美国历史文化概况(英文版)UNIT 4 Civil War and Abraham Lincoln
American History 英美概况美国历史
American History➢I. America in the colonial era➢II. The War of Independence➢III. The Civil War➢IV. America during the two World WarsI. America in the colonial era➢Who were the very first Americans?➢Who was the first one discovering the new continent?➢After whom was the new continent named?I. America in the colonial era➢1.The very first Americans were Indians.●They created their civilization, known as Maya civilization, dominating Mexico and Central America from 4th to the 10th centuries.●They were the descendants of the Mongoloid (蒙古人种的) people in Asia.●About 20,000 years ago, they traveled to the North American continent across the Bering Strait (白令海峡).➢2. Christopher Columbus is believed to have discovered America.●In 1492, Christopher Columbus discovered America. However, he believed he had reached India and called the natives Indians.➢In 1500, Amerigo Vespucci, an Italian navigator, also under the Spanish flag, drew the conclusion that what he found was a new continent.3. The establishment of colonies➢Since the America was found, the Spanish established many colonies: Florida, Los Angeles, and San Francisco.➢In 1588, the Spanish Armada was defeated by the English navy，which put England in a better position to provide support for its New World colonies.3. The establishment of colonies➢Between 1607 and 1733 the British established 13 colonies along the east coast of North America.➢These 13 colonies were established in different patterns:●crown colonies ( 直辖殖民地),●proprietary colonies ( 业主殖民地),●charter colonies ( 特许公司殖民地),●self-governing or compact colonies ( 自治殖民地或契约殖民地).➢1) The first successful English colony in North America was founded at Jamestown, Virginia , in 1607.➢2) In 1620, a group of Pilgrims sailed to the New World in a ship called Mayflower. They arrived at Plymouth, and built the New Plymouth colony in New England. These Pilgrims drew up the epoch-making Mayflower Compact (五月花契约), which was signed by all adult males on the ship.3. The establishment of colonies➢3) From 1630 to 1643, some 200 ships transported over 20,000 Englishmen to the Massachusetts Bay colony. ➢Plymouth remained a separate colony until 1691 when it was combined with Massachusetts Bay colony. Puritans➢People who criticized or wished to "purify" the Church of England.➢"Puritan" refers to two distinct groups:➢"separating" Puritans, radical Protestants, such as the Plymouth colonists, the pilgrims, who believed that the Church of England was corrupt and that true Christians must separate themselves from it; and➢“non-separating” Puritans, such as the colonists who settled the Massachusetts Bay Colony, who believed inreform but not separation.Puritans➢(1) Puritans believed that God had set special duties for everyone to carry out.➢(2) These puritans were well known for their spirit of enterprise and high standard of morality.➢(3) Puritans advocated thriftiness in doing things and rejected all church rituals. They demanded equality and opposed all priestly hierarchy.Puritans➢(4) They believed it was noble to protect human rights in their pursuit of wealth.➢(5) Puritans placed great importance on education and founded Harvard College in 1636. Most of the Puritans were well-educated and wealthy.Puritans3. The establishment of colonies➢4) The Rhode Island Colony was founded by dissenters pushed out of Massachusetts.➢5) The other four colonies: the Connecticut Colony, the New Hampshire colony, Maine, Vermont comprises the region, known as New England.3. The establishment of colonies➢The New Englanders, despite their differences, mostly belong to the Puritan group in religion. Their values include the belief in hard work, thriftiness, accumulation of wealth, self-government, acquisitiveness, and Puritanic morality. Their culture laid the foundation of American values and became the American mainstream culture. And New England has been regarded as the cradle of American democracy.3. The establishment of colonies➢6) New York and New Jersey were first colonized by the Dutch while Delaware was founded by the Swedish. These three colonies were later taken over by the English Crown as crown colonies.3. The establishment of colonies➢7) Pennsylvania was founded by William Penn. Pen n set up a colony, Pennsylvania, meaning “Penn’s wood”. He adopted a tolerant policy which welcomed any settlers who read the Bible and believed in God. Pennsylvania later played an active role in fighting for America’s independence and against the slave s ystem in the South.3. The establishment of colonies➢8) The other colonies were Maryland, South and North Carolinas, and Georgia.