单考英语考研翻译高分特训(汉译英段落翻译高分特训 旅游环保类)【圣才出品】
外语考研二外英语翻译高分特训 段落汉译英(旅游类)【圣才出品】
◆旅游类Practice 40在整个旅游业的发展中，生态旅游（ecotourism）是发展速度最快的一个旅游市场。
虽然很多旅游公司都声称提供生态旅游服务，然而您却无法确保你所参加的旅游是否真正对环境有益。
而当您选择的任何一项生态旅游服务满足以下生态旅游设计要求，您肯定可为保护环境作贡献：替代性的创收：当地村民可通过为社区办的生态旅游公司工作而获得急需的收入，而不用以烧炭(charcoal-making)、打猎、非法伐木及捕鱼等破坏性生产方式获取收入。
【参考译文】Ecotourism is one of the fastest growing markets in the tourism industry. But with many companies claiming to offer “ecotourism” how can you be sure that your travel experience is really helping the environment? When you choose one ecotourism tour, you will surely contribute to conservation (the environment) through the following ecotourism principle: alternative income generation. Through employment with community-based ecotourism companies, local villagers are able to earn much-needed income that replaces income earned through destructive activities such as charcoal-making, hunting, illegal logging and fishing.Practice 41苏州是世界上著名的园林城市，位于长江下游(Lower Yangtze basin)，紧靠太湖，拥有2500多年的历史，风景优美，文化遗产丰富。
英语专业考研英汉翻译高分特训100篇小说类【圣才出品】
2.3小说类（Practice26～Practice36）Practice26It is a very long time since I attended a Mass.In this pilgrimage town you get the real thing,with a crowd of real worshippers--those who come include the paralyzed,the crippled,the blind,the deformed,the dying,a terrible parade,a parade Mass proceeded.It would have been only courteous to kneel at the proper time,as all did,since I had voluntarily come:but for all the disapproving glances,I the stiff--necked Jew,would not kneel.I remember the first break with my own religion as though it were yesterday.I can still feel my cheek stinging from the slap of the mashiakh,the study hall supervisor,as I trudge in the snow on t he town square in the purple evening,having been ordered out of the hall for impudent heresy.Perhaps in a larger city,the mashiakh would have had the sense to smile at my effrontery,and pass it off.Then the whole course of my life might have been different.【参考译文】我已经很久没有做过弥散。
英语专业考研汉英翻译高分特训100篇(文化类)【圣才出品】
2.7 文化类（Practice 74～Practice 82）Practice 74中国人对于和谐的理解来自于传统文化中的重要思想“和而不同一”。
“和而不同”可以理解为由《易经》为代表的“和生万物、同则不继”的中国传统思想方法，即在高扬个性的同时承认多样性的存在。
“和而不同”的思想深刻影响着中国文化思想发展的全过程，推动着中华文明可持续地向前发展。
由于中国处于地球上相对独立的地理位置——东面是澎湃的海洋，西南是茫茫森林与喜马拉雅山脉，西部及西北是方圆数万里的戈壁与沙漠，北面则是荒无人烟的西伯利亚冻土——这样的地理环境集中了多民族文化的存在，形成了有别于西方文化和印度文化的特色鲜明的中华文化。
这也是中华民族长期以来一直坚持“和而不同”的发展模式的原因之一。
【参考译文】Chinese people’s understanding of harmony comes from an important thought in traditional Chinese culture-“harmony in diversity”, which can be understood as a traditional Chinese thinking approach “Harmony grows everything while total sameness stops their development” represented by Book of Changes. While supporting individuality, it also admits diversity.The thought “harmony in diversity” has made a profound influence on the wholecourse of Chinese cultural and ideological development and has been promoting the sustained development of Chinese civilization. China is located in a relatively independent geographical area on the earth, with surging ocean in the east, vast forest and Himalaya Mountains in the southwest, tens of thousands of kilometers’Gobi and desert in the west and northwest and desolate Siberian permafrost in the north. Such surroundings helps the existence of multi-ethnic culture and forms highly featured Chinese culture distinguished from Western and Indian culture. This is one of the reasons why the Chinese nation has long been adhering to the growth mode of “harmony in diversity”.Practice 7518世纪法国思想家卢梭在写《社会契约论》的过程中曾经反复追问，人们怎样才能生活在一个有秩序的群体中，仍然“自由如初”？最终，他对这个问题的回答是“社会契约”。
单考英语考研翻译高分特训(汉译英翻译技巧指南)【圣才出品】
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圣才电子书
变原文中的词性。
十万种考研考证电子书、题库视频学习平台
1. 汉语中的动词转化为英语中的名词、介词、形容词、副词等。例如：
①他们教导我们要珍惜每一个机会。
They taught us the value of an opportunity(动词转为名词)
（二）增减法 作为Байду номын сангаас译的一个普遍准则，译者不应对原文的内容随意增减。但是由于汉英两种语言文 字之间所存在的巨大差异，在实际翻译过程中我们很难做到字词上的完全对应。因此为了准 确的表达原文信息，译者往往需要对译文做一些增添或删减。 1. 增词法 为了使译文忠实地表达原文的意思与风格并使译文合乎表达习惯，汉译英时有时需要增 加一些的词，这种增加大致可分为三种情况： (1)语义性增词 语义性增词指为使译文语义明确，易于读者理解，根据意义上的需要在译文中增加原文 中没有的词。例如：
