虚拟制造技术及其应用外文文献翻译、中英文翻译、外文翻译
虚拟制造技术的发展及其应用
【摘要】虚拟制造技术是现代化制造的重要技术之一，实现虚拟制造需要有强有力的技术支撑，虚拟制造技术的应用应结合我国制造业自身的特点，在吸收国外成熟经验的基础上大胆创新，形成特色发展。
可以预言，随着我国对虚拟制造技术研究的深入，其广泛的应用已为期不远，终将成为一个现代化化制造企业的必由之路。
【Abstract】Virtual manufacturing technology is one of important technologies of modern manufacturing, Virtual manufacturing requires strong technical support, Virtual manufacturing technology should be combined with the characteristics of manufacturing their own, In the mature experience of foreign countries on the basis of the development of bold and innovative features to form. It can be predicted, As China's manufacturing technology of virtual depth, The wide range of applications is not far away, Eventually become a modern manufacturing enterprise the only way.【关键词】虚拟制造发展应用目录第一章虚拟制造技术的基本概念——————————————————————03第二章虚拟制造技术的发展————————————————————————04§2.1虚拟制造技术的发展及其国内外发展趋势———————————————04 §2.2国内机械装备数字化虚拟制造的发展————————————————05 §2.3我国虚拟制造技术的发展策略————————————————————07 第三章虚拟制造技术的应用————————————————————————10 §3.1虚拟制造技术应用发面所面对的难题—————————————————10 §3.2实施虚拟制造应采取的措施—————————————————————10 §3.3虚拟制造技术在未来装备研制中的应用————————————————11 §3.4虚拟制造技术在制造业中的应用———————————————————12 第四章结束语——————————————————————————————14谢辞—————————————————————————————————15 附件—————————————————————————————————16第一章虚拟制造技术的基本概念为了在竞争激烈的全球市场求得生存与发展，必须能够更好地满足市场所提出的T、Q、C、S要求，即要以最短的产品开发周期(Time)，最优质的产品质量（Quality），最低廉的制造成本（Cost）和最好的技术支持与售后服务（Service）来赢得市场与用户．面对不可预测、持续发展、快速多变的市场需求，企业的生产活动必须具有高度的柔性。
制造专业毕业设计外文翻译--仿真技术在制造业中的应用与发展
中英文翻译外文原文：Application and Development of Simulation Technologyin ManufacturingAbstractSimulation is a necessary aid for product development and manufacture. It can greatly reduce losses, save costs, shorten product development cycles and improve product quality. Since 1970s, Advanced Manufacturing Technology (AMT) has been studied and applied by institutes and enterprises all over the world as a strategy to adapt to global competition of manufacture. Application and development of AMT promotes the research and application of simulation technology in manufacturing. From the viewpoint of evolution, the application fields of simulation technology in manufacturing are obviously enlarged. Addition to conventional fields of manufacture (including production planning, machining, assembling and testing), simulation tools are developed in the fields of product design and development, supply chain, etc. And the most notable three trends of simulation application in manufacturing are: 1. Distributed, due to network technology; 2. Interactive, due to technology of graphics and sensory-motor; 3. Integrated, such as VM, VPD, VFT, etc. According to different objects to be simulated, simulation in manufacturing can be classified as: 1. Product-oriented 2. Production-management-oriented; 3.Process-and-device-oriented; 4. Other. This paper will describe simulation in manufacturing from above aspects. And Virtual Reality (VR) and Virtual Manufacturing (VM) are introduced in the last section as prospect of simulation in manufacturing.Keywords：Application of simulation technology, Manufacturing1 The development course of manufacture technologyThe manufacturing industry (including the machinery category such as manufacturing, electronics manufacturing, nonmetal products manufacturing, ready-made clothes manufacturing as well as various mould material manufacturing etc) is the pillar industry of national economy, and his total output value generally occupies the 20%~55% of internal total output value of each country . The enterprise productive forces in each country are in forming, and the effect of manufacture technique generally occupies about 60% . So some experts think, the competition of each nation economy on the world chiefly is the competition of manufacture technique. This kind of competition is intense with each passing day, and each country government all attachesimportance to research to the manufacturing industry very much to the constantly change of development as well as requirement of customer's at a high speed along with the economy technology and market environment . The advanced manufacture technique ( AMT: the manufacturing integration technology that in order to improve with T's ( developing period ) , Q's ( product quality ) , C's ( development cost ) , S's ( after-sale service ) and E ( pollution of the environment level ) give first place to to weigh the product of quota and product development course , the United States has put forward including system overall technology , management technology in the 80's ends and design , manufacture technology and equipment technology and big technology crowd of support technology five Advanced Manufacturing Technology ) the generally thought .As a result of the development of ten remaining years, now the content of five big technology crowds is arrived richly greatly, his concrete meaning as follows [ 12 ] :System overall technology crowd: Study the overall technology such as design, planning and integration etc like flexible manufacturing, computer integrated manufacturing, quick manufacturing and intellect manufacturing etc advanced manufacture techniquesTechnology crowd is managed: Study and makes the various technology of the production management of enterprise and organization and administration correlation, if computer-aided production control and thing material requirement plan /'s manufacturing resources plans / enterprise resources plans and the supply chain is managed and the completely quality management and the technology such as manufacturing, excellent production and enterprise management course reconfiguration etc punctually . Integration technology crowd is made in the design : Studies and product design , manufacturing and waiting entirely the various technology of course correlation until tests , if the parallel engineering and computer-aided design /'s computer-aided engineering /'s computer-aided and makes and draws up solid manufacturing , reliability design , intelligent optimization design and the quality merit can be disposed and the technology such as preservation and transportation , automatic control , checkout supervision as well as quality assurance etc are expected by digital control technology and thing . Manufacture technology and equipment technology crowd, The research reaches the various technology that the equipment is mutually related with the manufacture technology , process technology that the nothing cutting process technology reaching equipment ( casting , forging , welding and heat treatment etc ) if material production technology reaches equipment ( smelts and steel rolling etc ) and convention process technology and lacks reaches that the equipment and ultrahigh speed process technology at a high speed reaches the