➢So, by 1773, English settlers had occupied 13 colonies along the Atlantic coast.4. Features of American culture:➢1) a blending of European cultures under new circumstances in the New World➢2) less formal but more pragmatic, less conservative and more outspoken;➢3) hard-work, diligence, religious tolerance, respect of individual rights●(people of different national origi ns required social life to show toleration; not interfering in others’ privacy; problems concerning belief became a private affair)➢4) attaching great importance to education●founding Harvard College in Massachusetts 1636 by the Puritans with the original idea of enabling people to read Bible and communicate with God.➢Who were the very first Americans?➢Who is believed to have discovered America?➢After whom America was named?➢Which was the first successful English colony in North America?➢Which was New England comprised of?➢Which were the first 13 colonies along the Atlantic coast?II. The War of Independence➢1. Background➢1) The French and Indian War (The Seven Years’ War, 1756-1763)●The war first broke out in America between French and England, both of which claimed the Ohio River valley.●In 1754, the English colonists started to attack the French troops in this region and this touched off the French and Indian War.●The War, officially declared in Europe in 1756, was also known in Europe as the Seven Years’ War. Many countries in Europe were involved in the war.●Finally, France failed. The French had to sign the 1763 Treaty of Paris and ceded Canada to Britain.➢2) Conflict between England and its colonies:●England imposed new taxes partly in order to defray the cost of fighting the Seven Years’ War, and expected Americans to lodge British soldiers in their homes. The colonists resented the taxes and resisted the quartering of soldiers.●In 1765, the Stamp Act was passed by the English Parliament.●The Act was aiming to collect more taxes from the colonists, which made many colonists unhappy because they were not given a single seat to voice their feelings in the English Parliament at that time, so they raised the slogan of “no taxation without representation”.➢The direct cause: The Boston Tea Party●Because of import duties on tea, many merchants smuggled tea from Holland, instead of importing from England.●In order to deal with the rotting tea in the London warehouses and make more profits, the East India Company,a vital source of British wealth, was allowed by the British Government to sell its tea to the colonies free of import duty.●Colonial merchants were enraged and protested against the unequal treatment. On December 16, 1773, a band of50 men disguised as Indians and led by Samuel Adams dumped 90,000 pounds tea of three British tea-bearing ships lying at anchor in Boston Harbor, worth 90,000 pounds.➢3) the First Continental Congress●In September 1774●held in Philadelphia which encouraged Americans to refuse to buy British goods➢2. process➢1) the first shots●On April 19, 1775, 700 British soldiers were sent to Concord to search for weapons and “rebellious” colonists. When the troops reached Lexington at dawn, they encountered militiamen.●Fighting broke out and the first shots in the American War of Independence were fired.➢2) the Second Continental Congress➢In May, 1775➢held in Philadelphia and began to assume the functions of a national government.➢It founded the Continental Army and Navy under the command of George Washington.➢Thomas Jefferson drafted the Declaration of Independence, which the Congress adopted on July 4, 1776.➢The Declaration of Independence➢presenting a public defense of the American War of Independence➢a clear explanation of the political theory behind the revolution and this theory came from the British philosopher John Locke:●men have a natural right to “life, liberty and the pursuit of Happiness”; government can rule only with “theconsent of the governed”; any government may be dissolved when it fails to protect the rights of the people.●This theory is central to the western political tradition.➢3. Results●At first, the war went badly for the Americans.●After endless hard fighting, in October 1777, the Americans defeated the British troops at Saratoga 萨拉托加in Northern New York.●This was the turning point of the War, leading directly to an alliance between the U.S and France. (statue of liberty, 1886)●Finally, in 1783, the Treaty of Paris was signed, with which, the America won its independence.➢4. After the War of Independence➢1) problem➢How to convert the Confederation into Federation became a big problem for Americans.➢Because of different backgrounds and economic conditions, the 13 states were not closely united.●There were conflicts between radicals and moderates.