修辞性增词大都出于行文上的考虑，因此所增加的词多为一些语气词、强调性副词或其
圣才电子书
十万种考研考证电子书、题库视频学习平台
1.4 汉译英翻译技巧指南
外语考研二外英语翻译高分特训600句+100篇(2.2 汉译英专项练习 段落汉译英 下)【圣才出品】
◆环保类中国作为负责任的发展中国家，高度重视环境保护和全球气候变化。
中国正在积极调整经济结构和能源结构，全面推进能源节约，重点预防和治理环境污染的突出问题，有效控制污染物排放，促进能源与环境协调发展。
中国加快转变经济发展方式，积极发挥能源节约和优化能源结构在减缓气候变化中的作用，努力降低化石能源消耗。
大力发展循环经济，促进资源的综合利用，提高能源利用效率，减少温室气体排放。
依靠科学技术进步，不断提高应对气候变化的能力，为保护地球环境作出积极贡献。
【参考译文】As a responsible developing country,China attaches great importance to environmental protection and prevention of global climate change.The country is actively adjusting its economic and energy structures,comprehensively advancing energy saving,emphatically preventing and controlling the pressing problems of environmental pollution,and effectively controlling emissions of pollutants to facilitate coordinated development between energy and the environment.China is expediting the transformation of its economic development mode,giving full play to the role of energy saving and optimization of energy structure in slowing climate change,and endeavoring to cut fossil energy consumption.It is vigorously developing a circular economy,fostering the comprehensive utilization of resources,enhancing the utilization efficiency of energy,reducing greenhouse gas emissions.It continuously improves the capability of addressing climate change with the aid of scientific and technological progress,thereby making positivecontributions to the environmental protection of the Earth.眼下，城市里单身贵族很时兴，很潇洒，但从环保角度看，这却不是好事。
单考英语考研翻译高分特训(汉译英段落翻译高分特训 科普科技类)【圣才出品】
◆科普科技类Practice13各种设备上运行的强大软件、网络上的各类服务以及通过互联网获得的庞大存储空间，这一切合在一起，就意味着你可以即时获取你所有的信息。
不用多久，您就可以利用手头的任何设备一一无论是电脑、手机、电视机、掌上游戏机还是音乐播放器一一调出您所创建和存储的任何文档或媒体文件。
您的个性化设定、联系人、日历和应用程序都唾手可得.而信息呈现的面貌都会自动调整成最适合您所用设备的方式。
【参考译文】This combination of powerful software running on devices,services running on the Web and huge amounts of storage available via the Internet will mean that all of your information will be instantly accessible to you.Soon,you’ll be able to call up any documents or media files that you’ve created or saved,using any device that is at hand—whether it’s a PC,a mobile phone,a TV,a portable game player or a music device.Your preferences,contacts,calendars and applications will be seamlessly available,and the way information is presented will automatically adjust to deliver the best experience for the device you are using.Practice14移动电话正在成为21世纪一个主要的技术领域。
考研英语(二)英译汉段落翻译高分特训(文化教育类)【圣才出品】
◆文化教育类Practice 45The Renaissance embraced, first of all, an impressive record of new achievements in art, literature, science, philosophy, education and religion. Although the foundation of many of these was classical, they soon expanded beyond the measure of Greek and Roman influence. Indeed, many of the achievements in painting, science, politics and religion bore little relation to the classical heritage. Secondly, the Renaissance incorporated a number of dominant ideas and attitudes that gave it the impress of a unique society. Notable among these in general were optimism, and individualism; but the most significant of them all was humanism. In its broadest meaning humanism may be defined as emphasis on the human values.The humanists rejected the Scholastic philosophy with its preoccupation with theology and logic. They strove for a smooth and elegant style that would appeal more to the aesthetic than to the rational side of man’s nature.参考译文及解析【参考译文】首先，文艺复兴包含了文学、艺术、科学、哲学、教育和宗教方面令人印象深刻的新的成就。
考研英语(一)英汉翻译高分特训100篇-翻译攻略【圣才出品】
第1章考研英语（一）翻译攻略1.1考研英语（一）翻译题型介绍一、综述考研英语（一）阅读C节，即英译汉部分要求考生阅读一篇约为400词的英语文章，文章中有5个画线部分，约150词，要求考生在30分钟内将其译为汉语，并要求译文准确、完整、通顺。
根据大纲规定，考研英语（一）的评分标准如下：1．五个小题，每题两分，共10分。
2．如果句子译文扭曲原文意思，该句得分最多不得超过0.5分。
3．如果某考生给出两种或两种以上的译法，若均正确，给分；若其中一种译法错误，不给分。
4．汉语错别字，不个别扣分，按整篇累计扣分。
在不影响意思的前提下，满三个错别字扣0.5分。
二、命题特点（1）选文特点①体裁多样，以议论文和说明文为主。
②题材广泛，英译汉所选用的文章大多摘自原版刊物或读物，内容涉及社会生活、科普知识、文化教育、人物传记等几个方面。