equipment and precisely super precise and the nanometer and equipment and special process technology and equips ( laser and electron beams etc )Technology crowd puts up : This technology crowd is the correlation technique that the advance was not gained in above technology crowd Lai Yi existence absolutely , if the standardization technology , computer technology , software engineering , data base technology , multi-medium technology , internet work communication technology , artificial intelligence and virtual reality technology , materials science and personnel educate and train and human engineering and environmental science etcCan conclude in the stage that the development course of above major manufacture technique that involves and his were applied in product life period to the picture 1 .The picture is in 1 , indulges spool represents age , the cross axle represents the life period ofproduct , from the requirement in market forms begins , passes generally reads design ( appearance , characteristic , material , price and batch ) and initial ( overall ) design and detail ( the parts ) design , technological design , production planning formulation ( material is purchased ) and produces ( process’s , assembles and tests ) , arrives continuously the sale and safeguards , involves each department of enterpriseThe quality and production efficiency of product have been raised greatly by way of research and application to the advanced manufacture technique2 computers simulation develops and applying in the manufacturing industryThe general situationThe computer technique of simulation is as a new and developing high technology , and his methodology is built above the foundation of computer ability .Along with the development of computer technology, the technique of simulation also gets the rapid development, and his application domain and his effect is also more and more bigger . Particularly in aviation, aerospace and in national defense and the research and development course of other large-scale complex systems, computer simulation is continuously the tool that cannot lack , and has given play to hugely to act on aspect it is reducing losses , practices thrift the funds and shortens development period and raise the product quality etcDesigning to making so that in testing whole life period safeguarded from the product , the computer technique of simulation runs through from beginning to end ( the shadow part in the picture 1 represents the application of technique of simulation , and concludes further to the table 1 ) .See that is expanding to product design development and sale domain in the manufacturing domain ( production planning is laid down , processes , assembles and is tested ) from the tradition of the domain of technique of simulation application from the course developed .In a word, the application for computer simulation has provided the new stage to the development of advanced manufacture technique , and has also put forward the higher requirement , and the application of technique of simulation at present possesses following characteristic and trend : The application in whole product life period of 1 computer in table simulation1）The unprecedented enlargement of the application scope of technique of simulation.By studying the dynamics property the to make the object (product), kinematics property, process and assembly course of research product, enlarging to studying design and the operating making the system , the advance side by side one-step enlarges to the rear service supply , inventory control , organization of product development course and product test etc at the aspect of the object and the purpose of simulation , involves making each aspect of enterprise2）Combine distribution of simulation that brings with the network technology.Distribution of simulation is by the distribution decision of manufacturing.The generally thought itself such as quick manufacturing and invented enterprise etc has the person who cooperates a meaning in network implementation place far away from home basseted on3）Each other combine with diagram and the sensor technology, and makes the interactivity of simulation strengthen greatly .Having formed draws up the solid manufacturing (VM: from this Virtual Manufacturing ) and the invented product development ( VPD: Virtual Product Development ) and the invented test ( VT: Virtual Test ) wait the new generally thought4）The Integra ionization of technique of simulation application.Namely the synthetically application technique of simulation, product development and the manufacturing environment that the formation can moveThe object of technique of simulation application is seen, and can be divided into 4 kinds with simulation applied in the manufacturing industry: Towards the simulation of productTowards the simulation with equipment of manufacture technologyTowards the simulation of production controlTowards the simulation of other link of enterprise.Will follow above four aspects in third part of this text, and introduce the concrete application in the manufacturing industry of computer simulation.What the virtual reality solidly with draws up was made generally reads except this , sum aggregate one-tenthizations trend that the concentration has embodied the distribution of technique of simulation application and each other , so simply introducing , as the forecast of the application of computer simulation in the manufacturing industry .3 The concrete application in the manufacturing industry of computer simulation3.1 towards the simulation of productSimulation towards the product chiefly includes the following aspect:1）The analysis of the static state of product and dynamic capability.The quieting of product chiefly indicates the mechanics property such as stress and intensity etc The dynamic characteristic of product is when chiefly indicating the product sports , the connection and colliding between the organization2）The manufacturability analysis (DFM) of product.The DFM includes that the technology is analyzed and is analyzed with economy.The technology is analyzed the production environment to ask reaching reality according to the product technology and is carried on the analysis to the manufacturability completelyThe economy is analyzed carrying on the cost analysis, and according to the feedback factors such as time and cost etc , the economy to part process is appraised .3）Assembly nature analysis ( DFA ) of product.Analysis of DFA's is loaded and is dismantled the possibility, collides that the interference tests , and draws up out the reasonable assembly process route , and interference after visual display assembly course and assembly are reached the designated position and colliding problem .The