture. When it is over, you will be given THREE minutes to check your work。
2018年英语专业八级真题
2018年英语专业八级真题编辑整理：尊敬的读者朋友们：这里是精品文档编辑中心，本文档内容是由我和我的同事精心编辑整理后发布的，发布之前我们对文中内容进行仔细校对，但是难免会有疏漏的地方，但是任然希望（2018年英语专业八级真题）的内容能够给您的工作和学习带来便利。
同时也真诚的希望收到您的建议和反馈，这将是我们进步的源泉，前进的动力。
本文可编辑可修改，如果觉得对您有帮助请收藏以便随时查阅，最后祝您生活愉快业绩进步，以下为2018年英语专业八级真题的全部内容。
QUESTION BOOKLET 试卷用后随即销毁.严禁保留、出版或复印。
TEST FOR ENGLISH MAJORS (2018）-GRADE EIGHT—TIME LIMIIT:150 MINPART I LISTENING COMPREHENSION ［25 MIN］SECTION A MINI—LECTUREIn this section you will hear a mini—lecture。
You will hear the lecture ONCE ONLY. While listening to mini—lecture， please complete the gap—filling task on ANSWER SHEET ONE and write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS for each gap. Make sure you fill in is both grammatically and semantically acceptable. You may use the blank sheet for note-taking。
You have THIRTY seconds to preview the gap-filling task。
Now listen to the mini-lecture. When it is over, you will be given THREE minutes to check your work。
(完整版)2018年英语专业八级真题
QUESTION BOOKLET 试卷用后随即销毁。
严禁保留、出版或复印。
TEST FOR ENGLISH MAJORS (2018)-GRADE EIGHT-TIME LIMIIT：150 MIN PART I LISTENING COMPREHENSION [25 MIN]SECTION A MINI-LECTUREIn this section you will hear a mini-lecture. You will hear the lecture ONCE ONLY. While listening to mini-lecture, please complete the gap-filling task on ANSWER SHEET ONE and write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS for each gap. Make sure you fill in is both grammatically and semantically acceptable. You may use the blank sheet for note-taking.You have THIRTY seconds to preview the gap-filling task.Now listen to the mini-lecture. When it is over, you will be given THREE minutes to check your work.SECTION B INTERVIEWI n this section you will hear ONE interview. The interview will be divided into TWO parts. At the end of each part, five questions will be asked about what was said. Both the interview and the questions will be spoken ONCE ONLY. After each question there will be a ten-second pause. During the pause, you should read the four choices of A), B), C) and D), and mark the best answer to each question on ANSWER SHEET TWO.You have THIRTY seconds to preview the choices.Now, listen to the first interview. Questions 1 to 5 are based on Part One of the interview.Now listen to the interview.1. A. Announcement of results.B. Lack of a time schedule.C. Slowness in ballots counting.D. Direction of the electoral events.2. A. Other voices within Afghanistan wanted so.B. The date had been set previously.C. All the ballots had been counted.D. The UN advised them to do so.3. A. To calm the voters.B. To speed up the process.C. To stick to the election rules.D. To stop complaints from the labor.4. A. Unacceptable.B. Unreasonable.C. Insensible.D. Ill considered.5. A. Supportive.B. Ambivalent.C. Opposed.D. Neutral.Now listening to Part Two of the interview. Questions 6 to 10 are based on Part Two of the interview.6. A. Ensure the government includes all parties.B. Discuss who is going to be the winner.C. Supervise the counting of votes.D. Seek support from important sectors.7. A. 36%-24%.B. 46%-34%.C. 56%-44%.D. 66%-54%.8. A. Both candidates.B. Electoral institutions.C. The United Nations.D. Not specified.9. A. It was unheard of.B. It was on a small scale.C. It was insignificant.D. It occurred elsewhere.10.A. Problems in the electoral process.B. Formation of a new government.C. Premature announcement of results.D. Democracy in Afghanistan.PART ⅡREADING COMPREHENSION [25 MIN] SECTION A MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONSIn this section there are three passages followed by fourteen multiple choice questions. For each multiple choice question, there are four suggested answers marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that you think is the best answer and mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET TWO.PASSAGE ONE(1) “Britain’s best export,” I was told by the Department of Immigration in Canberra, “is people.” Close on 100,000 people have applied for assisted passages in the first five months of the year, and half of these are eventually expected to migrate to Australia.(2) The Australian are delighted. They are keenly ware that without a strong flow of immigrants into the workforce the development of the Australian economy is unlikely to proceed at the ambitious pace currently envisaged. The new mineral discoveries promise a splendid future, and the injection of huge amounts of American and British capital should help to ensure that they are properly exploited, but with unemployment in Australia down to less than 1.3 per cent, the government is understandably anxious to attract more skilled labor.(3) Australia is roughly the same size as the continental United States, but has only twelve million inhabitants. Migration has accounted for half the population increase in the last four years, and has contributed greatly to the country’s impressive economic development. Britain has always been the principal source – ninety per cent of Australians are of British descent, and Britain has provided one million migrants since the Second World War.(4) Australia has also given great attention to recruiting people elsewhere. Australians decided they had an excellent potential source of applicants among the so-called “guest workers” who have crossed their own frontiers to work in other arts of Europe. There were estimated to be more than four million of them, and a large number were offered subsidized passages and guaranteed jobs in Australia. Italy has for some years been the second biggest source of migrants, and the Australians have also managed to attract a large number of Greeks and Germans.(5) One drawback with them, so far as the Australians are concerned, is that integration tends to be more difficult. Unlike the British, continental migrants have to struggle with an unfamiliar language and new customs. Many naturally gravitate towards the Italian or Greek communities which have grown up in cities such as Sydney and Melbourne. These colonies have their own newspapers, their own shops, and their own clubs. Their habitants are not Australians, but Europeans.(6) The government’s avowed aim, however, is to maintain “a substantially homogeneous society into which newcomers, from whatever sources, will merge themselves”. By and large, therefore, Australia still prefers British migrants, and tends to be rather less selective in their case than it is with others.(7) A far bigger cause of concerns than the growth of national groups, however, is the increasing number of migrants who return to their countries of origin. One reason is that people nowadays tend to be more mobile, and that it is easier than in the past to save the return fare, but economic conditions also have something to do with it. A slower rate of growth invariably produces discontent – and if this coincides with greater prosperity in Europe, a lot of people tend to feel that perhaps they were wrong to come here after all.(8) Several surveys have been conducted recently into the reasons why people go home. One noted that “flies, dirt, and outside lavatories” were on the list of complaints from British immigrants, and added that many people also complained about “the crudity, bad manners, and unfriendliness of the Australians”. Another survey gave climate conditions, homesickness, and “the stark appearance of the Australian countryside” as the main reasons for leaving.(9) Most British migrants miss council housing the National Health scheme, and their relatives and former neighbor. Loneliness is a big factor, especially among housewives. The men soon make new friends at work, but wives tend to find it much harder to get used to a different way of life. Many are housebound because of inadequate public transport in most outlying suburbs, and regular correspondence with their old friends at home only serves to increase their discontent. One housewife was quoted recently as saying: “I even find I miss the people I used to hate at home.”(10) Rent are high, and there are long waiting lists for Housing Commission homes. Sickness can be an expensive business and the climate can be unexpectedly rough. The gap between Australian and British wage packets is no longer big, and people are generally expected to work harder here than they do at home. Professional men over forty often have difficulty in finding a decent job. Above all, perhaps, skilled immigrants often finds a considerable reluctance to accept their qualifications.(11) According to the journal Australian Manufacturer, the attitude of many employers and fellow workers is anything but friendly. “We Australians,” it stated in a recent issue, “are just too fond of painting the rosy picture of the big, warm-hearted Aussie. As a matter of fact, we are so busy blowing our own trumpets that we have not not time to be warm-hearted and considerate. Go down “heart-break alley” among some of the migrants and find out just how expansive the Aussie is to his immigrants.”11.The Australians want a strong flow of immigrants because .A.Immigrants speed up economic expansionB.unemployment is down to a low figureC.immigrants attract foreign capitalD.Australia is as large as the United States12.Australia prefers immigrants from Britain because .A.they are selected carefully before entryB.they are likely to form national groupsC.they easily merge into local communitiesD.they are fond of living in small towns13.In explaining why some migrants return to Europe the author .A.stresses their economic motivesB.emphasizes the variety of their motivesC.stresses loneliness and homesicknessD.emphasizes the difficulties of men over forty14.which of the following words is used literally, not metaphorically?A.“flow” (Para. 2).B.“injection” (Para. 2).C.“gravitate” (Para. 5).D.“selective” (Para. 6).15.Para. 11 pictures the Australians as .A.unsympatheticB.ungenerousC.undemonstrativeD.unreliablePASSAGE TWO(1) Some of the advantages of bilingualism include better performance at tasks involving “executive function” (which involves the brain’s ability to plan and prioritize), better defense against dementia in old age and—the obvious—the ability to speak a second language. One purported advantage was not mentioned, though. Many multilinguals report different personalities, or even different worldviews, when they speak their different languages.(2) It’s an exciting notion, the idea that one’s very self could be broadened by the mastery of two or more languages. In obvious ways (exposure to new friends, literature and so forth) the self really is broadened. Yet it is different to claim—as many people do—to have a different personality when using a different language. A former Economist colleague, for example, reported being ruder in Hebrew than in English. So what is going on here?(3) Benjamin Lee Whorf, an American linguist who died in 1941, held that each language encodes a worldview that significantly influences its speakers. Often called “Whorfianism”,this idea has its sceptics, but there are still good reasons to believe language shapes thought.(4) This influence is not necessarily linked to the vocabulary or grammar of a second language. Significantly, most people are not symmetrically bilingual. Many have learned one language at home from parents, and another later in life, usually at school. So bilinguals usually have different strengths and weaknesses in their different languages—and they are not always best in their first language. For example, when tested in a foreign language, people are less likely to fall into a cognitive trap (answering a test question with an obvious-seeming but wrong answer) than when tested in their native language. In part this is because working in a second language slows down the thinking. No wonder people feel different when speaking them. And no wonder they feel looser, more spontaneous, perhaps more assertive or funnier or blunter, in the language they were reared in from childhood.(5) What of “crib” bilinguals, raised in two languages? Even they do not usually have perfectly symmetrical competence in their two languages. But even for a speaker whose two languages are very nearly the same in ability, there is another big reason that person will feel different in the two languages. This is because there is an important distinction between bilingualism and biculturalism.(6) Many bilinguals are not bicultural. But some are. And of those bicultural bilinguals, we should be little surprised that they feel different in their two languages. Experiments in psychology have shown the power of “priming”—small unnoticed factors that can affect behavior in big ways. Asking people to tell a happy story, for example, will put them in a better mood. The choice between two languages is a huge prime. Speaking Spanish rather than English, for a bilingual and bicultural Puerto Rican in New York, might conjure feelings of family and home. Switching to English might prime the same person to think of school and work.