下表是历年真题选文具体信息：（2）设题特点通过对近年来试题的分析研究中，我们发现，英译汉部分的命题有以下几个明显的趋势：①从语法来看近年来难度有所降低，长句、难句逐步变少。
适当降低英译汉文章的难度，以便要求考生在对文章深层次理解的同时，掌握并运用最基本的翻译技巧。
②从词汇来看一词多义，一词转义现象增多。
要求考生必须根据上下文灵活地选择词义或将词义加以引申。
从这一点讲，词汇难度有增加的趋势。
如考题中的代词，如this、that、it、they等情况复杂，往往不是单纯地指代一个简单的名词，而是指代上下文的一件事或一个观点等，考生需要根据上下文准确把握其中的意思。
尤其是当一个代词指代的是后面的内容时，较难把握，更需要考生仔细阅读上下文了。
③从翻译技巧来看越来越重视考生掌握和运用基本翻译技巧的能力，并要求考生具有相当的中文水平。
基本的翻译技巧训练是迅速提高本部分得分的有效途径。
1.2英语与汉语的差异英语和汉语是有着很大差异的。
首先对这些差异有一个总体印象，在做题时就能得心应手。
差异主要表现在：1．形合与意合英语重形合，而汉语重意合。
英语专业八级汉译英高分特训100篇(英语专业八级翻译备考策略)【圣才出品】
1/1十万种考研考证电子书、题库视频学习平台
圣才电子书
1.3英语专业八级翻译备考策略
1．扩大词汇量
词汇量的大小直接影响到对原文信息的理解和原文意思的表达。
文中的生单词会让考生不知文中所云，何谈翻译！因此在平时要注重词汇量的积累，并灵活运用到自己的翻译之中。
2．掌握一定的翻译理论和技巧
英语和汉语属于不同的语系，因此两者之间存在很大的差异。
例如：英语句子都比较“重物而轻人”，重客观而轻主观；相反，汉语则较多地“重人而轻物”，重主观而轻客观。
汉语多以表“人”的词做主语，英语多以表事物的词做主语。
掌握这些技巧可以让学生在翻译的过程中游刃有余。
3．广泛阅读，扩大知识面
大量阅读英文原著、杂志和英文报刊有助于考生掌握地道的英文表达从而避免中式英语。
其次对背景知识的要求经常集中体现在人名翻译上。
如在2000年的试卷中，就曾出现过Marilyn Monroe，James Deans 和John Keats 三位名人的名字，如果对欧美文化、文学了解甚少，就无法准确译出人名，甚至会影响对整个段落的理解与翻译。
4．大量练习
每天定时定量做一些翻译练习，然后对照参考译文进行修改，找出自己和标准译文的差距。
“Practice makes perfect”，只有通过多读、多练才能不断提高翻译水平。
5．注意书写工整
考试的时候要注意卷面清洁和书写工整。
准备两到三只质量和色泽好的深蓝或黑色的中性笔，因为翻译和写作，答案都是手写，整洁的卷面和工整的书写能给阅卷老师留下好的印象。
考研英语(二)英译汉段落翻译高分特训100篇(资源环境类)【圣才出品】
◆资源环境类Practice 83One of nature’s most dest ructive forces is the tornado, a violent windstorm that takes the shape of a rotating column of air. Tornadoes almost always occur in conjunction with severe thunderstorms that produce high winds, heavy rainfall and damaging hail. Though their cause is unknown, tornadoes are believed to be the result of the convergence of strong upward wind currents inside a storm with upper level winds above the storm; the greater the air contrast, the more violent the storm will be. The United States has more tornadoes, approximately 750 tornadoes reported each year, than any other country in the world because this is where arctic and tropical air masses most frequently converge.参考译文及解析【参考译文】自然界最具破坏性的力量之一是龙卷风，它是一种旋转的柱状强烈风暴。
龙卷风几乎总是与强烈的雷暴并列发生，雷暴能引发大风，暴雨和破坏性的冰雹。
虽然它们的起因尚未知晓，但人们认为龙卷风是由暴风雨中上升的强气流与暴风上方的风的会聚造成；气流对比越明显，龙卷风的威力也就越大。
英语专业考研汉英翻译高分特训100篇(汉译英技巧指南)
第1章汉译英技巧指南英汉两种语言属不同语系，经过长期的历史演变构成了自己鲜明的特点。
因此，对比英汉两种语言的异同，从而掌握它们的特点，对做好英汉互译是十分重要的。
英汉翻译的翻译理论、方法和技巧都建立在英汉两种语言的对比上。
在具体介绍英汉翻译技巧之前，本部分将对英汉两种语言进行宏观上的对比，以助于译者掌握两种语言的特点，并在翻译时自觉运用这些特点，译出更符合目标语的译文。
一、英语重结构，汉语重语义英语造句常用各种形式和手段连接词、语、分句或从句，注重显性接应，注重句子形式，注重结构完整，注重以形显意。
句子以形寓意，以法摄神，因而严密规范，采用的是焦点句法。
与英语造句手段不同，汉语造句注重隐形连贯，注重逻辑事理顺序，注重功能、意义，注重以神统形，注重意念连贯，不求结构齐整。
句子以意役形，以神统法，因而流泻铺排，采用的是散点句法。
汉语很少用甚至不用形式连接手段，词语之间的关系常在不言之中，语法意义和逻辑关系常隐含在字里行间。
英译汉时，往往要先分析句子的结构、形式，才能确定句子的功能、意义；汉译英时，则要先分析句子的功能、意义，才能确定句子的结构、形式，这样才能使译文通顺、流畅。
二、英语是综合语，汉语是分析语英语是综合性语言，它主要通过本身的形态变化（如数、时、格等）来表达其语言意义。
如表示不同时态时，规则动词的过去式和过去分词，在动词原形后加-ed，不规则动词的过去式和过去分词都各有不同变化。
汉语是分析性语言，它的语法关系和句法关系主要不是通过词语本身来体现，而是通过虚词、词序等手段表示出来的。
比如，单看“工作”这个词，很难判断其词性，但如果说“努力工作（work hard），找工作（to find jobs）”，就很容易看出来了。
三、英语多前重心，汉语多后重心在表达多逻辑思维时，英语往往是判断或结论等在前，事实或描写等在后，即重心在前；汉语则是由因到果、由假设到推论、由事实到结论，即重心在后。
例如：The visit gives me the opportunity which I have long sought, to see for myself the achievement of the Chinese people.这次访问使我有机会亲眼看一看中国人民取得的成就，这是我向往已久的。
英语专业考研基础英语翻译高分特训100篇(英译汉高分特训50篇)旅游类【圣才出品】
◆旅游类Practice 19The President Palace where President Ho Chi Minh lived and worked from late l954 to his last day September l969, is now the Memorial site about the life and revolutionary work of the most beloved leader of the Vietnamese working class and people, a national liberation hero, a great man of culture.Uncle Ho’s“House on stilts” is a symbol of his simplicity and gentleness. There are only some rooms here, but all of them are full of wind, light and fragrance from-the garden together with a heart trending to era.The President Palace (formerly The Palace of the General Governor for Indochina), with the mango alley, trees, fishing pool…become the vital memories connecting to Uncle Ho’s life during the years from l954 t o 1969.A visit here will teach us more about Uncle Ho’s simplicity and modesty. And we shall be proud of him, be respectful for a great mind, a staunch revolutionary will, a virtue and ideologist, and a man who has dedicated all his life to the cause of revolution and people.The President Palace Memorial site is honored to welcome all people, compatriots all corners of the country and foreign visitors.Thanks for the good heart of all who care for this sacred Memorial site.【参考译文】胡志明主席故居位于河内主席府(前印支总督府)内。