reference [ 16 ] has been described the assembly process planning construction of simulation model system and has been realized3.2 Towards the simulation with equipment of manufacture technologyChiefly indicate to the simulation and the simulation of robot processing the center process course towards the manufacture technology with simulation equipped.Process course simulation (MPS): By NC's code drive, is chiefly used to test NC's code , and the colliding interference that the factors such as clamp etc cause is loaded in the inspection .His concrete merit can include:1）The simulation is processed equipment and is processed the sports and the state in the process course of object2）Every one-step of process course simulation is equal to NC's code drive3）The part process courses possess three to be tied up the real time to move the drawing merit ability, and can issue the warning when the discovery is collidedThe reference [15] has been introduced the structure and key technology and the major algorithm of MPS's system in the parallel engineering of applicationThe simulation of robot Along with the rapid development of robot technology, the robot has also got the extensive application in making the system.But the complicated dynamic system of machine, electricity and liquid owing to the robot being one kind of synthesis’s only makes by way of computer simulation to come the dynamic characteristic of simulation system, ability the control algorithm of the reasonable sports scheme of organization and effective is announced, thus the problem in robot design , manufacturing as well as operating course of settlement .3.3 How many kind [13] of robot technique of simulation below roughly can being divided into:1）Apply open-minded research be dead against the robot in making the system, and makes in the system simulation problem of robot if the flexible is made the system or the computer is integrated 2）Operate the simulation study that the property of hand itself is in progress be dead against the robot , like kinematics simulation , dynamics simulation , orbit planning and colliding inspection etc the problem3）The robot off-line is compiled the research of range system , if using the sports scheme automatic switchover one-tenth robot control procedure of simulation formation satisfaction to go the drive controller action3.3 Towards the simulation of production controlThe basic function of production control is plan, dispatch and controls .As far as the application in the production control of technique of simulation , roughly there are following three aspects :1）Define the production control strategy2) Design and the dispatch of workshop layer are used3)Used the inventory controlThe application of above three aspects introductions technique of simulations will be followed to the next3.3.1 The application in the production control strategy of computer simulationThat the simulation of the production control strategy being used includes defines the concerned parameter as well as is used the comparison between the different control strategy’s.The fairly more common control strategy has1) MRP: This is one kind of control strategy of the type " pushing “, and by way of the demand forecasting, the synthesis is thought over that the production plant capacity , available capacity of raw material and the stock measures and lays down the production planning2) KANBAN's (seeing the board) : This is one kind of control strategy of " pulling " type , lays down the production planning according to the order , and namely punctual production spoken usually3) LOC: Towards the control strategy of load ability.Control the production process according to the stock standard4)DBR: Towards the control strategy of bottleneck.Control whole distance traveled by a stream of water according to the bottle neck link in the production processThe quota weighing that compares generally includes outcome and productivity etcNeeds definite parameter pack to draw together in per kind of control strategy: The batch is big or small and sees board quantity and stock standard etcProvide a simulation course who compares in the reference [ 8 ] as for the different control strategies3.3.2 The application in making the design in workshop of computer simulationGenerally can be divided into the design process of workshop two major stages, Preliminary design stage and detail design stage .The assignment of preliminary design stage is the requirement to study user, then defines the preliminary design scheme from this .The major assignment of detail design stage is on the foundation of preliminary design, and puts forward the detailed and complete description to each component cell of workshop , and making the design result can achieve to carry on the experiment and goes into operation the level making policy , processing system and workshop layout etc are expected to the concrete definite equipment , tool , clamping apparatus , tray and thing approaching .And but the technique of simulation is chiefly used evaluation and the selection of scheme.In preliminary design stage, can contain the economic performance parsing algorithm in the emulators , and move the simulation model built according to the preliminary design scheme , and give following evaluation information :Product type sum whether satisfied user of capacity who produces in the new workshop can ask :Whether or not the quality and precision of product can satisfy the requirementReasonably whether or not the efficiency and investment rate of recovery of new workshopIn detail design stage , the use technique of simulation can to candidate the following aspect of scheme makes the evaluation :Can the major equipment processed get the full utilization in the workshop when making themajor part?Whether or not the load is fairly more balancedWhether or not the thing material processing system can and the flexible level of workshop be adaptable each otherCan the requirement of production scheduling be satisfied in the entire layout of new workshop?But whether or not possess the fixed reconfiguration abilityWhether or not the product system in workshop can be kept the production capacity of fixed level when breaking downThe available design in the supplementary workshop product system of the software that some ripen has all been developed out in the home and abroad at present, like AUTOMOD/AUTOGRAM and IMMS that the Singh University develops etc [ 2 ] that the SIMAN/CINEMA and Auto Simulation corporation that the GCMS and System Modeling corporation that the PURDUE university develops .3.3.3 The application in making the operating in workshop of computer simulationThe scheduling problem among the FMS can the definition be the production resources that distribution and