美国文化期末论文

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美国的文化英语作文

美国的文化英语作文

美国的文化英语作文The Culture of the United States。

The United States is a country with a diverse and rich culture. This culture is a blend of various traditions, customs, and beliefs that have been shaped by the country's history, geography, and people. In this essay, we will explore some of the key aspects of American culture.One of the most important aspects of American culture is individualism. Americans value their independence and believe in the power of the individual to achieve success. This is reflected in the country's political and economic systems, which are based on the principles of democracy and capitalism. Americans are also known for their entrepreneurial spirit, and many successful businesses have been started by individuals who had a vision and the drive to make it a reality.Another key aspect of American culture is diversity.The United States is a melting pot of different cultures, and this is reflected in the country's food, music, art, and literature. Americans are proud of their diversity and celebrate it through events such as cultural festivals and parades. However, the country has also struggled with issues of discrimination and inequality, particularly against minority groups.Religion is also an important part of American culture. While the country has no official religion, Christianity is the most widely practiced religion, followed by Judaism, Islam, and Buddhism. Religion has played a significant role in shaping American history and culture, from the Puritan settlers who founded the country to the Civil Rights Movement led by African American churches.Sports are also a significant part of American culture. The country is known for its love of football, basketball, baseball, and hockey, among other sports. Sports are not just a form of entertainment but also a way for Americans to come together and celebrate their shared passion.Finally, American culture is known for its emphasis on hard work and achievement. Americans believe in the value of hard work and are willing to put in the effort to achieve their goals. This is reflected in the country's education system, which places a strong emphasis on academic achievement and preparing students for success in the workforce.In conclusion, American culture is a complex and diverse blend of traditions, customs, and beliefs. While the country has faced its share of challenges, it remains a beacon of freedom, democracy, and opportunity. Americans are proud of their culture and the contributions they have made to the world, and they continue to shape their culture through their values, beliefs, and actions.。

美国历史与文化论文

美国历史与文化论文

美国历史与文化论文美国是一个非常年轻的国度,从美国独立到今天不过两百多年的时间,就在这短短的两百多年间,美国完成了由一个地区强国到世界大国再到超级大国的伟大转变。

下文是店铺为大家整理的关于美国历史与文化论文的范文,欢迎大家阅读参考!美国历史与文化论文篇1浅析美国成为超级大国的原因美国——一个无论是在经济还是在军事或者是在政治甚至是在文化上,对当今世界有绝对影响力的国家。

一个冷战后当之无愧的唯一超级大国,一个人们梦想中充满无限自由和可能的国度。

然而,它的历史却只有短短200来年,那么,它是怎么在这么短的时间内发展成为这样的一个大国,乃至它的成绩使得发展历史远比它悠久的大国望尘莫及,甚至对它俯首帖耳,马首是瞻?让我们穿越历史隧道,通过对历史中的各种因素的分析,来还原美国成为超级大国的原因。

首先,我们从美国成立时的国际地理位置看,不难看出,这是上帝对它的无限眷顾。

它东西临两洋,南北无强敌——大西洋、太平洋环绕着它,这是发展的天然屏障。

这使它的独立和本土在165年的发展中无外来战火的侵扰成为可能。

而它的南北邻国——加拿大和墨西哥,他们当时还分别是英法和西班牙的殖民地,19世纪才独立;且工业化水平远远不如美国,所以谈不上是美国发展的障碍,更不用说是劲敌了。

所以这样的位置可谓是得天独厚。

其次,美国地域辽阔,地广人稀,物产丰富。

东西部的山脉——阿巴拉契亚山和落基山,为其工业发展提供丰富的矿产资源,如煤炭铁矿和有色金属。

以及各种动植物构成的生物资源;在墨西哥湾,蕴藏着丰富的石油资源;中央大平原的宽广而肥沃的土地是美国取之不尽的粮仓;一湾、两洋、五大湖是其渔场和水上交通枢纽;广袤的土地为其城市发展提供了足够的扩展空间。

这一切与生俱来的优势使美国的发展如虎添翼。

第三,移民带来的知识和技术是美国工业科技发展的基因基础。

美国是一个移民国家,这些移民都是来自全世界的或是能工巧匠或有一技之长者,他们怀着技术知识和信仰,充满对未来无限的向往和挑战,来到了这里。

美国政治与文化期末论文

美国政治与文化期末论文

作者:暨南大学梁月佩 2011年 05月 29日美国的门户开放政策【摘要】门户开放政策是是由美国首先提出来的。

它的主要内容是:在整个中国范围,列强都有进行贸易的权利。

它的主要精神是不论是在哪个列强的势力范围内,不论是否在中国内地或沿海地区,都实行利益均沾,机会平等原则。

影响:它标志着美国已经形成自己独立的侵华政策,是美国侵华行动的“里程碑”。

门户开放政策的提出既是美国传统对华政策的延续,又是这种政策发展到一个新阶段的标志。

这项政策的提出,表明美国在对华关系中,已经摆脱了追随者的处境,它要以自己的主张去影响和带领别的国家了。

同时,它受到列强的普遍欢迎,由此而使得列强在侵华步骤上取得暂时的一致,避免了列强因在华利益的相互抵触而使得列强间本以十分尖锐的矛盾进一步激化,也由此而使得列强由争夺在华利益而转化为在这个问题上相互合作。

在以后的30多年中,在中国对外关系的各个关键时刻,美国一再重申门户开放政策,并根据不同的形势做出新的解释,使之成为美国对华关系的基本原则。

【关键词】门户开放;提出;失败原因;影响1.门户开放政策的提出Open-Door Policy is a term used in international relations. It means that powerful countries have equal opportunities to trade with colonial or developing countries. When countries agree to observe the Open-Door Policy in an area, they simply agree to permit their merchants and investors to trade freely there. John Hay, United States secretary of state, started the idea of the Open Door in 1899. At that time, several Western powers had special interests in China. Each power was trying to get all the trading rights for itself. Hay sent notes to the competing powers, asking them to maintain complete equality for all nations that wished to trade with China. The competing powers accepted Hay's proposal, and they signed treaties agreeing to observe the Open-Door Policy.1895年甲午战争后,中国在国际上的地位进一步衰落,帝国主义强国掀起了瓜分中国的狂潮,它们在苛刻的条件下争先恐后借款给中国政府,霸占中国的海港、攫为租借地,强索筑路和开矿特权,把中国领土划分为各自的势力范围,展开了一场惊心动魄的争夺战。

英语作文美国文化

英语作文美国文化

英语作文美国文化American Culture: A Vibrant Mosaic of Diversity and Innovation。

The United States of America, a nation built on the foundations of immigration and diversity, boasts a rich and vibrant culture that is a unique blend of traditions, values, and innovations. American culture is not just a reflection of its history and geography; it is a living, evolving entity that shapes the identity of its people and influences the world at large.At the heart of American culture lies the spirit of diversity. From the early settlers who arrived from Europe, to the waves of immigrants from Asia, Africa, and Latin America, the United States has always been a melting pot of cultures. This diversity is reflected in every aspect of American life, from the languages spoken, to the foods consumed, to the festivals celebrated. The resulting cultural mosaic has given birth to a unique identity thatis both inclusive and resilient.Innovation is another defining characteristic of American culture. From the Industrial Revolution to the digital age, the United States has been a leader in technological advancements and scientific discoveries. This innovative spirit is fostered by a culture that values education, hard work, and risk-taking. It is reflected in the entrepreneurial spirit that drives the American economy, as well as in the artistic and literary achievements that have enriched the world's cultural landscape.Moreover, American culture is deeply rooted in the values of。