英语专业考研基础英语翻译高分特训100篇(英译汉高分特训50篇)环保类【圣才出品】
◆环保类Practice 24Two basic facts govern the dynamics of the ecology of arid rangeland such as is found in Africa’s sahel. First, the reproductive potential of rangeland vegetation is seriously impaired if the yearly cropping exceeds about one-half of the yearly foliage production. Second, regeneration of arid-land vegetation takes much longer than does its destruction through overgrazing. Where large areas are involved, restoration of the plant cover, even on fertile soil, may take as long as a generation. The ecological succession required to restore the soil to its original condition, once it is eroded, takes at least 100 years, if it occurs at all.These two basic facts of rangeland ecology tell us that desertification is a self-reinforcing process once it is triggered by significant overgrazing. Decreases in plant cover allow wind and rain to erode the soil. The soil in turn loses fertility and water-holding abilities. Fewer plants are produced in succeeding years and, if the herds of cattle and goats are not reduced, these plants are even more severely overgrazed. Plant cover is further reduced since perennial plants can no longer support the large root systems necessary to reach the water table, and annuals can no longer produce enough seeds to resow themselves. Either a drought or a significant increase in grazing can trigger the initial critical reduction in plant cover.Computer simulations and historical accounts agree that chronic overgrazing in the sahel (非洲牧区) began in the early 1960's. When the last drought began in 1969, overgrazing increased rapidly and desertification became widespread. But even without the last drought to trigger the collapse, simulation studies indicate that chronic overgrazing would have eventually caused similar severe desertification.From 1955 to 1965, rainfall in the sahel and subdesert areas averaged significantly higher than in the previous 53 years. This allowed marked increases in the number of cattle the range could support. A number of international and organizations financed the digging of permanent deep wells where watering points had been nonexistent or had dried up soon after rains. These wells allowed the further increase of stock production by opening up new pastures. Veterinary services and tsetse fly(子孓蝇) eradication programs also reduced the normally high death rate of livestock from disease.Pastoralists grazed their herds longer in the sahel, once the deep wells were available to provide needed water for their stock. Also, the frequency of human parasitic diseases was reduced as more potable water from permanent deep wells was made available. Thus both the human and livestock populations have grown rapidly within two decades.【参考译文】两个基本的因素控制了如非洲牧草地区之乾燥牧区的生态变动。
外语考研二外英语翻译高分特训 单句英译汉【圣才出品】
2.1.1 单句英译汉1. One day, science says a glass of red wine a day will help us live longer.答案：某一天，科学界说每天一杯红酒能使我们长寿。
2. All it can really do is to point researchers in the right direction for further investigation答案：它真正能做到的只是为研究者们进一步的调查指明正确方向。
3. Studies of skilled language learners have identified specific listening strategies that lead to superior comprehension答案：对熟练的语言学习者的研究已经发现了某些有助于提升听力理解的策略。
4. They set a goal for their listening, and they generate predictions about what the speaker will say.答案：他们为自己的听力设定一个目标，并且预测说话者将要说什么。