●Moderates advocated a political economy based on a strong national government that would actively advance commerce and protect private property.●Radicals favoured a different political economy, based on a weaker central government, a more localized democracy, and a hand-off economic policy.➢2) the Constitutional Convention●On May 25, 1787●held in Philadelphia●Fifty-five delegates from all the states except Rhode Island attended the Convention.●These delegates were advocates of a united nation and had been active in the Revolution.●George Washington was elected chairman of the Convention.●James Madison from Virginia took the lead in the work to write a new constitution and he became known as “Father of the U. S. Constitution.”➢3) Federalist Papers 联邦文集●Prominent Federalists such as Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay wrote 85 letters to the newspapers of New York, which were known as the Federalist Papers.●the best explanation of the constitution as well as one of the most important works on political theory➢4) the Bill of Rights人权法案➢The first ten amendments to the U.S Constitution, which was called the Bill of Rights, adopted in 1791 which promise to protect individuals' rights.●Freedom of religion, speech and the press;●The right to keep and bear arms;●The right against unreasonable searches and seizures;●The right against self-incrimination ( 自证其罪).。
American History 4
% Factory Workers % Factory Production
No. of Factories
Miles of Railroad
110,000
22,000
18,000
9,000
One of the main reasons that the Civil War lasted so long and was so bloody was because of the excellent generals. Grant and Lee had served together during the MexicanAmerican War. Gen. Ulysses S. Grant USA Gen. Robert E. Lee CSA
Attack on Fort Sumter
On April 12th, 1861, the southern troops bombarded Fort Sumter. It was the beginning of the Civil War.
USA
No. of States Total Population % of total
General Lee was one of the best soldiers in the US Army and Lincoln asked him to command the Union Army during the Civil War, but since Lee was from Virginia, he chose to fight for the Confederacy.
American History
The American Civil War
AmericanCivilWar
2. Gettysburg Address (Nov. 19, 1863) • July 1863, the turning point of the war at Gettysburg. The confederate army led by the general Robert E. Lee was defeated. 3. In April 1865, the war ended and on April 14th Lincoln was assassinated. 4. In 1865, the 13th Amendment to the US Constitution was adopted, which abolished slavery throughout the US.
Ⅱ、Way to the Civil War
1. “The Missouri Compromise of 1820” • admitted Missouri as a slave state and Maine was created and admitted to the Union as a free state. It also prohibited slavery in any other lands in the Louisiana Territory north of the 36°30’
2
Westward Movement
3
Economic Antagonism between the North & South
1. Territorial Expansion & Monroe Doctrine
13 states Purchase of Louisiana & Florida
American historys 美国历史精讲 英语国家概况
1) The "discovery" of the New World 发现新大陆①The "first Americans" were the Indians 最早的美国人是印第安人②②In the late 15th century, Christopher Columbus, an Italian navigator, supported by the Spanish queen, he led his men to sail across the vast ocean in 1492 and reached some small islands in the now west Indies. He thought he had reached Asia and didn't know he had discovered a New Continent.15世纪后期，意大利航海家克里斯多弗.哥伦布，在西班牙女王的支持下,于1492年率领船队穿越浩瀚的大西洋，抵达了现在西印度群岛的一些小岛。
他误以为到达了亚洲，并不知道自己已经发现了一个新大陆。
③Ameriga Vespucci proved that the land was a new continent. Therefore, the land was named America after him.阿美利歌·韦斯普奇证明了这是新大陆，因此，以他的名字命名。
2)Causes of the colonization of the New World 殖民时期Opportunity was a magic word.机遇是一个神气的词①The new Would drew English nobles (who dreamed of getting more land and establishing great new estates.).②Drew other people who could not find jobs in England.③Most of all , it drew the poor and the homeless from the farmlands and villages of Europe.④Many settlers came to the English colonies in search of religious freedom because they had been persecuted in England.1）他吸引了英国的贵族（那些梦想在荒原上创建庞大的新地产的）2）吸引那些在英国无法找到工作的人。
美国历史文化概况(英文版)UNIT (4)
Text A
American Civil War
TEXT A
Preview
南北战争，又称美国内战（American Civil War）， 是美国历史上一场大规模的内战，参战双方为北方资 产阶级领导下的美利坚合众国（简称联邦）和南方种 植场奴隶主领导下的美利坚联盟国（简称邦联）。这 场战争的起因为美国南部十一州以亚伯拉罕•林肯就任 总统为由而陆续退出联邦，而林肯下令攻打“叛乱” 州。但根源却在于南方种植园经济体制制约了北方资 本主义的发展。此战不但改变了美国的政经情势，导 致奴隶制度在美国南方被最终废除，也对日后美国的 民间社会产生巨大的影响。
TEXT A
Notes
3. Border slave states: In the context of the American Civil War, the term border states refers to the five slave states of Delaware, Kentucky, Maryland, Missouri, and West Virginia, which bordered a free state and were aligned with the Union. All but Delaware share borders with states that joined the Confederacy.