(7) So there are two very good reasons (asymmetrical ability, and priming) that make people feel different speaking their different languages. We are still left with a third kind of argument, though. An economist recently interviewed here at Prospero, Athanasia Chalari, said for example that:Greeks are very loud and they interrupt each other very often. The reason for that is the Greek grammar and syntax. When Greeks talk they begin their sentences with verbs and the form of the verb includes a lot of information so you already know what they are talking about after the first word and can interrupt more easily.(8) Is there something intrinsic to the Greek language that encourages Greeks to interrupt? People seem to enjoy telling tales about their languages' inherent properties, and how they influence their speakers. A group of French intellectual worthies once proposed, rather self-flatteringly, that French be the sole legal language of the EU, because of its supposedly unmatchable rigor and precision. Some Germans believe that frequently putting the verb at the end of a sentence makes the language especially logical. But language myths are not always self-flattering: many speakers think their languages are unusually illogical or difficult—witness the plethora of books along the lines of "Only in English do you park on a driveway and drive on a parkway; English must be the craziest language in the world!" We also see some unsurprising overlap with national stereotypes and self-stereotypes: French, rigorous; German, logical; English, playful. Of course.(9) In this case, Ms Chalari, a scholar, at least proposed a specific and plausible line ofcausation from grammar to personality: in Greek, the verb comes first, and it carries a lot of information, hence easy interrupting. The problem is that many unrelated languages all around the world put the verb at the beginning of sentences. Many languages all around the world are heavily inflected, encoding lots of information in verbs. It would be a striking finding if all of these unrelated languages had speakers more prone to interrupting each other. Welsh, for example, is also both verb-first and about as heavily inflected as Greek, but the Welsh are not known as pushy conversationalists.16. According to the author, which of the following advantages of bilingualism is commonly accepted?A. Personality improvement.B. Better task performance.C. Change of worldviews.D. Avoidance of old-age disease.17. According to the passage, that language influences thought may be related to .A. the vocabulary of a second languageB. the grammar of a second languageC. the improved test performance in a second languageD. the slowdown of thinking in a second language18. What is the author’s response to the question at the beginning of Para. 8?A. It’s just one of the popular tales of national stereotypes.B. Some properties inherent can make a language logical.C. German and French are good examples of Whorfianism.D. There is adequate evidence to support a positive answer.19. Which of the following statements concerning Para. 9 is correct?A. Ms. Chalari’s theory about the Greek language is well grounded.B. Speakers of many other languages are also prone to interrupting.C. Grammar is unnecessarily a condition for change in personality.D. Many unrelated languages don’t have the same features as Greek.20. In discussing the issue, the author’s attitude is .A. satiricalB. objectiveC. criticalD. ambivalentPASSAGE THREE(1) Once across the river and into the wholesale district, she glanced about her for some likely door at which to apply. As she contemplated the wide windows and imposing signs, she became conscious of being gazed upon and understood for what she was-a wage-seeker. She had never done this thing before, and lacked courage. To avoid a certain indefinable shame shefelt at being caught spying about for a position, she quickened her steps and assumed an air of indifference supposedly common to one upon an errand. In this way she passed many manufacturing and wholesale houses without once glancing in. At last, after several blocks of walking, she felt that this would not do, and began to look about again, though without relaxing her pace. A little way on she saw a great door which, for some reason, attracted her attention. It was ornamented by a small brass sign, and seemed to be the entrance to a vast hive of six or seven floors. "Perhaps," she thought, "they may want some one," and crossed over to enter. When she came within a score of feet of the desired goal, she saw through the window a young man in a grey checked suit. That he had anything to do with the concern, she could not tell, but because he happened to be looking in her direction her weakening heart misgave her and she hurried by, too overcome with shame to enter. Over the way stood a great six-story structure, labelled Storm and King, which she viewed with rising hope. It was a wholesale dry goods concern and employed women. She could see them moving about now and then upon the upper floors. This place she decided to enter, no matter what. She crossed over and walked directly toward the entrance. As she did so, two men came out and paused in the door. A telegraph messenger in blue dashed past her and up the few steps that led to the entrance and disappeared. Several pedestrians out of the hurrying throng which filled the sidewalks passed about her as she paused, hesitating. She looked helplessly around, and then, seeing herself observed, retreated. It was too difficult a task. She could not go past them.(2) So severe a defeat told sadly upon her nerves. Her feet carried her mechanically forward, every foot of her progress being a satisfactory portion of a flight which she gladly made. Block after block passed by. Upon streetlamps at the various corners she read names such as Madison, Monroe, La Salle, Clark, Dearborn, State, and still she went, her feet beginning to tire upon the broad stone flagging. She was pleased in part that the streets were bright and clean. The morning sun, shining down with steadily increasing warmth, made the shady side of the streets pleasantly cool. She looked at the blue sky overhead with more realization of its charm than had ever come to her before.(3) Her cowardice began to trouble her in a way. She turned back, resolving to hunt up Storm and King and enter. On the way, she encountered a great wholesale shoe company, through the broad plate windows of which she saw an enclosed executive department, hidden by frosted glass. Without this enclosure, but just within the street entrance, sat a grey-haired gentleman at a small table, with a large open ledger before him. She walked by this institution several times hesitating, but, finding herself unobserved, faltered past the screen door and stood humble waiting.(4) "Well, young lady," observed the old gentleman, looking at her somewhat kindly, "what is it you wish?"(5) "I am, that is, do you--I mean, do you need any help?" she stammered.(6) "Not just at present," he answered smiling. "Not just at present. Come in some time next week. Occasionally we need some one."(7) She received the answer in silence and backed awkwardly out. The pleasant nature of her reception rather astonished her. She had expected that it would be more difficult, that something cold and harsh would be said--she knew not what. That she had not been put to shame and made to feel her unfortunate position, seemed remarkable. She did not realize that it was just this which made her experience easy, but the result was the same. She felt greatly relieved.(8) Somewhat encouraged, she ventured into another large structure. It was a clothing company, and more people were in evidence.(9) An office boy approached her.(10) "Who is it you wish to see?" he asked.(11) "I want to see the manager," she returned.(12) He ran away and spoke to one of a group of three men who were conferring together. One of these came towards her.(13) "Well?" he said coldly. The greeting drove all courage from her at once.(14) "Do you need any help?" she stammered.(15) "No," he replied abruptly, and turned upon his heel.(16) She went foolishly out, the office boy deferentially swinging the door for her, and gladly sank into the obscuring crowd. It was a severe setback to her recently pleased mental state.21. She quickened her steps because she .A. was afraid of being seen as a strangerB. was in a hurry to leave the districtC. wanted to look like someone working thereD. wanted to apply at more factories that day22. Why didn’t she enter Storm and King the first time?A. She was too timid to enter the buildingB. Two men stopped her at the entranceC. Several pedestrians had found her strangeD. The messenger had closed the door behind him23. What does “every foot of her progress being a satisfactory portion of a flight which she gladly made” mean according to the context (Para.2)?A. She thought she was making progress in job search.B. She was glad that she was looking for a job.C. She found her experience satisfactory.D. She just wanted to leave the place.24. Why did she feel greatly relieved (Para.7)?A. She eventually managed to enter the building.B. She was kindly received by the clerk.C. She had the courage to make an inquiry.D. She was promised a work position.SECTION B SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONSIn this section there are eight short answer questions based on the passages in SECTION A. Answer each question in NO MORE THAN TEN WORDS in the space provided on ANSWER SHEET TWO.PASSAGE ONE25. What do “promise” and “should” in Para. 2 imply about author’s vision of Australia’seconomy？26. Explain the meaning of “the growth of national groups” according to the context (Para. 7). PASSAGE TWO27. Explain the meaning of “The choice between two languages is a huge prime.” according tothe context (Para. 6)28. What reasons does the author give to explain why people feel different when speaking different languages？29. What does the author focus on in the passage?PASSAGE THREE30. Select and write down at least THREE words or phrases in Para. 1 describing the girl’s inner feelings while walking in the streets looking for a job.31. Explain the meaning of “So severe a defeat told sadly upon her nerves.” according to the context (Para. 2).32. In “It was a severe setback to her recently pleased mental state.” (Para. 16), what does “her recently pleased mental state” refer to according to the context?PART III LANGUAGE USAGE [15 MIN] The passage contains TEN errors. Each indicated line contains a maximum of ONE error. In each case, only ONE word is involved. You should proof-read the passage and correct it in the following way:For a wrong word, underline the wrong word and write the correct one in theblank provided at the end of the line.For a missing word, mark the position of the missing word with a “∧”sign andwrite the word you believe to be missing in the blank providedat the end of the line.For an unnecessary word, cross the unnecessary word with a slash “/”and put theword in the blank provided at the end of the line.ExampleWhen∧art museum wants a new exhibit, (1) anit never buys things in finished form and hangs (2) neverthem on the wall. When a natural history museumwants an exhibition, it must often build it. (3) exhibitProofread the given passage on ANSWER SHEET THREE as instructedTranslate the underlined part of the following text from Chinese into English. Write your translation on ANSWER SHEET THREE文学书籍起码使我们的内心可以达到这样的三感：善感、敏感和美感。
(完整版)2018年英语专业八级真题听力minilecture原题,答案以及原文
2018年英语专业八级真题听力Mini-lecture原文(1)Language and Humanity语言和人类Good morning, everyone.大家早上好。
In today's lecture, we're going to discuss the relationship between language and humanity. As we all know, language is very powerful.在今天的课上，我们将讨论语言和人类之间的关系。
众所周知，语言是非常强大的。
It allows you to put a thought from your mind directly in someone else's mind.它可以让你把你的想法直接放在别人的大脑里。
Languages are like genes talking, getting things they want.语言就像会说话的基因，得到他们想要的东西。
And you just imagine the sense of wonder in a baby when it first discovers that, merely by uttering a sound, it can get objects to move across a room as if by magic, and maybe even into its mouth.你可以想象，当一个婴儿第一次发现，仅仅通过发出一个声音，它就能让物体像中了魔法一样在房间里移动，甚至可能进入它的嘴里。
Now we need to explain how and why this remarkable trait, you know, human's ability to do things with language, has evolved, and why did this trait evolve only in our species?现在我们需要解释这个显著的特征，也就是人类用语言做事的能力，是如何进化的，为什么进化，为什么这个特征只在我们人类身上进化？In order to get an answer to the question, we have to go to tool use in the chimpanzees.为了得到这个问题的答案，我们必须研究黑猩猩的工具使用。
2018年专业八级规范标准答案