5. As the Titanic was sinking and women and children climbed into lifeboats, the musicians from the ship's band stood and played.答案：当泰坦尼克号逐渐下沉时，女人和小孩们爬进了救生船，船上乐队里的音乐家们站在甲板上继续演奏。
6. But the deeper answer is that the tales that have lasted are magical adventures that help children deal with the struggles and fears of their everyday lives.答案：但是更深层次的答案是，那些流传已久的童话都是一些冒险故事，它们能够帮助孩子们应对日常生活中的挣扎与恐惧。
考研英语(二)英汉翻译高分特训100篇-第一章至第二章【圣才出品】
第1章考研英语（二）翻译攻略1.1考研英语（二）翻译题型介绍一、综述2010年1月起，MBA（工商管理学硕士）、MPAcc（会计硕士）和MPA（公共管理硕士）等专业硕士学位项目入学考试的英语科目采用全国硕士研究生入学统一考试的英语（二）试卷，考试测试内容和题型也作了统一规定。
根据《全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（二）考试大纲（非英语专业）》，段落英译汉为试卷第三部分，该部分要求考生阅读、理解长度为150词左右的一个或几个英语段落，并将其全部译成汉语。
要求译文准确、完整、通顺。
共15分。
二、命题特点（1）选文特点英译汉部分所选短文多为正式说明文和议论文，用词比较规范、正式。
翻译内容一般不涉及较强的专业性，所选短文题材包括社会文化、经济管理、科普知识等，比较集中在经济、金融、企业管理方面的一般性综述。
（2）设题特点段落英译汉所考查句子结构的复杂程度并不稳定在一定范围内，历年考题中也常出现包含复杂从句的难句，如定语从句、名词性从句、状语从句、被动句等。
考查要点在于准确把握词义、分析语言结构和使用汉语进行正确规范表达。
1.2英语与汉语的差异英语和汉语是有着很大差异的。
首先对这些差异有一个总体印象，在做题时就能得心应手。
差异主要表现在：1．形合与意合英语重形合，而汉语重意合。
也就是说，英语注重使用很多连词，而在汉语中，句与句之间使用连词的情况不如英语普遍。
如“早知今日，何必当初？”英语表述为“If I had known it would come to this,I would have acted differently.”2．具体与抽象英语中多用具体的词语，少用一些抽象的概念，而汉语中使用抽象的概念较多。
如“吃一堑，长一智”的英文表述是“A fall in the pit,a gain in the wit.”3．汉语与英语的词序与语序，结构都存在很大差异英语多用被动语态，汉语多用主动语态。
在英译汉时，最好变英语中的被动表达方式为汉语表达中的主动形式，这样才符合汉语的语言习惯。
单考英语考研英译汉画线句子翻译高分特训80篇【圣才出品】
英译汉画线句子翻译高分特训80篇结合单考英语历年翻译真题常考题材及要点，本章精选出单考英语英译汉画线句子翻译80篇，使考生全面了解单考英语各个题材的翻译，真正做到考试时得心应手。
◆文化教育类Practice 1It can be argue that the change in social values which education brings about is a necessary one. (1)We might say that primary socialization, as we have defined it, tends to have a frame of reference which relates to the past and provides for the learning of traditional values, whereas secondary socialization tends to have a wider frame of reference and provides for the adaptation of the individual to a changing society. It can also be argue that social change is, in some degree at least, a consequence of education and secondary socialization has often been imposed on societies without regard to the importance of traditional values. (2)Whichever view one takes, it seems clear that for satisfactory social learning to take place primary and secondary socialization need to be reconciled so that they are complementary and not in conflict.Mention has already been made of the socializing function of language. The kind of language which the child uses at home or with his peer group, that is to say the other children in the neighborhood who play with him, may be very differentfrom the kind of language that his teacher expects him to use at school. (3)In this case, the language behaviour of primary socialization is in conflict with the norms of language behaviour which are considered to be correct for the purposes of secondary socialization.This problem is made more difficult by the fact that difference in the kind of language used at home and at school may go along with differences in the uses of language in these two situations. Language in the home, for example, may be used mainly for the purposes of interaction between the members of the family, as a way of maintaining emotional relationships. In the school classroom, however, the child is often required to use language in a different way. (4)Here its purpose is not so much to help interaction as to serve as a means of acquiring and organizing knowledge. It serves an intellectual rather than an emotional purpose. In this case, conflict occurs because the uses of language developed in primary socialization are not those which are of primary importance in secondary socialization.In view of these difficulties, some educationists have suggested the need for language programmes which will provide “verbally deprived” children with the kind of language and its uses which they will need for their school education. Other educationists have taken the contrary view. They believe that educational methods should themselves change so that they relate more closely to the child’s experience, including his experience of language. (5)To take this view is to argue that secondary socialization should adapt itself to primary socialization as far as possible and to imply that the latter should be given priority.【参考译文及解析】(1)【解析】that引导宾语从句，从句中由whereas连接构成并列结构。