5. At the beginning of military struggle, the Northern States were poorly prepared for the war. And in terms of strength, the North didn’t enjoy much superiority. ( ) 6. During the first two years of American Civil War, the Federal Army suffered repeated setbacks. ( ) 7. The famous Emancipation Proclamation became effective on September 22, 1862. ( ) 8. The war ended in victory for the North and the Union when the Southern troops were hemmed in at Appomattox, Virginia. ( )
美国Civil War 讲解,英文版
Realize deeply the significance of country’s unification and yearn for peaceful and stable life;
Offered subject for the later literature.
frustrated the vestige of British colonial power;
the battle of Chickamauga
Battle of Gettysburg
a turning point The north army got the initiative.
Influence of the Civil War
The positive meaning
The negative meaning
Nov. 22nd,1862, Lincoln published The Emancipation Proclamation in advance
1862～1863,the policy of arming the black
some major battles
the battle of Vicksburg the battle of Gettysburg
freed the black slaves and encouraged American’s democracy.
The significance of the military affairs
1
promoted the formation dispersed, field fortifications and infantry force operating near the use and development;
美国历史知识英语作文
美国历史知识英语作文The American Revolution was a turning point in the history of the United States. It was a time of great upheaval and change, as the colonies fought for their independence from British rule.The Civil War was a bloody conflict that tore the nation apart. It was a time of great division and strife, as the North and South battled over issues of slavery and states' rights.The Great Depression was a time of economic hardship and suffering for many Americans. It was a time of poverty and despair, as people struggled to make ends meet and put food on the table.The Civil Rights Movement was a time of great social change and progress. It was a time of protest and activism, as African Americans fought for equal rights and an end to segregation.The Vietnam War was a controversial conflict that divided the nation. It was a time of protest and dissent, as many Americans opposed the war and called for an end to US involvement.The 9/11 terrorist attacks were a tragic event that shook the nation to its core. It was a time of fear and uncertainty, as people grappled with the reality of terrorism on American soil.The election of Barack Obama as the first African American president was a historic moment for the country. It was a time of hope and change, as people looked to the future with optimism and a sense of possibility.。
Chapter-4-the-American-Civil-War
Two economic system (main cause)
North----- capitalist economy
South----- plantations
第6页，共35页。
The Slavery Problem
(1) The situation of the slave
第7页，共35页。
第8页，共35页。
The Political Conflicts
Douglas’s Bill (道格拉斯法案)
Two-parties :
Republican party --- wipe out the evil slavery system Democratic party--- each territory decides themselves
第25页，共35页。
The battle of Gettysburg, July 3d. 1863.
