(完整版)桥梁施工计划英文版BridgeFoundationandsubStructureConstructionProgr
桥涵复工施工计划工作范文
桥涵复工施工计划工作范文英文回答：Bridge construction work plan.As a project manager for the bridge construction project, I have developed a comprehensive work plan to ensure the smooth progress of the construction. The work plan includes various tasks and activities that need to be carried out during the construction process.Firstly, we will start with the site preparation work. This involves clearing the construction site, setting up temporary facilities such as site offices and storage areas, and conducting necessary surveys and tests.Once the site is ready, we will proceed with the foundation work. This includes excavating the foundation pits, pouring concrete for the foundations, and installing the necessary reinforcement. This is a critical stage ofthe construction process as it provides a strong base for the bridge structure.After the foundation work is completed, we will move on to the construction of the bridge piers and abutments. These are the support structures that hold up the bridge deck. We will carefully follow the design specifications and ensure the proper alignment and stability of these structures.Once the piers and abutments are in place, we willstart constructing the bridge deck. This involvesinstalling precast concrete or steel girders and connecting them to the piers and abutments. We will also construct the bridge deck surface and install necessary safety features such as guardrails.During the construction process, we will also need to consider various factors such as weather conditions,traffic management, and environmental protection. For example, if there is heavy rain, we may need to suspend certain construction activities to ensure the safety of theworkers.In addition, we will closely monitor the progress ofthe construction and make necessary adjustments to the work plan if needed. This may involve rescheduling tasks, allocating additional resources, or addressing any unforeseen challenges that may arise.Overall, the work plan is designed to ensure theefficient and timely completion of the bridge construction project. By carefully planning and executing each stage of the construction process, we aim to deliver a high-quality bridge that meets all the necessary safety and design standards.中文回答：桥涵复工施工计划。
(完整版)桥梁施工计划英文版BridgeFoundationandsubStructureConstructionProgr
Bridge Foundation and Substructure Construction Programme (k5+000 3×25m=75m Mamboleo Bridge)1.Basis(1)The Standard Specification for Kenya Road and Bridge Construction.(2) Contract of the Rehabilitation of Kisumu-Kakamega Road, Special Specification.(3) Drawings.(4) The General Requirement of Construction Period.(5)Actual condition in-site.2. General Status of the Bridgewe plan to commence construction of Km5+000 bridge recently. The superstructure is 3×2.5m cast-in-situ continuous “T”girder(30/20 concrete). The bridge pier and abutment of substructure is extended open cut foundation(30/20 concrete). Pier body adopts thin-walled pier (30/20 concrete) and bridge cap beam (30/20 concrete). The type of abutment body uses wing-wall abutment(30/20 concrete) and 30/20 reinforced concrete structure. Attached please find Km5+000 Manboleo bridge substructure programme.3.Found ation (Extended Open Cut Foundation) Construction Technology Scheme(1) PreparationThe preparation of construction mechanical equipment, staffs, location set-out, original material test and standard ratio test have been completed, and the side road around construction location could meet bridge construction requirement.(2)Foundation Pit ExcavationMechanical equipment shall apply to foundation pit excavation,and labor forces clear the bottom of pit. Based on the actual condition of excavated culvert, foundation pit slope sets out is 1:0.33 or1:0.25. 10cm-20cm width shall be reserved for labor force cleaning. If the underground water in high level, a ring drain will be excavated around foundation pit. The top width of drain is 0.5m, and underpart is 0.3m; Onewater collection pit(0.5＊0.5＊0.8m3) shall be excavated if necessary.(3) Set Out and Blinding ConcreteAfter finishing foundation pit cleaning, the surface of pit shall be compacted. Then, commencing set out base location, dimensions and elevation,the results of which shall be reported to Engineer for inspection and approval. After that,casting100mm blinding concrete(15/40) in-situ. The top elevation of blinding concrete is the same with the bottom elevation of pile cap, which is under the requirement of specification. The width of blinding concrete is 0.05m larger than pier cap outline,which need strictly control during construction.(4)Reinforcing Bar EngineeringThe bearing platform foundation reinforcement is centralized blanking and processing. Concrete cushion block is applied between steel reinforcement and formwork to insure protective layer thickness under the design requirement.A, Steel Reinforcement Processinga, The test result of reinforcement steel shall be approved by the Engineer. All the steel bars shall have quality certificate.b, The steel surface shall be cleaned for oil spot , paint and rust pitting; the steel shall be straight without local bending. When cold drawing method adopted, Grade I steel cold drawn rate ≦2% ,and Grade II steel ≦1%. .c, Based on reasonable, economic and practical principle, steel blanking shall obey the requirement of drawings, and avoid processing large quantities of short steels. Reinforcement steel is processed in strip slab which is cast-in-place concrete(15/20concrete) slab with width 1.2m and length 20m. Steel will be marked by steel ruler or flexible ruler on strip slab, and processed by machine with settled bending angle.d, Connection of Steel Bar:to meet the requirement of lap length , lapped bar will be applied to main reinforcement.B, Others matters shall strictly adhere to the requirement of construction specification.(5)FormworkA,the formwork for bridge bearing platform(foundation) is bulk assemble split formwork. To ensure the joints smooth without joint trace, the steel plate for formwork is δ≮5mm (or fabricated formwork whose back arris is made by 1.22*2.44m wood glue board and lumps of wood).B, the stiffness,strength and stability of fromwork shall meet requirement. No formwork shall be applied to construction without inspection and approval.C,fromwork shall be shuttered by skilled labor at one time. In order to avoid leakage and insure concrete quality, the joint seam shall less than1.5mm, faulting of slab less than 1.5mm. Releasing agent shall be applied to reinforcement before installation.FORMWORKlumps of wood，gap 50[12u-bar orsteel tupeD, Formwork installation shall be tight. The joint shall be sealed in good condition to avoid spillage and ensure structure surface looks good, lines and shape smooth.E, the planimetric position, top elevation, joint and longitudinal stability shall be checked after formwork installation. Meanwhile, the length and planimetric position of embedded bar shall be checked. The concrete shall not be cast without the approval of Engineer. Formwork shall be inspected during casting in case out of shape.F, Formwork Dismantlement: concrete work shall not be damaged during dismantlement. Dismantlement shall follow the procedure of “support first dismantle afterward”, “dismantle first support afterward”, and formwork shall not be threw during removal. The dismantlement minimum period is according to the requirement of general specification clause 17-4.(6) Construction of Concrete WorkConcrete shall be mixed in mixing plant, measured by E-metrics and transport by truck, truck crane or concrete pump, and vibrated mechanically to avoid honeycombs and holes. Once forming continuous concrete casting shall be applied to concrete work without construction joint and seam. Test sample no less than 2groups.(7)Foundation Pit BackfillConcrete curing shall be at least 7 days after foundation concrete complete, then back-filling in layers when concrete strength meet requirement. Back-filling and compaction shall adhere to the standard specification.4, Thin-walled Pier, Bridge Beam and Wing-Walled Abutment Construction Technology Scheme(1)Reinforcing Bar EngineeringThe reinforcement of pier and abutment is centralized blanking and processing, and concrete cushion block will applied between reinforcement and formwork to insure the thickness of the protective layer and design requirement.A, Reinforcement Processinga,The test result of reinforcement steel shall be approved by the Engineer. All the steel bars shall have quality certificate.b, The steel surface shall be cleaned for oil spot , paint and rust pitting; the steel shall be straight without local bending. When cold drawing method adopted, Grade I steel cold drawn rate≦2% ,and Grade II steel ≦1% .c, Based on reasonable, economic and practical principle, steel blanking shall obey the requirement of drawings, and avoid processing large quantities of shortsteels. Reinforcement steel shall be processed in strip slab which is cast-in-place concrete(15/20concrete) slab with width 1.2m and length 20m. Steel shall be marked by steel ruler or flexible ruler on strip slab and processed by machine with settled bending angle.d, Connection of Steel BarTo meet the requirement of lap length, lapped bar will be applied to main reinforcement.B, Other matters need attention shall under the requirement of construction specification.(2) FormworkA,the formwork for pier is bulk assemble sheet steel form, and form for abutment is fabricated formwork whose back arris is made by wood glue board and lumps of wood. To ensure the joints smooth without joint trace, split billot turnover form method shall applied to construction, and casting length is 3-4m every time. Special-shaped form shall be prepared according to different pier and bridge mast, and the steel plate for formwork is δ≮5mm. Formwork shall be reinforced by steel framework.B, the stiffness,strength and stability of fromwork shall meet requirement. No formwork shall be applied to construction without inspection and approval.C,fromwork shall be shuttered by skilled labor at one time. In order to avoid leakage and insure concrete quality ,the joint seam no more than 1mm, faulting of slab shall follow the regulation of specification. Releasing agent should be applied to reinforcement before installation.D, To avoid form skew,outside of formwork shall be reinforced. The method of reinforcing form as follows: a, steel scaffold; b, mooring rope; c, split bolt and drawbar. Total station instruments or drop ball shall be used to check up foresaid form. Total station instrument shall applied to examine high pier concrete construction.Pier formwork reinforced as follows:cable wind rope metre steel chiselE, the installation of the formwork shall be tight. The joint shall be sealed in good condition to avoid leakage and ensure surface looks good, line and shape smooth.F, the planimetric position, top elevation, joint and longitudinal stability shall beexamined after formwork installation. Meanwhile, the length and planimetric position of embedded bar shall be checked. The concrete shall not be cast without the approval of Engineer. Formwork shall be inspected during casting in case out of shape.G, Formwork Dismantlement: concrete work shall not be damaged during dismantlement. Dismantlement shall follow the procedure of “support first dismantle afterward”, “dismantle first support afterward”, and formwork shall not be threw during removal. The dismantlement minimum time is according to the requirement of general specification clause 17-4.(4) Construction of Concrete WorkConcrete shall be centralized mixed and hardened in mixing plant, and stored according to different materials, and separated by brick wall. Mixed concrete shall be measured by E-metrics and transport by truck, truck crane or concrete pump, and vibrated mechanically to avoid honeycombs and holes. Pier body shall cast 2-4m every time, and construction joint and seam shall be remained. Test sample no less than 2groups.Staffs and equipment arrangement for each pier, abutment as follows:StaffsEquipment5, Attention of Bridge Substructure Concrete Construction(1)Concrete TransportConcrete transportation capability shall meet the requirement of concrete condensation rate and casting speed to ensure dispersion uniformity and regulated slump of concrete and continues casting. The loss of slump from mixing plant tocasting shall less than 25%.(2)Concrete CastingA, No concrete shall be cast before support, formwork, reinforcement and embedded part are checked and recorded and meet design requirement. Sundries and water of formwork and dirt of reinforcement shall be removed. Form crack shall be sealed, and releasing agent shall be applied to formwork. Concrete uniformity and slump shall be examined before casting.B, Concrete shall be cast layer by layer according to certain thickness, sequence and direction. The upper layer shall be cast at the beginning of lower layer solidification. Should both layers commenced casting at the same time, the distance of which remains more than 1.5m. If concrete casting on inclined plane, it shall started form low to upper section gradually and keeping horizontal slicing.Concrete casting thickness no more than 500mm, and no less than quadruple size of the biggest aggregate.(3)Cast-in-place concrete shall be vibrated by vibration rob, except few plasticity concrete which could vibrate to dense by labor force,The following regulations shall be followed while vibration rob applied to use.A, Plug-in vibration rob working space shall no more than 1.5time of its action radius, and shall keep 50-100mm from side form. The depth of rob plug in is 50-100mm. Rob shall be moved out slowly after finishing vibration to avoid impacting form, reinforcement and other embedded parts.B, The moving space of surface vibrator shall ensure vibration plate covering 100mm vibrated concrete.C, Concrete shall be vibrated to density for every part. The symbol of well vibrated concrete are no sinking and bubble, and surface of which is smooth and bleeding.(4) Concrete shall be cast continuously.If casting was interrupt for some reason, the period shall less than concrete initial curdle time or concrete retempering time of the front layer. The time of transporting, casting and break shall follow the requirement of the following form. Construction joint shall be reserved if time out ofregulation.(5) In process or after casting, water shall be drained away without stirring cast concrete if its bleeding in the surface of concrete. Measures shall be taken to avoid bleeding during continuous casting.Time for concrete transport, casting and break(Min)(6) the exposed surface of concrete shall be trimmed, troweled after finishing casting. Concrete shall be troweled again, and pressed polish or galled after concrete grout stabilized. Protection measures shall be taken if large surface exposed or bad weather condition happened. However, covering material shall not get in touch with concrete before its curing.(7) Specially-assigned person shall be arranged to check the stability of support, formwork, reinforcement and embedded parts etc, during casting. Any parts becoming loose,out of shape or shifting shall be fixed at once.(8) Construction record shall be made while casting concrete.6,Concrete Curing and Decoration(1) Concrete CuringA, As to concrete curing in site, the details of curing scheme shall be made and strictly adhere to according to construction works, environment, cement type, admixture and concrete performance.B, Concrete shall be covered and watered after contraction. Formwork shall keep wet during curing.C, the time of concrete curing and mixing is the same.D, concrete shall be cured 7days normally, and the period could prolong or shorten according to air humidity, temperature, cement types and admixture. Watering time shall be subject to the condition of keeping surface moist.E, Gunny bag covering and watering shall be applied to concrete curing.F, No pedestrian, transport machine and formwork shall be loaded before concrete strength reached to 2.5Mpa.(2)Concrete DecorationConcrete surface finish in different parts are dissimilar. The exposed surface without formwork shall be pressed polish and galled according to general specification if exposed surface without decoration. As to exposed surface with formwork shall install the same type formwork and apply the same release agent. Formwork shall be non-deforming, bright and clean without leakage. Any surface quality defect shall reported to relative department, and redecorating according to approval and indication.7, Access Road and Safety Insurance(1), In order to insure construction safety and against theft, 1.8-2.0m fence shall be set around construction site. Traffic sign, roadblock and speed bump shall be set at 10m and 50m of both ends of abutment. Access road shall be set on the right side and construction vehicles pass through the left side(facing Kakamega direction) ,which aimed to reduce traffic jam( see attached chart).(2), The construction team members shall be qualified and obey the construction rules. Mechanical equipment is forbidden to work with fault and overload operation. Sufficient lighting facility shall be equipment for night work.(3), For the electric equipment on the site and the power line shall be in charged by appointed electrician. The distributor shall be fixed with earth leakage protective device. And regular inspection shall be carried out.(4), Without the direction of appointed person, no vehicle shall be operated for construction.(5), Mixing plant shall be check to meet the requirement of specification before starting operation.(6), To prevent foundation pits collapse, all around pits shall be protected, and no heavy objects shall be stored around . Clear mark shall be set around pits in the night, such as colored lantern or lamp, to avoid accident happened.(7), Protecting net, safety belts, safety helmet,guard railing shall be equipment for Working high above the ground. Construction shall not carry out without protection measures.(8),The following vehicle anti-skidding measures shall be prepared during rain season: antiskid chain, paving aggregate or slag. Construction shall not carry out without protection measures.8, Quality Insurance(1) Construction action shall comply with the requirement of Kenya Road and Bridge Specification, the design drawing and bidding document.(2)To insure the quality of works,self-checking shall be made for each construction procedure. Each procedure shall be checked and examined by the Engineer.No following procedure shall be commenced without the approval of Engineer.(3) The surface of concrete structure shall smooth, vibrated to dense and without break crack leakage and honeycomb and scale.(4) No heavy materials shall be loaded on concrete or hit support during construction.(5) Embedded parts shall be stabilized. It is not allowed to hit embedded parts, other stabilized support or pole.9, Environment and Health Protection(1)Construction shall under the requirement of environment protection and pollution control law of Kenya. Measures shall be applied to prevent hazardous material of fuel,oil,sewage,scrap material and rubbish polluting rivers,pool,reservoir and farmland, air pollution from dust,petrol and noise pollution. Reducing construction influence to environment, air and resident to allowed limits. Production and living rubbish shall be stored in appointed location to avoid environment pollution.(2)Water system protection. No sand,mud is allowed to flow in river and pool. Drainage and rivers shall be dredged after construction complete.(3)The occupied rivers shall be cleaned to insure river water unblocked. Watering access road to reduce dust pollution.(4)Construction vehicles shall avoid passing through densely inhabited district. Operators shall control speed and strictly adhere to driving regulation to reduce dust pollution and avoid human injured if they have to.(5)Noisy construction shall under the regulated operation period in sensitive area.Km5+000-Mamboleo Bridge Substructure Construction ProgrammeThe bridge commences to construction on 1st Feb,2015 and substructure shall be completed on 8th April,2015,totally 66 work days. The detail arrangement as follows: 1, 1st February ,2015-28th February,205 Foundation construction, totally 28days2, 1st March,2015- 8th April,2015 substructure construction, totally 38days.。