Part I LISTENING COMPREHENSIONSECTION A MINI-LECTURE1.huma ns / huma n species2.i ntellige nee3.lear n from others4.repeat5.others ' wisdom/other people ' s wisdom6.accumulate7. a n evoluti onary dilemma8.watch ing others/watch ing other people9.systems of com muni cati on10.kno wledge and wisdom11.ben efits of cooperati on12.identity establishment/establishment of identities13.isolation muni cati on15.differe nt la nguagesSECTION B INTERVIEW1.Which aspect of the electio n eve nt is the in terviewee most concerned about?答案： D. Direction of the electoral events.2.Why was the announ ceme nt made yesterday, accord ing to thein terviewee?答案：B. The date had been set previously.3.Accord ing to the BBC in terviewer, why did the electoralin stituti ons want to prepare the ground?答案： D. To stop complaints from the loser.4.What did the interviewee think of the BBC ' s reason of preparing the ground?答案：D. Ill considered.5.What is the interviewee 's attitude towards establishing a parallel preside ncy?答案：C. Opposed.6.What does the in terviewee thi nk both can didates n eed to do? 答案： D. Seek supportfrom important sectors.7.What was the margin of victory at the time of the in terview? 答案：C. 56%-44%.8.Who should be resp on sible for deali ng with the fraud in the electi on?答案：B. Electoral institutions.9.What does the in terviewee thi nk of the problem in the Afgha nelecti on?答案： D. It occurred elsewhere.10.What is the in terview mai nly about?答案： A. Problems in the electoral process.Part II READING COMPREHENSIONSECTION A MULTIPLE-CHOICE QUESTIONSPASSAGE ONE11.The Australia ns want a stro ng flow of immigra nts because .答案： A. immigrants speed up economic expansion12.Australia prefers immigrants from Britain because .答案： C. they easily merge into local communities13.In explaining why some migrants return to Europe the author 答案： B. emphasizes thevariety of their motives14.Which of the followi ng words is used literally, notmetaphorically?答案：D. “selective ” (Para. 6).15.Para. 11 pictures the Australia ns as .答案：B. ungenerous.PASSAGE TWO16.According to the author, which of the following advantages ofbili ngualism is com monly accepted?答案：B. Better task performanee.17.Accord ing to the passage, that Ian guage in flue nces thought may be related to .答案： D. the slowdown of thinking in a second Ianguage18.What is the author ' s resp onse to the questi on at the beg inning of Para. 8?答案： A. It' s just one of the popular tales of national stereotypes.19.Which of the followi ng stateme nts concerning Para. 9 is correct?答案： C. Grammar is unnecessarily a condition for change in pers on ality.20.In discussing the issue, the author ' s attitude is .答案：B. objectivePASSAGE THREE21.She quicke ned her steps because she .答案： C. wan ted to look like some one work ing there22.Why did n ' t she en ter Storm and Ki ng the first time?答案： A. She was too timid to enter the building.23.What does “ every foot of her progress being a satisfactory porti on of a flight which she gladly made ” mea n accordi ng to the con text (Para. 2)?答案： D. She just wan ted to leave the place.24.Why did she feel greatly relieved (Para. 7)?答案： B. She was kindly received by the clerk.SECTION B SHORT-ANSWER QUESTIONSPASSAGE ONE25.What do “ promise ” and “should ” in Para. 2 imply about the author ' s vision of Australia ' s economy?答案：Australian economy cannot achieve fast development as assumed without immigra nts.26.Expla in the meaning of “ the growth of n ati onal groups ”accord ing to the con text (Para. 7).答案：The in crease of groups formed by immigra nts from differe nt sources.PASSAGE TWO27.Expla in the meaning of “ The choice betwee n two Ian guages isa huge prime. ” accord ing to the con text (Para. 6).答案：Different languages trigger different related memories and feeli ngs.28.What reas ons does the author give to expla in why people feel differe nt whe n speak ing differe nt Ian guages?答案：Asymmetric Ian guage compete nee and the prim ing effect.29.What does the author focus on in the passage?答案：Whether different languages confer different personalities.PASSAGE THREE30.Select and write down at least THREE words or phrases in Para.1 describing the girl ' s inner feelings while walking in the streetslook ing for a job.答案：Lacked courage, indefinable shame, weakening heart, hesitat ing and helpless.31.Expla in the meaning of “ So severe a defeat told sadly uponher n erves. ” accordi ng to the con text (Para. 2).答案：The severe defeat made her sad and disheartened.32.In “ It was a severe set-back to her rece ntly pleased men taistate. ” (Para. 16), what does “ her rece ntly pleased men tai state ” refer to accordi ng to the con text?答案：Courage and joy gained from her previous reception.答案解析：Part III LANGUAGE USAGE1. A case f the2.as f like3.small f smaller4.A specialty f while5.raise f rise6.A it also f but7.the f the8.were f are9.When f While10.un dersta nd f un dersta nding参考译文：When life gives us lemons, literature books provide us with an achievable realm that is better than reality. The water described in the books may be clearer tha n the water in our real life and the skyis bluer than what it is like in the real world. The idea of a perfect relationship is impossible in reality. However, the love stories inButterflies in Love and Romeo and Juliet are eternal. Therefore,read ing books will smooth over the n ast in ess and rough ness in real life.。
英语专业八级考试试题听力部分原题及参考答案
20XX年英语专业八级考试试题听力部分原题及参考答案20XX年03月06日TEST FOR ENGLISH MAJORS (2005)-GRADE EIGHT-PART I LISTENING COMPREHENSION (30 MIN)SECTION A MINI-LECTUREIn this section you will hear a mini-lecture. You will hear the lecture ONCE ONL Y. While listening, take notes on the important points. Your notes will not be marked, but you will need them to complete a gap-filling task after the mini-lecture. When the lecture is over, you will be given two minutes to check your notes, and another ten minutes to complete the gap-filling task on ANSWER SHEET ONE. Use the blank sheet for note-taking.Writing a Research PaperI. Research Papers and Ordinary EssayA. Similarity in (1) __________:e.g. —choosing a topic—asking questions—identifying the audienceB. Difference mainly in terms of (2) ___________1. research papers: printed sources2. ordinary essay: ideas in one's (3) ___________II. Types and Characteristics of Research PapersA. Number of basic types: twoB. Characteristics:1. survey-type paper:—to gather (4) ___________—to quote—to (5) _____________The writer should be (6) ___________.2. argumentative (research) paper:a. The writer should do more, e.g.—to interpret—to question, etc.b. (7) _________varies with the topic, e.g.—to recommend an action, etc.III. How to Choose a Topic for a Research PaperIn choosing a topic, it is important to (8) __________.Question No. 1: your familiarity with the topicQuestion No. 2: Availability of relevant information on the chosen topicQuestion No. 3: Narrowing the topic down to (9) _________Question No. 4: Asking questions about (10) ___________The questions help us to work out way into the topic and discover its possibilities.SECTION B INTERVIEWIn this section you will hear everything ONCE ONLY. Listen carefully and then answer the questions that follow. Mark the correct answer to each question on your coloured answer sheet.Questions 1 to 5 are based on an interview. At the end of the interview you will be given 10 seconds to answer each of the following five questions.Now listen to the interview.1. What is the purpose of Professor McKay's report?A. To look into the mental health of old people.B. To explain why people have negative views on old age.C. To help correct some false beliefs about old age.D. To identify the various problems of old age2. Which of the following is NOT Professor McKay's view?A. People change in old age a lot more than at the age of 21.B. There are as many sick people in old age as in middle age.C. We should not expect more physical illness among old people.D. We should not expect to find old people unattractive as a group.3. According to Professor McKay's report,A. family love is gradually disappearing.B. it is hard to comment on family feeling.C. more children are indifferent to their parents.D. family love remains as strong as ever.4. Professor McKay is ________ towards the tendency of more parents living apart from their children.A. negativeB. positiveC. ambiguousD. neutral5. The only popular belief that Professor McKay is unable to provide evidence against isA. old-age sickness.B. loose family ties.C. poor mental abilities.D. difficulities in maths.SECTION C NEWS BROADCASTIn this section you will hear everything ONCE ONLY. Listen carefully and then answer the questions that follow. Mark the correct answer to each question on your coloured answer sheet.Question 6 is based on the following news. At the end of the news item, you will be given 10seconds to answer the question. Now listen to the news.6. Scientists in Brazil have used frog skin toA. eliminate bacteria.B. treat burns.C. Speed up recovery.D. reduce treatment cost.Question 7 is based on the following news. At the end of the news item, you will be given 10 seconds to answer the question. Now listen to the news.7. What is NOT a feature of the new karaoke machine?A. It is featured by high technology.B. It allows you to imitate famous singers.C. It can automatically alter the tempo and tone of a song.D. It can be placed in specially designed theme rooms.Question 8 is based on the following news. At the end of the news item, you will be given 10 seconds to answer the question. Now listen to the news.8. China's Internet users had reached _________ by the end of June.A. 68 millionB. 8.9 millionC. 10 millionD. 1.5 millionQuestion 9 and 10 are based on the following news. At the end of the news item, you will be given 20 seconds to answer the question. Now listen to the news.9. According to the WTO, Chinese exports rose _________ last year.A. 21%B. 10%C. 22%D. 4.7310. According to the news, which trading nation in the top 10 has reported a 5 per cent fall in exports?A. The UK.B. The US.C. Japan.D. Germany.听力部分参考答案:PART I LISTENING COMPREHENSION (30 MIN)SECTION A MINI-LECTURE1. basic steps2. raw materials3. head4. facts5. explain6. objective7. purpose8. ask questions9. a manageable size 10. the topic itselfSECTION B INTERVIEW1. C2. A3. D4. B5. DSECTION C NEWS BROADCAST6. B7. D8. A9. C 10. B。
专八满分听力Mini-lecture（1-4）
Mini-lecture 1Cultural UnderstandingLike learning a language，developing cultural understanding occurs step by step over time.Here are five stages of cultural understanding veduchina.Stage one：No understanding.一involves no awareness of the new culture：know nobody and few(1)Stage two：Sup erficial understanding.--awareness of (2) aspects of the foreign culture and stereotypes veduchina--stereotytres are(3)Stage three：Growing understanding and possible(4)--awareness of more subtle，less visible traits in foreign culture--unnecessarily bring acceptance veduchina.For anyone，the home culture is(5)Stage four：Greater(6)————understanding.一still(7) have little empathy veduchina一the(8) level is higherStage five：True empathy，and cultural (9)————.—to live in the foreign culture：the amount of time depends Oil(10)Mini-lecture 2 British Educational System1.Primary and secondary educationin Britain1)Children at the age of(1)________go to primary school.2)Students attend secondaryschool until age sixteen.3)Students enter higher education at age eighteen.2.Higher education in Britain1) In England and Wales：—Application for universities：through the UCCA；一Courses：“course”refers to a(2)_______ program，structured with a fixed program of classes；—Classes：a.classes are offered in the UK on a(3)________basis veduchina；b.more emphasi s i s placed on(4)________study；c.students write more essays and take fewer objective tests；d.classes often take the following forms：(5)______，tutorials，seminars.2) In Scotland：—A variety of tertiary level options are available：a.The colleges of further education provide vocational and (6)____education；b.Central institutions don’t directly validate degrees,but many have close ties to(7) .c.Teachers colleges veduchina；d.The standard university degree is a four—year(8)__________；parison between the US and the UK higher education1)Grading：一In the UK，(9)__________are the most common form of study assessment—The US professors grade less strictly than the UK professors veduchina2)Course levels：—Basic courses are not(10)____________at UK universities.Mini-lecture 3 Mass Media in AmericaMass media specifi cally refer to those publications and programs that attempt to serve most or all of the people in a given market.Three groups of mass media in America are briefly introduced.I. N ewspapersA.Reading newspaper is different from watching TV.—for one thing1.detailed(1)_______ of news items2.substantial treatment of news events3.interesting and stimulating opinions4.analysis over important events at home and abroac—for anotheras for the reading places, no(2)_______B.Newspapers are still a big business.—fact one: the large circulation of a number of important newspapers—fact two: the great (3)_______ of newspapers availableII. MagazinesA.great varietyB.wide range of topi csC.different target readers:the well-educated,well-informed,and(4)_____ peopleD.the top three:(5)_______ TV Guide and The Conde Nast SelectIII. Radio and TelevisionA.Radio:a first-class entertainment medium for most Americans一The future of the radio is still(6)___________B.Television--become popular after the invention of(7)_____ and videotape recorders—profound impact on society1.the socialization effect2.a(8)_________ a molder of new of new cultural trends and a molder of attitudes towards these new trends3.revolutionized the marketing of goods4.the enormous cultural impact of TV violent programs5.the impact of TV on(9)_______________To sum up，the mass media in Ameri ca has，to a great extent，changed and will still keep on changing Americans’(10)_________Mini-lecture 4 Government in Britain and the USThe focus of this lecture is different government systems in Britain and the US.Government in Britain:1. National government:the center of government in Britain iS Parliament.