coordination can gain, if processing the machine and leads voluntarily transportation tool (AGV), robot as well as time worked overtime etc, in order to satisfy the objective appointed .These objectives can be satisfied delivery date and outcome achieve fully, and the utilization ratio of machine achieves highly , or the combination of mentioned above objective .The scheduling process among the FMS includes:Select the work piece of FMSProcess and select process route for the work pieceSelect the work processed gone at the machine gone forwardThe rule is sent in the selection for AGVMajor above aspect degree of the exchanging problem of emulation mode is analyzed and is appraisedThere are some the person who ripens available settlement scheduling problems of software at present, if Autosched, JobTimePlus, FACTOR, FACTOR/AIM, SIMNETDs etc. That our country has also developed is used the workshop to dispatch the simulation software of layer , if : Environment FASE, as well as the intelligent rule dispatching system developed on this foundation etc [ 3 ] is dispatched in the factory simulation of the Singh University and the Ministry of Aerospace Industry 204 unit waiting development to Job Shop’s dispatch simulation software of NanKai University development .3.3.4 The application in the inventory control of computer simulationStock the sub system taking to stress the effect wanted in the whole product system.Divide according to stocking the effect of material in the production line, and can be divided into online storehouse and center storehouse.According to stocking the material quality branch, can be divided into that raw material andoutside purchases the warehouse and in products warehouse, stock and maintenance spare parts and tool warehouseThe purpose of inventory control depends on, and makes the stock invest lastly, and just will satisfy the requirement producing and selling .Simulation as for the inventory control includes:1) Defining orders goods the tactics2)Order and order batch are defined3) Define the distribution of storehouse4) Define the safety stock standardThe reference [ 9 ] has been described the model building and the simulation of the pass the steps , distribution and inventory control system of trends译文：仿真技术在制造业中的应用与发展摘要在制造企业产品设计和制造的过程中，计算机仿真一直是不可缺少的工具，它在减少损失、节约经费、缩短开发周期、提高产品质量等方面发挥了巨大作用。
【精品】柔性制造中英文翻译外文文献翻译
【关键字】精品Flexible ManufacturingAs an introduction to the subsequent discussions of production systems and advanced manufacturing technologies it is useful to present a definition of the term manufacturing system. A manufacturing system can be defined as a series of value-adding manufacturing processes converting the raw materials into more useful forms and eventually finished products.In the modern manufacturing setting, flexibility is an important characteristic. It means that a manufacturing system is versatile and adaptable, while also capable of handling relatively high production runs. A flexible manufacturing system is versatile in that it can produce a variety of parts. It is adaptable because it can be quickly modified to produce a completely different line of parts.A flexible manufacturing system is an individual machine or group of machines served by an automated materials handling system that is computer controlled and has a tool handling capability. Because of its tool handling capability and computer control, such a system can be continually reconfigured to manufacture a wide variety of parts. This is why it is called a flexible manufacturing system.A FMS typically encompasses:* Process equipment e.g. , machine tools, assembly stations, and robots* Material handling equipment e.g. , robots, conveyors, and AGVs (automated guided vehicles) * A communication system* A computer control systemFlexible manufacturing represents a major step toward the goal of fully integrated manufacturing. It involves integration of automated production processes. In flexible manufacturin , the automated manufacturing machine and the automated materials handling system share instantaneous communication via a computer network. This is integration on a small scale.Flexible manufacturing takes a major step toward the goal of fully integrated manufacturing by integrating several automated manufacturing concepts:* Computer numerical control (CNC) of individual machine tools* Distributed numerical control (DNC) of manufacturing systems* Automated materials handling systems* Group technology (families of parts)When these automated processes, machines, and concepts are brought together in one integrated system, an FMS is the result. Humans and computers play major roles in an FMS. The amount of human labor is much less than with a manually operated manufacturing system, of course. However, humans still play a vital role in the operation of an FMS. Human tasks include the following:* Equipment troubleshooting, maintenance, and repair* Tool changing and setup* Loading and unloading the system* Data input* Changing of parts programs* Development of programsFlexible manufacturing system equipment, like all manufacturing equipment, must be monitored for bugs, malfunctions, and breakdowns. When a problem is discovered, a human troubleshooter must identify its source and prescribe corrective measures. Humans also undertake the prescribed measures to repair the malfunctioning equipment. Even when all systems are properly functioning, periodic maintenance is necessary.Human operators also set up machines, change tools, and reconfigure systems as necessary. The tool handling capability of an FMS decreases, but does not eliminate involvement in tool changing and setup. The same is true of loading and unloading the FMS. Once raw material has been loaded onto the automated materials handling system, it is moved through the system in the prescribed manner. However, the original loading onto the materials handling system is still usually done by human operators, as is the unloading of finished products.Humans are also needed for interaction with the computer. Humans develop part programs that control the FMS via computers. They also change the programs as necessary when reconfiguring the FMS to produce another type of part or parts. Humans play less labor-intensive roles in an FMS, but the roles are still critical.Control at all levels in an FMS is provided by computers. Individual machine tools within an FMS are controlled by CNC. The overall system is controlled by DNC. The automated materials handling system is computer controlled, as are other functions including data collection, system monitoring, tool control, and traffic control. Human/computer interaction is the key to the flexibility of an FMS.1 Historical Development of Flexible ManufacturingFlexible