桥梁与桥梁施工方法 英语版
Bridges and the Bridge Construction TechniquesPart 1. BridgesSimple Truss BridgeFor many years American birdge-desigers exercised their ingenuity in devising new forms of trusses and girders, the principal object of their endeavors being to find forms involving the use of the smallest amount of metal. Each form as it appeared was tested by subjecting it to the ordeal of actual use, which showed conclusively both its merits and its defects; hence, by a process of elimination, based upon the principle of the survival of the fittest, a few forms have been retained and others habe been relegated to the history of bridge-buiding. As might have been anticipated, the few forms which have survived are the simplest of all; and although even at the present time one hears occasionally of some improved form of truss, the assumed improvement rarely materializes. The forms of turss that have best survived the test of time are the Pratt, Petit, and many others:The Pratt truss, is the type most commonly used inAmerica for spans under 250 feet in length. Its advantages are simplicity, economonly of metal, and suitability for connecting to the floor and lateral systems.The Petit truss, is a modification of the Pratt, and is generally used for spans exceeding 250-300 feet.It is comparatively simple, and, like the Pratt truss, it is economical of metal and lends itself readily to the connection of the floor and lateral systems.Cantilever BridgeA cantilever bridge is the one whose span is supported by cantilevers which project from the piers on which it rests and which meet in the center of the span, where they joined together. In its design the cantilever takes various forms but all of these depend on the principle of balance about a common center.There are two main advantages of this form of bridge. First, with this method of bridge building, it is possible to use smaller and more compact piers for a viaduct than would be the case if each pier had to carry the ends of two adjacent girder spans. Secondly, when a railway runs across a wide waterway of which the depth precludes the sinking of many or any foundations for intermediate piers, this form of bridge may be adopter.However, cantilever bridges should never be adopted unless the above-mentionedconditions exist, because they are infeior in rigidity to simple turss bridges and usually require more metal for their construction.Arch BridgeFor deep gorges with rocky sides, or for shallow streams with rock bottom and natural abutments, arches anr eminently proper and economical.The advantages of the arch are a possible economy in cost of metal and an aesthetic appearance, while its diaadvantages are a lack of rigidity and, for most types ,and uncertainy concerning the stresses in the members.When bridges foundations have to be built on piles or on any other material that is liable to slight settlement, or when the abutments could possibly move laterally even a mere trifle, it is not proper to adopt an arch superstructure; for may settlement or any motion whatsoever in either piers or abutments would upset the conditions assumed for the computations, and thus cause to be increased to an rncertain amount some of the stresses for which the superstructure was proportions.Cable-Stayed BridgeDuring the past decade cable-stayed bridges have found wide application, especially in Western Europe, and to lesser extent in other parts of the worle. Cable-stayed bridges are constructed along a structural system which conprises an orthotropic deck and continuous girders which are supported by stays, i.e inclined cables passing over or attached to towers located at the main piers.The idea of using cables to support bridge spans is by no means new, and a number of examples of this type of construction were recorded a long time ago. Unfortunately, the system in general met with little success, due to the face that the statics were not fully understood and that unsuitable materials such as bars and chains were used to form the inclined supports of stays.Wide and successful application of cable-stayed systems was realized only recently, with the introduction of high-strength steels, orthotropic type decks, development of welding techniques and progress in structual analysis. The development and application of electronic computers opened up new and practically unlimited possibilities for the exact solution of these highly statically indeterminate systems and for precise statical analysis of their three-dimensional performance.The introduction of the cable-stayed system in bridge engineering has resulted in thecreation of new types of structures which posses many excellent characteristics and advantages. Outstanding among these are their structural characteristics, effciency and wide range of application.The basic structural characteristics and reasons for the rapid development and success of cable-stayed bridges are as outlined below.Cable-stayed bridges present a space system, consisting of stiffening girders, steel or concrete deck and supporting parts as towers acting in conpression and inclined cables in tension. By their structural behavior cable-stayed systems occupy a middle possition between the girder type and suspension type bridges.The main structural characteristic of this system is the integral action of the stiffening girders and prestressed or post-tensioned inclined cables, which run from the tower tops down to the anchor points at the stiffening girders. Horizontal compressive forces due to the cable action are takenby girders angd no massive anchorages are required. The substrucrure, threrfore, is very economical.Introduction of the orthotropic system has resulted in the creation of new types of superstructure which can easily carry the horizontal thrust of stay cables with almost no additional material,even for very long spans.In old types of conventional superstructures the alab , stringers, floor beams and main girders were considered as acting independently, Such super-structures were not suitable for cable-stayed bridges. With the orthotropic type deck, however, the stiffened plate with its large cross-sectional area acts not only as the upper chord of the main girders but also as the horizontal plate geider against wind forces, giving modern bridges much more la-teral stiffness than the wind bracing used in old systems ,In fact, in rothotropic systems, all elements of the roadway and secondary parts of the superstructure praticipate in the work of main bridge system. This results in reduction of the depth of the girders and economy in the steel.Another structural characteristic of this system is that it ias geometrically unchangeable under any load position on the bridge, and all cables are always in a state of tension. This characteristic of the cable-stayed systems permit then to be built from relatively light flexible elements-cables.The important characteristics of such a three-dimensional bridge is the full participation of the transverse structural part in the work of the main structure in the longitudinal direction. This means a considerable increase in the monment of the inertia of the construction, which permits a reduction of the depth of the girders and a consequent saving in steel.The orthotropic system provides the continuity of the deck structure at the towers and in the venter of the main apan. The continuity of t he bridge superstructure over many spans has many advantages and is actually necessary for a good cable-stayed bridge.Part 2. Bridge Construction TechniquesThe final cost of a bridge is the sum of the cost of permanent materials,the proportionate cost to the project of plant and temporary works and the cost of labor .The cost of permanent materials can be estimated reasonably correctly.With experience,a bridge contractor can deal completely with cost of plant and temporary works .But the labor cost does not lend itself to exact analysis .Recent competitive designs have attempted to introduce innovations in construction methods with a view to effect economy in the cost on labor by reducing temporary works and by minimizing the duration of site work.The suitable techniques of construction of bridge superstructure will vary from site to site,and will depend on the spans and length of the bridge, type of the bridge,materials used and site conditions. For instance, cast-in-site concrete construction could be adopted for short spans up to 40 m, if the river bed is dry for a considerate portion of the year, whereas free cantilever construction with prestressed concrete decking would be appropriate for long spans in rivers with navigational requirements. The current trend is towards the avoidance of staging as much as possible and to use precast or prefabricated components to maximum extent.Also , construction machinery such as cranes and launching girders are coming into wider use . These are greater savings to be effected by paying attention to the method of construction even from the design stage than by attacking permanent materials .Short Span BridgesFor bridges involving spans up to 40 m , the superstructure may be built on staging supported on the ground . Alternatively , the girders may be precast for the full span length and erected using launching girders or cranes,if the bridge has many equal spans.In the latter procedure , the additional cost on erection equipment should be less than the saving in the cost of formwork and in the labour cost resulting from faster construction .Long Span Concrete BridgesLong span concrete bridges are usually of post-tensioned concrete and constructed either as conditions beams types or as free ver cantile structures . Many methods have been developed for continuous deck construction . If the clearance between the ground and bottomof the deck is small and the soil is firm , the superstructure can be built on staging . This method is becoming obsolete . Currently , free-cantilever and movable scaffold systems are increasingly used to save time and improve safety .The movable scaffold system employs movable forms stiffened by steel frames . These forms extend one span length and are supported by steel girders which rest on a pier at one end and can be moved from span to span on a second set of auxiliary steel girders .An economical construction technique known as incremental push-launching method developed by Baur-Leonhard team is shown schematically in Figure 22.1.The total continuous deck is subdivided longitudinally into segments of 10 to 30 m length depending on the length of spans and the time available for construction . Each of these segments is constructed immediately behind the abutment of the bridge in steel framed forms , which remain in the same place for concreting all segments .The forms are so designed as to be capable of being moved transversely or rotated on hinges to facilitate easy stripping after sufficient hardening of concrete. At the head of the first segment ,a steel nose consisting of a light truss is attached to facilitate reaching of the first and subsequent piers without including a too large can yilever moment during construction . The second and the following segments are concreted directly on the face of the hardened portion and the longitudinal reinforcement can continue across the construction joint . The pushing is achieved by hydraulic jacks which act against the abutment .Since the coefficient of friction of Teflon sliding bearings is only about 2 percent, low capacity hydraulic jacks would suffice to move the bridge even over long lengths of several hundred metres . This method can be used for straight and continuously curved bridges up to a span of about 120 m .The free-cantilever system was pioneered by Dyckerhoff and Willmann in germany .In this system , the superstructure is erected by means of cantilever truck in sections generally of 3.5 m .The cantilever truck ,whose cost is relatively small and which is attached firmly to permanent construction , ermits by repeated use the construction of large bridges . The avoidance of scaffold from below ,the speed of work and the saving in labour cost result in the construction being very economicdal . The free-cantilever system is ideally suited for launched girders with a large depth above the pier cantilever system is ideally suited for launched girders with a large depth above the pier cantilevering to the middle of the span .Another technique is the use of the pneumatic caisson .The caisson is a huge cylinder with a bottom edge that can cut into the water bed . When compressed ar is pumped into it ,the water is forced out .Caissons must be used with extreme care .for one thing, workers can only stay in the compression chamber for short periods of time .For another , if they comeup to normal atmospheric pressure too rapidly ,they are subject to the bends ,or caisson disease as it is also called , which is a crippling or even fatal condition caused by excess nitrogen in the blood .When the Eads Bridge across the Mississippi River at St.Louis was under construction between 1867and 1874 , at a time when the danger of working in compresed air was not fully understood ,fourteen deaths was caused by the bends .When extra strength is necessary in the piers ,they sometimes keyed into the bedrock-that is ,they are extended down into the bedrock .This method was used to build the piers for the Golden Gate Bridge in San Francisco ,which is subject to strong tidies and high winds ,and is located in an earthquake zone .The drilling was carried out under water by deep-sea divers .Where bedrock cannot be reached ,piles are driven into the water bed .Today ,the piles in construction are usually made of prestressed concrete beams .One ingenious technique ,used for the Tappan Zee Bridge across the Hudson River in New York ,is to rest a hollow concrete box on top of a layer of piles .When the box is pumped dry ,it becomes buoyantenough to support a large proportion of the weight of the bridge (see Fig.22.3).Each type of bridge ,indeed each individual bridge ,presents special construction problems.With some truss bridges ,the span is floated into position after the piers have been erected and then raised into place by means of jacks or cranes .Arch bridges can be constructed over a falsework ,or temporaryscaffolding.This method is usually employed with reinforced concrete arch bridges .With steel arches ,however ,a technique has been developed whereby the finished sections are held in place by wires that supply a cantilever support .Cranes move along the top of the arch to place new sections of steel while the tension in the cables increases .With suspension bridges ,the foundions and the towers are built first .Then a cable is run from the anchorage-aconcrete block in which the cable is fastened-up to the tower and across to the opposite tower and anchorage .Awheel that unwinds wire from a reel quns along this cable .When the reel reaches the other side ,another wire is placed on it ,and the wheel returns to its original position .When all the wires have been put in place ,another machine moves along the cable to campact and to bind them .Construction begins on the deck when the cables are in place ,with work progressing toward the middle from each end of the structure .The loads to be considered in the design of substructures and bridge foundations include loads and forces transmitted from the superstructure, and those acting directly on the substructure and foundation .AASHTO loads . Section 3 of AASHTO specifications summarizes the loads and forcesto be considered in the design of bridges (superstructure and substructure ) . Briefly , these are dead load ,live load , iMPact or dynamic effect of live load , wind load , and other forces such as longitudinal forces , centrifugal force ,thermal forces , earth pressure , buoyancy , shrinkage and long term creep , rib shortening , erection stresses , ice and current pressure , collision force , and earthquake stresses .Besides these conventional loads that are generally quantified , AASHTO also recognizes indirect load effects such as friction at expansion bearings and stresses associated with differential settlement of bridge components .The LRFD specifications divide loads into two distinct categories : permanent and transient .Permanent loadsDead Load : this includes the weight DC of all bridge components , appurtenances and utilities, wearing surface DW and future overlays , and earth fill EV. Both AASHTO and LRFD specifications give tables summarizing the unit weights of materials commonly used in bridge work .Transient LoadsVehicular Live Load (LL)Vehicle loading for short-span bridges :considerable effort has been made in the United States and Canada to develop a live load model that can represent the highway loading more realistically than the H or the HS AASHTO models . The current AASHTO model is still the applicable loading.。