单考英语考研翻译高分特训(英译汉画线句子翻译高分特训 医疗卫生类)【圣才出品】
◆医疗卫生类Practice48Drug abuse in the United States has come to be regarded as one of the most challenging social problems facing the nation.(1)Indeed,the very word“drug”excites strong emotions,and opinion polls since the late1960s have shown that the “drug problem”is perceived by most Americans as a major threat to our society, particularly to its younger members.For our purposes we can define a drug as any chemical that is psychoactive,or capable of modifying a person’s behavior through its effect on emotions,thinking, or consciousness.Strictly speaking,many familiar substances such as aspirin or tea are drugs,but when most Americans think of drugs,they have in mind only outlawed substances such as heroin(海洛因)or LSD(麦角酸二乙基酰胺).Dependence may be psychological,physical,or both.In the case of psychological dependence, the user feels psychologically discomforted(痛苦的)if cut off from the drug.(2)In the case of physical dependence,or addiction,bodily withdrawal symptoms may occur, taking many forms and ranging in severity from slight trembling to fatal convulsions(抽搐).Users develop a tolerance for some drugs:that is,they have to take steadily increasing amounts to achieve a given level of effect.The sociologist is interested in why people choose the drugs they do,why some abuse drugs,and why particular societies permit certain drugs but not others.(3)Also of interest is the actual reaction to various forms of drug use,because thisreaction serves to define the status of the drug-takers—in some cases,by labeling them as criminals.There is a strong association between some forms of drug use and crime.The use of alcohol,for example,is highly correlated with violent crime;more than half of those committing murders and other violent assaults(袭击)have consumed alcohol immediately before the crime.Heroin addiction,too,is related to crime, although not so directly to violence.Heroin addicts may need as much as$100a day to support their habit,and most addicts find that they must steal in order to raise these sums.In addition,users of illegal drugs have to rely directly or indirectly on criminal networks that manufacture,smuggle(走私),and distribute these drugs.(4)The profits from this illicit commerce are vast and the Mafia and other criminal syndicates have become deeply involved in the supply of heroin and,more recently,of cocaine(可卡因).Technically,the profits of organized crime are not an economic“cost”to society:they are business profits,no less than those of General Motors(美国通用汽车公司),and are actually an unrecorded part of the nation’s gross national product.(5)But they are social costs in that this huge, untaxed income is generated by,and used to support,a variety of criminal activities, thus diverting resources that might be put to more socially useful ends.【参考译文及解析】(1)【解析】本句是and连接的并列句，两个不定式结构做定语修饰threat，翻译时将定语前置，译为“对......的威胁”。
外语考研二外英语翻译高分特训 段落划线句子英译汉(环保类)【圣才出品】
◆环保类Practice 44A natural resource or resource is usually defined as anything obtained from the physical environment to meet human needs. Some resources are available for use directly from the environment. Examples include solar energy, fresh air, rainwater, fresh water in a river or stream, and naturally growing edible (可食用的) plants. Other resources, fish, and game animals, are not directly available for our use. (1)Whether these and other materials in the environment are considered to be human resources depends on a combination of human ingenuity, economics and cultural beliefs.