美国政治与文化期末论文

美国政治与文化期末论文

作者:暨南大学梁月佩 2011年 05月 29日美国的门户开放政策【摘要】门户开放政策是是由美国首先提出来的。

它的主要内容是:在整个中国范围,列强都有进行贸易的权利。

它的主要精神是不论是在哪个列强的势力范围内,不论是否在中国内地或沿海地区,都实行利益均沾,机会平等原则。

影响:它标志着美国已经形成自己独立的侵华政策,是美国侵华行动的“里程碑”。

门户开放政策的提出既是美国传统对华政策的延续,又是这种政策发展到一个新阶段的标志。

这项政策的提出,表明美国在对华关系中,已经摆脱了追随者的处境,它要以自己的主张去影响和带领别的国家了。

同时,它受到列强的普遍欢迎,由此而使得列强在侵华步骤上取得暂时的一致,避免了列强因在华利益的相互抵触而使得列强间本以十分尖锐的矛盾进一步激化,也由此而使得列强由争夺在华利益而转化为在这个问题上相互合作。

在以后的30多年中,在中国对外关系的各个关键时刻,美国一再重申门户开放政策,并根据不同的形势做出新的解释,使之成为美国对华关系的基本原则。

【关键词】门户开放;提出;失败原因;影响1.门户开放政策的提出Open-Door Policy is a term used in international relations. It means that powerful countries have equal opportunities to trade with colonial or developing countries. When countries agree to observe the Open-Door Policy in an area, they simply agree to permit their merchants and investors to trade freely there. John Hay, United States secretary of state, started the idea of the Open Door in 1899. At that time, several Western powers had special interests in China. Each power was trying to get all the trading rights for itself. Hay sent notes to the competing powers, asking them to maintain complete equality for all nations that wished to trade with China. The competing powers accepted Hay's proposal, and they signed treaties agreeing to observe the Open-Door Policy.1895年甲午战争后,中国在国际上的地位进一步衰落,帝国主义强国掀起了瓜分中国的狂潮,它们在苛刻的条件下争先恐后借款给中国政府,霸占中国的海港、攫为租借地,强索筑路和开矿特权,把中国领土划分为各自的势力范围,展开了一场惊心动魄的争夺战。

关于美国文化的英语作文

关于美国文化的英语作文

关于美国文化的英语作文英文回答:When it comes to American culture, there are a few key aspects that stand out to me. One of the most prominent elements of American culture is its diversity. The United States is a melting pot of different cultures, and this is reflected in the food, language, and traditions that you can find across the country. For example, in New York City, you can find authentic Italian, Chinese, and Mexican cuisine all within a few blocks of each other. This diversity is what makes American culture so rich and interesting.Another important aspect of American culture is its emphasis on individualism and personal freedom. In the United States, there is a strong belief in the idea that individuals should have the freedom to pursue their own goals and dreams. This can be seen in the way that Americans value independence and self-reliance. Forinstance, the concept of the "American Dream" is deeply ingrained in the culture, and it represents the idea that anyone can achieve success through hard work and determination.Additionally, American culture is heavily influenced by the media and entertainment industry. Hollywood, for example, has a significant impact on global popular culture, and American music, movies, and television shows areenjoyed by people all around the world. This has led to the spread of American slang and expressions, such as "cool," "awesome," and "no worries," which have become common in many other countries.Overall, American culture is a complex and diverse mixof influences that have come together to create a truly unique and dynamic society.中文回答:当谈到美国文化时,有几个关键方面吸引了我。

英语作文美国的文化

英语作文美国的文化

英语作文美国的文化Title: Exploring American Culture。

America, a melting pot of diverse cultures, embodies a rich tapestry of traditions, values, and customs that shape its unique identity. From its vibrant arts scene to its dynamic social fabric, American culture reflects a fusion of influences from around the world. In this essay, we delve into the multifaceted aspects of American culture, shedding light on its defining characteristics.One of the most prominent features of American culture is its celebration of individualism and freedom. Rooted in the principles of democracy and liberty, Americans cherish the autonomy to express themselves openly and pursue their aspirations. This spirit of independence permeates various facets of American life, from entrepreneurship to personal beliefs, fostering a sense of empowerment among its citizens.Moreover, American culture is deeply entrenched in the pursuit of the "American Dream" – the belief that anyone, regardless of background or circumstance, can achieve success through hard work and determination. This ethos has inspired generations of Americans to strive for excellencein their endeavors, driving innovation, and progress across diverse fields.Furthermore, American culture is synonymous with diversity and inclusivity. As a nation built by immigrants, the United States prides itself on its multicultural heritage, embracing individuals from all walks of life.This diversity is evident in the myriad cuisines, languages, and customs that flourish within American society,enriching its cultural landscape.The arts play a pivotal role in shaping American culture, serving as a medium for creative expression and social commentary. From Hollywood blockbusters to Broadway productions, American entertainment captivates audiences worldwide with its ingenuity and imagination. Likewise, music genres such as jazz, blues, and hip-hop have emergedas quintessential expressions of the American experience, resonating with audiences across generations.Sports also hold a special place in American culture, serving as a unifying force that transcends social boundaries. Whether it's football, basketball, or baseball, sports evoke a sense of camaraderie and passion among fans, fostering community spirit and national pride.In addition to its cultural contributions, American society is characterized by its commitment to democratic ideals and social justice. Throughout its history, the United States has grappled with issues of equality andcivil rights, striving to uphold the principles of fairness and equity for all its citizens. While challenges persist, Americans continue to advocate for progress and positive change, driving conversations on issues such as racial equality, gender rights, and environmental sustainability.In conclusion, American culture is a vibrant tapestry woven from diverse threads of tradition, innovation, and inclusivity. From its celebration of individualism to itsembrace of multiculturalism, America's cultural mosaic reflects the dynamic spirit of a nation forged by the dreams and aspirations of its people. As the world continues to evolve, American culture remains a beacon of creativity, resilience, and hope for generations to come.。