桥梁施工进度计划(比较详细)(完整版)
总施工计划说明2015年 1月 5日～2015年 5月 15日2015年 3月 8日********按照合同约定开工时间为 2015年 1月 5日，竣工日期为 2015年 5 月 4日，为保证在汛期前完成桥梁主要工程，特制定此倒排工期施工计划。
一、桩基础序 时间节点工作内容砼标号桩基深度备注号 0#桥台 2#桩基成孔、桩基检测、现浇 C30水下砼 17.5m13月 5日— 3月 10日 3月 11日— 3月 16日3月 17日— 3月 23日3月 24日— 3月 30日钢筋制安、砼浇筑0#桥台 1#桩基成孔、桩基检测、现浇 C30水下砼 现浇 C30水下砼现浇 C30水下砼17.5m 23m2 3钢筋制安、砼浇筑2#桥台 1#桩基成孔、桩基检测、钢筋制安、砼浇筑2#桥台 2#桩基成孔、桩基检测、23m4钢筋制安、砼浇筑说明：1、计划完工日期： 2015年 3月 30日。
2、桩基施工时间计算依据：成孔时间 +清空时间 +下钢筋笼和浇筑砼时间 +截 桩头+检测。
3、桩基施工天数根据设计图纸地质情况编制，砂卵石层计划打桩 灰岩层计划打桩 2.6m/天。
5m/天，泥4、现场进场打桩机 1台，打桩机进场前需专人进行检修，提前做好易损零部 件的购买，施工过程中派专人定期进行维护以保证桩机全天正常工作。
二、系梁序 号 主要 时间节点工作内容砼标号备注工程量 1#墩系梁支模、钢筋安装、检测、现浇 C30砼5.1m313月 9日— 3月 14日砼浇筑说明： 3月 9日系梁土方开挖 ---3月 12日制作系梁钢筋 ----3月 13日支模 ---3 月 14日浇筑系梁混凝土。
三、墩柱序 号 主要 时间节点工作内容砼标号备注工程量 1#墩 1#桩支模、钢筋安装、检测、现浇 C30砼12.0m3 12.0m31 23月 17日— 3月 18日砼浇筑1#墩 2#桩支模、钢筋安装、检测、现浇 C30砼3月 20日— 3月 21日砼浇筑说明： 3月 17日 1#墩 1#桩钢筋制安 ---3月 18日 1#墩 1#桩支模、砼浇筑 --- 3月 20日 1#墩 2#桩钢筋制安 ---3月 21日 1#墩 2#桩支模、砼浇筑。
外文翻译---桥梁施工方法
外文翻译Bridge Construction TechniquesThe final cost of a bridge is the sum of the cost of permanent materials,the proportionate cost to the project of plant and temporary works and the cost of labor .The cost of permanent materials can be estimated reasonably correctly.With experience,a bridge contractor can deal completely with cost of plant and temporary works .But the labor cost does not lend itself to exact analysis .Recent competitive designs have attempted to introduce innovations in construction methods with a view to effect economy in the cost on labor by reducing temporary works and by minimizing the duration of site work.The suitable techniques of construction of bridge superstructure will vary from site to site,and will depend on the spans and length of the bridge, type of the bridge,materials used and site conditions. For instance, cast-in-site concrete construction could be adopted for short spans up to 40 m, if the river bed is dry for a considerate portion of the year, whereas free cantilever construction with prestressed concrete decking would be appropriate for long spans in rivers with navigational requirements. The current trend is towards the avoidance of staging as much as possible and to use precast or prefabricated components to maximum extent.Also , construction machinery such as cranes and launching girders are coming into wider use . These are greater savings to be effected by paying attention to the method of construction even from the design stage than by attacking permanent materials .Short Span BridgesFor bridges involving spans up to 40 m , the superstructure may be built on staging supported on the ground . Alternatively , the girders may be precast for the full span length and erected using launching girders or cranes,if the bridge has many equal spans.In the latter procedure , the additional cost on erection equipment should be less than the saving in the cost of formwork and in the labour cost resulting from faster construction .Long Span Concrete BridgesLong span concrete bridges are usually of post-tensioned concrete and constructed either as conditions beams types or as free ver cantile structures . Many methods have been developed for continuous deck construction . If the clearance between the ground and bottom of the deck is small and the soil is firm , the superstructure can be built on staging . This method is becoming obsolete . Currently , free-cantilever and movable scaffold systems are increasingly used to save time and improve safety .The movable scaffold system employs movable forms stiffened by steel frames . These forms extend one span length and are supported by steel girders which rest on a pier at one end and can be moved from span to span on a second set of auxiliary steel girders .An economical construction technique known as incremental push-launching method developed by Baur-Leonhard team is shown schematically in Figure 22.1.The total continuous deck is subdivided longitudinally into segments of 10 to 30 m length depending on the length of spans and the time available for construction . Each of these segments is constructed immediately behind the abutment of the bridge in steel framed forms , which remain in the same place for concreting all segments .The forms are so designed as to be capable of being moved transversely or rotated on hinges to facilitate easy stripping after sufficient hardening of concrete. At the head of the first segment ,a steel nose consisting of a light truss is attached to facilitate reaching of the first and subsequent piers without including a too large can yilever moment during construction . The second and the following segments are concreted directly on the face of the hardened portion and the longitudinal reinforcement can continue across the construction joint . The pushing is achieved by hydraulic jacks which act against the abutment .Since the coefficient of friction of Teflon sliding bearings is only about 2 percent, low capacity hydraulic jacks would suffice to move the bridge even over long lengths of several hundred metres . This method can be used for straight and continuously curved bridges up to a span of about 120 m .The free-cantilever system was pioneered by Dyckerhoff and Willmann in germany .In this system , the superstructure is erected by means of cantilever truck insections generally of 3.5 m .The cantilever truck ,whose cost is relatively small and which is attached firmly to permanent construction , ermits by repeated use the construction of large bridges . The avoidance of scaffold from below ,the speed of work and the saving in labour cost result in the construction being very economicdal . The free-cantilever system is ideally suited for launched girders with a large depth above the pier cantilever system is ideally suited for launched girders with a large depth above the pier cantilevering to the middle of the span .Another technique is the use of the pneumatic caisson .The caisson is a huge cylinder with a bottom edge that can cut into the water bed . When compressed ar is pumped into it ,the water is forced out .Caissons must be used with extreme care .for one thing, workers can only stay in the compression chamber for short periods of time .For another , if they come up to normal atmospheric pressure too rapidly ,they are subject to the bends ,or caisson disease as it is also called , which is a crippling or even fatal condition caused by excess nitrogen in the blood .When the Eads Bridge across the Mississippi River at St.Louis was under construction between 1867and 1874 , at a time when the danger of working in compresed air was not fully understood ,fourteen deaths was caused by the bends .When extra strength is necessary in the piers ,they sometimes keyed into the bedrock-that is ,they are extended down into the bedrock .This method was used to build the piers for the Golden Gate Bridge in San Francisco ,which is subject to strong tidies and high winds ,and is located in an earthquake zone .The drilling was carried out under water by deep-sea divers .Where bedrock cannot be reached ,piles are driven into the water bed .Today ,the piles in construction are usually made of prestressed concrete beams .One ingenious technique ,used for the Tappan Zee Bridge across the Hudson River in New York ,is to rest a hollow concrete box on top of a layer of piles .When the box is pumped dry ,it becomes buoyantenough to support a large proportion of the weight of the bridge (see Fig.22.3).Each type of bridge ,indeed each individual bridge ,presents special construction problems.With some truss bridges ,the span is floated into position after the piers have been erected and then raised into place by means of jacks or cranes .Arch bridges canbe constructed over a falsework ,or temporaryscaffolding.This method is usually employed with reinforced concrete arch bridges .With steel arches ,however ,a technique has been developed whereby the finished sections are held in place by wires that supply a cantilever support .Cranes move along the top of the arch to place new sections of steel while the tension in the cables increases .With suspension bridges ,the foundions and the towers are built first .Then a cable is run from the anchorage-aconcrete block in which the cable is fastened-up to the tower and across to the opposite tower and anchorage .Awheel that unwinds wire from a reel quns along this cable .When the reel reaches the other side ,another wire is placed on it ,and the wheel returns to its original position .When all the wires have been put in place ,another machine moves along the cable to campact and to bind them .Construction begins on the deck when the cables are in place ,with work progressing toward the middle from each end of the structure .The loads to be considered in the design of substructures and bridge foundations include loads and forces transmitted from the superstructure, and those acting directly on the substructure and foundation .AASHTO loads . Section 3 of AASHTO specifications summarizes the loads and forces to be considered in the design of bridges (superstructure and substructure ) . Briefly , these are dead load ,live load , iMPact or dynamic effect of live load , wind load , and other forces such as longitudinal forces , centrifugal force ,thermal forces , earth pressure , buoyancy , shrinkage and long term creep , rib shortening , erection stresses , ice and current pressure , collision force , and earthquake stresses .Besides these conventional loads that are generally quantified , AASHTO also recognizes indirect load effects such as friction at expansion bearings and stresses associated with differential settlement of bridge components .The LRFD specifications divide loads into two distinct categories : permanent and transient .Permanent loadsDead Load : this includes the weight DC of all bridge components , appurtenances and utilities, wearing surface DW and future overlays , and earth fill EV. Both AASHTO and LRFD specifications give tables summarizing the unit weights of materials commonly used in bridge work .Transient LoadsVehicular Live Load (LL)Vehicle loading for short-span bridges :considerable effort has been made in the United States and Canada to develop a live load model that can represent the highway loading more realistically than the H or the HS AASHTO models . The current AASHTO model is still the applicable loading.桥梁施工方法一座桥梁的最终造价是建造桥梁结构物的材料费用与这项工程相关的机械费用和临时工程及劳动力的费用的总和。
关于桥梁工作计划范文英文
关于桥梁工作计划范文英文1. IntroductionBuilding a bridge is a complex engineering project that requires careful planning, coordination, and execution. A well-thought-out work plan is essential to ensure that the construction process is efficient, safe, and successful. This document outlines the work plan for the construction of a new bridge, including the key activities, timelines, resources, and stakeholder involvement.2. Project OverviewThe project involves the construction of a new bridge over the [insert location] to improve transportation infrastructure and facilitate the movement of goods and people. The bridge will be [insert specifications, dimensions, and materials], designed to withstand heavy traffic and adverse weather conditions. The project is expected to take [insert timeline], with a total budget of [insert cost].3. Project ObjectivesThe main objectives of the project are as follows:- To improve transportation connectivity and accessibility- To enhance economic development and regional integration- To ensure public safety and reduce travel time- To create local job opportunities and stimulate economic growth- To minimize environmental impact and promote sustainable development4. Project ScopeThe scope of work includes the following activities:- Site preparation and clearing- Foundation and substructure construction- Superstructure and deck construction- Installation of railing, lighting, and other ancillary features- Pavement and approach work- Quality control and testing- Safety and environmental monitoring- Stakeholder engagement and public outreach5. Project PlanningThe project planning process involves the following steps:- Conducting a feasibility study and site assessment- Engaging with stakeholders and obtaining necessary permits- Developing a detailed design and construction plan- Identifying and procuring required resources and materials- Establishing a project schedule and budget- Establishing a communication and reporting protocol6. Project ImplementationThe implementation phase involves the following steps:- Mobilizing the construction team and equipment to the site- Excavating and preparing the foundation- Installing bearing and support systems- Erecting the bridge piers and abutments- Casting and curing the concrete deck- Assembling and installing the superstructure- Conducting quality control and testing- Managing work progress and addressing issues7. Project Monitoring and EvaluationThe project will be monitored and evaluated using the following indicators: - Compliance with design and technical specifications- Adherence to schedule and budget- Quality of workmanship and materials- Safety performance and incident reporting- Environmental impact and mitigation measures- Stakeholder satisfaction and feedback8. Stakeholder EngagementStakeholder engagement is crucial for the success of the project and involves the following activities:- Communicating project updates and milestones- Addressing community concerns and feedback- Collaborating with local authorities and agencies- Managing public relations and media communication- Encouraging local participation and support9. Risk ManagementThe project will identify and manage potential risks, such as:- Changes in regulatory requirements and permits- Adverse weather conditions and natural disasters- Unforeseen ground conditions and geological challenges- Supply chain disruptions and material shortages- Labor strikes and workforce availability- Safety incidents and accidents10. Sustainability and Environmental ManagementThe project will adhere to environmental regulations and best practices, including:- Minimizing disturbance to natural habitats and water bodies- Controlling erosion and sedimentation during construction- Managing waste and recycling materials when possible- Implementing energy-efficient and eco-friendly design features- Monitoring air and water quality around the construction site- Promoting biodiversity and ecological restoration measures11. ConclusionThe construction of a new bridge is a significant undertaking that requires careful planning, coordination, and execution. This work plan outlines the key activities, timelines, resources, and stakeholder engagement for the successful completion of the project. By adhering to this plan and managing potential risks, the project will improve transportation connectivity, enhance economic development, and create lasting benefits for the community.。
桥梁工程施工流程及施工质量要点
桥梁工程施工流程及施工质量要点英文回答：Bridge Construction Process:1. Planning and Design: The first step in bridge construction is the planning and design phase. This involves conducting surveys, analyzing site conditions, and determining the bridge's specifications and requirements.2. Site Preparation: Once the design is finalized, the construction site needs to be prepared. This includes clearing the area, leveling the ground, and establishing access roads.3. Foundation Construction: The next step is to construct the bridge's foundation. This involves excavating the ground and installing piles or footings to support the bridge structure.4. Substructure Construction: After the foundation is completed, the substructure is constructed. This includes building the piers, abutments, and wing walls that will support the bridge deck.5. Superstructure Construction: Once the substructure is in place, the superstructure is constructed. This involves erecting the beams, girders, or trusses that will form the bridge deck.6. Deck Construction: After the superstructure is completed, the bridge deck is constructed. This includes pouring concrete or assembling precast elements to create the road surface.7. Finishing and Detailing: The final step in bridge construction is finishing and detailing. This includes adding guardrails, painting, and installing lighting and other necessary elements.Key Points for Bridge Construction Quality:1. Proper Design and Planning: A well-designed bridgeis essential for its long-term durability and safety. It is important to ensure that the bridge is designed to withstand the expected loads and environmental conditions.2. Quality Materials: The use of high-quality materials is crucial for the construction of a durable and long-lasting bridge. This includes using strong and corrosion-resistant steel, high-quality concrete, and reliable construction adhesives.3. Skilled Workmanship: The construction of a bridge requires skilled workers who have the expertise and experience in bridge construction techniques. Proper supervision and training should be provided to ensure that the work is done correctly.4. Strict Quality Control: A comprehensive quality control system should be implemented throughout the construction process. This includes regular inspections, testing of materials, and adherence to construction standards and specifications.5. Safety Measures: Bridge construction involves various hazards, and it is important to prioritize safety. Adequate safety measures should be implemented, including the use of personal protective equipment, proper scaffolding, and fall protection systems.6. Environmental Considerations: Bridge construction should also consider environmental factors. Measures should be taken to minimize the impact on the surrounding ecosystem, such as controlling erosion, managing construction waste, and preserving natural habitats.中文回答：桥梁工程施工流程：1. 计划与设计，桥梁施工的第一步是计划与设计阶段。