manufacturing was born in the mid-1960s when the British firm Molins, Ltd. Developed its System24. System 24 was a real FMS. However, it was doomed from the outset because automation, integration, and computer control technology had not yet been developed to the point where they could properly support the system. The first FMS was a development that was ahead of its time. As such, it was eventually discarded as unworkable.Flexible manufacturing remained an academic concept through the remainder of the 1960s and 1970s. However, with the emergence of sophisticated computer control technology in the late 1970s and early 1980s, flexible manufacturing became a viable concept. The first major users of flexible manufacturing in the United States were manufacturers of automobiles, trucks, and tractors.2 Rationale for Flexible ManufacturingIn manufacturing there have always been tradeoffs between production rates and flexibility. At one end of the spectrum are transfer lines capable of high production rates, but low flexibility. At the other end of the spectrum are independent CNC machines that offer maximum flexibility, but are capable only of low production rates. Flexible manufacturing falls in the middle of continuum. There has always been a need in manufacturing for a system that could produce higher volume and production runs than could independent machines, while still maintaining flexibility.Transfer lines are capable of producing large volumes of parts at high production rates. The line takes a great deal of setup, but can turn out identical in a part can cause the entire line to be shut down and reconfigured. This is a critical weakness because it means that transfer lines cannot produce different parts, even parts from within the same family, without costly and time-consuming shutdown and reconfiguration.Traditionally, CNC machines have been used to produce small volumes of parts that differ slightly in design. Such machines are ideal for this purpose because they can be quickly reprogrammed to accommodate minor or even major design changes. However, as independent machines they cannot produce parts in large volumes or at high production rates.An FMS can handle higher volumes and production rates than independent CNC machines. They cannot quite match such machines for flexibility, but they come close. What is particularly significant about the middle ground capabilities of flexible manufacturing is that most manufacturing situations require medium production rates to produce medium volumes with enough flexibility to quickly reconfigure to produce another part or product. Flexible manufacturing fills this long-standing void in manufacturing.Flexible manufacturing, with its ground capabilities, offers a number of advantages for manufacturers:* Flexibility within a family of parts* Random feeding of parts* Simultaneous production of different parts* Decreased setup time and lead time* More efficient machine usage* Decreased direct and indirect labor costs* Ability to handle different materials* Ability to continue some production if one machine breaks down3 Flexible Manufacturing System ComponentsAn FMS has four major components:* Machine tools* Control system* Materials handling system*Human operators(1) Machine ToolsA flexible manufacturing system uses the same types of machine tools as any other manufacturing system, be it automated or manually operated. These include lathes, mills, drills, saws, and so on. The type of machine tools actually included in an FMS depends on the setting in which the machine will be used. Some FMS are designed to meet a specific, well-defined need. In these cases the machine tools included in the system will be only those necessary for the planned operations. Such a system would be known as a dedicated system.In a job-shop setting, or any other setting in which the actual application is not known ahead of time or must necessarily include a wide range of possibilities, machines capable of performing at least the standard manufacturing operations would be include. Such systems are known as general purpose systems.(2) Control SystemThe control system for an FMS serves a number of different control functions for system:* Storage and distribution of parts programs* Work flow control and monitoring* Production control*System/tool control/monitoringThe control area with the computer running the FMS control system is the center from which all activities in the FMS are controlled and monitored. The FMS control software is rather complicated and sophisticated since it has to carry out many different tasks simultaneously. Despite the considerable research that has been carried out in this area, there is no general answer to designing the functions and architecture of FMS software.The scheduler function involves planning how to produce the current volume of orders in the FMS, considering the current status of machine tools, work-in-process, tooling, and so on. The scheduling can be done automatically or can be assisted by an operator. Most FMS control systems combine automatic and manual scheduling; the system generates an initial schedule that can be changed manually by the operator. The dispatcher function involves carrying out the schedule and coordinating the activities on the shop floor, that is, deciding when and where to transport a pallet, when to start a process on a machining center, and so on.The monitor function is concerned with monitoring work progress, machine status, alarm messages, and so on , and providing input to the scheduler and dispatcher as well asgenerating various production reports and alarm messages. A transport control module manages the transportation of parts and palettes within the system. Having an AGV system with multiple vehicles, the routing control logic can become rather sophisticated and become a critical part of the FMS control software. A load/unload module with a terminal at the loading area shows the operators which parts to introduce to the system and enables him or her to update the status of the control system when parts are ready for collection at the loading area. A storage control module keeps an account of which parts are stored in the AS/RS as well as their exact location. The tool management module keeps an account of all relevant tool data and the actual location of tools in the FMS. Tool management can be rather comprehensive since the number of tools normally exceeds the number of parts in the system, and furthermore, the module must control the preparation and flow of tools. The DNC function provides interfaces between the FMS control program and machine tools and devices on the shop floor. The DNC capabilities of the shop floor equipment are essential to a FMS; a “full” DNC communication protocol enabling remote control of the machines is required.The fact that most vendors of machine tools have developed proprietary communication protocols is complicating, the development and integration of FMSs including multi-vendor equipment. Furthermore, the physical integration of multi-vendor equipment is difficult; for example, the differences in pallet load /unload mechanics complicate the use of machine tools from different vendors. Therefore, the only advisable approach for implementing a FMS is to purchase a turn-key system from one of the main machine tool manufacturers.（3）Human OperatorsThe final component in an FMS is the human component. Although flexible manufacturing as a concept decreases the amount of human involvement in manufacturing, it does not eliminate it completely. Further, the roles humans play in flexible manufacturing are critical. These include programming, operating, monitoring, controlling, and maintaining the system.柔性制造正如对制造系统和先进的制造技术后来的讨论，介绍制造业系统术语的定义是十分有用的。