美国文化论文

美国文化论文

美国文化美国文化的主要内容是强调个人价值;追求民主自由;崇尚开拓和竞争;讲求理性和实用;其核心是个人中心主义:个人至上、私欲至上、追求个人利益和个人享受;强调通过个人奋斗、个人自我设计;追求个人价值的最终实现..这种刻意塑造自我;追求个性化的个人主义有其积极的一面;也有消极的一面..它调动了个人的积极性;使许多人的智慧和潜力得以充分发挥;从而促进整个民族与国家的振兴和发展..然而;人人以自我为中心;人际关系就难以融洽;整个社会也会缺乏凝聚力..个性自由起源于美国祖先追求宗教信仰自由的传统..包括自主动机;自主抉择;自力更生;尊重他人;个性自由;尊重隐私等层面..美国的自由观"不仅指免除对肉体的约束;而且指个人有权签订契约;有权从事任何一种普通谋生职业;有权获取有用的知识;有权结婚、建立家庭和抚养孩子;受自己良心的支配崇拜上帝;以及普遍地享有历来被认为是自由和平等地追求幸福所必不可少的那些特权..美国公众注重成就;仰慕英雄;有深厚的成就崇拜和英雄崇拜的心理积淀..个人成就是所有美国人价值观中评价最高的价值之一..美国人有很强的成就或成功意识..成功是所有美国人的追求;是诱人的前景;前进的动力..他们坚信;一个人的价值就等于他在事业上的成就..一些事业有成的企业家、科学家、艺术家和各类明星;成了新时代的英雄..他们个人奋斗的过程和结果;成了社会文化价值取向的参照系;父母教育子女的活教材..美国是流动性很大的社会..这种流动体现在两个方面:地域性流动和社会性流动..美国相对的开放自由、发达的交通和冒险好动的传统使许多美国人从乡村流到城市;又从市中心流向郊区;从北方流到南方阳光地带;从一个城市流到另一个城市..美国社会阶级不像欧洲国家那样固定;加上公共教育的普及;使沿着社会阶梯向上流动成为可能..许多生活在美国的人;无论是土生土长的美国人;还是漂洋过海来到美国的外国移民;都有一个梦;即通过自己的努力;改变自己的社会地位;实现自己的人生梦想;这就是人们常津津乐道的“美国梦”..美国文化从它的创造主体分析是一种移民文化.它在美国经过初步形成、成熟定型进入当前的多元文化发展阶段.美国移民的多"源"性决定了这种文化在民族认同基础上具有鲜明的多元性.影响移民文化形成发展的三个主要要素是:移民祖籍国的文化传统;移民与新环境的斗争以及在此过程中不同族裔移民间的融合.它对美国的双重影响;既有"海纳百川"的包容性与杂交性;也可以成为某些美国社会问题产生的文化因素.自由女神像;芭比娃娃;《美国哥特式》;野牛镍币和山姆大叔称为美国文化的五大象征..美国人还把“山姆大叔”诚实可靠、吃苦耐劳以及爱国主义的精神视为自己民族的骄傲和共有的品质..自由女神像于1886年屹立于纽约湾起;它一直是对新到达的移民美国梦的许诺..是法国在1876年赠送给美国独立100周年的礼物..美国的自由女神像坐落于美国纽约州纽约市附近的自由岛;是美国重要的观光景点..女神右手高举长达12米的火炬;左手捧着《独立宣言》;脚下是打碎的手铐、脚镣和锁链..她象征着自由、挣脱暴政的约束..1984年;自由女神像被列为世界文化遗存..芭比娃娃Barbie是20世纪最广为人知及最畅销的玩偶;于1959年举办的美国国际玩具展览会上首次曝光;现在;”芭比”娃娃已经销往世界上150多个国家;该产品被拍成一系列影视作品;还改编了一系列小游戏..美国哥特式无论我们见过与否;毫无疑问地;它是美国众多画作中唯一的一个成为文化标签的..其主要原因是;画中农民夫妻二人的表情深刻的体现了美国人民的民族精神——勇于探索;坚强不屈野牛镍币1911年;由美国著名艺术家詹姆斯厄尔弗雷泽开始设计;1913-1938年间成产的一种硬币..也是艺术家对美国西部开发的牺牲品野牛和印第安人的纪念..山姆大叔这个艺术作品在1917年作为美国征兵的海报而被创作..在那时美国需要更多的军队来帮助打第一次世界大战..1961年;美国国会正式承认”山姆大叔”为美国的民族象征..后来山姆大叔被用来代指“美国”或“美国政府”在新闻界广泛应用..美国文化的特点很多;集中体现在文学、绘画、建筑、电影等方面;其核心的便是个人主义;个人主义体现在人们的日常行为、文化语言、教育婚姻、竞技电影等方面..美国文化有精华;亦存在糟粕;那么我们在面对美国文化的时候应该批判的吸收;从而使我们国家的传统文化得以继承与发展..。

美国文化论文

美国文化论文

美国文化论文介绍美国是一个多元文化融合的国家,其独特的文化魅力吸引着世界各地的人们。

本文将探讨美国文化的多个方面,包括语言、宗教、饮食、艺术和娱乐等。

同时,我们将深入了解美国文化对全球的影响和作用。

语言英语是美国的官方语言,被广泛使用。

然而,美国存在着丰富的方言和口音,因为移民和地理因素导致了各地区英语的多样性。

美国的语言文化也受到其他语言的影响,如西班牙语、法语和德语等。

这种多样性使得美国成为了语言和文化交流的重要中心。

宗教美国是一个宗教自由的国家,拥有多元的宗教信仰。

基督教是主要的宗教,包括天主教、新教和各个教派。

此外,犹太教、伊斯兰教、佛教和印度教等也在美国扎根,并且得到广泛的接受和尊重。

宗教对美国人民的生活和价值观产生了广泛而深远的影响。

饮食美国的饮食文化是多元和多样的。

各地区都有自己独特的风味和特色菜肴。

例如,德克萨斯州的烧烤、路易斯安那州的海鲜和纽约州的比萨饼。

此外,美国也受到来自世界各地的饮食文化的影响,如意大利面食、墨西哥玉米饼和日本寿司等。

美国的快餐文化也备受关注,如麦当劳和肯德基等全球连锁餐厅的兴起。

艺术美国的艺术领域丰富多样,涵盖了文学、音乐、电影和绘画等各个方面。

美国文学享有盛誉,著名作家如马克·吐温、欧内斯特·海明威和威廉·福克纳等为美国文学作出了巨大贡献。

音乐方面,爵士乐、摇滚乐和流行音乐等都起源于美国,并且对全球音乐产业有着重要影响。

美国的电影产业也是世界闻名的,好莱坞成为了全球电影的中心。

娱乐美国以其独特的娱乐产业闻名于世。

从好莱坞的电影到百老汇的音乐剧,美国的娱乐行业吸引了无数观众。

此外,美国的体育也备受关注,篮球、棒球和橄榄球等运动成为了美国民众的热门娱乐活动。

不仅如此,美国的游乐场、博物馆和音乐节等也为人们提供了丰富的娱乐选择。

美国文化的全球影响美国的文化对全球产生了重要的影响。

好莱坞电影成为世界各地人们的娱乐首选,美国音乐艺术家的作品能够在全球范围内广泛传播。

美国文化论文

美国文化论文

美国文化美国文化的主要内容就是强调个人价值,追求民主自由,崇尚开拓与竞争,讲求理性与实用,其核心就是个人中心主义:个人至上、私欲至上、追求个人利益与个人享受,强调通过个人奋斗、个人自我设计,追求个人价值的最终实现。

这种刻意塑造自我,追求个性化的个人主义有其积极的一面,也有消极的一面。

它调动了个人的积极性,使许多人的智慧与潜力得以充分发挥,从而促进整个民族与国家的振兴与发展。

然而,人人以自我为中心,人际关系就难以融洽,整个社会也会缺乏凝聚力。

个性自由起源于美国祖先追求宗教信仰自由的传统。

包括自主动机,自主抉择,自力更生,尊重她人,个性自由,尊重隐私等层面。

美国的自由观"不仅指免除对肉体的约束,而且指个人有权签订契约;有权从事任何一种普通谋生职业;有权获取有用的知识;有权结婚、建立家庭与抚养孩子;受自己良心的支配崇拜上帝,以及普遍地享有历来被认为就是自由与平等地追求幸福所必不可少的那些特权。

美国公众注重成就,仰慕英雄,有深厚的成就崇拜与英雄崇拜的心理积淀。

个人成就就是所有美国人价值观中评价最高的价值之一。

美国人有很强的成就(或成功)意识。

成功就是所有美国人的追求,就是诱人的前景,前进的动力。

她们坚信,一个人的价值就等于她在事业上的成就。

一些事业有成的企业家、科学家、艺术家与各类明星,成了新时代的英雄。

她们个人奋斗的过程与结果,成了社会文化价值取向的参照系,父母教育子女的活教材。

美国就是流动性很大的社会。

这种流动体现在两个方面:地域性流动与社会性流动。

美国相对的开放自由、发达的交通与冒险好动的传统使许多美国人从乡村流到城市,又从市中心流向郊区;从北方流到南方阳光地带,从一个城市流到另一个城市。

美国社会阶级不像欧洲国家那样固定,加上公共教育的普及,使沿着社会阶梯向上流动成为可能。

许多生活在美国的人,无论就是土生土长的美国人,还就是漂洋过海来到美国的外国移民,都有一个梦,即通过自己的努力,改变自己的社会地位,实现自己的人生梦想,这就就是人们常津津乐道的“美国梦”。