一Location of parliament:(1)__________.—Parliament includes the House of Common，the House of lords and the monarch.—the passage of bills:firstly brought to the House of Commons for discussion，then the house of Lords，finally(2)_________2. Local government in Britain，also known as(3)_________一make small laws,only applied in local area—got payment from(4)from national government--elected by people within each town,city or country areaGovernment in the US:1.The federal government—(5)________is the central law-making body in the US.1)the House of Representatives2)the Senate: the higher but less (6)________of the two houses of Congress.—The President has the power of (7)________a bill.—The Supreme Court: the final Court of Appeal in the US.2.The state government—Each state has its own written(8)________—The highest elected official of each state is the Governor.3.The local government—No law of local government can be(9)________with the United Constitution.To sum up，the government in each country is a (n) (10)________of its historicaland modern factors.参考答案：Mini-lecture1 (1)basi c facts (2)negative (3)offensive (4)conflict (5)much better(6)intellectual (7)emotionally (8)comfort (9)respect (10)the individualCulture understanding文化差异Today I will focus on the i ssue of culture understanding. With increasing globalization, the world becomes really small nowadays. As a member of the global, we get more chances to contact foreign cultures. And what if we want to understand foreign culture very well, what should we do? What kinds of process will we experience before we achieve that goal. The answer is not very difficult to imagine. Just like learning a language, developing culture understanding occurs steps by steps over time. Development of culture consciousness is a process that starts the stage no understanding and moves, in the best case, to the stage of true empathy移情作用,[心]神入and culture respect. So an order to make it a clearer explanation about the process, the five stages of culture understanding is presented here.Stage 1 no und erstanding This level involves no awareness of new culture. The point is quite easy to see. For a person who has few chances to get contact with other cultures, a new one sometimes might as well be like something from an unknown planet in outer space. The person does not know anyone from the culture, and has encountered few, if any, basi c facts about the culture; so naturally, the person certainly has no way to understand that culture at all.Stage 2 superficial understanding This level involves awareness of very superficial aspects of foreign culture, frequentl y negative aspects. At this stage of culture awareness, the person knows a few basic facts of new culture. These facts stand out and often serve as the basis of stereotypes 陈规,老套. However, the stereotypes are offensive because they imply that al l people from a certain culture have the same characteristi cs. At this stage of culture awareness, when stereotypes are keenly felt, the person is highly ethnocentric种族[民族]中心主义的,种族[民族, 集团]优越感的that means the person is just focused on his or her own culture as the norm of what is right and comparing the new culture with the better culture back home. Stage 3 growing und erstanding and possible conflict In this stage the learner begins to be aware of more subtle sometimes less visible traits in the foreign culture. I will give you an example here to illustrate this point. A student learned that a given culture focuses on family far more getting things accomplished. As a result, he or she begin to appreciate the huge importance of family value in this culture, so we can see thi s understanding helps the person to see why things operate the w ay they do. But such awareness doesn’t al ways bring acceptance. In this stage the person is still ethnocentri c home culture-oriented, comparing that culture that i s new to his/her old home culture and usually feel his/her home culture is much better. I think some of you, as English majors, may have the exactly same experiences when you come to be familiar with your foreign t eachers or friends. You do appreciate some of their cultures but you just can’t accept them from the bottom of your heart.Stage 4 great intellectual culture und erstanding At this stage the learner begins to comprehend intellectually the peopl e in the foreign culture yet they are still a little emotional empathy. The person can not feel what it is like to be a member of that culture, the learner thus starts to see things intellectually through the eye of culture bearers at the least part of the time, but they just can’t really feel the same way the members of foreign culture feel. The learner begins to shed ethnocentrism a little bi t and starts to understand new culture more deeply. The person knows why thing are done in the way they are done and accept these things with less irritation. So you can see now the learner obviously comprehend the briefs and actions of people in the culture, the comfort level is higher, and the person does not complain the extensively about the culture differences. That makes a big sense in the process of culture understanding.Stage 5 true empathy and culture resp ect This level is the highest one of culture awareness. To attain this level, the learner must actually live in the foreign culture for some time. As for how long the learner must live in such a culture so that they can reach stage five. The amount of time is variable, greatly depending on the individual. At the fifth stage, unlike the previous stages the learner does not just see things intellectually from the viewpoint of the culture some or most of the time, instead he/she actually feel the part of culture, respects the culture fully and emphasizes emotionally with those who have lived all their life in that culture. By doing so, the person, in real sense, achieves a true culture understanding.In summary, today’s lecture is centered on the stages and growth of culture consciousness. Altogether there are five. 1 no understanding means one does not know anyone from that culture knows few, if any, facts. 2 superficial understanding means one knows some superficial facts and stereotypes. 3 growing understanding and possible conflict means one is aware of moresubtle traits but may experience culture conflicts probably believes one’s own culture is superior. 4 great inte llectual culture understanding means one understands the culture intellectually but not emotionally. 5 true empathy and culture respect means one understands the culture both intellectually and emotionally, can feel what the people in the culture feel. Hope the lecture will be helpful in your nurturing of your culture awareness. Thanks for your patience.Mini-lecture2(1)five (2)degree (3)modular (4)independent/self-directed (5)lectures (6)technical(7)local businesses (8)Honors degree (9)written examinations (10) commonBritish Educational SystemToday I’ll talk about the British educational system, including the primary and secondary education and the higher education in Britain. Meanwhile, I’ll try to make a comparison between the US an d the UK higher education.First, I’ll briefly introduce the primary and secondary education in Britain. In England and Wales, students study in primary schools from age five until eleven. They attend secondary school until age sixteen. Before graduating, students usually take seven comprehensive exams, called the General Certificate of Secondary Education (GCSE) exams. After passing the GCSE exams, students choose to study two to four subjects intensely for the GCE Advanced Level exams, called "A levels." At eighteen, they enter higher education to focus on a parti cular subject, called a "course."Now let’s move on to the higher education in Britain. First I’ll talk about the general practi ces in England and Wales, and then the general practices in Scotland.In England and Wales, prospective university students apply for places through the Universities Central Council on Admissions (UCCA). Students do not apply directly to the universities themselves. Successful candidates are admitted directly into a specific degree "course." A degree course normally takes three or four years to complete. At most universities students study only one major subject. Each course i s structured with a fixed program of classes for the entire three years. Increasingly, universities in the United Kingdom are offering classes on a modular(课程教学)以单元为基础的basis, whi ch allows students to broaden their studies creating a more interdisciplinary program. This modularization, however, has not replaced the traditional British degree course with the American concept of credit accumulation. In addition, there is generally a sharp distinction between the arts and sciences and there is seldom any cross-over between the two.At a British university, more emphasis i s placed on independent, self-directed study than in the United States. Required texts and definite reading assignments are less common. More typi cally, an extensive reading list covering all topi cs to be discussed is di stributed at the start of the course to be used for independent research. British students typically consult a large number of sources from the library rather than intensively studying a few books purchased by everyone taking a course. In addition, students are required to write more essays and take fewer objective tests than at U.S. institutions. Classes often take the following forms: lectures, which are sometimes completely optional; tutorials, in whi ch a small number of students meet with the lecturer; and seminars, larger discussion classes often based upon seminar essays. Unlike the U.S. system of regular testing in a course, British students sit for final examinations that cover the full year's work and determine the grades for the class. With the growth of modularization, however, there has al so been an increase in the number and variety of modules offered on a semester basi s.In Scotland, there are a variety of tertiary第三的,第三位的level options available for students, the most important of whi ch are the colleges of further education, the central institutions, teachers colleges and the universities. The colleges of further education provide vocational and technical education, and enroll more students than all other tertiary institutions combined. Central institutions provide courses leading to the Higher National Diploma (HND), bachelor's degrees and some specialized master's degrees. These institutions do not have the authority to directly validate degrees and tend to offer a narrower range of subjects than the universities. Many have close ties to local businesses, offering cooperative work experiences that provide students a period of practical training.Scottish universities are quite di stinct from their British counterparts. In fact, they more closely resemble European or American universities. The standard Scottish university degree is a four-year Honors degree (BA Hons). Students are rarelyadmitted directly to a degree "course." Usually they are admitted to a faculty or simply admitted to the university as a whole. Scottish university students begin with a broad-based program during the first year and choose a specialization专门[业]化after the second or even the third year. Students may also elect to complete a three-year Ordinary degree. This i s a broad-based degree that (unlike in England) does not represent a "failed" Honors degree.Next, let’s compare the US and the UK highe r education from two aspects,]namely, grading and course levels.First, about the Grading. In the UK, assessment methods vary by institution and tend to reflect the UK teaching method and style. Written examinations, whi ch are held at the end of a year or, in some cases, in the final undergraduate year only, are the most common form of study assessment. There i s no official method of equating British and American educational qualifications. The educational systems are very different and attempts to compare them must be done on a strictly provisional basis. Many U.S. institutions have already developed systems of assessing their study abroad students or equating British grades to U.S. grades.Professors at UK institutions grade more stri ctly than their counterparts in the United States. As a result, American students studying in the UK often perceive that they have performed poorly in their classes, when they have not. Grades are given as percentages rather than letter grades. Forty percent is the minimum passing grade and high percentages are rarely awarded. A grade of seventy percent or higher is considered "with distinction."In general, percentages increase from forty rather than decrease from 100 percent, as they do in the United States.Second, about the Course Levels. A typi cal British course load will vary from 3 to 6 modules or classes per term. Most students take 4 to 5 modules per term. The number of hours in class per week will vary by institution. Students should note