第26页，共35页。
Pennsylvania Gettysburg battlefield monument
第27页，共35页。
The Homestead Bill & the Emancipation Proclamation
The North began to gain advantage in the war
第33页，共35页。
Significance and effects of the War
The civil war was an epoch-making event in American history
of capitalist agriculture in the South. ② Emancipation Proclamation: freeing the slaves
美国的历史 英语作文高中
美国的历史英语作文高中The history of the United States is filled with stories of bravery, resilience, and innovation. From the founding fathers declaring independence to the pioneers pushing westward, Americans have always been a people of action and ambition.Wars have played a significant role in shaping the nation, from the Revolutionary War that secured independence to the Civil War that ended slavery. The sacrifices made by soldiers and civilians alike have left a lasting impact on the country's identity and values.The industrial revolution transformed the United States into a global economic powerhouse, with innovations like the assembly line and the steam engine revolutionizing production and transportation. This era of rapid growth and change laid the foundation for the modern American economy.The civil rights movement of the 1960s was a turningpoint in American history, as activists fought for equality and justice for all. The struggles and triumphs of figures like Martin Luther King Jr. and Rosa Parks continue to inspire generations to stand up for what is right.Today, the United States faces new challenges and opportunities as it navigates a rapidly changing world. From technological advancements to environmental concerns, the country must continue to adapt and evolve in order to remain a beacon of freedom and democracy for future generations.。
美国历史文化概况(英文版)UNIT (4)
5. At the beginning of military struggle, the Northern States were poorly prepared for the war. And in terms of strength, the North didn’t enjoy much superiority. ( ) 6. During the first two years of American Civil War, the Federal Army suffered repeated setbacks. ( ) 7. The famous Emancipation Proclamation became effective on September 22, 1862. ( ) 8. The war ended in victory for the North and the Union when the Southern troops were hemmed in at Appomattox, Virginia. ( )
Unit 4 Civil War and Abraham Lincoln
CONTENTS
Teaching Aims Text A
Text B Supplementing Reading
TEACHING AIMS
After studying this unit, you are required to: 1. Have a general idea of Civil War and Abraham Lincoln . 2. Understand the history of Civil War . 3. Master the difficult words and expressions.
美国历史文化概况(英文版)UNIT 1 Colonization and Independence[精]
![美国历史文化概况(英文版)UNIT 1 Colonization and Independence[精]](https://img.taocdn.com/s3/m/44c696017e21af45b307a8ee.png)
TEXT A Notes
2. Pilgrim Fathers: Pilgrim Fathers is a name commonly applied to early settlers of the Plymouth Colony in present-day Plymouth, Massachusetts, United States. Their leadership came from a religious congregation of Puritans who had fled a volatile political environment in the England for the relative calm and tolerance of Holland in the Netherlands. Concerned with losing their cultural identity, the group later arranged with English investors to establish a new colony in North America.
方而包裹头。
TEXT A New Words and Expressions:
5. dispute [dis‘pju:t] n. 争论,争执
• I don't think I have a clearly defined position which makes me different from some parties to the dispute, whether it's political or cultural or religious.
1. Have a general idea of Colonization and Independence . 2. Understand the history of Colonization and
【英语国家社会与文化】Lesson_4_A_Brief_History_of_the_USA
Lesson 4 A Brief History of the USA
A Brief History of the USA
The historic periods of the USA
• Pre-Colonial America • English Colonial America (10671776)
• Landed in what is now Plymouth, Massachusetts.
A Brief History of the USA
Puritans
• Intolerant moralism • American values (individualism, hard work, respect of education)
A Brief History of the USA
Forming of the USA (1776-1849) The War of Independence
The prelude ---13 colonies (desired more power to determine their own business), ---the British government (collect more taxes from the colonies.) conflict repealed in 1766
A Brief History of the USA
The Second Continental Congress
• Held in Philadelphia in May 1775 • Assume the functions of a national government
4 American History (1900-1945)
3.2 Major points of Present Wilson’s program of New Freedom
3.2.1 a reduction of tariffs by 10%; 3.2.2 the passage of the Federal Reserve Act which decentralized the banking system; 3.2.3 regulation of trusts by stating clearly the unfair practices; 3.2.4 making available to farmers loans at low rates; 3.2.5 8-hour workday for railroad workers and better treatment of seamen; 3.2.6 adoption of an income tax; 3.2.7 adoption of the 19th amendment of voting right for women.
美国概况 Chapter 4
1
I. Economic Development
What were some of the features in the development of American economy in the early 20th century?