美国文化英语作文

美国文化英语作文

美国文化英语作文英文回答:American culture is a fascinating tapestry of diverse influences that have shaped its unique identity over centuries. It is a vibrant and dynamic society that has played a significant role in global affairs, from political and economic leadership to cultural and technological innovation.Perspectives on American Culture。

American culture has been extensively studied and analyzed by scholars, leading to a variety of perspectives and interpretations. One common theme is the emphasis on individualism and self-reliance, which is often attributed to the country's frontier history. This belief inindividual agency and responsibility has shaped American values and institutions, fostering a sense of entrepreneurship, competition, and personal achievement.Another key aspect of American culture is its diversity and multiculturalism. The United States is a nation of immigrants, with people from all over the worldcontributing to its rich cultural heritage. This diversityis reflected in the arts, music, cuisine, and language of the country. It has also led to debates about cultural identity, assimilation, and the preservation of ethnic traditions.The concept of the "American Dream" is also central to understanding American culture. This belief in thepossibility of upward mobility and economic success through hard work and determination has been a powerful motivatorfor generations of immigrants and citizens alike. It has shaped American values and aspirations, as well as itssocial and economic policies.Impact on the World。

关于美国文化的论文

关于美国文化的论文

关于美国文化的论文美国自二十世纪二十年代以来,就逐步从文化“熔炉”理论慢慢向多元文化理论转变。

下文是店铺为大家整理的关于美国文化的论文的范文,欢迎大家阅读参考!关于美国文化的论文篇1凋零的美国南方文化摘要:美国剧作家田纳西?威廉姆斯的剧作《欲望号街车》反映了美国南方种植园文化在北方工业化进程中所遭遇到的失败。

本文通过分析主人公布兰奇和米契这两个在南北方文化冲突中艰难前行的人物,旨在剖析南北战争对南方人在精神文化方面带来的影响和变化。

关键词:南北方文化冲突;《欲望号街车》;南北战争一、引言在所有的文学体裁中,美国戏剧的发展历史是最短的。

直到20世纪早期,一些美国的本土剧作家才相继出现。

1920年到1960年期间,美国集中出现了一批国内外知名的剧作家,这在美国历史上是史无前例的。

其中一些作家开始关注当时最为热门的社会问题――南北方文化冲突。

1861年到1865年的南北战争对美国的政治和文学都产生了深远的影响。

南方最终的失败造成了南方传统生活方式的毁灭和传统价值观念的沦丧,贵族沦为了平民,工厂取代了农田,曾经一度繁荣的南方文化逐渐走向衰败。

战前,南方人富庶的生活给他们带来一种优越感,优雅的生活方式已经在他们的记忆中根深蒂固。

战后,他们不能接受失败,也不能应对生活中出现的新困难,只能一味地沉浸在对昔日荣耀的回忆中。

这时,美国文坛上出现了很多现实主义作家,他们关注平民百姓的现实生活,如何走出南方战后的困境成为了这些现代作家的话题。

他们将作品中的人物置身于南北两种文化中,就像是田纳西?威廉姆斯《欲望号街车》中的布兰奇和米契一样,在不断探索中找寻走出困境的出路。

田纳西?威廉姆斯(Tennessee Williams) 是美国文学史上最伟大的战后作家之一。

由于在南方长期的生活,他已将南方的文化印记深深地植入了心间,可以说他是南方文化的最佳代言人。

在南方目睹了过多的贫穷困苦,他一直致力于描写南方人在美国内战战败后所面临的困境。

美国文化论文

美国文化论文

浅谈美国文化中的个人主义摘要:美国文化的特点很多,集中体现在文学、绘画、建筑、电影等方面,其核心的便是个人主义,个人主义体现在人们的日常行为、文化语言、教育婚姻、竞技电影等方面。

美国文化有精华,亦存在糟粕,那么我们在面对美国文化的时候应该批判的吸收,从而使我们国家的传统文化得以继承与发展。

关键词:美国文化、个人主义、批判的吸收美国文化的特点体现在各个方面,如:文学、绘画、建筑、雕塑、舞蹈、电影……我在这里就美国文化中的个人主义进行浅析。

所谓个人主义,一般来说有广义和狭义之分。

广义的个人主义,是泛指西方从文艺复兴以来,随着资本主义生产关系的发展,随着反封建压迫和神权统治的斗争而形成的以个人为中心的思想。

狭义的个人主义,主要是指个人主义这一概念出现以后的个人主义思想体系及其理论,它是一种典型的西方资本主义政治和社会哲学,其主要内容是相信每个人都具有价值,高度重视个人自由,强调个人的自我支配、自我控制、自我发展,是以个人为本位的人生哲学美国文化的主要内容是强调个人价值,追求民主自由,崇尚开拓和竞争,讲求理性和实用,其核心是个人中心主义。

美国公众注重成就,仰慕英雄,有深厚的成就崇拜和英雄崇拜的心理积淀。

个人成就是所有美国人价值观中评价最高的价值之一。

美国人有很强的成就(或成功)意识。

成功是所有美国人的追求,是诱人的前景,前进的动力。

他们坚信,一个人的价值就等于他在事业上的成就。

一些事业有成的企业家、科学家、艺术家和各类明星,成了新时代的英雄。

他们个人奋斗的过程和结果,成了社会文化价值取向的参照系,父母教育子女的活教材。

个人主义体现在美国人的口常行为中。

强调每个人作为个体,每个人都有他的自然权利,平等和自由。

在美国,个人的隐私权是受到尊重和保护的。

而那些对年龄、婚恋、宗教信仰、经济状况等有关方面的问题,美国人认为是隐私性问题,通常采取回避的态度。

个人主义强调对个人私生活的保护和尊重,不允许对之进行刺探、干涉和侵扰。

关于美国文化的英语作文

关于美国文化的英语作文

关于美国文化的英语作文American Culture。

Culture is a way of life that is shared by a group of people. It includes beliefs, values, customs, traditions, language, and art. American culture is a melting pot of different cultures from around the world. It is a diverse and dynamic culture that has been shaped by history, geography, and immigration.One of the most important aspects of American cultureis freedom. Americans have the freedom to express themselves, worship as they choose, and pursue their dreams. This freedom is enshrined in the Constitution and Bill of Rights, and it is a fundamental part of American identity.Another important aspect of American culture is individualism. Americans value independence and self-reliance, and they often celebrate the achievements of individuals who have overcome obstacles to succeed. This isreflected in American literature, music, and movies, which often feature stories of individual triumphs.Religion is also an important part of American culture. While there is no official state religion, the majority of Americans identify as Christian. There are also significant populations of Jews, Muslims, Buddhists, and Hindus. Religion plays a role in many aspects of American life, from politics to social issues.Sports are another important part of American culture. Americans are passionate about sports, and there are many popular sports in the United States, including football, basketball, baseball, and hockey. Sports bring people together and provide a sense of community and identity.Food is also an important part of American culture. American cuisine is diverse and reflects the country's history and geography. There are many regional specialties, such as pizza in New York, barbecue in Texas, and seafoodin New England. Fast food is also popular in the United States, with chains like McDonald's and Burger King foundin every corner of the country.In conclusion, American culture is a complex and diverse mix of traditions, beliefs, and values. It is a culture that values freedom, individualism, religion, sports, and food. While there are many different cultures represented in the United States, American culture is a unique and dynamic blend that has been shaped by history, geography, and immigration.。

美国文化论文精选

美国文化论文精选

美国文化论文精选(2)推荐文章有关民俗文化论文参考热度:大学数学文化选修课论文3000字热度:关于大学民俗文化论文范文3000字热度:汽车文化的论文范文3000字热度:有关数学文化方面的论文热度:美国文化论文篇3试谈好莱坞电影的美国文化解读及传播一、引言如今,在世界电影片总产量之中,美国的总产量仅占7%左右,但美国电影在世界电影的总放映时间却占60%,在世界电影行业的总票房占2/3,美国可以说是垄断了很多发展中国家的电影市场,全球影院所播放的片源85%出自好莱坞,在国际影坛之中好莱坞的大佬地位无人能及。