that general education or basi c courses are not as common at UK universities because they have already been covered at the GCSE level. Many faculties assume that a student has a basi c understanding of the concepts that will be addressed in the course. For this reason, it is common for third-year American students to take first-year and second-year courses at a UK university.With thi s, we’re coming to the end of today’s lecture. Next time, we’ll talk about university degrees.Mini-lecture3 (1)coverage (2) limitation/confinement (3) variety(4)public—conscious(5) Reader’s Digest (6) promising/bright (7)portable cameras (8) transmitter (9) religion (10)lifeMass Media in America美国媒体Good morning, everyone,today my topic i s mass media in America. By media, we refer to the variety of means by which technology transmits information and entertainment to us. Thus, in its broadest sense, the term media includes newspaper, television, movies, radio, books, and magazines. Mass media specifi cally refer to those publications and programs that attempt to serve most or all of the people in a given market. Here I would like to introduce the mass media in America by dividing them into three groups: newspaper; magazines; radio and television.First, let’s have a look at newspapers. For a long time, newspapers have been the chief means by whi ch people get themselves informed. While television has replaced newspapers as the primary source of news for most Americans, and while computer network is increasingly becoming a faster and easier way of obtaining news for many Americans, newspapers still remain as one of the most powerful means of communications in the United States. For one thing, reading newspapers i s different from watching TV. It gives detailed coverage报道范围of news items, and tends to provide substantial treatment of news events. And, sometimes it offers interesting and stimulating opinions as well as analysis over important events at home and abroad. For another, unlike watching TV, reading newspapers does not require one to be confined to his sitting-room. He can do it virtually anywhere he likes: in his car, at the breakfast table, sitting in the sun, waiting at the subway station, and believe it or not, in the restroom. So, for these and many other reasons, newspapers in the United States are still a big bus iness. And, this is borne out by two facts: (1) the large circulation of a number of important newspapers such as USA Today《今日美国》and The Wall Street Journal《华尔街日报》; (2) the great variety of newspapers available in the United States, big and small, local and national, special and general, radical and conservative, and so on. The top 3 daily newspapers in the United States are: Wall Street Journal, USA Today and New York Times《纽约时报》.Second, we’ll move to magazines. According to a statisti cal record in 1990, there were over 12,205 magazines being published in the United States. More than 4,000 of them appear monthly, and over 1,300 are published each week. They cover all topics and interests, from art and architecture to sports, from aviation航空学,飞机制造业and gardening to computers and book reviews, from fashion design and cooking to homemaking. Quite a few have international editors, are translated into other languages, or have “daughter” editions in foreign countries. Among the many internationals are National Geographic《国家地理》杂志, Reader’s Digest《读者文摘》杂志,Cosmopolitan《大都会》,Vogue《时尚》杂志,Time《时代》,Newsweek 《新闻周刊》, Scientific American and Psychology Today. The weekly newsmagazines —the best known are Time, Newsweek, and U.S. News & World Report《美国新闻与世界报道》—serve as a type of national press. Unlike newspapers, however, weekly newsmagazines tend to give extensive coverage and provide detailed, and sometimes in-depth, analysis. Also unlike newspapers, whi ch usually have the lowest common denominator in their appeal to the general reading public, weekly newsmagazines normally target at the well-educated, well-informed, and public-conscious people of the society. Many weekly newsmagazines also have considerable international impact, particularly Time and Newsweek. The top three magazines in America are: (1) Reader’s Digest; (2) TV Guide《电视导读》; (3) The Conde Nast Select.Third, I’ll say something about radio and television. In more than two generations, the two powerful mass media transformed much of American life.Radio, emerging at the same period when the Great Depression pervaded蔓延, 在…中盛行in America, provided free entertainment in the comforts of the home. Families that could no longer afford to go out for entertainment gathered together in their living rooms to escape reality by laughing, fantasizing梦想,幻想and dreaming of happier times. From then on, radio became a first-class entertainment medium for most Ameri cans. Up until now, in view of the popularity of radio programs in the United States, the future of radio as a form of medium continues to look bright.Then, with the rapid development of science and technology, TV came into being in 1920s. It primarily serves as a medium of entertainment, and then also has a big role to play as a news broadcasting agency. Networks began experimenting with news at locally owned stations as early as January 1940. But, early-day television news could not begin to compare with radio news. Only after the invention of portable cameras and videotape recorders had television been made a much more credible news medium because viewers saw pictures of the news events on the day they occurred. Consequently, access to news is made much easier, and the general public is getting better informed.Gradually, television’s impact on American society has been more and more profound. It has changed the life-styles of most Americans and become a major influence on American culture. It can be seen from 5 aspects.First and foremost is the socialization effect. Many studies have shown that TV’s dominance as household activi ty often reduces the level of communi cation among family members and, as a result, much of the culture being distributed to youngsters today in the United States comes from the tube rather than the family.Secondly, television programming has played an important role in shaping and reflecting for the masses the cultural changes that have been occurring in American Society. TV functions both as a transmitter传送[递]者of new cultural trends and as a molder造型者,模塑者of new attitudes towards these new trends.Thirdly, television has revolutionized the marketing of goods in the Ameri can economy. With TV marketing, people become vulnerable to the products, or in other words, to the commercials.Fourthly, the cultural impact of violent TV programs has been quite enormous. Needless to say, the question of violence on TV has been around nearly as long as the medium. Many critics claim that TV violence increases violence in American society.Fifthly, the impact of TV on religion has al so been an issue of great concern to many Americans. So far now, it is still an issue full of di sputes.To sum up, the mass media in Ameri ca includes so many different forms, and each of them plays a vital role in American people’s life not only in the past, but also at present and in the future. To know much about America, one must have a good knowledge about its mass media.Mini-lecture4 (1)Westminster (2)signed (3)Councils (4)local taxes (5)Congress (6)powerful(7)veto (8)Constitution (9)in di sagreement (10)embodimentGovernment in Britain and the US英美政府Today we will focus on the Government in Britain and the United States. Let’s have a look at them one after the other.Government in Britain can be divided into National government and Local government.The center of government in Britain is Parliament, which makes all the important laws for the country about crimes and punishment, taxation课税, etc. Parliament i s made up of the House of Commons, the House of Lords and the monarch. The Houses of Parliament are in Westminster in London and sometimes “Westminster” itself i s used to mean Parliament.The House of commons, or the Commons, is the lower but more powerful of the two Houses. It has 650 elected members, called Members of Parliament or MPs, each representing people in a parti cular area or constituency(议员所代表的)(全体)选民;选(举)区. The House of Lords上议院, or the Lords, is the higher but less powerful of the two Houses. It has over 1,000 members, none of whom is elected. These members include: people who have titles like Lord or Viscount子爵whi ch have been passed down to them on the death of their father; people who are given titles as a reward for their long servi ce in public life, but whose children do not inherit their title; and some important leaders of the Church of England, such as Archbishops and Bishops.The government brings bills to the House of Commons下议院, whi ch are discussed by MPs. The bills then go to the House of Lords to be di scussed. The House of Lords can suggest changes to a bill, but does not have the power to reject it. When bills come back to the Commons, MPs vote on them and if they are passed they are signed by the monarch and become Acts of Parliament.At present England, Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland are all governed by Parliament in Westminster. In Northern Ireland the political parties are different but their MPs still go to the House of Commons. In Scotland there is a lot of di scussion about whether Scotland should have some separate or partly separate form of government. The same is true in Wales. The Local government in Britain, also known as Councils, can make small laws, that i s bylaws, whi ch only apply in their area, but these are usually about small, local matters. For instance, they may be about fines that will be made for people who park in certain streets.Councils are paid for by local taxes and also by an amount of money given to them each year by the national government. Their main job is the organizing and providing of local services, e.g. hospitals, schools, libraries, public transport, street-cleaning, etc. They are also responsible for setting the amount of local tax that people must pay and for collecting thi s tax.Local councils are elected by people within each town, city, or county area. The people who are elected, known as councilors, usually represent one of the national political parties, but are often elected because of their policies on local issues rather than the national policies of their party.Now let’s move to the topi c of Government in the US. All levels of government in the US, including federal, state, and local, are elected by the people of the country.First, we’ll talk about the federal government. The constitution of the US specifi cally limits the power of the federal, or national, government mainly to defense, foreign affairs, printing money, controlling trade and relations between the states, and protecting human rights. The federal government is made up of the Congress , the President, and the Supreme Court. Congress, the central law-making body in the US, i s made up of the House of Representatives and the Senate. The House of Representatives is the lower but more important of the two houses of Congress. It has 435 members, called Representatives or Congressmen. The number of Representatives for each state depends on the size of the population of the state, with each state having at least one Representative. The Senate i s the higher but less powerful of the two houses of Congress. It has 100 members, called Senators, elected by their state. Each state has two Senators. Congress decides whether a BILL becomes law. If the Senate and the House of Representatives both agree to a bill, the President i s asked to agree. The President can veto the bill, but Congress can still make it a law if 2/3 of the members of each house agree to it.Second, we’ll learn something about the state government. The state government has the greatest influence in people’s daily lives. Each state has its own written Constitution, and among the states there are sometimes great differences in law on matters such as property, crime, health and education. The highest elected official of each state is the Governor. Each state also has one。
专业英语八级(MINI-LECTURE)强化练习试卷4(题后含答案及解析)