桥梁施工资源配置计划
桥梁施工资源配置计划英文回答：Bridge construction resource allocation plan is acrucial aspect of any construction project. It involves determining the necessary resources, such as manpower, materials, and equipment, and allocating them effectivelyto ensure the smooth progress of the project. Here, I will discuss the key considerations and steps involved in developing a bridge construction resource allocation plan.Firstly, it is essential to assess the project requirements and objectives. This includes understandingthe scope of work, project timeline, and budget constraints. By having a clear understanding of these factors, it becomes easier to determine the resources needed for the project.Secondly, it is important to evaluate the availabilityof resources. This involves assessing the availability ofskilled labor, construction materials, and equipment. For example, if the project requires specialized equipment like cranes or concrete pumps, it is crucial to ensure their availability during the required periods. If there is a shortage of skilled labor, alternative plans such as subcontracting or hiring additional workforce may need to be considered.Once the requirements and availability of resources are determined, the next step is to prioritize and allocate the resources effectively. This involves assigning the right number of workers to each task, ensuring the availability of materials at the required stages, and scheduling the use of equipment efficiently. For example, if a bridge construction project requires pouring concrete, it is important to allocate an adequate number of workers to complete the task within the specified timeframe. Additionally, the availability of concrete and related materials should be coordinated to avoid delays or disruptions.Furthermore, it is crucial to consider potential risksand challenges that may impact resource allocation. This includes factors such as weather conditions, site accessibility, and unforeseen events. For instance, if the project site is prone to heavy rainfall, it is important to allocate additional resources to mitigate potential delays caused by weather-related issues.Regular monitoring and adjustment of the resource allocation plan is also necessary to ensure its effectiveness. This involves tracking the progress of the project, identifying any deviations from the plan, and making necessary adjustments to optimize resource allocation. For example, if a certain task is taking longer than expected, additional resources can be allocated to speed up the progress and minimize delays.In summary, developing a bridge construction resource allocation plan requires careful assessment of project requirements, evaluation of resource availability,effective prioritization and allocation, consideration of potential risks, and regular monitoring and adjustment. By following these steps and considering the specific needs ofthe project, a well-executed resource allocation plan can contribute to the successful completion of the bridge construction project.中文回答：桥梁施工资源配置计划是任何施工项目中至关重要的一部分。
桥梁上部结构施工进度计划
桥梁上部结构施工进度计划英文回答：Bridge superstructure construction progress plan.Introduction:The construction progress plan for the bridge superstructure is a crucial document that outlines the timeline and sequence of activities for the construction of the upper part of the bridge. It serves as a roadmap for the construction team, ensuring that the project is completed on time and within budget. This plan includes various activities such as the installation of girders, deck construction, and finishing works.1. Pre-construction phase:Before commencing the actual construction, thorough planning and preparation are essential. This phase includesactivities such as site investigation, design review, and procurement of materials. The pre-construction phase also involves obtaining necessary permits and approvals from relevant authorities.2. Foundation works:The first step in the construction of the bridge superstructure is the construction of the foundation. This involves the installation of piles or piers to support the bridge. The foundation works are critical as they provide stability and ensure the structural integrity of the bridge.3. Pier construction:Once the foundation is completed, the construction of piers can begin. Piers are vertical structures that support the bridge deck. The construction of piers involves the installation of formwork, reinforcement, and pouring of concrete. It is essential to ensure the proper alignmentand level of the piers.4. Girder installation:After the completion of piers, the next step is the installation of girders. Girders are horizontal beams that support the bridge deck. They are usually precast and transported to the construction site for installation. The installation process involves the use of cranes or other lifting equipment to lift and place the girders onto the piers.5. Deck construction:Once the girders are in place, the construction of the bridge deck can begin. The deck is the top surface of the bridge, which provides a roadway or pedestrian path. The deck construction involves the installation of reinforcement, formwork, and pouring of concrete. It is crucial to ensure the proper curing and finishing of the deck to ensure its durability and functionality.6. Finishing works:After the completion of the deck, various finishing works are carried out. This includes the installation of barriers, lighting, drainage systems, and road markings. The finishing works are essential to ensure the safety and usability of the bridge.7. Quality control and inspections:Throughout the construction process, quality control measures and inspections are conducted to ensure compliance with design specifications and standards. This includes material testing, structural inspections, and quality checks of the construction activities. Any deviations or issues identified during inspections are promptly addressed to maintain the quality of the bridge.Conclusion:The construction progress plan for the bridge superstructure plays a vital role in ensuring the successful completion of the project. It provides a clear roadmap for the construction team, enabling them to carryout the activities in a systematic and efficient manner. By following the plan, the bridge can be constructed withinthe specified timeframe and budget, while meeting the required quality standards.中文回答：桥梁上部结构施工进度计划。
公园桥的施工工艺流程
公园桥的施工工艺流程英文回答：The construction process of a park bridge involves several steps and requires careful planning and execution. Here, I will outline the general process in English.1. Planning and Design: The first step in constructinga park bridge is to plan and design the structure. This includes determining the bridge's location, size, and materials. Engineers and architects work together to create detailed plans and blueprints for the bridge.2. Site Preparation: Once the design is finalized, the construction site needs to be prepared. This may involve clearing vegetation, leveling the ground, and setting up temporary structures such as scaffolding.3. Foundation Construction: The next step is to construct the bridge's foundation. This typically involvesdigging deep holes or trenches and pouring concrete to create a solid base. The foundation ensures the stability and strength of the bridge.4. Substructure Construction: After the foundation is complete, the substructure of the bridge is constructed. This includes building the piers or abutments that support the bridge. These structures are typically made of reinforced concrete and are designed to withstand the weight and forces exerted on the bridge.5. Superstructure Construction: Once the substructureis in place, the superstructure of the bridge is constructed. This includes building the bridge deck, girders, and any additional support structures. The materials used for the superstructure may vary depending on the design and budget, but commonly include steel or concrete.6. Installation of Utilities: During the construction process, utilities such as water and electricity may need to be installed. This ensures that the bridge is functionaland can serve its purpose effectively.7. Finishing Touches: After the main structure is completed, the bridge undergoes various finishing touches. This includes painting, applying protective coatings, and installing safety features such as handrails and lighting.8. Testing and Inspection: Once the construction is finished, the bridge undergoes thorough testing and inspection to ensure its safety and functionality. This may involve load testing, structural analysis, and checking for any defects or weaknesses.9. Opening and Maintenance: Finally, the completed bridge is opened to the public. Regular maintenance and inspections are necessary to ensure the bridge remains safe and in good condition for years to come.中文回答：公园桥的施工工艺流程涉及多个步骤，需要仔细的规划和执行。
施工方案双语(3篇)
第1篇Project Name: Urban Residential ComplexClient: XYZ Real Estate Development Co., Ltd.Location: Downtown, City of ADuration: 24 months1. IntroductionThis proposal outlines the construction plan for the Urban Residential Complex, a high-rise residential building designed to provide modern living spaces in the heart of the city. The project will include residential units, recreational facilities, and commercial spaces. The following sections detail the construction methodology, safety measures, quality control, and project timeline.2. Construction Methodology2.1 Site Preparation- Clearing the site of debris, vegetation, and any existing structures.- Establishing temporary construction offices, storage areas, and access roads.- Conducting a detailed site survey to identify underground utilities and other obstacles.2.2 Foundation Construction- Excavating the foundation pit according to the architectural drawings.- Installing formwork and reinforcing steel for the foundation.- Casting the concrete foundation slab and walls.- Conducting quality tests on the concrete mix to ensure compliance with standards.2.3 Superstructure Construction- Installing steel columns and beams according to the structural drawings.- Constructing the concrete floors using formwork and reinforcing steel.- Installing the precast concrete units for walls and partitions.- Carrying out regular structural inspections to ensure the integrity of the framework.2.4 Facade and Roofing- Installing the facade system, which includes cladding, insulation, and waterproofing.- Constructing the roof structure with steel trusses and roofing materials.- Ensuring the roof is watertight and meets the required insulation standards.2.5 Interior Finishing- Installing electrical, plumbing, and HVAC systems according to the design specifications.- Laying tiles, carpet, or hardwood flooring in the residential units.- Painting walls and ceilings, and installing doors and windows.- Conducting final inspections to ensure all interior finishes meet quality standards.2.6 Miscellaneous Works- Constructing recreational facilities such as swimming pools, gyms, and playgrounds.- Installing security systems, including surveillance cameras and access control.- Setting up commercial spaces for retail or office use.- Coordinating with utility companies for the connection of water, electricity, and gas supplies.3. Safety Measures3.1 Health and Safety Policy- Implementing a comprehensive health and safety policy in accordance with local regulations.- Conducting regular safety training for all workers.- Ensuring the availability of first aid kits and emergency response plans.3.2 Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)- Providing appropriate PPE to all workers, including helmets, gloves, safety shoes, and eye protection.- Ensuring the use of fall protection equipment on all elevated work areas.3.3 Safety Inspections- Conducting daily safety inspections on the construction site.- Reporting any hazards or accidents to the project manager immediately.4. Quality Control4.1 Materials and Workmanship- Ensuring the use of high-quality materials and adherence to the latest construction standards.- Conducting periodic quality checks throughout the construction process.- Obtaining certifications for materials and finishes used in the project.4.2 Testing and Inspections- Conducting tests on concrete, steel, and other materials to ensure compliance with specifications.- Inspecting the workmanship at each stage of the construction process to ensure quality.5. Project Timeline5.1 Phase 1: Site Preparation and Foundation Construction (3 months)- Clearing the site and establishing temporary facilities.- Excavating the foundation pit and casting the foundation.- Installing formwork and reinforcing steel for the superstructure.5.2 Phase 2: Superstructure Construction (9 months)- Constructing the steel framework and concrete floors.- Installing precast concrete units and conducting structural inspections.- Erecting the facade and roofing systems.5.3 Phase 3: Interior Finishing and Miscellaneous Works (6 months)- Installing electrical, plumbing, and HVAC systems.- Laying flooring and painting walls.- Constructing recreational facilities and commercial spaces.5.4 Phase 4: Final Inspections and Handover (3 months)- Conducting final inspections and obtaining necessary certifications.- Cleaning the site and preparing the building for handover to the client.6. ConclusionThe Urban Residential Complex project is expected to be completed within the stipulated timeframe and budget. By following the outlinedconstruction methodology, safety measures, and quality control procedures, we aim to deliver a high-quality residential building that meets the needs of our clients and the community. We look forward to the opportunity to work with XYZ Real Estate Development Co., Ltd. and contribute to the development of the city.---施工方案项目名称：城市住宅综合体客户： XYZ房地产开发有限公司地点： A市市中心工期： 24个月1. 引言本方案概述了城市住宅综合体的施工计划，该综合体是一座高层住宅楼，旨在市中心提供现代化的居住空间。
桥梁施工资源配置计划
桥梁施工资源配置计划英文回答：Bridge construction resource allocation plan is a crucial aspect of any construction project. It involves determining the resources needed for the construction of a bridge, such as labor, materials, equipment, and time, and then allocating these resources effectively to ensure the project is completed on time and within budget.Firstly, it is important to assess the scope and complexity of the bridge construction project. This includes considering factors such as the length and height of the bridge, the type of materials to be used, and any specific design requirements. For example, if the bridge is a long-span suspension bridge, more specialized equipment and skilled labor may be required.Once the project scope is determined, the next step is to identify the resources needed. This includes estimatingthe labor required, such as the number of construction workers, engineers, and supervisors, as well as thespecific skills and qualifications they need to possess. Additionally, the materials needed for the construction, such as concrete, steel, and asphalt, must be identified and their quantities calculated.After identifying the resources, the next step is to allocate them effectively. This involves creating a resource schedule that outlines when and how the resources will be utilized throughout the project. For example, certain equipment may be needed during the foundation construction phase, while others may be required during the bridge deck construction phase. By carefully planning the allocation of resources, delays and conflicts can be minimized.Furthermore, it is important to consider any potential risks or constraints that may impact the resourceallocation plan. For example, if there are limited suppliers for a specific material, it may be necessary to adjust the schedule to ensure the availability of thematerial when needed. Additionally, unforeseen events such as bad weather or labor strikes may also require adjustments to the resource allocation plan.Regular monitoring and control of the resource allocation plan is essential to ensure its effectiveness. This includes tracking the actual utilization of resources and comparing it to the planned allocation. Any deviations or discrepancies should be addressed promptly to prevent delays or cost overruns. For example, if it is found that there is a shortage of skilled labor, additional workers may need to be hired or training programs implemented.In conclusion, a well-planned and effectively executed resource allocation plan is crucial for the successful construction of a bridge. It requires careful assessment of the project scope, identification of the necessary resources, and their allocation in a manner that minimizes risks and maximizes efficiency. Regular monitoring and control are necessary to address any deviations and ensure the project stays on track.中文回答：桥梁施工资源配置计划是任何建筑项目中至关重要的一部分。
桥梁工程方案英语