著名周刊曾经对好莱坞做了如下评论:有限的一个地域之内的一小波人,影响着全球不同国家数以亿计人的意识、想法和生活习性,这是非常难以想象的。

美国将全球变成了电影产业的盈利场所,从而用美式的价值取向、风格意识吞噬着其他国家的原始文化。

所以,在以政治、经济、文化为前提的全球化进程之中,我们应该更加重视文化的传播与推广,将我国本该有的文化理念传递到世界各个角落。

二、内容上的美国文化传播学专家席勒说过:通过电影表现的文化服务产业,它不纯粹是简单的消遣娱乐,更重要的是面向社会传递政治及价值观点的媒介,究其根本,它的意义就是对整个社会的精神空间进行重组及解读的一个表现形式。

在数字化影像技术日益先进的今天,好莱坞更注重画面的震撼感,通过不同的审美意象勾画出观众最想看到的画面,从而将美国的不同文化理念贯穿于剧中传递给所有受众群体。

自由主义、人道主义、个人主义等这一系列的核心价值观最容易触动人类的心灵,使人类产生情感上的共识,这些也是好莱坞电影一直在运用的价值观。

因为注入此类的核心价值观能够作为观众与作品之间的情感纽带,从而打破不同文化背景之下的限制,将跨国电影与异国观众之间的障碍一并排除。

好莱坞战争题材的电影作品一般所表现的主题都是正义、自由、友谊、善良等。

比如电影作品《黑鹰坠落》讲述的就是勇敢之心以及战友之间深厚的感情;《拯救大兵瑞恩》将战争情节转化为人道主义精神;《珍珠港》的主旨就是宣传民主与自由。

美国文化英语作文

美国文化英语作文

美国文化英语作文American Culture。

American culture is a diverse and complex mix of traditions, customs, beliefs, and values. It is a melting pot of different cultures and ethnicities, shaped by centuries of immigration and social, political, and economic changes. From music and art to food and fashion, American culture has a profound impact on the world.One of the defining characteristics of American culture is its emphasis on individualism and personal freedom. Americans value their independence and the right to pursue their dreams and aspirations without interference from others. This is reflected in the country's political and legal systems, which prioritize individual rights and freedoms over collective interests.Another important aspect of American culture is its entrepreneurial spirit. Americans are known for theirinnovation, creativity, and risk-taking, which has led to the creation of many successful businesses and industries. This has also contributed to the country's economic growth and global influence.American culture is also heavily influenced by popular culture, including music, movies, television, and social media. American popular culture has a huge following around the world, with many people looking to the United Statesfor the latest trends and entertainment.However, American culture is not without its flaws and controversies. The country has a long history of racial and social inequality, and there are ongoing debates about issues such as gun control, immigration, and healthcare. These issues reflect the complex and often conflicting values and beliefs that make up American culture.In conclusion, American culture is a complex and multifaceted phenomenon that continues to evolve and change over time. It is shaped by a variety of factors, including history, politics, economics, and social trends. Despiteits flaws and challenges, American culture remains a powerful force in the world, influencing everything from fashion and music to technology and politics.。

美国文化论文

美国文化论文

美国文化论文美国文化美国文化是一个多元化的文化,由多个不同的民族、宗教、种族和地区的人们共同构建。

在过去几个世纪,美国接收了来自世界各地的移民,这些移民把自己的传统、价值观和习俗带到了美国。

这种多元化使得美国文化具有独特的特点。

美国的文化价值观主要包括自由、平等和多样性。

美国是一个自由主义的国家,强调个人的自由和权利。

美国人相信每个人都有追求幸福和成功的权利,并且政府应该保护和促进这些权利。

平等是美国文化中的另一个核心价值观。

美国人相信每个人都应该受到平等对待,无论他们的种族、性别、宗教或其他身份特征如何。

多样性也是美国文化的重要组成部分。

美国是一个移民国家,来自各种不同背景的人们在这里生活和工作。

这种多样性使美国成为一个充满了不同文化、语言和习俗的国家。

美国的饮食文化也是其文化的重要方面。

美国人喜欢吃各种各样的食物,包括汉堡、披萨、热狗、牛排、三明治等。

不同的地区有不同的特色菜肴,比如墨西哥食物在南部地区非常受欢迎,纽约比萨在东海岸非常有名。

美国还有自己的饮料文化,如咖啡、可乐和啤酒都是美国人喜爱的饮品。

美国的电影、音乐和体育也对其文化有深远影响。

好莱坞电影产业在世界范围内具有巨大的影响力,美国电影已经成为全球影坛的代表。

美国的音乐也非常丰富多样,包括摇滚乐、流行音乐、爵士乐、乡村音乐等。

美国人对体育也非常热衷,美式橄榄球、篮球和棒球是美国最受欢迎的体育项目之一。

总的来说,美国文化是一个多元化、自由、平等和富有创造力的文化。

它是由不同民族、宗教和地区的人们共同构建的,并且通过美国人独特的价值观和习俗得以体现。

美国文化在全球范围内具有重要的影响力,成为了世界文化的一部分。

关于美国文化的英语作文

关于美国文化的英语作文

关于美国文化的英语作文英文回答:American culture is a diverse and complex mix of traditions, customs, and values that have been shaped by a variety of influences over the centuries. One aspect of American culture that stands out to me is the emphasis on individualism and personal freedom. This can be seen in the way Americans value independence and self-reliance, and the belief that individuals have the right to pursue their own happiness and success.Another important aspect of American culture is the idea of the "American Dream," which is the belief that anyone, regardless of their background or social status, can achieve success and prosperity through hard work and determination. This idea has been a driving force in American society and has inspired countless individuals to pursue their goals and aspirations.In addition, American culture is also characterized by its diversity and inclusivity. The United States is a melting pot of different ethnicities, religions, and cultures, and this diversity is celebrated and embraced. For example, in my own community, we have a wide range of cultural events and festivals that showcase the traditions and customs of different ethnic groups.Furthermore, American culture is heavily influenced by popular culture, including music, film, television, and fashion. For example, American music genres such as jazz, rock and roll, and hip-hop have had a significant impact on global music trends. Similarly, American films and television shows have a wide-reaching influence and are enjoyed by people around the world.Overall, American culture is a rich tapestry of traditions, values, and influences that continue to evolve and shape the identity of the nation.中文回答:美国文化是一个多元化和复杂的传统、习俗和价值观的混合体,经过几个世纪的各种影响而形成。