专业英语八级（MINI-LECTURE）强化练习试卷4(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1. LISTENING COMPREHENSIONPART I LISTENING COMPREHENSION (35 MIN)SECTION A MINI-LECTUREDirections: In this section you sill hear a mini-lecture. You will hear the lecture ONCE ONLY. While listening, take notes on the important points. Your notes will not be marked, but you will need them to complete a gap-filling task after the mini-lecture. When the lecture is over, you will be given two minutes to check your notes, and another ten minutes to complete the gap-filling task on ANSWER SHEET ONE. Use the blank sheet for note-taking.听力原文：Subfields of Linguistics Good morning. We’ll continue with our talk on linguistics. Last time we have got a general concept about linguistics. The scientific study of language is concerned with as well as the two main branches of linguistics; descriptive linguistics and comparative linguistics. With these as workout, today’s focus is on the subfields of linguistics. As we know, the field of linguistics both borrows from and lends its own theories and methods to other disciplines. The many subfields of linguistics have expanded our understanding of languages. Linguistic theories and methods are also used in other fields of study. These overlapping interests have led to the creation of several cross-disciplinary fields, namely sociolinguistics, psycholinguistics, computational linguistics, applied linguistics, anthropological linguistics, philosophical linguistics and neurolinguistics. Let’s start with sociolinguistics. Sociolinguistics is the study of patterns and variations in language within a society or community. It focuses on the way people use language to express social class, group status, gender, or ethnicity, and it looks at how they make choices about the form of language they use. It also (2) examines the way people use language to negotiate their roles in society and to achieve positions of power. For example, sociolinguistic studies have found that the way a New Yorker pronounces the phoneme /r/ in an expression such as “ fourth floor” can indicate the person’s social class. According to one study, people aspiring to move from the lower middle class to the upper middle class attach prestige to pronouncing the /r/. Sometimes they even overcorrect their speech, pronouncing an /r/ where those whom they wish to copy may not. Some sociolinguists believe that analyzing such variables as the use of a particular phoneme can predict the direction of language change. Change, they say, moves toward the variable associated with power, prestige, or other quality having high social value. Other sociolinguists focus on what happens when speakers of different languages interact. This approach to language change emphasizes the way languages mix rather than the direction of change within a community. The goal of sociolinguistics is to understand communicative competence—what people need to know to use the appropriate language for a given social setting. Next comes psycholinguistics, which merges the fields of psychology and (3) linguistics to study how people process language and how language use is related to underlying mental processes. Studies of children’s language acquisition and of second-language acquisition are psycholinguistic in nature. Psycholinguists work to develop models for how language is processed and understood, using evidence from studies of what happens when these processes go awry. Thirdly, computational linguistics. Computational linguistics involves the use of computers to compile linguistic data, analyze languages, translate from one language to another, and develop and test models of language processing. Linguists use computers and large samples of actual language to analyze the relatedness and the structure of languages and to look for patterns and similarities. (4) Computers also aid in stylistic studies, information retrieval, various forms of textual analysis, and the construction of dictionaries and concordances. (5) Applying computers to language studies has resulted in machine translation systems and machines that recognize and produce speech and text. Such machines facilitate communication with humans, including those who are perceptually or linguistically impaired. The fourth subfield is called applied linguistics. (6) Applied linguistics employs linguistic theory and methods to improve overall efficacy in teaching and learning a second language. Linguists look at the errors people make as they learn another language and at their strategies for communicating in the new language at different degrees of competence.(7) In seeking to understand what happens in the mind of the learner, applied linguists recognize that motivation, attitude, learning style, and personality affect how well a person learns another language. The fifth is anthropological linguistics. It is also known as linguistic anthropology, which uses linguistic approaches to analyze culture. Anthropological linguists examine the relationship between a culture and its language, the way cultures and languages have changed over time, and how different cultures and languages are related to one another. For example, the present English use of family and given names arose in the late 13th and early 14th centuries when the laws concerning registration, tenure, and inheritance of property were changed. Coming up next is philosophical linguistics. Philosophical linguistics examines the philosophy of language. Philosophers of language search for the grammatical principles and tendencies that all human languages share. (9) Among the concerns of linguistic philosophers is the range of possible word order combinations throughout the world. One finding is that 95 percent of the world’s languages use a subject-verb-object (SVO) order as English does (like”She pushed the table. “). Only 5 percent use a subject-object-verb (SOV) order or the verb-subject-object (VSO) order. Finally, let’s refer to the neurolinguistics. (10) Neurolinguistics is the study of how language is processed and represented in the brain. Neurolinguists seek to identify the parts of the brain involved with the production and understanding of language and to determine where the components of language (phonemes, morphemes, and structure or syntax) are stored. In doing so, they make use of techniques for analyzing the structure of the brain and the effects of brain damage on language. With that, we come to the end of today’s lecture. Hopefully you have all got a clearidea of these subfields of linguistics, including their different focuses and functions. Next time we’ll specifically target at applied linguistics and find out how this branch benefits SLA learners. Thank you for your attention.Subfields of LinguisticsThe overlapping interests between the field of linguistics and other disciplines create several cross-disciplinary fields of linguistics.1. SociolinguisticsFocusing on patterns and (1)______ in languagewithin a society or community.Examining the way people use language to negotiate their roles in society and to achieve (2)______.2. PsycholinguisticsStudying language processing and its interactionwith (3)______mental processes, for instance, studiesof children’s language acquisition and SLA.3. Computational LinguisticsUsing computers in analyzing languages, stylisticstudies, (4)______, bringing forth machine translationsystems and machines that (‘ 5) ______ and producespeech and text, which may help those with perceptual or linguistical impairment.4. Applied LinguisticsEmploying linguistic theory and methods to improveSLA (6)______, especially focusing on motivation, (7)______, learning style, and personality.5.(8)______LinguisticsExamining the relationship between a culture and its language, the way cultures and languages have changed over time.6. Philosophical LinguisticsExamining the philosophy of language, with onemajor concern to analyze the (9)______ of possibleword order combinations.7. NeurolinguisticsStudying how language is (10) ______ andrepresented in the brain.1．正确答案：variations解析：演讲的主题是语言学的分支，演讲者首先谈论了社会语言学，根据句(1)可知，社会语言学研究某一社会或团体中语言的模式和变异，故空白处应填variations。
2018-2019年专业英语八级考试真题
2018年专业英语八级考试真题PARTI LISTENING COMPREHENSION[25MIN]SECTION A MINI-LECTUREIn this section you will hear a mini-lecture.You will hear the lecture ONCE ONLY.While listening to mini-lecture,please complete the gap-filling task on ANSWER SHEET ONE and write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS for each gap.Make sure you fill in isboth grammatically and semantically acceptable.You may use the blank sheet for note-taking.You have THIRTY seconds to preview the gap-filling task.Now listen to the mini-lecture.When it is over,you will be given THREE minutes to check your work.SECTIONB INTERVIEWI n this section you will hear ONE interview.The interview will be divided into TWO parts.At the end of each part,five questions will be asked about what was said.Both the interview and the questions will be spokenONCE ONLY.After each question there will be a ten-second pause.During the pause,you should read the four choices of A),B),C)and D),and mark the best answer to each question on ANSWER SHEET TWO.You have THIRTY seconds to preview the choices.Now,listen to the first interview.Questions1to5are based on Part Oneof the interview.Now listen to the interview.1.A.Announcement of results.ck of a time schedule.C.Slowness in ballots counting.D.Direction of the electoral events.2.A.Other voices within Afghanistan wanted so.B.The date had been set previously.C.All the ballots had been counted.D.The UN advised them to do so.3.A.To calm the voters.B.To speed up the process.C.To stick to the election rules.D.To stop complaints from the labor.4.A.Unacceptable.B.Unreasonable.C.Insensible.D.Ill considered.5.A.Supportive.B.Ambivalent.C.Opposed.D.Neutral.Now listening to Part Two of the interview.Questions6to10are based on Part Two of the interview.6.A.Ensure the government includes all parties.B.Discuss who is going to be the winner.C.Supervise the counting of votes.D.Seek support from important sectors.7.A.36%-24%.B.46%-34%.C.56%-44%.D.66%-54%.8.A.Both candidates.B.Electoral institutions.C.The United Nations.D.Not specified.9.A.It was unheard of.B.It was on a small scale.C.It was insignificant.D.It occurred elsewhere.10.A.Problems in the electoral process.B.Formation of a new government.C.Premature announcement of results.D.Democracy in Afghanistan.PARTⅡREADING COMPREHENSION[25MIN]SECTION A MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONSIn this section there are three passages followed by fourteen multiple choice questions.For each multiple choice question,there are four suggested answers marked A,B,C and D.Choose the one that you think is the best answer and mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET TWO.PASSAGE ONE(1)―Britain’s best export,‖I was told by the Department of Immigration in Canberra,―is people.‖Close on100,000people have applied for assisted passages in the first five months of the year,and half of these are eventually expected to migrate to Australia.(2)The Australian are delighted.They are keenly ware that without a strong flow of immigrants into the workforce the development of the Australian economy isunlikely to proceed at the ambitious pace currently envisaged.The new mineral discoveries promise a splendid future,and the injection of huge amounts of American and British capital should help to ensure that they are properly exploited,but with unemployment in Australia down to less than 1.3per cent,the government is understandably anxious to attract more skilled labor.(3)Australia is roughly the same size as the continental United States,but has only twelve million inhabitants.Migration has accounted for half the population increase in the last four years,and has contributed greatly to the country’s impressive economic development.Britain has always been the principal source–ninety per cent of Australians are of British descent,and Britain has provided one million migrants since the Second World War.(4)Australia has also given great attention to recruiting people elsewhere. Australians decided they had an excellent potential source of applicants among the so-called―guest workers‖who have crossed the ir own frontiers to work in other arts of Europe.There were estimated to be more than four million of them,and a large number were offered subsidized passages and guaranteed jobs in Australia. Italy has for some years been the second biggest source of migrants,and the Australians have also managed to attract a large number of Greeksand Germans.(5)One drawback with them,so far as the Australians are concerned,is that integration tends to be more difficult.Unlike the British,continental migrants have to struggle with an unfamiliar language and new customs.Many naturally gravitate towards the Italian or Greek communities which have grown up in cities such as Sydney and Melbourne.These colonies have their own newspapers,their own shops,and their own clubs.Their habitants are not Australians,but Europeans.(6)The government’s avowed aim,however,is to maintain―a substantially homogeneous society into which newcomers,from whatever sources,will merge themselves‖.By and large,therefore,Australia still prefers British migrants, and tends to be rather less selective in their case than it is with others.(7)A far bigger cause of concerns than the growth of national groups,however,is the increasing number of migrants who return to their countries of origin.One reason is that people nowadays tend to be more mobile,and that it is easier than in the past to save the return fare,but economic conditions also have something to do with it.A slower rate of growth invariably produces discontent–and if this coincides with greater prosperity in Europe,a lot of people tend to feel that perhaps they were wrong to come here after all.(8)Several surveys have been conducted recently into the reasons why people go home.One noted that―flies,dirt,and outside lavatories‖were on the list of complaints from British immigrants,and added that many people also complained about ―the crudity,bad manners,and unfriendliness of the Australians‖.Another survey gave climate conditions,homesickness,and―the stark appearance of the Australian countryside‖as the main reasons for leaving.