桥梁工程方案英语1. IntroductionBridges are vital infrastructure that connects communities, facilitates trade, and enables economic growth. As such, the design and construction of bridges must adhere to high standards of safety, durability, and sustainability. This proposal aims to outline a comprehensive plan for the design and construction of a new bridge that will improve connectivity and enhance the transportation network in a specific region.2. Project ScopeThe proposed bridge project will involve the design, construction, and maintenance of a new bridge spanning a river, roadway, or other natural or man-made obstacle. The scope of the project will encompass the following key components:a. Site Selection and Feasibility Study: Identifying the most suitable location for the bridge, conducting a detailed feasibility study, and assessing the environmental impact of the project.b. Design and Engineering: Developing detailed design plans, structural analysis, and engineering calculations to ensure the safety, durability, and functionality of the bridge.c. Construction Management: Overseeing the construction process, including procurement of materials, equipment, and labor, and ensuring compliance with quality and safety standards.d. Quality Assurance and Control: Implementing a comprehensive quality assurance and control program to monitor the performance of the bridge components and verify their compliance with design specifications.e. Maintenance and Inspection: Establishing a maintenance and inspection schedule to ensure the long-term integrity and safety of the bridge.3. Site Selection and Feasibility StudyThe first step in the bridge project will involve the selection of a suitable site for the bridge, followed by a comprehensive feasibility study to assess the technical, economic, and environmental viability of the project. The site selection process will consider factors such as topography, geology, hydrology, and transportation connectivity. The feasibility study will evaluate the potential impact of the bridge on the surrounding environment, including water quality, wildlife habitat, and cultural resources. Additionally, the study will assess the economic benefits and cost-effectiveness of the proposed bridge, including its impact on local and regional transportation networks.4. Design and EngineeringOnce the site selection and feasibility study are completed, the next phase of the project will involve the detailed design and engineering of the bridge. This will include:a. Structural Design: Developing the structural configuration of the bridge, including the type of superstructure (e.g., beam, truss, arch, or cable-stayed), and the selection of materials such as concrete, steel, or composite materials.b. Geotechnical Analysis: Conducting comprehensive geotechnical investigations to assess the soil and rock conditions at the bridge site, and to determine foundation design parameters for the bridge supports.c. Hydraulic Analysis: Evaluating the hydraulic characteristics of the river or waterway, including flow rates, water levels, and sediment transport, to ensure that the bridge is designed to withstand flood events and accommodate navigational requirements.d. Environmental Considerations: Incorporating sustainable design principles and environmental best practices into the bridge design, such as minimizing the impact on aquatic habitats, reducing energy consumption, and incorporating green infrastructure elements.e. Traffic Analysis: Conducting a detailed traffic study to assess the anticipated volume and composition of traffic that will use the bridge, and to ensure that the bridge is designed to accommodate current and future transportation needs.f. Seismic Analysis: Assessing the seismic hazard at the bridge site and developing a seismic design strategy to ensure the bridge can withstand earthquake events.The design and engineering phase will also involve consultations with stakeholders, including local communities, government agencies, and environmental organizations, to incorporate their input and address their concerns.5. Construction ManagementDuring the construction phase, the project team will be responsible for overseeing the implementation of the bridge design and ensuring that construction activities comply with the approved plans and specifications. This will involve:a. Procurement: Sourcing materials and equipment, and contracting labor and construction services in accordance with relevant procurement policies and guidelines.b. Construction Supervision: Monitoring the progress of construction activities, ensuring adherence to schedule and budget, and implementing quality control measures to verify that the bridge is constructed to the required standards.c. Safety and Risk Management: Implementing a comprehensive safety program to protect the health and well-being of workers and the public, and to minimize the risk of accidents and construction-related incidents.d. Environmental Compliance: Ensuring compliance with environmental regulations and permit conditions, and implementing erosion and sediment control measures to protect water quality during construction.e. Community Engagement: Providing regular updates to the public and engaging with stakeholders to foster understanding and support for the project, while addressing any concerns or issues that may arise during construction.6. Quality Assurance and ControlThe quality assurance and control program will be implemented throughout the project to verify that the bridge components meet the required standards for safety and performance. This will involve:a. Material Testing: Conducting rigorous testing of construction materials, such as concrete, steel, and asphalt, to verify their strength, durability, and compliance with design specifications.b. Non-destructive Testing: Using advanced non-destructive testing techniques, such as ultrasonic testing, radiographic testing, and magnetic particle testing, to assess the integrity of welds, bolts, and other critical components.c. Structural Monitoring: Installing sensors and instrumentation to monitor the performance and behavior of the bridge in real time, and to detect any potential signs of distress or deterioration.d. Quality Audits: Conducting regular audits of construction activities to verify compliance with quality control procedures, and to identify and address any non-conformances or deficiencies.e. Documentation and Records: Maintaining accurate records of all construction activities, including material certifications, test reports, inspection records, and as-built drawings to facilitate quality assurance and future maintenance.7. Maintenance and InspectionFollowing the completion of construction, the project will enter into the maintenance and inspection phase, which is critical for ensuring the long-term performance and safety of the bridge. This will involve:a. Periodic Inspections: Conducting regular inspections of the bridge components, including the superstructure, substructure, and foundations, to assess their condition and identify any signs of deterioration or damage.b. Routine Maintenance: Performing routine maintenance activities, such as cleaning, painting, and corrosion protection, to preserve the structural integrity and aesthetic appearance of the bridge.c. Emergency Response: Developing an emergency response plan to address unexpected events, such as natural disasters, accidents, or vandalism, and to ensure the prompt and effective restoration of the bridge following a disruptive event.d. Rehabilitation and Retrofitting: Planning for the long-term rehabilitation and retrofitting of the bridge, including the repair or replacement of components that have reached the end of their service life, and the incorporation of new technologies or design enhancements to extend the bridge's useful life.e. Asset Management: Implementing an asset management program to optimize the performance, cost-effectiveness, and lifespan of the bridge infrastructure, and to ensure that resources are allocated efficiently to address maintenance and repair needs.8. ConclusionIn conclusion, the proposed bridge project represents a significant investment in infrastructure that will bring numerous benefits to the local community and the region at large. The successful implementation of this project will require close coordination between stakeholders, rigorous planning and execution, and a commitment to safety, quality, and sustainability. By adhering to these principles, the project will ultimately deliver a bridge that is safe, reliable, and enduring, and that will contribute to the economic and social development of the area for decades to come.。
大桥施工计划表
大桥施工计划表英文文档内容：Bridge Construction ScheduleThe bridge construction schedule outlines the timeline and sequence of activities for the construction of a bridge.It includes key milestones, deliverables, and dependencies to ensure a smooth and efficient construction process.1.Project Initiation:- Conduct feasibility study and obtain necessary permits and approvals.- Finalize design plans and specifications.- Award contract to the selected contractor.2.Site Preparation:- Clear the construction site of debris and vegetation.- Establish temporary work areas, including access roads and parking lots.- Set up construction offices and amenities for workers.3.Foundation Construction:- Excavate foundation trenches and pour concrete footings.- Install pile foundations, if required.- Ensure proper compaction and curing of foundations.4.superstructure Construction:- fabricate and deliver precast concrete elements, such as beams, columns, and deck segments.- Erect steel girders and trusses, if applicable.- Install the decking system, including concrete or asphalt surfacing.5.finishes and Protection:- Apply protective coatings and treatments to steel components.- Install guardrails, signage, and lighting systems.- Complete any necessary painting or waterproofing activities.6.Testing and Inspection:- Conduct structural, geotechnical, and materials testing.- Perform quality assurance and quality control checks.- Ensure compliance with all relevant codes and standards.missioning and Handover:- Carry out final inspections and address any outstanding issues.- Conduct a ribbon-cutting ceremony and official opening of the bridge.- Hand over the bridge to the relevant authorities for maintenance and operation.8.Cleanup and Demolition:- Remove temporary construction facilities and materials.- Restore the construction site to its original condition.- Demolish any existing structures, if necessary.It is important to note that the bridge construction schedule may vary depending on the project"s size, complexity, andlocation.Additionally, factors such as weather conditions, unforeseen site conditions, and supply chain issues can impact the construction timeline.Regular communication and coordination between the project team, contractor, and stakeholders are essential to keep the project on track.中文文档内容：大桥施工计划表大桥施工计划表详细介绍了大桥建设的时间表和活动顺序，包括关键里程碑、可交付成果和依赖关系，以确保建设过程顺利高效。
英文版 施工工程方案
英文版施工工程方案1. IntroductionThis construction project proposal is presented by [Company Name], a leading construction company with a proven track record of delivering high-quality projects on time and within budget. The purpose of this proposal is to outline our plan for the construction of [Project Name], a [project description] located at [project location].2. Project DescriptionThe [Project Name] is a [brief project description] that aims to [project objectives]. The project site is located at [site location] and covers an area of [project size]. The project is expected to [project duration] and has an estimated budget of [project budget].3. Project ScopeThe scope of work for the construction of [Project Name] includes but is not limited to:- Site preparation, including clearing, leveling, and grading- Excavation and foundation work- Construction of structural elements, including the building frame, walls, and roof- Installation of utilities, including electrical, plumbing, and HVAC systems- Interior finishing work, including flooring, painting, and millwork- Exterior finishing work, including landscaping, paving, and signage4. Project ObjectivesThe main objectives of the [Project Name] are to:- Complete the construction project within the specified timeline- Ensure that the construction work meets all relevant building codes and regulations- Deliver a high-quality finished product that meets the client's expectations- Minimize the environmental impact of the construction work- Ensure the safety of all construction workers and site visitors5. Construction MethodologyOur construction methodology for the [Project Name] is based on the following principles: - Efficient project management to ensure timely completion and adherence to budget- Strict adherence to all relevant building codes and regulations- Utilization of high-quality materials and skilled labor to ensure a high standard of workmanship- Integration of sustainable construction practices to minimize environmental impact- Implementation of comprehensive safety protocols to ensure the safety of all personnel on site6. Project ScheduleThe construction schedule for the [Project Name] is as follows:- Phase 1: Site preparation and foundation work - [start date] to [end date]- Phase 2: Structural construction work - [start date] to [end date]- Phase 3: Installation of utilities and finishing work - [start date] to [end date]- Phase 4: Final inspection and handover - [start date] to [end date]7. Project BudgetThe estimated budget for the construction of the [Project Name] is [project budget]. This budget includes all construction costs, including materials, labor, and equipment, as well as contingency funds for unforeseen expenses.8. Project TeamThe construction team for the [Project Name] will be led by [Project Manager], who has [number] years of experience in managing construction projects. The team will also include skilled engineers, architects, and tradespeople who specialize in various aspects of construction work.9. Quality Assurance and ControlOur quality assurance and control process for the [Project Name] will include regular site inspections, material testing, and adherence to strict construction standards. We will also engage the services of independent third-party inspectors to ensure that the construction work meets all relevant quality requirements.10. Health and SafetyThe health and safety of all personnel involved in the construction of the [Project Name] is of paramount importance to us. We will implement comprehensive safety protocols, provide ongoing safety training, and have regular safety audits to ensure a safe working environment.11. Environmental ImpactWe are committed to minimizing the environmental impact of the construction work for the [Project Name]. Our sustainability practices will include the use of environmentally friendly materials, waste management, and energy-efficient construction methods.12. ConclusionIn conclusion, we are confident that our construction proposal for the [Project Name] will deliver a high-quality finished product that meets all the project objectives. We are committed to delivering the project on time, within budget, and to the complete satisfaction of the client. We look forward to the opportunity to work with you on the successful completion of the [Project Name].If you have any questions or would like to discuss our proposal further, please do not hesitate to contact us.Thank you for considering our construction project proposal.Sincerely,[Your Name][Title][Company Name]。
英语学习桥梁施工方法
Bridge construction method.Txt cherish life - God also let you live, there must be his arrangement. Lei Feng does good without seeking recognition, but everything diary. Construction method of simple supported beam bridge1, stent placementInclude the following steps:(1) inspection before pouring. Including: 1, support and template examination; 2, check the location of the cable and reinforced concrete; 3, the preparatory work before.(2) pouring concrete. Including: 1, to determine the concrete casting speed; 2, to determine the sequence of concrete pouring.There are several methods of casting:1, the level of pouring in a span length in stratified pouring in middle span closure. The simple supported beam bridge with long span;2, concrete: concrete girder from the inclined layer with both ends of the cable layer casting to cross, in the middle span closure;3, unit casting method: when the bridge deck is wide and the number of concrete is larger, it can be divided into a number of vertical and horizontal elements, respectively.2, prefabricated installation(1) the lifting rack(2) try to bridge rackGenerally grew up river the highway on the assembled Bailey beam bridge erecting machine; railway on the 800KN, 1300kn, 1600kn bridging machine.(3) frame beam method(4) the combination of simple machines and tools(5) tower erectionTwo, cantilever, continuous girder, bridge construction method1, the use of scaffolding construction(1) full support(2) mobile stand2, precast erection method(1) the overall construction of the beam section(2) cantilever erection method3, cantilever methodCantilever construction method, also known as segmental construction method, is the center of the bridge pier to the two sides of the symmetrical, section by section cantilever length of the construction method.Cantilever casting method and cantilever erection method are divided into two types.(1) cantilever erection methodCantilever erection method is to use mobile type cantilever crane bits of prefabricated beam is lifted to the bridge, and the epoxy resin glue and steel beam pre applied stress are connected into a whole. Using the segment by segment assembly, a segmental tension anchor, and then assembled the next section.The cantilever erection construction including precast, transport, assembling and folding pieces.(2) cantilever casting methodCantilever casting using mobile hanging basket as the main construction equipment, the pier as the center, symmetrical to both sides of the hanging basket by concrete beam section of the concrete, to be met the requirements of the strength of concrete, prestressed beam, and move the hanging basket, construction of the next section.4, pushing methodTop pushing construction method is along the bridge axis. In Taiwan, opened the precasting yard, segmental precast beam and longitudinal prestressed segments are connected into a whole, and then through the waterHorizontal hydraulic jack force, with the aid of sliding device, the beam segment to the other side of the advance. This subsection precast, by the top of the push, to be all pushed into place, the beam, the replacementFormal support, complete the construction of the bridge. Straight or curved bridge is suitable for medium span and section.The jacking construction according to the push construction method is classified with single point pushing and multi point pushing.