快速成型与虚拟成型在产品设计和制造中的应用毕业课程设计外文文献翻译
Rapid Prototyping Versus Virtual Prototyping in ProductDesign and ManufacturingC. K. Chua1, S. H. Teh1 and R. K. L. Gay2School of Mechanical & Production Engineering; and 2Gintic Institute ofManufacturing Technology, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore AbstractRapid prototyping (RP) is the production of a physical model from a computer model without the need for any jig or fixture or numerically controlled (NC) programming. This technology has also been referred to as layer manufacturing, material deposit manufacturing, material addition manufacturing, solid freeform manufacturing and three-dimensional printing. In the last decade, a number of RP techniques has been developed. These techniques use different approaches or materials in producing prototypes and they give varying shrinkage, surface finish and accuracy. Virtual prototyping (VP) is the analysis and simulation carried out on a fully developed computer model, therefore performing the same tests as those on the physical prototypes. It is also sometimes referred to as computer-aided engineering (CAE) or engineering analysis simulation. This paper describes a comparative study of the two prototyping technologies with respect to their relevance in product design and manufacture. The study investigates the suitability and effectiveness of both technologies in the various aspects of prototyping, which is part and parcel of an overall design and manufacturing cycle.Keywords: Product design; Rapid prototyping; Virtual prototyping1. IntroductionRapid prototyping (RP) is emerging as a key prototyping technology with its ability to produce even complicated parts virtually overnight. It enables product designers to shorten the product design and development process. The coming-of-age of this technology is clearly reflected in the inclusion of a stereolithography (STL) file generator in most, if not all, CAD. systems today. The STL file is the de facto standard used by RP systems in the representation of the solid 3D CAD models.While RP is a relatively young technology, virtual prototyping (VP) has been in steady development since the 1970s in many guises. Virtual prototyping is taken to mean the testing and analysis of 3D solid models on computing platforms. Today, VP is often tightly integrated with CAD/CAM software and sometimes referred to as CAE packages. It provides the ability to test part behaviour in a simulated context without the need to manufacture the part first [1].2. Definitions of RP and VPRapid prototyping (RP) is a widely used term in engineering, particularly in the computer software industry where it was first coined to describe rapid software development.This term has also been adopted by the manufacturing industry to characterise the construction of physical prototypes from a solid, powder, or liquid in a short period of time when compared to “traditional” subtractive machining methods. This technology has also been variously referred to as layer manufacturing, material deposit manufacturing, material addition manufacturing, solid freeform manufacturing and threedimensional printing [2].Virtual prototyping (VP) refers to the creation of a model in the computer, often referred to as CAD/CAM/CAE. Virtual or computational prototyping is generally understood to be the construction models of products for the purpose of realistic graphical simulation [1]. In this paper, VP will refer to thesimulation, virtual reality and manufacturing process design domains [3].Nevertheless, there are many areas where the distinction between RP and VP is blurred. As RP systems rely on CAD systems to generate the files needed to produce the prototype, it would seem that RP is a downstream process from VP in the product or part development cycle. Indeed, Pratt’s definition of VP reveals the factthat VP is a term which is loosely used in the prototyping community. As such, it would be appropriate to clearly define both RP and VP.Rapid prototyping will be taken to mean, as above, the production of a physical model from a computer model without the need of any jig or fixture or NC programming. This also includes other related processes and applications which use RP-produced objects, such as rapid tooling.Similarly, VP is defined as the subsequent manipulation of a solid CAD model as a substitute for a physical prototype for the purposes of simulation and analysis, and is not inclusive of the construction of the solid 3D model. VP includes the following functions:1. Finite element analysis.2. Mechanical form, fit and interference checking.3. Mechanical simulation.4. Virtual reality applications.5. Cosmetic modelling.6. Assemblability.The relationships between RP and VP are shown in Fig. 1.Fig. 1. Classification of RP and VP3. Prototyping in SingaporeTwo selected multi-national companies (one American and one French) based in Singapore with significant product development activities showed differing approaches to both RP and VP. Both use RP in their prototyping activities.The first company, B, placed more emphasis on virtual prototyping. It manufactures telecommunications equipment such as pagers and handphones. It is moving all prototyping applications upstream, which is to move prototyping from RP to VP. At present, their RP models are used only for proof of concept and marketing purposes. Other prototyping activities are being carried out with VP.The second company, C, manufactures consumer electronics products such as television sets, video cassette recorders and telephones. It uses VP only as a tool to create a solid 3D model. From the solid 3D model, C generates the STL file needed to produce the RP prototype. Company C then uses the RP part as a master for silicone rubber