英美文化论文

英美文化论文

英美文化论文第一篇:英美文化论文American RacismA popular saying is that America is a nation where people, with diligence and perseverance, can realize their dreams regardless of their religious beliefs, colors of skin and political convictions.However, others frown on this idea.This issue has given rise to a heated discussion.For my part,I’m all for the idea of disapproval.The reasons are mainly as follows:It is generally known that the United States of America is a nation of immigrants.People of different skin colors,religions and faiths creat the nation —America.And inevitably,religious conflict,racial discrimination and political struggle come along.The most prominent phenomenon is the racial discrimination.Nowadays,the racial discrimination in America remains quite serious.This social issue has been a long-standing problem.In the first place,there are so many roots of racial discrimination.Looking back in history, it began with the slave trade.Needless to say,it is so miserable and disastrous.Between 1650 and 1900, 10.24 million enslaved Africans arrived in the Americas.The transatlantic slave trade resulted in a vast and as yet still unknown loss of life for African captives both in and outside of America.Approximately 1.2 – 2.4 million Africans died during their transport to the New World.No scholars dispute the harm done to the enslaved people themselves.The African slave trade helped to shape a wide variety of societies from modern Argentina to Canada.These differed in their use of slaves, the harshness of the regime imposed on slaves, and the degree of mixing of the races that custom and law permitted.But none ofthese became as virulently racist--insisting on racial separation and a strict color bar--as the English North American colonies that became the United States.The institution of slavery was abolished through Civil War,a bloody second American revolution that cost at least 600,000 lives.Today,in the United States, although legal racial discrimination was cancelled,institutionalized racism remained intact.In addition, the United States parties which are based on different interests,1 formulate a series of related policies and harmed the interests of black people.The original U.S.Constitution permitted slavery and counted Black slaves as three-fifths of white persons in determining both Congressional representation and taxation, which were deeply rooted the racism in the very foundation of U.S.society.Unfortunately,to blacks,their performance provide discrimination discourse.In the black areas, the excessive crime happen at any moment.Worse still, Black also do the drug trade which undoubtedly violates the nation’s law.Politicians from both the Democratic and Republican Parties got the big calls “tough on crime,” embracing the so-called war on drugs, which tripled the prison population between 1980 and 1995.Two-thirds of those who entered the prison system during that period were Black, Latino or poor, and the vast majority of them were nonviolent drug offenders.Today, with the prison population swollen to more than 2 million, African Americans make up just 12 percent of the U.S.population and only 13 percent of drug users, yet account for 35 percent of drug arrests and 53 percent of drug convictions.Blacks are also 43 percent of those on death st year, the U.S.Bureau of Justice Statistics estimated that 30 percent of 12 year-old Black boys will spend time in jail in their lifetimes--far more than will attend college.And because manystates have laws denying present and former inmates the right to vote, an estimated 13 percent of all Black men--including one in every three in Alabama and Florida--have been disenfranchised.In light of racial discrimination,black people conducted a series of racial fights which was called the Civil Rights Movement.The most illustrious march is probably the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom.It is best remembered for the glorious speech Martin Luther King, Jr.gave, in which the “I have a dream” part t urned into a national text and eclipsed the troubles the organizers had to bring to march forward.The process was long and tenuous,and many of these movements did not fully achieve their goals although,the efforts of these movements did lead to improvements in the legal rights of previously oppressed groups of people.The current status of racism in America are still in poor condition.While discrimination has decreased and old forms of segregation have been recalled,subtlepatterns of informal discrimination in housing,employment,education and virtually every social sphere still persists.Indeed,for many African Americans,discrimination,as of now,remains a central part of their experience in the United States.According to a report of American, the black’s inco me only accounted for the three-fourths of the white,and African-American family’s income was just one-tenth of the white family’s.Half of all black men in New York can’t find a job,while Black teenage unemployment stands at 37 percent nationwide.As Mr.Bus h said,”And this poverty has roots in generations of segregation and discrimination that has closed many doors of opportunity“.These statistics show a crisis among Black Americans that should be setting of alarm.Racism, notcriminal records, explains the high unemployment rate for Black men today.A recent Wall Street Journal report showed that in the city of Milwaukee, a white job applicant with a criminal record has a better chance of being called for an interview than a Black man with no criminal record.”The disadvantage carried by a young Black man applying for a job as a dishwasher or a driver is equivalent to forcing a white man to carry an 18-month prison record on his back,“ concluded reporter David Wessel.And only racism can explain these statistics: Segregation in public schools, which decreased continuously from the 1950s to the late 1980s, has now returned to levels not seen in three decades.Black infants are almost two-and-a-half times more likely than white infants to die before the age of one, a wider gap than in 1970.More than 200 years since slavery was written into the U.S.constitution, its racist legacy remains--and the words of abolitionist Frederick Douglass remain true: ”Without struggle, there can be no progress."In general,only a struggle that shakes the foundation of U.S.society can end racism.As is the always the case,the darkest hour comes before the dawn.A mixed-race man is president says much about the peaceful progress on race relations in America.I believe that the black people can have equal rights and are free to live, study and work as they wish in the future,and people can truly realize their dreams regardless of their religious beliefs, colors of skin and political convictions.第二篇:英美文化(二)带来交际中的尴尬一位50来岁的美国妇女在中国任教,有一位年的中国同事请她到自己家里来吃饭,一进门,女主人就把4岁的女儿介绍给客人。

