英语的四大复合结构

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英语的四大复合结构

英语的复合结构由两个部分组成:一个部分表示人或者物,另一个部分表示动作或者状态。两个部分之间存在逻辑上的主谓关系,就是第一部分的人或物是第二部分动作的执行者或承受者,或者,第二部分所表示的状态就是第一部分所表示的人或物所处的状态。例如:

We think a good knowledge of English as necessary as an excellent ability to communicate in the work of a foreign affairs official. (英语必不可少)

With stepping stones along the road, you don’t have to walk in the mud. (沿路的是石头)

英语中有四大复合结构:

1. 动词不定式的复合结构 ( for sb to do sth )

Please find some work for the children to do. (孩子们做工作) The book is too difficult for me to read, (我读不懂)

2. 动名词的复合结构 ( sb’s / sb doing sth )

His being late again made the teacher angry. (他迟到) Would you mind my / me smoking here? (我抽烟)

动名词复合结构不在句首时可以用“宾格加动名词”。

以上两种结构中,一个只能用不定式表示动作,一个只能用动名词;而在下面两个结构中,可以有多种词性的词表示动作或状态。

3. 独立主格结构 (主格名词或代词+补足成分)

The work finished, we stopped for a drink. (分词)

She looked angrily at the pretty girl, her face white and her eyes green. (形容词)

Sword in hand, the man came at me. (介词短语)

独立主格结构在句子中做状语,表原因或伴随状态。

4. 复合宾语 (宾语+宾语补足语)

His speech made us laugh. (不定式)

When she woke up, she found herself in hospital. (介词短语) I want the house painted white. (分词)

Don’t keep the lights on all the night. (副词。这类副词还有:here, there, home, back, off, away, out, in, up, down等) We consider him one of our best friends. (名词)

We found the movie wonderful. (形容词)

能够接复合宾语的动词可分为三类:

(1). 感官类,如:see, notice, watch, observe, hear, feel 等 (2). 意识类,如:believe, think, suppose, consider, wish 等 (3). 使动类,如:keep, leave; make, have, let 等

除动词可以接复合宾语外,介词with也可以接复合宾语,在句子中做状语和定语。

The farmers found some stone with writing on it. (定语) With a lot of work to do, he got up early and hurried to the

workshop. (状语)

与动词一样,With复宾中的宾语补足语也可以由各种结构来充当。

英语语法With的复合结构用的较多,以下是用法:

表伴随时,既可用分词的独立结构,也可用with的复合结构。

with +名词(代词)+现在分词/过去分词/形容词/副词/不定式/介词短语举例: He stood there, his hand raised.

= He stood there, with his hand raise.

典型例题:

The murder was brought in, with his hands ___ behind his back。

A. being tied

B. having tied

C. to be tied

D. tied

答案D. with +名词(代词)+分词+介词短语结构。当分词表示伴随状况时,其主语常常用with来引导。由于本句中名词"手"与分词"绑"是被动关系,因此用过去分词,选D.

注意:

1) 独立主格结构使用介词的问题:

当介词是in时,其前后的两个名词均不加任何成分(如物主代词或冠词),也不用复数。但 with 的复合结构不受此限制

A robber burst into the room, knife in hand.

( hand前不能加his)。

2) 当表人体部位的词做逻辑主语时,及物动词用现在分 词,不及物动词用过去分词。

He lay there, his teeth set, his hand clenched, his eyes looking straight up.

典型例题:

Weather___, we'll go out for a walk.

A permitted

B permitting

C permits

D for permitting

答案B. 本题中没有连词,它不是复合句,也不是并列句。 句中使用了

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