(1) single point pushThe push device concentrated in the vicinity of the main site of prefabricated abutments or piers, support is provided with a sliding front pier on the fulcrum.(2) multi point pushThe level of the jack is provided with a pair of small tonnage in each stage, the jacking force of centralized decentralized to the pier. Due to the level of Jack to the pierThe frictional resistance of the bridge pier is balanced by the reaction force to balance the sliding resistance of the beam body, so that the bridge pier can bear small horizontal force during the pushing process.Multi point push over method. At the same time, more than a little push to push the required equipment tonnage is small, easy to get.5, the rotating methodIn the two sides of the river or the appropriate location, use of terrain or scaffolds using the simple first half bridge completion of fabrication and to bridge structure itself for rotating body, use someMachinery and equipment, respectively, the two half bridge rotation to the axis position closure bridge bridge bridge method.The plane rotation and vertical rotation or combination of horizontal and vertical rotation. Has been used in different Liang Qiao, arch bridge, cable-stayed bridge, steel bridges with inclined legs of the upper structureConstruction. The advantage is that the support cost can be reduced, the aerial work and the water operation are changed into the shore land operation, so as to ensure the safety and quality, and the construction can not beEffect of opening the traffic or sailing. Generally applicable to single hole or three bridge construction.Three, arch bridge commonly used construction method1, support construction (1) on the spot (full support, masonry arch) (2) (simple installation of prefabricated frame + hoisting equipment) (3) in masonry (full support, stiff skeleton method) 2, construction without support (1) cantilever method (cantilever, cantilever) (2) cable hoisting method of cable erection construction, in prefabricated precast ribs (box) and the arch structure of prefabricated arch and arch structure by car transportation equipment such as moving to a cable rope hoisting position, the arch will be precast segments to hoist the installation position by cable on arch rib segment temporary fixed lifting closure arch rib of arch rib section axis adjustment, the main arch closure, arch structure installation. In the canyon or water depth flow urgent section, or in navigable rivers need to meet ships pass, cable hoisting due to its great spanning capacity, vertical and horizontal straight transport flexibility, adaptability is wide, the construction is safe and convenient advantages. In construction of arch bridge is widely used. (3) rotation construction method (vertical, horizontal rotation, vertical peaceful transfer combination) the construction of bridge pier and abutment is built bridge pier of the work in general. The main work are: pier locating, lofting, foundation construction, on the basis of lapel edge vertical formwork and scaffold, pouring Pier (Taiwan) of concrete or stone, tie top cap with steel reinforcement and top pouring concrete cap and set aside to support anchor bolt etc.. Construction method of bridge pier are usually classified into two categories: a class is on-site pouring and masonry; a class is the precast concrete block, reinforced or prestressed concrete members. The former process is simple, less equipment, technical operation is less difficult; but the construction period is long, need to consume more labor and material resources. The latter feature is can ensure the construction quality, reduce the labor intensity, but also to speed up the progress of the project, to improve the efficiency of the economy and on construction site stenosis, especially the lack of gravel area or drought and water shortage in construction of a pier has a more important significance. Bridge pier is classified according to different construction methods for several masonry piers and prefabricated pier, cast-in-place pier type. (1) masonry pier stone pier is with rubble, stone and rubble ashlar to cement mortar masonry, with local materials and durable, etc., in regions with abundant stone built pier, during the construction of the limit of conditions, in order to save cement should be preferred to the stone pier platform solutions. Masonry quality should meet the following requirements: 1, masonry used the material type, specifications and quality to meet the requirements; 2, the mortar between bricks or gravel concrete shop filled full of and the strength meets the requirement; 3, Qifeng width, wrong joints between compliance, firm jointing, neat, depth and forms to meet the requirements; 4, masonry method is correct; 5, masonry location, size does not exceed allowable deviation. (2) assembly Pier (pier, post tensioned prestressed pier) assembly type pier construction applicable to Valley Bridge, across a slow drift of rivers, flood, the bridge, especially in the site disturbance, narrow construction site, lack of water and sand supply difficulties in the area, the effect is more significant. Its advantages are: lightweight structure, construction speed, dock, guaranteed the quality of prefabricated components. Assembly type pier pier, post tensioned prestressed pier two forms: 1, assembly type pier, the pier is decomposed into a number of lightweight components, prefabricated in a factory or on site, and then transported to site assembly into bridge. 2, the post tensioned prestressed pier foundation, is divided into three parts and assembly entity pier pier. Assembly pier by basic components, baffle plate, a top plate and caving in of the top of the four different shapes of component composition, with high-strength steelwire penetrates a reservation through the channels, the tension and anchor and. (3) on-site pouring Pier (V shaped pier) there are two main processes: one is the fabrication and installation of formwork is two concrete pier. 1, template commonly used template types are: assembly type template, the overall lifting of the template, the combination of steel template, sliding steel template. Template installation before the template size should be checked; installation should be solid and firm, so as to avoid vibration when the concrete caused by running the slurry leakage; installation location to meet the structural design requirements. 2, pouring concrete pier concrete construction should be the foundation top surface clean, chisel except surface laitance refurbishment of connecting steel bars. Pouring concrete should always check the dimensions of template, reinforcing bar and embedded parts location and protection layer, to ensure the correct position, and does not deform. In concrete construction, and ensure the concrete mixture ratio, water cement ratio and collapse degree of technical performance indicators to meet the requirements of the specifications. The upper bridge under various loads, to the base through the abutments or piers, and then by the foundation to the ground. Foundation is an important part of the lower structure of the bridge. Therefore, foundation engineering in the design and construction of bridge structure, occupies a very important position, it to the structure safety and engineering cost have great influence. Bridge foundation according to the construction method can be divided into expanded foundation, piles and column foundation, open caisson foundation, underground continuous wall based and tube locking steel pipe pile foundation. (1) the basis of the expansion of the foundation or the foundation of the foundation is the direct foundation of the foundation slab on the direct bearing foundation, and the load from the superstructure is transmitted directly to the foundation. The construction method is usually used in the open excavation method, and the stability of the pit wall in construction must be paid special attention to. The open excavation expansion foundation construction of the main contents include the basic location layout, foundation pit excavation and foundation pit drainage, substrate processing and masonry (pouring) foundation structures such as. 1, based positioning and laying out before the excavation of foundation pit, the first based positioning and setting out, in order to correct the design on the basis of the position of the accurate setting to the bridge site on. Lofting system according to the centerline of the bridge and pier of vertical and horizontal axis, launched the location of base edges, put the line drawing of foundation pit excavation scope. The elevation of each location point of the foundation pit and the elevation of the excavation process are examined. 2, the land of foundation pit excavation pit size should meet the requirements of the foundation construction, of seepage soil foundation pit excavation size, depending on the design of foundation pit drainage design (including drainage ditch, water, sewer, etc.) and template based and general base size should be than the plane size of each side of the widened 0.5-1.0m. The vertical excavation, slope excavation and shoring or other reinforcement methods of excavation pit, the concrete should be according to the geological conditions, excavation depth, the construction period and experience, and there is no surface water or groundwater site factors to determine. (1) the pit wall without support of foundation pit in dry up the beach, in the brook, or waterways river change or embankment can be excluded from the surface water of the brook; in the underground water level below the basement or permeation quantity is little, do not affect the stability of pit wall; and buried to depth, construction period is relatively short, digging pit without affecting the adjacent building safety construction sites, consider the selection of pit wall without support of foundation pit. (2) pit wall support of foundation pit when the foundation pitwall slope is not easy, stable and groundwater infiltration, or sloping excavation site is limited, or deep foundation pit, slope excavation engineering quantity larger, was not in conformity with the technical and economic requirements, depending on the particular circumstances, the following reinforcement pit measures, such as supporting baffle, steel and wood combined with support, concrete wall and the bolt support. Common wall of the pit supporting form: straight lining plate of pit wall support, transverse lining plate of pit wall support, frame type support, and other forms of support (such as anchor pile, anchor, anchor plate, bracing type). 3, water based foundation pit excavation of pier foundation of the bridge are mostly located in the surface below the water level, sometimes the water is still relatively large, construction hope in anhydrous or still water conditions. Construction method of bridge water foundation is the most commonly used is the method of cofferdam, cofferdam is waterproof and surrounding water, sometimes also plays a role of supporting construction platform and foundation pit wall. Cofferdam must meet the following requirements: (1) the cofferdam top height should be higher than during the construction of the highest water level 70cm, a minimum of not less than 50cm for preventing groundwater cofferdam should be higher than the water level or ground 20 ~ 40cm. The shape of the cofferdam (2) should be adapt to water excretion, size should not be too much water section compression, so as not to obstruct the water is too high and endanger the security of the cofferdam, and affecting the navigation, diversion. The inner shape of the cofferdam should be adapted to the requirements of the foundation construction, and have the appropriate working area. The section size of the weir body should be guaranteed to have enough strength and stability, so that after the foundation pit excavation, the cofferdam will not be broken, sliding or overturning. (3) the cofferdam is required to be watertight and should be taken as far as possible to prevent or reduce the leakage so as to reduce the drainage work. There should be protective measures for the erosion of the surrounding slope of the cofferdam and the erosion of the river bed after the cofferdam. (4) general cofferdam construction should be arranged during dry season. Highway bridge common cofferdam type: earth rock cofferdam, crib cofferdam or bamboo gabion cofferdam, steel sheet pile cofferdam, boxed cofferdam. 4, the drainage of foundation pit soil generally located below the groundwater table, groundwater will be often infiltrated in the pit. Therefore, it is necessary to try to exclude water in the pit, to facilitate the construction. To rule out the pit water seepage, the first to estimate the water inflow, the side can choose a considerable drainage equipment.Bridge foundation construction of common foundation pit drainage methods are: (1) sump drainage method, in addition to serious sand, under normal circumstances can be used. (2) well point drainage method. When the soil is poor have serious quicksand phenomenon, the underground water level is higher, the excavation of deep, pit wall stability is not easy, difficult to solve by conventional drainage method and available well point drainage method. Well point drainage method requires more equipment, construction layout complex, greater cost, should be carried out by the technical and economic comparison. In the bridge foundation in the city for excavation. (3) other drainage methods. 5, the basis of inspection and treatment (1) of the foundation pit construction is in accordance with the design requirements, in accordance with the provisions of the foundation should be carried out before the test. The purpose is to determine the allowable bearing capacity of the foundation, the location and elevation of the foundation pit is consistent with the design documents to ensure the strength and stability of thefoundation, not to cause the occurrence of slippage and other diseases. The main content of the basal test include: check basal plane location, size, basal elevation; check the basement of uniform soil, foundation stability and bearing capacity; check base treatment and drainage; construction inspection log and related test data and so on. (2) base treatment based on natural ground is directly on the soil substrate to bear the load, so the quality of the state of soil base, influence on the foundation and the pier and superstructure greatly, not only check soil and allowable bearing capacity, we should also create conditions for soil was more effective to bear the load, that is, to the basal work. 6, the foundation masonry pouring the foundation construction is divided into water pouring, pouring and pouring water drainage in three cases. The key points of the construction of water supply and drainage is: ensure in the anhydrous state masonry; it is forbidden to work with water and concrete will water out of the outer formwork perfusion method; based edge portion should be tight across the water; water part of the masonry shall be cement mortar or concrete after final setting allowed immersion. Underwater concrete is only used when drainage is difficult. Perfusion under water is divided into basic masonry building based on two kinds of direct filling of underwater bottom and underwater. The former cover after the drainage and masonry foundation, back cover is closed to the role of seepage effect, the concrete only as a foundation without itself as the basis for sheet pile cofferdam excavation of foundation pit. Pouring the foundation, we should do a good job is connected with the joint of abutment, pier, the general requirements: (1) joint of concrete foundation and concrete pier body and periphery should be pre buried diameter not less than 16mm steel and other iron pieces, buried and exposed length should not be less than 20 times the bar diameter. (2) concrete or mortar rubble stone?From the Miao Mu Yong Yu upsilon picture Keum, rubble thickness of should not be less than 15cm, rubble strength requirements of not less than the strength of the foundation or pier concrete or masonry. 7, the foundation reinforcement of China's vast territory, different natural and geographical environment, soil strength, compression and water permeability and other properties are very different. Among them, many of them are soft soil or bad soil, such as silt soil, collapsible loess, expansive soil, seasonal frozen soil, soil cave, karst cave and so on. When the position of bridge and culvert in the soil, except for the pile, sinking well deep foundation, also depending on the particular circumstances of the corresponding foundation reinforcement measures, to improve the bearing capacity, and in the construction of spread foundation, in order to shorten the construction period, save the investment effect. On general soft soil foundation reinforcement treatment methods can be classified into four types: (1) soil replacing method: all or part of the foundation of soft soil excavation in replacement better physical and mechanical properties of soil (2) squeezed dense indigenous: tamping or sand pile, lime pile, sand drain, plastic drainage board method, the soft soil extrusion compacting or drainage consolidation. (3) cemented indigenous: chemical grout filling into the powder or jet mixing method, soil particle cementation hardening, improve the soil properties. (4) the soil polymer method: using the soil, the soil, the soil and the reinforced soil, such as the reinforced soil, to limit the lateral deformation of the soil, increase the compressive strength of the soil, and effectively improve the bearing capacity of the foundation.