1. Corporations Beginning in 1889, there emerged a growth of industrial and financial mergers (corporations). By 1910, incorporation had become the dominant type of industrial organization. Together with the growth of corporation, there appeared a professional managerial class. 2. Urbanization With the development of industry and the extension of railroad network, there was a mushroom growth of cities. 3. New technology There was a rapid development of new technology, e.g. electricity, steam, radio, automobile and other development, particularly automobile which made the US on the way to becoming a nation on the wheel.
美国历史简介 中英对照 (课堂PPT)
Introduction to British and American Culture
4
The Discovery of America
Columbus • In 1492, Columbus landed at one of the
Caribbean(加勒比海） islands. • Columbus called the local people Indians.
Introduction to British and American Culture
7
The First Permanent English Colony
• In 1607 • Three ships crossed the Atlantic Ocean and
landed by the side of a river--the James River 杰姆斯河. • The first English colony was founded at Jamestown詹姆斯顿, Virginia 维吉尼亚州.
Introduction to British and American Culture
9
今天，在美国人心目中，感恩节是比圣诞节还要重要的 节日。首先，它是一个长达4 天的假日，足以使人们尽情 狂欢、庆祝。其次，它也是传统的家庭团聚的日子。感 恩节期间，散居在他乡外地的家人，都要赶回家过节， 这已经成了全国性的习俗。此外，美国人一年中最重视 的一餐，就是感恩节的晚宴。在美国这个生活节奏很快 ，竞争激烈的国度里，平日的饮食极为简单。美国的快 餐流行世界，就是一个很好的说明。但在感恩节的夜晚 ，家家户户都大办筵席，物品之丰盛，令人咋舌。在节 日的餐桌上，上至总统，下至庶民，火鸡和南瓜饼都是 必备的。这两味“珍品”体现了美国人民忆及先民开拓 艰难、追思第一个感恩节的怀旧情绪。因此，感恩节也 被称为“火鸡节”。
the American Civil War美国南北战争
解说词（配合接下来的ppt内容）
Last month，I watched a film called glory. In the American civil war, there was a black voluntary army led ([led]) by white officer at the battle of the southern ( ['sʌðn])Charles ([tʃɑ:lz])Templeton and they wrote a glorious page in the war. Thus, I'd like to introduce the American civil war to you. Introduction The American civil war was the only time civil war in American history. At the beginning, it was a war to maintain national unity. Later, it evolved into a revolutionary war for the freedom of the slaves. Both sides of the war are the north of the United States of America and the southern confederate states of America. Process In the 19th century, the industrial revolution reached the United States and its economy developed rapidly. At the same time, the United States won the large tracts of territory in the west and successively set up a new state in the west. North bourgeoisie ([,bʊəʒwɑː'ziː])and the farmer claimed that they would prohibit slavery within the new state. Conversely southern slave owners argued that they determined to allow the existence of slavery in the new state. Abraham (['eibrə,hæm] ) Lincoln (['liŋkən])who advocated the abolition of slavery was elected President in 1860. For this reason the southern slave states were independent and formed a government of the confederacy with Jefferson(['dʒefəsn] ) Davis as "President" in February 1861. The American civil war broke out. In the early period of the war, because the south had sufficient military readiness, the northern failed followed in military aspect. When the north failed repeatedly in military, the radicals in Republican Party put forward the idea of emancipating([ɪ'mæ nsɪpeɪting]) and arming the black slaves. Lincoln was also aware of the necessity ([nɪ'sesɪtɪ])of emancipating black slaves. New Year's day in 1863, Lincoln announced the emancipation proclamation and allowed blacks to join in the northern army. This became the turning point of the civil war. Then the initiative was held in the northern army on the battlefield. Two year later, in April 1865, the civil war ended. The United States restored unity.
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1. After eleven Southern slave states declared their secession from the United States, they formed the Union in the South. ( )
TEXT A Notes
3. Border slave states: In the context of the American Civil War, the term border states refers to the five slave states of Delaware, Kentucky, Maryland, Missouri, and West Virginia, which bordered a free state and were aligned with the Union. All but Delaware share borders with states that joined the Confederacy.