moulds to produce a limited number of physical ABS (polyacrylonitrite butadienestyrene) prototypes for the various prototyping tests and simulation.Company B intends to move more prototyping to VP, rather than using physical models. Virtual prototyping allows for improvements in reliability and quality as well as reducing costs. Manipulation of virtual prototypes makes it easier for B to implement design improvements compared to an iterative cycle using physical prototypes.Company B drafts the CAD models in Pro/ENGINEER, then uses Patran to pre-process the models. Static finite-element analysis (FEA) is carried out with ABAQUS Standard whereas dynamic scenarios are analysed with ABAQUS Explicit. ALIAS/Wavefront is used for cosmetic modelling when presenting different conceptual and actual designs.The bulk of the VP carried out by B uses FEA, which typically takes 4–6 weeks for a pager design. Of all the FEA carried out, the majority are concentrated on structural strength (static) analysis and drop test (dynamic) analysis. Vibration tests are occasionally carried out. Some cosmetic modelling is carried out, but usually only for presentation purposes.Finite-element analysis is used to investigate the following problems:Relative comparison of different design options; to see how one design compares to another. Possible failure modes are:1. To evaluate a design change or design correction.2. To assess the possibility of failure, based on past experience.3. To make some educated-guess correlation with physical testing.4. To try to identify what initiated a failure.According to B, the drawback of VP is that it cannot simulate process problemsefficiently and effectively. The accuracy of FEA is also limited because of the inconsistent behaviour ofmaterial. The amount of computing power also determines the accuracy of FEA.The application of RP is rather limited in B. The in-house laminated object manufacturing (LOM) RP system is used to produce design prototypes for proof of concept only, and notgeometrical prototypes.Company C uses RP heavily, but has very little VP. The parts produced using RP range from audio products to 29-in. television casings. Typically, it takes 1 year from the conception of the product to the sale of the product. Company C aims to prototype all (mostly plastic) parts by RP. A comparison between numerically controlled (NC) machining of prototypes from ABS against RP is shown in Table 1. Company C projected 50% savings using an in-house RP system versus an NC machining system.CAD models are created using I-DEAS. The .STL format is then created for production of the RP part. The main purpose of the RP parts is to verify the design. Rapid prototyping parts are used for the following functions:1. Form fitting.2. Ergonomics check.3. Proof of concept (to confirm design with industrialdesigners).4. Manufacturability (design for tooling, design for assemblability).5. Reliability check (whether part dislodges or breaks when force applied, especially snap-on covers).6. Kinematic check.Company C offers some insight into the limitations of VP, in that VP is unable to model:1. Tactile feeling (for buttons) not quantified; may be able to VP if able to quantify “pressing” force.2. Assemblability (e.g. PCBs inserted at an angle, difficult to visualise).4. Case Study 1: Prototyping of a Telephone HandsetThis case study investigates the design verification, assembly, interference check and form fitting aspects of both the RP and VP model. The production ABS, RP and VP parts or models were evaluated in the above aspects. The RP system usedhere is the stereolithography apparatus (SLA). Both the ABS and RP parts are shown in Fig. 2. Inspection of the RP parts reveal that:1. The surface finish was much poorer than in the ABS part.2. Warpage was clearly evident (see Fig. 3).4.1 Design VerificationAs a true dimensional physical part, the RP model is able to give the designer a sense of size estimation. The judgement of a VP part can be erroneous because parts are often automatically sized to fit the viewing window. Another advantage of a physical part is that it allows for ergonomic checks, ranging from the fit of a telecommunications device in a user’s palm to the inspection of potentially dangerous corners and edges. Also, it offers tactile inspection which is crucial in products for which ergonomics is important, such as touch buttons on audio or video products, which is not possible on VP systems.Rounded edges which appear innocuous on a VP model may prove to be unsafe upon scrutiny of the RP part. Above all, most RP parts are produced for aesthetic evaluation purposes. Aesthetic evaluation is also possible on VP models. All CAD software allows the model to be viewed in any spatial orientation, along with at least rudimentary rendering capabilities. It is then possible to view the part under the desired simulated lighting conditions with millions of shading and colour combinations. RP parts cannot be coloured, thus surface preparation and painting introduce additional finishing processes. Any visibly apparent design discrepancies could be immediately rectified without having to invest in a physical part. It also allows designers to evaluate the aesthetics of the design and make corrections, if necessary. In the case of most multi-national companies, the design and manufacturing facilities are often a considerable distance apart and in different countries and continents. The ease with which CAD files can be sent and received via electronic means greatly helps the design process, be it iterative or concurrent. With identical or compatible CAD software, the prototyping process can be swift and cheap. Any design change of the virtual prototype can bemade almost instantly available to all parties involved in the design process.4.2 AssemblyAssembly of RP parts must be carried out quickly, as warpage and shrinkage increases with time. Warpage is a function of both part geometry design andshrinkage. All but the bestdesigned parts suffer from varying degrees of warpage and shrinkage. Some RP material such as the SLA inherently shrinks and the part is actually built slightly larger to allow it to shrink to its proper dimensions. With such arrangements, assembly is possible but is often hampered by warpage and/or shrinkage. Some parts can be mated only with the application of some force. Assembly of RP parts allows the user not only to attempt different assembly sequences, but also if a part cannot be positioned in a linear movement, to insert the part, say, at an angle before being set into its proper location. The drawback in assembling RP parts is that for some RP parts such as SLA, the material is weak and brittle, and fails when attached using fasteners or under low