(9)Most British migrants miss council housing the National Health scheme,and their relatives and former neighbor.Loneliness is a big factor,especially among housewives.The men soon make new friends at work,but wives tend to find it much harder to get used to a different way of life.Many are housebound because of inadequate public transport in most outlying suburbs,and regular correspondence with their old friends at home only serves to increase their discontent.One housewife was quoted recently as saying:―I even find I miss the people I used to hate at home.‖(10)Rent are high,and there are long waiting lists for Housing Commission homes. Sickness can be an expensive business and the climate can be unexpectedly rough. The gap between Australian and British wage packets is no longer big,and people are generally expected to work harder here than they do at home.Professional men over forty often have difficulty in finding a decent job.Above all,perhaps,skilled immigrants often finds a considerable reluctance to accept their qualifications.(11)According to the journal Australian Manufacturer,the attitude of many employers and fellow workers is anything but friendly.―We Australians,‖it stated in a recent issue,―are just too fond of painting the rosy picture of the big,warm-hearted Aussie.As a matter of fact,we are so busy blowing our own trumpets that we have not not time to be warm-hearted and considerate.Go down―heart-break alley‖among some of the migrants and find out just how expansive the Aussie is to his immigrants.‖11.The Australians want a strong flow of immigrants because.A.Immigrants speed up economic expansionB.unemployment is down to a low figureC.immigrants attract foreign capitalD.Australia is as large as the United States12.Australia prefers immigrants from Britain because.A.they are selected carefully before entryB.they are likely to form national groupsC.they easily merge into local communitiesD.they are fond of living in small towns13.In explaining why some migrants return to Europe the author.A.stresses their economic motivesB.emphasizes the variety of their motivesC.stresses loneliness and homesicknessD.emphasizes the difficulties of men over forty14.which of the following words is used literally,not metaphorically?A.―flow‖(Para.2).B.―injection‖(Para.2).C.―gravitate‖(Para.5).D.―selective‖(Para.6).15.Para.11pictures the Australians as.A.unsympatheticB.ungenerousC.undemonstrativeD.unreliablePASSAGE TWO(1)Some of the advantages of bilingualism include better performance at tasks involving―executive function‖(which involves the brain’s ability to plan and prioritize),better defense against dementia in old age and—the obvious—the ability to speak a second language.One purported advantage was not mentioned,though. Many multilinguals report different personalities,or even different worldviews, when they speak their different languages.(2)It’s an exciting notion,the idea that one’s very self coul d be broadened by the mastery of two or more languages.In obvious ways(exposure to new friends, literature and so forth)the self really is broadened.Yet it is different to claim—as many people do—to have a different personality when using a different language.A former Economist colleague,for example,reported being ruder in Hebrew than in English.So what is going on here?(3)Benjamin Lee Whorf,an American linguist who died in1941,held that each languageencodes a worldview that significantly infl uences its speakers.Often called―Whorfianism‖,this idea has its sceptics,but there are still good reasons to believe language shapes thought.(4)This influence is not necessarily linked to the vocabulary or grammar of a second language.Significantly,most people are not symmetrically bilingual.Many have learned one language at home from parents,and another later in life,usually at school.So bilinguals usually have different strengths and weaknesses in their different languages—and they are not always best in their first language.For example,when tested in a foreign language,people are less likely to fall into a cognitive trap(answering a test question with an obvious-seeming but wrong answer)than when tested in their native language.In part this is because working in a second language slows down the thinking.No wonder people feel different when speaking them.And no wonder they feel looser,more spontaneous, perhaps more assertive or funnier or blunter,in the language they were reared in from childhood.(5)What of―crib‖bilinguals,raised in two languages?Even they do not usually have perfectly symmetrical competence in their two languages.But even for a speaker whose two languages are very nearly the same in ability,there is another big reason that person will feel different in the two languages.This is because there is an important distinction between bilingualism and biculturalism.(6)Many bilinguals are not bicultural.But some are.And of those bicultural bilinguals,we should be little surprised that they feel different in their two languages.Experiments in psychology have shown the power of―priming‖—small unnoticed factors that can affect behavior in big ways.Asking people to tell a happy story,for example,will put them in a better mood.The choice between two languages is a huge prime.Speaking Spanish rather than English,for a bilingual and bicultural Puerto Rican in New York,might conjure feelings of family and home.Switching to English might prime the same person to think of school and work.(7)So there are two very good reasons(asymmetrical ability,and priming)that make people feel different speaking their different languages.We are still left with a third kind of argument,though.An economist recently interviewed here at Prospero, Athanasia Chalari,said for example that:Greeks are very loud and they interrupt each other very often.The reason for that is the Greek grammar and syntax.When Greeks talk they begin their sentences with verbs and the form of the verb includes a lot of information so you already know what they are talking about after the first word and can interrupt more easily.(8)Is there something intrinsic to the Greek language that encourages Greeks to interrupt?People seem to enjoy telling tales about their languages'inherent properties,and how they influence their speakers.A group of French intellectual worthies once proposed,rather self-flatteringly,that French be the sole legal language of the EU,because of its supposedly unmatchable rigor and precision.Some Germans believe that frequently putting the verb at the end of a sentence makes the language especially logical.But language myths are not always self-flattering:many speakers think their languages are unusually illogical or difficult—witness the plethora of books along the lines of"Only in English do you park on a driveway and drive on a parkway;English must be the craziest language in the world!"We also see some unsurprising overlap with national stereotypes and self-stereotypes: French,rigorous;German,logical;English,playful.Of course.(9)In this case,Ms Chalari,a scholar,at least proposed a specific and plausible line of causation from grammar to personality:in Greek,the verb comes first,and it carries a lot of information,hence easy interrupting.The problem is that many unrelated languages all around the world put the verb at the beginning of sentences. Many languages all around the world are heavily inflected,encoding lots of information in verbs.It would be a striking finding if all of these unrelated languages had speakers more prone to interrupting each other.Welsh,for example, is also both verb-first and about as heavily inflected as Greek,but the Welsh are not known as pushy conversationalists.16.According to the author,which of the following advantages of bilingualism is commonly accepted?A.Personality improvement.B.Better task performance.C.Change of worldviews.D.Avoidance of old-age disease.17.According to the passage,that language influences thought may be related to.A.the vocabulary of a second languageB.the grammar of a second languageC.the improved test performance in a second languageD.the slowdown of thinking in a second language18.W hat is the author’s response to the question at the beginning of Para.8?A.It’s just one of the popular tales of national stereotypes.B.Some properties inherent can make a language logical.C.German and French are good examples of Whorfianism.D.There is adequate evidence to support a positive answer.19.Which of the following statements concerning Para.9is correct?A.Ms.Chalari’s theory about the Greek language is well grounded.B.Speakers of many other languages are also prone to interrupting.C.Grammar is unnecessarily a condition for change in personality.D.Many unrelated languages don’t have the same features as Greek.20.In discussing the issue,the author’s attitude is.A.satiricalB.objectiveC.criticalD.ambivalentPASSAGE THREE(1)Once across the river and into the wholesale district,she glanced about her for some likely door at which to apply.As she contemplated the wide windows and imposing signs,she became conscious of being gazed upon and understood for what she was-a wage-seeker.Shehad never done this thing before,and lacked courage.To avoid a certain indefinableshame she felt at being caught spying about for a position,she quickened her steps and assumed an air of indifference supposedly common to one upon an errand.In this way she passed many manufacturing and wholesale houses without once glancing in. At last,after several blocks of walking,she felt that this would not do,and began to look about again,though without relaxing her pace.A little way on she saw a great door which,for some reason,attracted her attention.It was ornamented by a small brass sign,and seemed to be the entrance to a vast hive of six or seven floors."Perhaps,"she thought,"they may want some one,"and crossed over to enter. When she came within a score of feet of the desired goal,she saw through the window a young man in a grey checked suit.That he had anything to do with the concern, she could not tell,but because he happened to be looking in her direction her weakening heart misgave her and she hurried by,too overcome with shame to enter. Over the way stood a great six-story structure,labelled Storm and King,which she viewed with rising hope.It was a wholesale dry goods concern and employed women. She could see them moving about now and then upon the upper floors.This place she decided to enter,no matter what.She crossed over and walked directly toward the entrance.As she did so,two men came out and paused in the door.A telegraph messenger in blue dashed past her and up the few steps that led to the entrance and disappeared. Several pedestrians out of the hurrying throng which filled the sidewalks passed about her as she paused,hesitating.She looked helplessly around,and then,seeing herself observed,retreated.It was too difficult a task.She could not go past them.(2)So severe a defeat told sadly upon her nerves.Her feet carried her mechanically forward,every foot of her progress being a satisfactory portion of a flight which she gladly made.Block after block passed by.Upon streetlamps at the various corners she read names such as Madison,Monroe,La Salle,Clark,Dearborn,State,and still she went,her feet beginning to tire upon the broad stone flagging.She was pleased in part that the streets were bright and clean.The morning sun,shining down with steadily increasing warmth,made the shady side of the streets pleasantly cool.She looked at the blue sky overhead with more realization of its charm than had ever come to her before.(3)Her cowardice began to trouble her in a way.She turned back,resolving to hunt up Storm and King and enter.On the way,she encountered a great wholesale shoe company,through the broad plate windows of which she saw an enclosed executive department,hidden by frosted glass.Without this enclosure,but just within the street entrance,sat a grey-haired gentleman at a small table,with a large open ledger before him.She walked by this institution several times hesitating,but, finding herself unobserved,faltered past the screen door and stood humble waiting.(4)"Well,young lady,"observed the old gentleman,looking at her somewhat kindly, "what is it you wish?"(5)"I am,that is,do you--I mean,do you need any help?"she stammered.(6)"Not just at present,"he answered smiling."Not just at e in some time next week.Occasionally we need some one."(7)She received the answer in silence and backed awkwardly out.The pleasant nature of her reception rather astonished her.She had expected that it would be more difficult,that something cold and harsh would be said--she knew not what.That she had not been put to shame and made to feel her unfortunate position,seemed remarkable. She did not realize thatit was just this which made her experience easy,but the result was the same.She felt greatly relieved.(8)Somewhat encouraged,she ventured into another large structure.It was a clothing company,and more people were in evidence.(9)An office boy approached her.(10)"Who is it you wish to see?"he asked.