4. The Underground Railroad was an informal network of secret routes and safe houses used by 19thcentury black slaves in the United States to escape to free states and Canada with the aid of abolitionists who were sympathetic to their cause. The term is also applied to the abolitionists who aided the fugitives. Other various routes led to Mexico or overseas. Created in the early 19th century, the Underground Railroad was at its height between 1850 and 1860. One estimate suggests that by 1850, 100,000 slaves had escaped via the "Railroad".
1. Have a general idea of Civil War and Abraham Lincoln . 2. Understand the history of Civil War . 3. Master the difficult words and expressions.
TEXT A Reading Comprehension
Unit 4 Civil War and Abraham Lincoln
CONTENTS
Teaching Aims Text A Text B Supplementing Reading
TEACHING AIMS
After studying this unit, you are required to:
TEXT A New Words and Expressions:
1. secession [si'seʃən] n. 脱离；分离
• This, they feel, may lay the groundwork for financial independence and secession .
5. At the beginning of military struggle, the Northern States were poorly prepared for the war. And in terms of strength, the North didn’t enjoy much superiority. ( )
• 他们觉得，如此可以打下财政独立与成功的基础。
2. confederacy [kən'fedərəsi] n. 联盟；私党；联邦 • A man who fought for the Confederacy can't be all bad. • 一个为南部联盟战斗过的人是不会坏到哪里去的。 3. discrimination [dis,krimi‘neiʃən] n. 歧视；区别，辨别
8. The war ended in victory for the North and the Union when the Southern troops were hemmed in at Appomattox, Virginia. ( )
TEXT A Notes
1. The Confederate States of America (also called the Confederacy, the Confederate States, and the CSA) was an unrecognized state set up from 1861 to 1865 by eleven southern slave states of the United States of America that had declared their secession from the U.S. Asserting that states had a right to secede, seven states declared their independence from the United States before the inauguration of Abraham Lincoln as President on March 4, 1861; four more did so after the Civil War began at the Battle of Fort Sumter (April 1861).
4. Negroes n. 黑人（Negro的复数形式） • Its unjust treatment of Negroes in the courts is a
notorious reality. • 该市法庭对待黑人的不公亦是臭名昭著的现实。
5. dispute [dis‘pju:t, ’dis-] n. 辩论；争吵 • That would further undermine the They agreed to arbitrate their
6. During the first two years of American Civil War, the Federal Army suffered repeated setbacks. ( )
7. The famous Emancipation Proclamation became effective on September 22, 1862. ( )
TEXT A New Words and Expressions:
10．frontiersmen [‘frʌntjəzmən] n. 拓荒者（frontiersman的复数形式 • Now the New Frontiersmen swarmed in from state governments,
2. It was the dispute over Negro slavery that touched off the American Civil War.( )
3. Uncle Tom’s Cabin was written by Harriet Beech Stowe. ()
4. The election of Abraham Lincoln was a fuse of the American Civil War. ( )
• The latter studies also implied that exposure to carbon monoxide altered time discrimination and estimation.
• 研究还指出，对一氧化碳的暴露，改变了对时间的区别和估计。
TEXT A New Words and ExpressiBiblioteka ns:TEXT A Notes
2. Slave and free states: In the United States of America prior to the American Civil War, a slave state was a U.S. state in which slavery of African Americans was legal, whereas a free state was one in which slavery was either prohibited or eliminated over time. Slavery was one of the causes of the American Civil War and was abolished by the Thirteenth Amendment of the United States Constitution in 1865.
7. manufacturer [,mænju'fæktʃərə] n. 制造商；厂商
• Some food additive are regarded as beneficial by the manufacturer.
• 有些食品添加物，生产者认为是有用的。 8. tariff ['tæ rif] n. 关税表；收费表 • As a group, brokers have demonstrated much more muscle in
dispute. • 他们同意经仲裁解决争端。 6. touch off 触发；勾划出；使炸裂；草草写 • Some slight incident may touch off a major war. • 某个小事件可能会引发大战争。