美国文化论文

美国文化论文

The Reason for Pursuing American Dream Introduction:Nowadays, we can find a trend, in china and even all over the world, more and more people have an idea of immigration to America or study further in the American. With unique characteristic, America is continuing to attract talents from all over the world to come here. Why does America have so special position in people’s mind? Maybe, what we think of the developed economy and advanced science is not the internal reasons. We need explore the deep reason from its history and social culture.In my opinion, it is the traditional American value and social culture besides the highly developed science and technology that makes lots of people including students, scholars and businessmen etc. go to America to pursue their dreams.Specifically, it is some unique spirits and traditional cultures like freedom, equality and independence which can be found in American cultural heritages like frontier movement, religions and present business situation etc. that can explain the phenomenon above.It is these inner qualities that influence the value orientation of the people and people’s choices for the future.Procedure:I think it is three main aspects for this phenomenon that we can explore in, frontier movement, religions and present business situation. From these aspects, we can find the real answer.Revelation from frontier movement:Although the American civilization took over and replaced the frontier more than a century ago, the heritage of the frontier is still evident in the United States today. Many people are still fascinating by the frontier because it has been particularly important in shaping American values. Individualism, self-reliance, and equality of opportunity have perhaps been the values most closely associated with the frontier heritage of America.Closely associated with the frontier ideal of the free individual is the ideal of self-reliance. If the people living on the frontier were free of many of society’s rules, they were also denied many of society’s comforts and conveniences. They had to be self-reliant. Men and women often constructed their own house, hunted, tended their own gardens, and made their own clothing and household items. The self-reliant frontiersman has been idealized by Americans who have made him the model of the classic American male hero with rugged individualism. American self-reliance and the rugged individualism, attract lots of pe ople, especially young people. Those young people especially college students, most of which have their own dream. It is the rebellious character and great idea that make them gain success through their own efforts, rather than helps of parents and others. In addition, such a social environment with an advocate of self-reliance, also provide a unique perfect environment where people can train themselves and their children.While the frontier idealized the rugged individual as the great American hero, it also respected the inventive individual. The need for self-reliance on the frontier encouraged a spirit of inventiveness. Frontier men and women not only had to provide most of their daily life essentials, but they were also constantly facing new problems and situations which demanded new solutions. Under these circumstances, they soon learned to experiment with new ways of doing things. The willingness to experiment and invent led to another American trait, a “can-do” spirit, or a sense of optimism that every problem has a solution. Americans like to believe that a difficult problem can be solved immediately-an impossible one may take a little longer. They take pride in meeting challenges and overcoming difficult obstacles. This can-do spirit has traditionally given Americans a sense of optimism about themselves and their country. These spirits, has been attracting a lot of businessmen to come here to look for opportunities. Here, they start the factories, establish the companies and recruit a lot of persons with ability of inventiveness and can-dospirit, so that they can strengthen the international competitiveness of their enterprises. Such social base, talents reserves, for businessmen, is a great attraction. They believe that, in such a full of inventiveness and can-do spirit of the country, they never lackof chance of success.The frontier is an expression of individual freedom and self-reliance in its purest (and most extreme) forms, and it is also a pure expression of the ideal of equality of opportunity. When a person is free, he will have a great chance of success.Especially in a society without hierarchy, humble family background won’t block a person who was born humble to develop well and get a high social status. From more than 200 years ago to now, success of hundreds of thousands of immigrants, make Americans believe the concept of equal opportunity. But to Americans, equal opportunity is not to say that everyone is equal, or should be equal, but say mean that everyone should get an equal chance to succeed. Americans take life as a competition, everyone should have a chance to participate in competition, competition and success is every American’s responsibility. This kind of the pressure of the competition will accompany American life, from childhood to old retirement. The people who get through the competition is a winner, otherwise is a loser. Such a concept of equal opportunity, attract countless to come here to cave out, and attract scholars to come to study. Here, they have equal competition environment, equal social status, an equal learning space. In such an environment, they have the opportunity to express their own potential, to pursue their dream and future.Influence of religion:The fundamental American belief in individual freedom and the right of individuals to practice their own religion is at the center of religious experience in the United States. The great discovery of ethnic backgrounds has produced religious pluralism; most of the religions of the world are now practiced in the United States. Ninety percent of Americans say that they believe in God, although not all of them participate in traditional religious organizations.Protestantism has been a powerful force in shaping the value and beliefs of Americans. Individuals are left alone before God to improve themselves and ask forGod’s guidance, forgiveness, and grace. For this reason, Protestantism has traditionally encouraged a strong and restless desire for self-improvement. The need for self-improvement, once established, reaches far beyond self-improvement in the purely moral or religious sense. They are the natural products of a culture in which people believe that “God helps those who help themselves.” In addition, Americans attend thousands of self-help seminars and support group meetings to help them stop smoking or drinking, lose weight, be better parents, have happier relationships, and develop self-confidence. American religious leaders, never encourages the idea of gaining wealth without hard work and self-discipline. They also believed that the capacity for self-discipline was a holy characteristic blessed by God. Self-discipline was often defined as the willingness to save and invent one’s money rather than spend it on immediate pleasures. The belief in hard work and self-discipline in pursuit of material gain and other goals is often referred to as “the Protestant work ethic” or “the puritan work ethic”.No doubts, this kind of freedom of religion is also one of important factors which attracts lots of people immigrate to America.In America, people can have belief of religion without worry about intervention and obstruction of government, and won’t worry about discrimination of others. Those spirits produced from religion, like self-improve, hard work and self-discipline etc., have been a part of the core American value, and the reason why American attracts people. Those people who have these belief can self-discipline and educate their descendants better, which led to the improvement of the quality of the whole nation. And it is an important factor that many people go to America to study.So, religious belief, as an important component of American traditional culture and the core value, is also an important factor of this phenomenon.Inspiration of present business situation:Speaking of American business, perhaps our first thought is Americandeveloped economy and those large enterprises which occupy more than half world top 500enterprises. The statement by President Coolidge in the 1920s, “The business of America is business,”still points to an important truth today-that business institutions are at the heart of the American way of life. One reason for this is that Americans view business as being more firmly based on the ideal of competition than most other institutions in society. Since competition is seen as the major source of progress and prosperity by most Americans, competitive business institutions have traditionally been respected. Competition is seen not only asa value itself; it is also the means by which other basic American values such as individual freedom, equality of opportunity, and hard work are protected.In my opinion, the difference between American commercial culture and Chinese is that Americans regard entrepreneurial spirit more important. In American business field, we rarely heard things about some businessmen inheriting his parents. American entrepreneurs love their job, but they regard the ability of independence and business for their descendants as more important. In America, Apple, Google, Microsoft, any of which occupies its dominance of the field. For these enterprises,their founders started from scratch and their college.They achieved enviable result and won others’respect. These experiences and achievements inspired young people all over the world. These American unique characteristics are attracting countless students and businessmen to go to America to pursue their dreams. Conclusion:From the above, we know that from frontier movement, religion and present business situation, we can find that many unique spirits and culture of American society and people, like self-reliance, inventiveness, can-do spirit, self-improve and self-discipline etc. these together constitute the core values of the U.S.Many people with American dream go to America to pursue their future, not only for the highly developed science and technology. More important is the special American value. Generally speaking, it is freedom, equality and independence that formed the real attraction to people.。

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宁波大学考核答题纸(2016—2017学年第一学期)课号:054TS1AH7 课程名称:美国文化改卷教师:学号:144173248 姓名:周耀龙得分:美国教育制度分析及启示摘要教育制度的好坏直接决定了一个国家的综合实力高低。

美国经过多年的教育改革,建立了举世瞩目的教育体系,并且得到了世界各地人民的一致好评。

本文将概要性地多方面地讲述美国的教育制度,包括美国的学前教育制度、中小学教育制度、高校道德教育制度、校车制度等等,还以哈佛大学作为个例,具体地分析其成功原因。

关键词教育;校车;哈佛;中小学“如果爱他就送他去美国……”,套用这句经典的台词来形容想去美国受教育人的心情,再贴切不过了。

美国的教育在很多人心目中,就是轻松、自由、平等、能力、素质……斯坦福大学的马立平博士曾经做过一个对比研究,发现23名随机调查的美国小学教师,只有9个人正确做出14除以2的答案;而72名中国小学教师,全部都做对。

另外,对于“除以二分之一”的数学概念,没有任何一个参与研究的美国小学教师知道是什么意思;但是所有的中国小学教师都正确答对。

教师如此,学生的水平可想而知。

①有数据表明,中国学生一年有8个多月是上课时间,每天的在校时间超过10个小时。

而美国学生每年只有1000个小时左右的上课时间。

可见,我国学生在学业上投入更多的时间与精力。

那么一个个问题接踵而来:第一,既然美国中小学教育显得如此不堪一击,那为何到了大学美国人一下子就傲视群雄了呢?第二,为何以我国如此苛刻的教育制度作用下,依旧在各个领域落后于美国?第三,为何历年的诺贝尔奖都与国人擦肩而过?这三个问题都值得我们深入研究。

下面我将围绕上述疑问,分别通过美国学前教育制度、美国中小学教育制度、美国高校道德教育制度以及美国校车制度等方面,逐步深入地探讨产生上述现象的根源。

并将以哈佛大学作为个例,分析其本科教育模式、通识教育制度、人才培养战略等方面的经验,最后对比我国高校教育制度,得到启示与借鉴方案。

一、 美国教育制度的形成、发展与现状概述1492年,哥伦布发现美洲。

16世纪后期,美洲建立殖民地。

17世纪初,北美洲被分为13个殖①李蕾红:《中美教育差距始于高中》,《青年教师》,2015 年,第61-62 页。

民州。

1635年,美国的第一所公立学校波士顿拉丁学校成立。

1870年,全国实施公立小学制度。

19世纪末,34州实施小学义务教育。

1918年,50州实施小学义务教育。

20世纪前,高中大学实施精英教育或“贵族教育”。

20世纪上半年,实施“渐进改革”,提供“义务教育”。

②美国教育制度庞大且杂乱,规模之大、程度之深是美国留给我最为深刻的印象,但也正是由于这种错综、扑朔与多样,使其历史观、文化观、价值观等一系列思想观念跃然纸上,其中更是反映了美国教育思潮的更新换代过程。