(11)"I want to see the manager,"she returned.(12)He ran away and spoke to one of a group of three men who were conferring together. One of these came towards her.(13)"Well?"he said coldly.The greeting drove all courage from her at once.(14)"Do you need any help?"she stammered.(15)"No,"he replied abruptly,and turned upon his heel.(16)She went foolishly out,the office boy deferentially swinging the door for her, and gladly sank into the obscuring crowd.It was a severe setback to her recently pleased mental state.21.She quickened her steps because she.A.was afraid of being seen as a strangerB.was in a hurry to leave the districtC.wanted to look like someone working thereD.wanted to apply at more factories that day22.Why didn’t she enter Storm and King the first time?A.She was too timid to enter the buildingB.Two men stopped her at the entranceC.Several pedestrians had found her strangeD.The messenger had closed the door behind him23.What does―every foot of her progress being a satisfactory portion of a flight which she gladly made‖mean according to the context(Para.2)?A.She thought she was making progress in job search.B.She was glad that she was looking for a job.C.She found her experience satisfactory.D.She just wanted to leave the place.24.Why did she feel greatly relieved(Para.7)?A.She eventually managed to enter the building.B.She was kindly received by the clerk.C.She had the courage to make an inquiry.D.She was promised a work position.SECTION B SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONSIn this section there are eight short answer questions based on the passages in SECTION A.Answer each question in NO MORE THAN TEN WORDS in the space provided on ANSWER SHEET TWO.PASSAGE ONE25.What do―promise‖and―should‖in Para.2imply about author’s vision of Australia’s economy?26.Explain the meaning of―the growth of national groups‖according to the context(Para.7).PASSAGE TWO27.Explain the meaning of―The choice between two languages is a huge prime.‖according tothe context(Para.6)28.What reasons does the author give to explain why people feel different when speaking different languages?29.What does the author focus on in the passage?PASSAGE THREE30.Select and write down at least THREE words or phrases in Para.1describing the girl’s inner feelings while walking in the streets looking for a job.31.Explain the meaning of―So severe a defeat told sadly upon her nerves.‖according to the context(Para.2).32.In―It was a severe setback to her recently pleased mental state.‖(Para.16), what does―her recently pleased mental state‖refer to according to the context?PART III LANGUAGE USAGE[15MIN]The passage contains TEN errors.Each indicated line contains a maximum of ONE error. In each case,only ONE word is involved.You should proof-read the passage and correct it in the following way:For a wrong word,underline the wrong word and write the correct one in the blank provided at the end of the line.For a missing word,mark the position of the missing word with a“∧”sign andwrite the word you believe to be missing in the blankprovided at the end of the line.For an unnecessary word,cross the unnecessary word with a slash“/”and put theword in the blank provided at the end of the line.ExampleWhen∧art museum wants a new exhibit,(1)anit never buys things in finished form and hangs(2)neverthem on the wall.When a natural history museumwants an exhibition,it must often build it.(3)exhibitProofread the given passage on ANSWER SHEET THREE as instructedPART IV TRANSLATION[20MIN]Translate the underlined part of the following text from Chinese into English.Write your translation on ANSWER SHEET THREE文学书籍起码使我们的内心可以达到这样的三感:善感、敏感和美感。
(完整版)专八听力minilecture真题及答案doc
2015英语专业八级听力第一部分MINI-LECTURELISTENING COMPREHENSIONSECTION A MINI-LECTUREUnderstanding Academic LecturesListening to academic lectures is an important task fro university students.Then, how can we comprehend a lecture efficiently?I.Understand all (1) ______________A.wordsB.(2) ______________-stress-intonation-(3) ______________II. Adding informationA.lecturers: sharing information with audienceB.listeners: (4) ______________C.sources of information-knowledge of (5) ______________-(6) ______________ of the worldD. listening involving three steps:-hearing-(7) ______________-addingIII. (8) ______________A.reasons:-overcome noise-save timeB. (9) ______________-content-organizationIV. Evaluating while listeningA.helps to decide the (10) ______________ of notesB.helps to remember information答案：1. parts of meanings 2. sound/vocal features 3. rhythm 4. absorbing 5. subject 6. experience 7. reinterpreting 8. prediction 9. what to listen 10. Importance20152014ANSWER SHEET 1 (TEM8)PART I LISTENING COMPREHENSION SECTION A MINI-LECTUREHow to Reduce StressLife is full of things that cause us stress. Though we may not like stress, we have to live with it.I. Definition of stress A. (1) reaction (1) physical i.e. force exerted between two touching bodies B. human reactioni.e. response to (2) on someone (2) a demand e.g. increase in breathing, heart rate, (3) (3) blood pressure or muscle tensionII. (4) (4) Category of stress A. positive stress—where it occurs: Christmas, wedding, (5) (5) a job B. negative stress—where it occurs: test-taking situations, friend’s death III. Ways to cope with stress A. recognition of stress signals—monitor for (6) of stress (6) signals —find ways to protect oneself B. attention to body demand—effect of (7) (7) exercise and nutrition C. planning and acting appropriately —reason for planning —(8) of planning (8) result D. learning to (9) (9) accept —e.g. delay caused by traffic E. pacing activities—manageable task —(10) (10) reasonable speed2013SECTION A MINI-LECTUREWhat Do Active Learners Do?There are difference between active learning and passive learning.Characteristics of active learners:I. reading with purposesA. before reading: setting goalsB. while reading: (1) ________II. (2) ______ and critical in thinkingi.e. information processing, e.g.-- connections between the known and the new information-- identification of (3) ______ concepts-- judgment on the value of (4) _____.III. active in listeningA. ways of note-taking: (5) _______.B. before note-taking: listening and thinkingIV. being able to get assistanceA. reason 1: knowing comprehension problems because of (6) ______.B. Reason 2: being able to predict study difficultiesV. being able to question informationA. question what they read or hearB. evaluate and (7) ______.VI. Last characteristicA. attitude toward responsibility-- active learners: accept-- passive learners: (8) _______B. attitude toward (9) ______-- active learners: evaluate and change behaviour-- passive learners: no change in approachRelationship between skill and will: will is more important in (10) ______.Lack of will leads to difficulty in college learning.参考答案：1. checking their understanding2. reflective on information3. incomprehensible4. what you read5. organized6. monitoring their understanding7. differentiate8. blame9. performance10. active learningSection A Mini-lecture或者1、checking understanding。
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Language and HumanityGood morning, everyone.In today's lecture, we're going to discuss the relationship between language and humanity. As we all know, language is very powerful.It allows you to put a thought from your mind directly in someone else's mind. Languages are like genes talking, getting things they want.And you just imagine the sense of wonder in a baby when it first discovers that, merely by uttering a sound, it can get objects to move across a room as if by magic, and maybe even into its mouth.Now we need to explain how and why this remarkable trait, you know, human's ability to do things with language, has evolved, and why did this trait evolve only in our species?In order to get an answer to the question, we have to go to tool use in the chimpanzees.Chimpanzees can use tools, and we take that phenomenon as a sign of their intelligence.But if they really were intelligent, why would they crack open nuts with a rock?Why wouldn't they just go to a shop and buy a bag of nuts that somebody else had already cracked open for them?Why not? I mean, that's what we do.The reason the chimpanzees don't do that is that they lack what psychologists and anthropologists call social learning.That is, they seem to lack the ability to learn from others by copying or imitating or simply watching.As a result, they can't improve on others' ideas, learn from others' mistakes, or even benefit from others' wisdom.And so they just do the same thing over and over and over again.In fact, we could go away for a million years and come back and these chimpanzees would be doing the same thing with the same rocks to crack open the nuts.Okay, so what this tells us is that, contrary to the old saying, "monkey see, monkey do," the surprise really is that all of the other animals really cannot do that -- at least not very much.But by comparison, we humans can learn.We can learn by watching other people and copying or imitating what they can do.We can then choose, from among a range of options available, the best one.We can benefit from others' ideas. We can build on their wisdom.And as a result, our ideas do accumulate, and our technology progresses.And this cumulative cultural adaptation, as anthropologists call this accumulation of ideas, is responsible for everything around you in your bustling and teeming everyday life.I mean the world has changed out of all proportion to what we would recognize even 1,000 or 2,000 years ago.And all of this is because of cumulative cultural adaptation.For instance, the chairs you're sitting in today, the lights in this lecture hall, my microphone, the iPads and the smart phones that you carry around with you -- all are a result of cumulative cultural adaptation.But, our acquisition of social learning would create an evolutionary dilemma, and the solution to the dilemma, it's fair to say, would determine not only the future course of our psychology, but the future course of the entire world.And most importantly for this, it'll tell us why we have language.And the reason that dilemma arose is, it turns out, that social learning is visual theft.What I mean is, if I can learn by watching you, I can steal your best ideas, and I can benefit from your efforts, without having to put in the same time and energy that you did into developing them.Social learning really is visual theft.And in any species that acquired it, it would encourage you to hide your best ideas, lest somebody steal them from you.And so some time around 200,000 years ago, our species confronted this crisis.And we chose to develop the systems of communication that would allow us to share ideas and to cooperate amongst others.Choosing this option would mean that a vastly greater fund of knowledge and wisdom would become available to any one individual than would ever arise from within an individual family or an individual person on their own.Well, language is the result.Language evolved to solve the crisis of visual theft.Language is a piece of social technology for enhancing the benefits of cooperation --for reaching agreements, for striking deals and for coordinating our activities.And you can see that, in a developing society that was beginning to acquire language, not having language would be like a bird without wings.As I said at the beginning, language really is the voice of our genes.But, as we spread out around the world, we developed thousands of different languages.Currently, there are about seven or eight thousand different languages spoken on Earth. And then another problem occurred.It seems that we use our language, not just to cooperate, but to draw rings around our cooperative groups and to establish identities, and perhaps to protect our knowledge and wisdom and skills from being stolen from outside.And we know this because when we study different language groups and associate them with their cultures, we see that different languages slow the flow of ideas between groups.Okay, this tendency we have, this seemingly natural tendency we have, goes towards isolation, towards keeping everything to ourselves, whereas our modern world is communicating with itself and with each other more than it has at any time in its past. And that communication, that connectivity around the world, that globalization now raises a burden.Because these different languages impose a barrier, as we've just seen, to the transfer of goods and ideas and technologies and wisdom.And they impose a barrier to cooperation. What will be the solution?In a world in which we want to promote cooperation and exchange, and in a world that might be dependent more than ever before on cooperation to maintain and enhance our levels of prosperity,I think it might be inevitable that we have to confront the idea that our destiny is to be one world with one language.What do you think of the solution? Okay.In today's lecture, I have presented to you how language shapes our humanity, what kind of dilemma social learning has created, and the possible solutions to the dilemma.In our next lecture, I am going to talk about lingua franca and its functions.。