(2) the foundation of pile and pipe pile foundation when the shallow soil is poor, the strength of soil buried deeper, the need to use a deep foundation to meet the structure of the foundation strength, deformation and stability requirements, can be used pile foundation. According to the material classification of piles, piles of reinforced concrete pile, prestressed concrete pile andsteel pile. Bridge foundation in the use of more is the middle of the two. According to the method of making for precast piles and drilled (dug hole filling pile; according to the construction method of divided hammer sinking pile, the vibration pile, pile jetting, static pressure pile, cast-in-place pile and drilling buried pile and so on, the first four are collectively sank to the bottom of the pile. According to the geological condition, design load, construction equipment, time limit and the influence to the nearby buildings, the construction method of pile foundation is selected. (a) sinking piles sinking pile used mainly for precast reinforced concrete and prestressed concrete pile. There are two kinds of solid square pile and hollow pipe pile in the form of cross section. The pipe pile is generally made by centrifugal process. At present, finished product specifications: pipe diameter 40cm, 55cm two, divided into upper, middle and lower three sections, the tube wall thickness of 8-10cm. In recent years, the development of PHC high strength prestressed concrete centrifugal pipe pile has been widely used in engineering. Production of reinforced concrete pile and prestressed concrete pile technology used shall be handled according to the "technical specification for construction of highway bridges and culverts". In addition, should also pay attention to the following matters: 1, reinforced concrete pile in vertical main reinforcement for joints, should be used for welding head 2, spiral rib or stirrup must hoop reinforcement, vertical main reinforcement and reinforcement joint application of spot welding with wire or butting firmly 3, prestressed concrete used and cold drawn steel welding, flash butt welding should be used in cold drawn before welding contact 4, pile length for flange connection, flange welding should be aligned position in reinforced or prestressed reinforcement; of pretensioned prestressed concrete pile, the flange should be welded on the tendons, and then stretching 5, concrete by the pile pile tip to the direction of continuous infusion, without interruption, 6 steel frame pile (including prestressed frame) deviation should be allowed within the specified range. Prefabricated points of reinforced concrete pile, pile site formation and compacted; mould and die; making and dipping of steel skeleton; concrete pouring and curing. When the length of the precast pile is not enough, it is needed to meet the. Pile connection methods are commonly used: flange connection, connection plate and sulphur mastic (mortar) connection etc.. Pile driving sequence should be determined according to the terrain conditions, soil conditions, the pile spacing, the direction of the inclined pile, the pile frame and so on. At the same time the pile depth is not much difference, uniform soil compaction. The construction method of sinking pile are: hammer pile sinking, vibration pile, pile jetting and static pile etc.. (a) hammer pile sinking is generally applied to medium dense sand soil and clay. Due to hammer sinking pile on the pile hammer impact energy piles will be buried, so pile size should not be too large (less than 0.6m, and buried depth at about 40m. The main equipment driving pile pile hammer, pile frame and the power device of three parts. The shock cone selection principle is low hammer hammer. Pile in the construction of pile, bear hanging hammer, hanging pile, pile, hanging water pipe and pile in the sinking process of the guiding role, etc.. In other equipment, there is a pile cap and pile. Pile cap is mainly to bear the impact of the protection of the pile top, in the pile can be ensured when the hammer force in the pile axis and not eccentric. When the pile is mainly used to be hit by the pile, the pile is still need to continue to sink under the Longmen, that is, it is necessary to put the pile top to the ground. Construction key points: pile sinking, deal with the pile frame, pile hammer, power machinery, etc. the main equipment components are examined; before the hammer should be checked again pile hammer, pile cap or send pile and pile axis is consistent; Hammer Sinking Pileat the beginning, should strictly control the kinetic energy of all kinds of pile hammer. If the pile tip has sunk to the design elevation, but the degree of sinking is still not up to the requirements, should continue to sink to reach the required degree of sinking. Pile sinking, encountered, such as: sinking degree sudden drastic changes; pile body suddenly tilt and shift; pile sinking, the pile hammer has serious rebound phenomenon; pile breaking or pile cracking, deformation and pile side of the ground have serious uplift phenomenon and so on, should be immediately improve stop hammering, identify the reasons and take measures before it can continue the construction. Stop hammer standard control of pile driving. 1, the design of pile tip elevation for the hard plastic clay and gravel soil, dense above sand and weathered rock layer, according to poured into the change and control of geological data, confirming the pile tip has been sinking into the soil, the degree of penetration to control penetration. 2, when the penetration has reached to control penetration, and pile tip elevation did not reach the design elevation, should continue to hammer into about 0.10m (or hammered into 30-50 times), if there is no abnormal changes can stop hammer; if the pile tip elevation than the design elevation high multitemporal should be reported to the relevant departments to study determine. 3, the design of the pile tip elevation is general clay or other soft soil should be to control the elevation, the penetration is used as a check. 4, in the same pile, the pile of final penetration should approximately, and sank into the depth should not differ too much and avoid the foundation uneven settlement. (II) jetting jetting pile construction method choice should vary depending on soil conditions, in the sand sandwiched with pebbles or stiff soil, generally based on water jet, hammering or vibration as a supplement; in the loam or clay, in order to avoid reducing capacity, general by hammering or vibration, supplemented by water jet, and should be appropriate to control the time of water jet and water; sinking pile hollow, generally use the single injective water. Pile jetting device comprises a pump, water source, water pipe (should be reduced to bend, straight) and water jet pipe etc.. Jetting pile construction points is: hanging in pile foundation should pay attention to timely lead to send water hose, prevent breaking and shedding; pile in upright stability, pressure on the pile cap pile hammer and began to water pressure is small, the pile sunk by self weight. Early control of pile body not to sink too fast, so as not to obstruct the spraying pipe mouth, and keep the attention of control and direction of the pile correction; sinking gradually slow, tapper, sink to a certain depth 8-10m can maintain the stability of the pile, and gradually increase the pressure, and the hammer impact dynamic energy; pile sinking to the design elevation from a certain distance (more than 2.0m) stop water jet, pull out a water jet pipe, hammering or vibration of the pile sinking to the design elevation. (three) vibration pile sinking pile applied to sandCohesive soil, hard plastic and soft plastic, medium dense and loose crushed, gravel soil. Vibratory pile stops vibration control standards, should be to pass the test verify pile pile tip elevation control, to final penetration (mm / min) or reliable vibration bearing capacity formula of bearing capacity as check. Static pressure pile static pressure pile by static pressure piles will be buried in the ballast, namely pressure pile machine weight to overcome the resistance in the process of pile sinking for high-pressure shrinkage of clay or sand sub clay in the lighter layer. (five) in water and sink pile in a shallow river, erection of temporary bridge for construction, sidewalk, soil island and various types of scaffold composition of working platform, the placement of pile frame and underwater pile driving operations. In the broad river, can be installed in the pile floating body combination or fixed platform, can also be applied to special piling ship. In addition to be used: 1, to build cofferdam construction pile foundation: in general water is not deep, pile。
施工进度计划及保证措施范文
施工进度计划及保证措施范文英文回答：Construction Schedule and Guarantee Measures.As a project manager, it is crucial to have a well-planned construction schedule to ensure the smooth progress of the project. The construction schedule outlines the timeline for each phase of the project, including the start and end dates, as well as the milestones and deliverables.To create an effective construction schedule, I will follow these steps:1. Project Scope Definition: I will clearly define the scope of work, including the tasks, resources, and budget required for each phase. This will help me determine the duration of each task and plan the overall schedule.2. Task Sequencing: I will identify the dependenciesbetween tasks and determine the most logical sequence for completing them. For example, before starting the construction of a building, the foundation needs to be laid first. By understanding these dependencies, I can avoid delays and ensure a smooth flow of work.3. Resource Allocation: I will allocate the necessary resources, such as labor, equipment, and materials, to each task. This will help me estimate the time required for each task and ensure that the resources are available when needed.4. Critical Path Analysis: I will identify the critical path, which is the longest sequence of tasks that determines the overall duration of the project. By focusing on the critical path tasks, I can prioritize them and allocate additional resources if necessary to avoid delays.5. Contingency Planning: I will include contingency time in the schedule to account for unforeseen events or delays. This will provide a buffer and help me manage risks effectively.In addition to the construction schedule, I will also implement guarantee measures to ensure the successful completion of the project. These measures include:1. Quality Control: I will establish a quality control plan to ensure that all construction activities meet the required standards and specifications. This will involve regular inspections, testing, and documentation to identify and rectify any issues promptly.2. Communication and Coordination: I will maintain open and transparent communication with all stakeholders, including the client, contractors, and suppliers. Regular meetings and progress reports will help identify any potential issues and allow for timely resolution.3. Risk Management: I will proactively identify and assess potential risks that may impact the project schedule. By implementing risk mitigation strategies, such as alternative suppliers or backup plans, I can minimize the impact of these risks on the project timeline.4. Change Management: I will establish a formal change management process to handle any changes or modifications to the project scope. This will ensure that any changes are properly evaluated, approved, and incorporated into the construction schedule.By following these steps and implementing guarantee measures, I can effectively manage the construction schedule and ensure the successful completion of the project.中文回答：施工进度计划及保证措施。
英语作文帮助建桥
Building Bridges: A Vital Endeavor for Community ConnectivityBridges are not just structures of concrete and steel; they are symbols of connection, unity, and progress. They span rivers, valleys, and divides, literally and figuratively, to bring people closer together and foster growth. Helping to build a bridge is an endeavor that requires collaboration, innovation, and a dedication to the welfare of the community.The process of bridge construction begins with careful planning and design. Engineers and architects must work together to assess the terrain, determine the bridge's length, width, and load capacity, and select the appropriate materials and construction methods. This phase is crucial, as it lays the foundation for a safe and stable structure that will stand the test of time.Once the planning is complete, the construction phase begins. This is where the real teamwork comes into play. Workers from various backgrounds and specialties—from carpenters and welders to concrete finishers and crane operators—converge on the site to bring the design to life. Each member of the team plays a vital role, whether it's pouring the foundation, erecting the piers, or laying the deck.The challenges of bridge construction are numerous. Weather conditions, terrain complexities, and budget constraints can all pose significant obstacles. However, these challenges are overcome through innovation and perseverance. New technologies and construction methods are constantly being developed to improve efficiency, safety, and durability.Beyond the physical construction, building a bridge also involves building relationships and fostering community spirit. The project brings together people from diverse backgrounds and creates a shared goal that unites them. Workers collaborate closely, learning from each other and supporting each other through the tough times. This collaboration not only leads to a successful project but also strengthens the bonds within the community.Moreover, the completion of a bridge brings immense benefits to the community. It improves transportation, reduces travel time, and facilitates the flow of goods and services. This, in turn, spurs economic growth and development, creating jobs and opportunities for local residents. The bridge also serves as a symbol of progress and unity, representing the community's commitment to improving its infrastructure and enhancing its overall quality of life.In conclusion, helping to build a bridge is a rewarding and meaningful endeavor. It requires a diverse team of skilled workers, innovative thinking, and a dedication to the welfare of the community. The result is not just a physical structure that spans a divide but also a symbol of connection and progress that brings people together and fosters growth. As we continue to build bridges in our communities, we are not just creating structures of steel and concrete; we are building bridges of understanding, cooperation, and hope for a brighter future.To further emphasize the importance of bridge-building, it is worth noting that these structures are not just functional but also cultural and historical landmarks. They often become symbols of a community's identity and heritage, attracting tourists and contributing to the local economy. The process of building a bridge also fosters a sense of pride and accomplishment among the community members, as they witness the transformation of a barren landscape into a vibrant and connected community.Moreover, the skills and knowledge gained through bridge construction have far-reaching impacts. Workers learn valuable technical skills that can be applied to other construction projects, while the project management and teamwork skillsdeveloped are transferable to various fields. This means that the investment in bridge construction not only benefits the immediate community but also contributes to the overall development and progress of society.In summary, the endeavor of building bridges is a multifaceted and rewarding experience. It involves careful planning, innovative construction methods, and the collaboration of a diverse team. The resulting bridge not only improves transportation and economic opportunities but also serves as a symbol of community spirit and progress. As we continue to invest in bridge construction, we are investing in the future of our communities and society at large.。
桥梁桩基生产计划模板
桥梁桩基生产计划模板英文回答：Bridge Pile Production Plan Template.Introduction.Planning is crucial in bridge pile production to ensure timely delivery, cost-effectiveness, and adherence to quality standards. A comprehensive production plan provides a roadmap for the entire process, from raw material procurement to final product dispatch. This template outlines the key elements of a bridge pile production plan.Phase 1: Planning and Procurement.Define project specifications, including pile dimensions, grade, and quantity.Source and secure raw materials (steel or concrete)that meet the required specifications.Determine production capacity and equipment requirements.Establish a detailed production schedule based on project timelines.Phase 2: Production.Fabricate steel piles or cast concrete piles as per design specifications.Perform quality checks during production to ensure compliance with standards.Store produced piles in a secure and organized area.Phase 3: Testing and Inspection.Conduct necessary testing on piles to verify their strength, durability, and load-bearing capacity.Perform inspections to ensure dimensional accuracy, surface finish, and any other specified requirements.Phase 4: Dispatch and Delivery.Prepare piles for transportation, such as bundling, wrapping, or crating.Schedule and coordinate delivery to the construction site.Provide documentation and certificates of compliance as required.Phase 5: Monitoring and Control.Implement a quality control system to monitor production processes and ensure adherence to standards.Regularly review progress against the production schedule and make adjustments as needed.Address any production issues promptly to minimize delays.Continuous Improvement.Regularly evaluate production processes and identify areas for improvement.Implement process optimization techniques to enhance efficiency and reduce costs.Seek feedback from customers and stakeholders torefine the production plan.Additional Considerations.Safety measures should be prioritized throughout the production process.Environmental regulations must be complied with during raw material procurement, production, and waste disposal.Effective communication and coordination between different production units are essential.中文回答：桥梁桩基生产计划模板。