(2)Human ingenuity enables us to develop scientific and technological methods for finding, extr acting, and processing many of the earth’s natural substances and converting them to usable forms. Groundwater found deep below the earth’s surface was not a re-source until we developed the technology for drilling a well and in-stalling pumps and other equipment to bring it to the surface. Fish and game animals are not a resource unless we have some way of catching and (in most cases) cooking them. Petroleum was a mysterious fluid until humans learned how to locate it, extract it, and re-fine it into gasoline, home heating oil, road tar(柏油)and other products. (3)Cars, television sets, tractors, and other manufactured objects are available only because humans developed methods for converting anarray of once-useless raw materials from the earth s crust(地壳，地表) into useful forms.Economics also determines whether something is classified as a resource or a potential resource. Some known deposits (矿床) of oil, coal, copper, and other potentially useful materials are located so far beneath the earth’s surface or in such low concentrations that they would cost more to find, extract, and process than they are worth. (4)In the future, however, their prices may rise due to their scarcity, or cheaper, more efficient mining and processing technologies may be developed, converting these potential resources to actual resources.Cultural beliefs3 can also determine whether something is considered a resource. For example, protein-rich4 grasshoppers and other insects are considered food resources in some parts of Africa, but are viewed with disgust as sources of food in the United States and in most MDCs5. In some cultures, religious beliefs prohibit the use of pork or other types of food resources. (5)The perceived or actual degree of risk involved in using a resource such as nuclear power can also play a role6 in whether or how widely it is used.参考译文及解析(1)解析whether引导主语从句，主句谓语是depend on，表示“取决于”。
单考英语考研翻译高分特训(汉译英段落翻译高分特训 社会热点类)【圣才出品】
◆社会热点类Practice17据一份调查显示，北京地区56.2%的人跳槽(job-hopping)的原因是“个人能力得不到发挥”而自动放弃原来的工作。
调查结果还传达了这样一个信息：北京的跳槽者似乎“更有个性”，因为除了薪水这个选择工作的硬条件，他们对工作环境的要求更加苛刻。
记者在采访中了解到，面对员工们的“蠢蠢欲动”，很多企业的管理层也开始进入了“临战状态”：对重要员工提薪、提职或提前做好人才储备；物质和精神奖励双管齐下；一些外企则将旅游奖励、赠送保险等纳入了对员工进行奖励的范围。
【参考译文】An investigation shows that in Beijing56.2%of the people who chose job-hopping because they“could not give full play to their ability”.The investigation also reveals such information:the job-hoppers in Beijing are“a little special”—they are expecting better working environments besides salary,the absolute principle in choosing a position.In their interviews,the reporter was told that given the fact that many employees“are considering abandoning their present positions”,the management in many enterprises“is getting ready for the possible war”—a competition for talented people.Some enterprises raised the salaries of,offered promotions to the key employees,or made their talent reserves before the schedule;other enterprises combined the material encouragement and the moral encouragement;some foreign enterprises even included such encouragements as free tourism and insurance in their praises to the employees.Practice18调查显示，对于“婚前财产公证”(notarizing property before marriage)的态度，随着时代的变迁，人们越来越宽容和接受了，尤其是中高学历者，46%的本科学历者“做过或打算做婚前财产公证”。
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◆旅游环保类Practice9中国是一个历史悠久的文明古国，也是一个充满时代生机的东方大国，拥有许多得天独厚的旅游资源。
自然风光旖旎秀美，历史文化博大精深，56个民族风情浓郁，目前已被列入世界文化遗产地和世界自然遗产地(World Cultural and Natural Heritages sites)达29处。
在改革开放的推动下，现代化建设突飞猛进，城乡面貌日新月异。
古代中国的风采神韵与现代中国的蓬勃英姿交相辉映。
这些都为发展国内外旅游创造了优越的条件。
【参考译文】As a country with a long history of civilization,China is a vast oriental nation full of modern vitality,unique in the richness and variety of its tourism resources. Besides picturesque natural scenery,lengthy history and complex culture,China embodies the different folk customs of56nationalities(ethnic groups).Now,there are29places that have been listed as World Cultural and Natural Heritage sites.As a result of opening-up and reform,China’s modernization drive is surging ahead, and the cities and the country are experiencing daily changes.The ancient glory of China and its modem boom add radiance and charm to each other,joining to create ideal conditions for developing domestic and international tourism.Practice10中国正日益成为外国游客的目的地。