广义而言,美国教育体系的特点也清晰可见,那就是规模庞大、组织结构细致、权力分散明显以及多元发展。

二、 美国学前教育制度(一)概要学前教育作为新生儿入学所受的第一次系统全面的教育,对孩童今后的发展具有不可磨灭的巨大影响。

此外,此时孩童步入学堂,都处于同一起跑线上,是一个崭新的开始。

正是因为上述原因,学前教育受到了各国政府部门的极度关注。

美国也不例外,学前教育教师培养已形成一个起点高、体制完备、操作性强的有机体系。

(二)启发他山之石,可以攻玉。

我国学前教育虽说近十年来,历经剧烈变革,但整个教师教育体系还是逐步走向开放的正途。

幼师培训机构走向多元化,也导致了目前学前教师质量参差不齐、良莠并存。

因此,加强学前教育师资队伍建设刻不容缓。

美国的学前教育师资培养体系,在如何保全我国优质幼儿教师教育资源、提高学前教育师资质量等方面,值得我们借鉴与学习。

首先,应以“实践”指导教师行动,其次,应以“标准”保证教师质量。

最后,应以“政策”引领教师专业发展。

三、 美国中小学教育制度(一)概要20世纪80年代开始,美国兴起一股对统一的公立中小学校体制的批判热潮。

人们认为,传统单一的公立学校体制缺乏灵活性,不能满足学生多样化的教育需求,学校效率不高。

在此背景下,美国教育界以“学校重建”之名发起中小学校多样化的改革。

这一改革引发了美国公立学校体制深刻的变化,也对世界基础教育改革产生了广泛的影响,值得认真研究和借鉴。

(二)启发②滕大春:《美国教育史》, 人民教育出版社,2001 年。

美国中小学校多样化改革的实践探索丰富和创新了方兴未艾的学校改革研究,对世界许多国家的基础教育改革也带来了深刻的影响。

面对复杂的学校改革问题,多样化是一种有意义的价值追求。

借鉴美国学校多样化改革的思路,我们可以得出以下一些有益的启示:在教育公平理念方面,应提倡有差异的平等;在教育评价机制方面,应提倡多样化的教育质量观;在学校改革策略方面,应尝试多样化的学校改进路径。

四、 美国高校道德教育制度(一)概要美国高校强调道德教育的多元化发展,无统一道德教育课程或教材,政府只是通过高等教育相关政策对高校道德教育的目标作出规定。

高校道德教育可结合实际自主实施,要求也不尽相同。

总之,各高校有一套自己的道德教育目标和体系。

另外,美国高校道德教育强调学生个性发展,重视个人道德品质能力的培养,注重主动意识,不主张死记硬背,而是以启发引导和问题讨论为主。

并且,在美国高校,各种各样的文化体育活动非常频繁,各类协会、学会和俱乐部等学生组织应有尽有。

(二)启发我们不能完全照抄照搬美国高校的做法,但从中汲取一些成功经验,对于提升我国高校道德教育水平,促进大学生全面发展具有积极的借鉴意义。

我们首先应当洞察并顺应社会形势的变化,不断更新高校道德教育理念、创新道德教育方法。

并以学生身心特点和现状为依据,加之思想、社会实际,改善课程内容、多样化教学手段,从而调动大学生的学习兴趣。

其次,高校与社会应当合力建设校园文化,潜移默化地传达校园文化,美化校园环境,树立良好的校风、学风、班风,引导学生自觉养成良好道德习惯。

再次,政府教育部门、高校、社会乃至家庭,多方应共同探索、建立联系沟通机制、形成道德教育合力,共营良好环境,促进大学生健康成长。

最后,我国高校还当加强道德教育理论研究,针对思想道德教育新形势、新情况、新问题,针对大学生思想道德教育的难点问题和重点问题,加大支持力度,鼓励教师开展相关研究。

五、 美国校车制度(一)概要2006年,美国印第安纳州首府发生一起车祸,一辆悍马撞上了一辆校车的尾部,悍马迎头粉碎,而校车尾部却无大恙。

悍马在车辆中以坚固著称,最早仅供军队和政府使用,美国校车的坚固和安全程度可见一斑。

据统计,在美国,校车的安全系数是家庭轿车和公共汽车的40倍。

校车事故发生率是所有交通工具中最低的,百万公里事故发生率仅为0.01,火车是0.04,飞机是0.06,其他公路车辆是0.96。

③历经近两百年的发展,美国的校车运行已形成一套完备的机制:完善严格的校车制作标准,“苛刻”全面的校车特权,多维度、高层次的驾驶员筛选标准,权责分明、公私共济的管理模式,全方位的安全教育宣传等等。

反观我国,校车运行中立法滞后,违规惩戒不力,“黑校车”为主力,驾驶员素质良莠不齐等问题突出。

(二)启发如何让孩子上下学的道路变得更安全,是当前政府、学校和家长关心的一个焦点。

从发达国家的经验看,他们都选择了同一种交通工具——校车。

虽然各国校车的外观设计、安全标准、管理方式各不相同,并没有一种“最好”的模式,但是“孩子的生命安全超过一切最有价值的财富”,可以说是各国校车运营的核心准则。

美国校车安全系数之高、立法之严,值得我国教育与立法部门的研究和学习。

借鉴美国的校车运行制度,加强我国校车工作应从以下几方面入手:1.加紧立法,严格执法,为校车安全运行提供保障;2.落实4%的教育经费投入,鼓励市场运营;3.提高驾驶员审核标准,加强安全教育;4.加强安全宣传,创造良好环境;5.政府、市场、公益相结合,满足校车费用需求。

六、 哈佛大学个例分析在国内高校普遍扩招的情况下,精英教育日渐转型为大众教育。

然而高校如何将有限的教育资源加以优化配置以提升大学核心竞争力、如何提升人才培养质量等问题已成当务之急。

哈佛大学作为世界顶尖高校,其人才培养战略极具代表性,引领着国际高等教育的发展潮流。

哈佛历次课程改革和人才培养模式的战略调整,在崇尚学术自由的前提下,形成通识教育优先、教学方法创新、学术研究导向、培养模式务实等一系列人才培养经验,值得国内高校深入研究与发展借鉴。

(一)发展概要哈佛大学1636年初创时第一届学生共9名,教师仅1名,如今哈佛大学已发展为拥有10个研究生院和专业学院、40多个系科、100多个专业的大型院校。

正式注册学生有18000多名,以研究生为主,其中研究生与本科生比例约为2:1。

它先后培养出巴拉克•奥巴马等8名美国总统,培养③黄金鲁克:《国外校车如何实现“最安全”》,《中国减灾》,2012 年,第40-41 页。

出肯尼思•阿罗等40位诺贝尔奖得主和30多名普利策奖获得者。

而哈佛商学院被誉为培养企业管理人才的西点军校,美国排名前500强公司的高层管理人员中,有1/5毕业于哈佛商学院。

④(二)人才战略分析1.通识教育优先哈佛大学培养出大量杰出人才绝非偶然,这与其独到的人才培养战略和通识教育理念休戚相关。

正是基于对人才培养目标的科学认识,哈佛大学才有了由最初的自由选修制到注重通识教育的核心课程改革。

2.教学方法创新哈佛大学的课程教学方法改革,始于医学院和法学院,成于商学院。

其中举世闻名的案例教学法是其典型代表,哈佛大学把它作为主要教学方法,广泛应用于全校各学院的专业课程教学。

3.学术研究导向哈佛大学人才培养模式的层次和途径很多,以世界一流的学术研究带动教学和人才培养是重要特点,而高质量科研论文的发表及其被引情况作为一个重要指标可以从核心层面折射一所大学的学术影响力。

4.培养模式务实哈佛大学自身定位为不要培养世界的旁观者、生活的观众或对他人劳动十分挑剔的批评家,而是向来以培养优秀的实干家和能做出成就的人为目标。

(三)启发我国高校对于教师过分强调其科研业绩和社会服务导向,教师的学术研究和学生的培养往往无法有效接轨,在这种志不同的畸形发展潮流的推动下,学生往往被异化为廉价劳动力。

传授应用性、技术性、工具性的知识或能力是教授们的第一要务,这样便有利于提高大学生的社会适应力和就业竞争力。

1.教育理念层面应当融合贯通自然、科技、人文、经济和社会等知识,培养具有基础扎实、文理渗透、兼容并蓄、专业面宽、适应性强的可塑之才。

这些天之骄子学有所成之人,往往具备高度灵活性,并且视野开阔、认识新颖,再怎么不济,也好歹瘦死的骆驼比马大。

学习方面更是积极主动,对新生事物的感悟能力强、实践能力强,同时勇于直面挑战与挫折。

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