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Bridge Foundation and Substructure Construction Programme (k5+000 3×25m=75m Mamboleo Bridge)1.Basis(1)The Standard Specification for Kenya Road and Bridge Construction.(2) Contract of the Rehabilitation of Kisumu-Kakamega Road, Special Specification.(3) Drawings.(4) The General Requirement of Construction Period.(5)Actual condition in-site.2. General Status of the Bridgewe plan to commence construction of Km5+000 bridge recently. The superstructure is 3×2.5m cast-in-situ continuous “T”girder(30/20 concrete). The bridge pier and abutment of substructure is extended open cut foundation(30/20 concrete). Pier body adopts thin-walled pier (30/20 concrete) and bridge cap beam (30/20 concrete). The type of abutment body uses wing-wall abutment(30/20 concrete) and 30/20 reinforced concrete structure. Attached please find Km5+000 Manboleo bridge substructure programme.3.Found ation (Extended Open Cut Foundation) Construction Technology Scheme(1) PreparationThe preparation of construction mechanical equipment, staffs, location set-out, original material test and standard ratio test have been completed, and the side road around construction location could meet bridge construction requirement.(2)Foundation Pit ExcavationMechanical equipment shall apply to foundation pit excavation,and labor forces clear the bottom of pit. Based on the actual condition of excavated culvert, foundation pit slope sets out is 1:0.33 or1:0.25. 10cm-20cm width shall be reserved for labor force cleaning. If the underground water in high level, a ring drain will be excavated around foundation pit. The top width of drain is 0.5m, and underpart is 0.3m; Onewater collection pit(0.5＊0.5＊0.8m3) shall be excavated if necessary.(3) Set Out and Blinding ConcreteAfter finishing foundation pit cleaning, the surface of pit shall be compacted. Then, commencing set out base location, dimensions and elevation,the results of which shall be reported to Engineer for inspection and approval. After that,casting100mm blinding concrete(15/40) in-situ. The top elevation of blinding concrete is the same with the bottom elevation of pile cap, which is under the requirement of specification. The width of blinding concrete is 0.05m larger than pier cap outline,which need strictly control during construction.(4)Reinforcing Bar EngineeringThe bearing platform foundation reinforcement is centralized blanking and processing. Concrete cushion block is applied between steel reinforcement and formwork to insure protective layer thickness under the design requirement.A, Steel Reinforcement Processinga, The test result of reinforcement steel shall be approved by the Engineer. All the steel bars shall have quality certificate.b, The steel surface shall be cleaned for oil spot , paint and rust pitting; the steel shall be straight without local bending. When cold drawing method adopted, Grade I steel cold drawn rate ≦2% ,and Grade II steel ≦1%. .c, Based on reasonable, economic and practical principle, steel blanking shall obey the requirement of drawings, and avoid processing large quantities of short steels. Reinforcement steel is processed in strip slab which is cast-in-place concrete(15/20concrete) slab with width 1.2m and length 20m. Steel will be marked by steel ruler or flexible ruler on strip slab, and processed by machine with settled bending angle.d, Connection of Steel Bar:to meet the requirement of lap length , lapped bar will be applied to main reinforcement.B, Others matters shall strictly adhere to the requirement of construction specification.(5)FormworkA,the formwork for bridge bearing platform(foundation) is bulk assemble split formwork. To ensure the joints smooth without joint trace, the steel plate for formwork is δ≮5mm (or fabricated formwork whose back arris is made by 1.22*2.44m wood glue board and lumps of wood).B, the stiffness,strength and stability of fromwork shall meet requirement. No formwork shall be applied to construction without inspection and approval.C,fromwork shall be shuttered by skilled labor at one time. In order to avoid leakage and insure concrete quality, the joint seam shall less than1.5mm, faulting of slab less than 1.5mm. Releasing agent shall be applied to reinforcement before installation.FORMWORKlumps of wood，gap 50[12u-bar orsteel tupeD, Formwork installation shall be tight. The joint shall be sealed in good condition to avoid spillage and ensure structure surface looks good, lines and shape smooth.E, the planimetric position, top elevation, joint and longitudinal stability shall be checked after formwork installation. Meanwhile, the length and planimetric position of embedded bar shall be checked. The concrete shall not be cast without the approval of Engineer. Formwork shall be inspected during casting in case out of shape.F, Formwork Dismantlement: concrete work shall not be damaged during dismantlement. Dismantlement shall follow the procedure of “support first dismantle afterward”, “dismantle first support afterward”, and formwork shall not be threw during removal. The dismantlement minimum period is according to the requirement of general specification clause 17-4.(6) Construction of Concrete WorkConcrete shall be mixed in mixing plant, measured by E-metrics and transport by truck, truck crane or concrete pump, and vibrated mechanically to avoid honeycombs and holes. Once forming continuous concrete casting shall be applied to concrete work without construction joint and seam. Test sample no less than 2groups.(7)Foundation Pit BackfillConcrete curing shall be at least 7 days after foundation concrete complete, then back-filling in layers when concrete strength meet requirement. Back-filling and compaction shall adhere to the standard specification.4, Thin-walled Pier, Bridge Beam and Wing-Walled Abutment Construction Technology Scheme(1)Reinforcing Bar EngineeringThe reinforcement of pier and abutment is centralized blanking and processing, and concrete cushion block will applied between reinforcement and formwork to insure the thickness of the protective layer and design requirement.A, Reinforcement Processinga,The test result of reinforcement steel shall be approved by the Engineer. All the steel bars shall have quality certificate.b, The steel surface shall be cleaned for oil spot , paint and rust pitting; the steel shall be straight without local bending. When cold drawing method adopted, Grade I steel cold drawn rate≦2% ,and Grade II steel ≦1% .c, Based on reasonable, economic and practical principle, steel blanking shall obey the requirement of drawings, and avoid processing large quantities of shortsteels. Reinforcement steel shall be processed in strip slab which is cast-in-place concrete(15/20concrete) slab with width 1.2m and length 20m. Steel shall be marked by steel ruler or flexible ruler on strip slab and processed by machine with settled bending angle.d, Connection of Steel BarTo meet the requirement of lap length, lapped bar will be applied to main reinforcement.B, Other matters need attention shall under the requirement of construction specification.(2) FormworkA,the formwork for pier is bulk assemble sheet steel form, and form for abutment is fabricated formwork whose back arris is made by wood glue board and lumps of wood. To ensure the joints smooth without joint trace, split billot turnover form method shall applied to construction, and casting length is 3-4m every time. Special-shaped form shall be prepared according to different pier and bridge mast, and the steel plate for formwork is δ≮5mm. Formwork shall be reinforced by steel framework.B, the stiffness,strength and stability of fromwork shall meet requirement. No formwork shall be applied to construction without inspection and approval.C,fromwork shall be shuttered by skilled labor at one time. In order to avoid leakage and insure concrete quality ,the joint seam no more than 1mm, faulting of slab shall follow the regulation of specification. Releasing agent should be applied to reinforcement before installation.D, To avoid form skew,outside of formwork shall be reinforced. The method of reinforcing form as follows: a, steel scaffold; b, mooring rope; c, split bolt and drawbar. Total station instruments or drop ball shall be used to check up foresaid form. Total station instrument shall applied to examine high pier concrete construction.Pier formwork reinforced as follows:cable wind rope metre steel chiselE, the installation of the formwork shall be tight. The joint shall be sealed in good condition to avoid leakage and ensure surface looks good, line and shape smooth.F, the planimetric position, top elevation, joint and longitudinal stability shall beexamined after formwork installation. Meanwhile, the length and planimetric position of embedded bar shall be checked. The concrete shall not be cast without the approval of Engineer. Formwork shall be inspected during casting in case out of shape.G, Formwork Dismantlement: concrete work shall not be damaged during dismantlement. Dismantlement shall follow the procedure of “support first dismantle afterward”, “dismantle first support afterward”, and formwork shall not be threw during removal. The dismantlement minimum time is according to the requirement of general specification clause 17-4.(4) Construction of Concrete WorkConcrete shall be centralized mixed and hardened in mixing plant, and stored according to different materials, and separated by brick wall. Mixed concrete shall be measured by E-metrics and transport by truck, truck crane or concrete pump, and vibrated mechanically to avoid honeycombs and holes. Pier body shall cast 2-4m every time, and construction joint and seam shall be remained. Test sample no less than 2groups.Staffs and equipment arrangement for each pier, abutment as follows:StaffsEquipment5, Attention of Bridge Substructure Concrete Construction(1)Concrete TransportConcrete transportation capability shall meet the requirement of concrete condensation rate and casting speed to ensure dispersion uniformity and regulated slump of concrete and continues casting. The loss of slump from mixing plant tocasting shall less than 25%.(2)Concrete CastingA, No concrete shall be cast before support, formwork, reinforcement and embedded part are checked and recorded and meet design requirement. Sundries and water of formwork and dirt of reinforcement shall be removed. Form crack shall be sealed, and releasing agent shall be applied to formwork. Concrete uniformity and slump shall be examined before casting.B, Concrete shall be cast layer by layer according to certain thickness, sequence and direction. The upper layer shall be cast at the beginning of lower layer solidification. Should both layers commenced casting at the same time, the distance of which remains more than 1.5m. If concrete casting on inclined plane, it shall started form low to upper section gradually and keeping horizontal slicing.Concrete casting thickness no more than 500mm, and no less than quadruple size of the biggest aggregate.(3)Cast-in-place concrete shall be vibrated by vibration rob, except few plasticity concrete which could vibrate to dense by labor force,The following regulations shall be followed while vibration rob applied to use.A, Plug-in vibration rob working space shall no more than 1.5time of its action radius, and shall keep 50-100mm from side form. The depth of rob plug in is 50-100mm. Rob shall be moved out slowly after finishing vibration to avoid impacting form, reinforcement and other embedded parts.B, The moving space of surface vibrator shall ensure vibration plate covering 100mm vibrated concrete.C, Concrete shall be vibrated to density for every part. The symbol of well vibrated concrete are no sinking and bubble, and surface of which is smooth and bleeding.(4) Concrete shall be cast continuously.If casting was interrupt for some reason, the period shall less than concrete initial curdle time or concrete retempering time of the front layer. The time of transporting, casting and break shall follow the requirement of the following form. Construction joint shall be reserved if time out ofregulation.(5) In process or after casting, water shall be drained away without stirring cast concrete if its bleeding in the surface of concrete. Measures shall be taken to avoid bleeding during continuous casting.Time for concrete transport, casting and break(Min)(6) the exposed surface of concrete shall be trimmed, troweled after finishing casting. Concrete shall be troweled again, and pressed polish or galled after concrete grout stabilized. Protection measures shall be taken if large surface exposed or bad weather condition happened. However, covering material shall not get in touch with concrete before its curing.(7) Specially-assigned person shall be arranged to check the stability of support, formwork, reinforcement and embedded parts etc, during casting. Any parts becoming loose,out of shape or shifting shall be fixed at once.(8) Construction record shall be made while casting concrete.6,Concrete Curing and Decoration(1) Concrete CuringA, As to concrete curing in site, the details of curing scheme shall be made and strictly adhere to according to construction works, environment, cement type, admixture and concrete performance.B, Concrete shall be covered and watered after contraction. Formwork shall keep wet during curing.C, the time of concrete curing and mixing is the same.D, concrete shall be cured 7days normally, and the period could prolong or shorten according to air humidity, temperature, cement types and admixture. Watering time shall be subject to the condition of keeping surface moist.E, Gunny bag covering and watering shall be applied to concrete curing.F, No pedestrian, transport machine and formwork shall be loaded before concrete strength reached to 2.5Mpa.(2)Concrete DecorationConcrete surface finish in different parts are dissimilar. The exposed surface without formwork shall be pressed polish and galled according to general specification if exposed surface without decoration. As to exposed surface with formwork shall install the same type formwork and apply the same release agent. Formwork shall be non-deforming, bright and clean without leakage. Any surface quality defect shall reported to relative department, and redecorating according to approval and indication.7, Access Road and Safety Insurance(1), In order to insure construction safety and against theft, 1.8-2.0m fence shall be set around construction site. Traffic sign, roadblock and speed bump shall be set at 10m and 50m of both ends of abutment. Access road shall be set on the right side and construction vehicles pass through the left side(facing Kakamega direction) ,which aimed to reduce traffic jam( see attached chart).(2), The construction team members shall be qualified and obey the construction rules. Mechanical equipment is forbidden to work with fault and overload operation. Sufficient lighting facility shall be equipment for night work.(3), For the electric equipment on the site and the power line shall be in charged by appointed electrician. The distributor shall be fixed with earth leakage protective device. And regular inspection shall be carried out.(4), Without the direction of appointed person, no vehicle shall be operated for construction.(5), Mixing plant shall be check to meet the requirement of specification before starting operation.(6), To prevent foundation pits collapse, all around pits shall be protected, and no heavy objects shall be stored around . Clear mark shall be set around pits in the night, such as colored lantern or lamp, to avoid accident happened.(7), Protecting net, safety belts, safety helmet,guard railing shall be equipment for Working high above the ground. Construction shall not carry out without protection measures.(8),The following vehicle anti-skidding measures shall be prepared during rain season: antiskid chain, paving aggregate or slag. Construction shall not carry out without protection measures.8, Quality Insurance(1) Construction action shall comply with the requirement of Kenya Road and Bridge Specification, the design drawing and bidding document.(2)To insure the quality of works,self-checking shall be made for each construction procedure. Each procedure shall be checked and examined by the Engineer.No following procedure shall be commenced without the approval of Engineer.(3) The surface of concrete structure shall smooth, vibrated to dense and without break crack leakage and honeycomb and scale.(4) No heavy materials shall be loaded on concrete or hit support during construction.(5) Embedded parts shall be stabilized. It is not allowed to hit embedded parts, other stabilized support or pole.9, Environment and Health Protection(1)Construction shall under the requirement of environment protection and pollution control law of Kenya. Measures shall be applied to prevent hazardous material of fuel,oil,sewage,scrap material and rubbish polluting rivers,pool,reservoir and farmland, air pollution from dust,petrol and noise pollution. Reducing construction influence to environment, air and resident to allowed limits. Production and living rubbish shall be stored in appointed location to avoid environment pollution.(2)Water system protection. No sand,mud is allowed to flow in river and pool. Drainage and rivers shall be dredged after construction complete.(3)The occupied rivers shall be cleaned to insure river water unblocked. Watering access road to reduce dust pollution.(4)Construction vehicles shall avoid passing through densely inhabited district. Operators shall control speed and strictly adhere to driving regulation to reduce dust pollution and avoid human injured if they have to.(5)Noisy construction shall under the regulated operation period in sensitive area.Km5+000-Mamboleo Bridge Substructure Construction ProgrammeThe bridge commences to construction on 1st Feb,2015 and substructure shall be completed on 8th April,2015,totally 66 work days. The detail arrangement as follows: 1, 1st February ,2015-28th February,205 Foundation construction, totally 28days2, 1st March,2015- 8th April,2015 substructure construction, totally 38days.。