中国一度被认为不是理想的旅游目的地，但现在已拥有很多国际水准的(international caliber)新宾馆。
古城西安是中国最著名的旅游城市之一，它建于公元前2世纪，以古老建筑以及保卫中国第一皇帝(秦始皇)陵墓的象征性军队的兵马俑(terra cotta“warriors and horses”)而著称于世。
北京是另一个广受欢迎的旅游胜地。
作为有700多年历史的古都，它是故宫、紫禁城、颐和园的所在地。
中国还有其他鲜为人知的景点。
如桂林以其山清水秀著称，有一句世代相传的中国谚语说：“桂林山水甲天下”。
【参考译文】Increasingly,China is becoming a destination for international tourists.Once considered a difficult place to visit,China now has many new,international caliber hotels.One of the best-known places to visit in China is the ancient city of Xi’an. Built in the second century BC,the city is famous for its historic architecture,as well as a symbolic“army”of terra cotta“warriors and horses”which guards the tomb of China’s first emperor,Qinshihuang.Beijing is another popular destination. As China’s capital for more than700years,it is the home of the Palace Museum, the Forbidden City and the Summer Palace.There are other,lesser known sights as well.The city of Guilin is renowned for its green hills and clear water.A centuries-old Chinese saying state:“The beauty of all mountains and waters is dwarfed,when compared with those in Guilin.”Practice11眼下，城市里单身贵族很时兴，很潇洒，但从环保角度看，这却不是好事。
一项最新研究报告指出，结婚是一种很环保的行为。
这似乎有点耸人听闻(sensational)，其实道理很简单，一个人单独生活所消耗的自然资源大大超过两个人共同生活的人均消耗。
例如，一间屋子本来可以住两人，现在只住一个，造房子消耗的资源就浪费了，水、电也是一样，所以说一加一小于二。
家庭规模减小，意味着要养活同样多的人口，就要建立更多的家庭，城市规模也会不断扩大，周围一些物种的栖息地则会遭到严重破坏。
【参考译文】Nowadays in cities it has become fashionable to remain single,and those who do so seem to be so free and unconstrained.But environmentally this is something undesirable as a recent research report suggests that getting married is an "environment-friendly"action.This sounds somewhat sensational,but it is a simple plain truth:a person living alone consumes much more natural resources than the average a person does when living together with another one.For example,if a person lives by himself in a house which can house two people,the resources used to build the house are partly wasted,and so are water and electricity.So we can see one plus one is less than two.Smaller families mean more families have to be established for the same number of people.As a result,cities get larger and larger, doing serious damage to the surrounding habitats of many species.Practice12中国作为负责任的发展中国家，高度重视环境保护和全球气候变化。
中国正在积极调整经济结构和能源结构，全面推进能源节约，重点预防和治理环境污染的突出问题，有效控制污染物排放，促进能源与环境协调发展。
中国加快转变经济发展方式，积极发挥能源节约和优化能源结构在减缓气候变化中的作用，努力降低化石能源消耗。
大力发展循环经济，促进资源的综合利用，提高能源利用效率，减少温室气体排放。
依靠科学技术进步，不断提高应对气候变化的能力，为保护地球环境作出积极贡献。
【参考译文】As a responsible developing country,China attaches great importance to environmental protection and prevention of global climate change.The country is actively adjusting its economic and energy structures,comprehensively advancing energy saving,emphatically preventing and controlling the pressing problems of environmental pollution,and effectively controlling emissions of pollutants to facilitate coordinated development between energy and the environment.China is expediting the transformation of its economic development mode,giving full play to the role of energy saving and optimization of energy structure in slowing climate change,and endeavoring to cut fossil energy consumption.It is vigorously developing a circular economy,fostering the comprehensive utilization of resources,enhancing the utilization efficiency of energy,reducing greenhouse gas emissions.It continuously improves the capability of addressing climate change with the aid of scientific and technological progress,thereby making positive contributions to the environmental protection of the Earth.。