to moderate loading (see Figs 4 and 5). CAD software allows for the assembly of parts and subassemblies in the form of 3D solid or surface models. Assembly in the virtual realm is very often used to check for interference and form fitting which will be discussed later. The ability ofCAD software to assemble parts and/or subassemblies allows a product designer to quickly check to see if he or she has designed the part or parts correctly, i.e. whether a boss is tall enough to accept a screw inserted through another part or if two slots are aligned to form a larger slot. The advantage of assembling in a virtual environment is that no physical parts need be produced and thus this reduces cost. The absence of physical parts also means that tooling time is eliminated. The assembly in a virtual environment can be done in a matter of minutes or up to a few days, but is much faster than producing the physical parts and then assembling them. The user can also build or change a part, or modify its attributes when all instances of the part will be changed accordingly. Assembly relationships can be written in engineering parameters, part dimensions and orientation dimensions. The equations are solved variationally to allow for flexibility while working with the assembly. Evaluation of the tolerance specifications of the design to optimise the engineering performance at the lowest possible cost can be carried out. This allows the user to measure the sensitivity of a critical dimension in an assembly to changes in individual constraints. Manufacturing cost can then be reduced by tightening the tolerances which contribute most to the overall variation of a critical dimension, and loosening tolerances that have little impact.4.3 Interference Check and Form FittingAgain, interference checking and form fitting is hampered by warpage andshrinkage of the RP part. Therefore, the problem of parts which interfere or fit poorly may be due to one or more of: warpage; shrinkage; or design error. Even when RP parts fit well, there is no assurance that the parts are dimensionally correct, as shrinkage of two or more parts in the same direction or directions could still produce a good fit. When such situations arise, CAD models are often used to determine whether the interference or poor fit is due to design flaws.The ability to check for interference as well as form fitting is very widely used in CAD systems. It gives the user the ability to fit two parts together and check for interference without having to produce a part or parts which are potentially dimensionally incorrect, thereby increasing cost.The interactive nature of the process in a CAD system also frees the user or designer from the need to manually interpret engineering drawings to detect interference. This process also allows the user to establish tolerances which are crucial in the manufacturing process. The advantage of interference checking on a CAD system is not evident when an assembly consists of a small number of parts. For complex assemblies with alarge number of parts, there are often many features on a particular part that must be mated or aligned with features on one or more other parts. CAD systems allow not only the detection of any misalignment or interference but also immediate rectification of the problem. Interference checking is performed by the CAD system on an assembly when required by the user, and is relatively faster and more accurate and precise than other methods. The CAD system would also identify and list the features which interfere. The user can then view the entities to rectify the situation.5. Case Study 2: Prototyping of a Knee Prosthesis5.1 BackgroundRapid prototyping has applications in the field of medicine. However, in this application the STL file is no longer obtainable from a CAD model. There is a need to generate the necessary STL files from data acquired by medical equipment. Swaelens and Kruth [4] proposed three approaches to producing an RP part from computer assisted tomography (CT) scanner data (see Fig. 6). In most cases, STL-interfacing was used. In STL-interfacing, a CT scanner maps the contour of a 3D surface. This data is then converted into triangular file format which is then converted into the STL format required by RP machines. There is a direct conversion of data from the CTscanner to the RP machines. In effect, the scanned surface is faithfully reproduced by the RP machine.When used in this fashion, VP plays an almost negligible role, in RP-assisted surgery prototyping, as a viewer to verify the contour of the surface. Jacob et al. [5] constructed 3D models from CT scanner data using CTrans from Proform. They reported that the decisive advantage lies in the clearness and manual “getting in touch” as the s urgery proper is elaborate manual craftsmanship. The model can be viewed and palpated from any angle and could even be operated upon. In that way, surgeons could literally grasp the problem. This study shows VP as a viewer for a 3D model. While the study did not state whether the 3D model was a solid model, it opened the possibility of integrating CAD software into the process, data exchange problems notwithstanding.This contrasts with the CAD system route shown above. Researchers in the University of Leuven, Belgium identified contours from CT scanner data and introduced them into CAD software to generate surface models. The physical model of a hip was produced with much effort, and the whole procedure took several working weeks.The procedure of converting CT scanner data to a solid 3D model is tedious and prone to error. Given the triangulation points from the CT scanner, they must be joined to the appropriate adjacent points to form curves. Confusion sometimes occurs when a surface folds back; while a po int “below”is the nearest point, it may not be an adjacent point.These curves must then be individually and manually selected to define surfaces. Again, care must be taken to ensure that the appropriate surfaces which approximate the original surfaces are formed. After the surfaces are formed, they are connected to form patches or quilts. These quilts are then combined to form a surface model. If the surface model is fully enclosed, the CAD system may then convert it into a shell or solid 3D model.The complexity and shape of the human body also presents problems. Most of the extracted outlines are represented as complicated Bezier curves. A mapping algorithm sometimes fails to combine these Bezier outlines to form 3D data. So, it is necessary that this process be supported by hand [6]. Human supervision is also required where software is unable to recognise features such as joints where bone structures abut. The data must be separated into individual components(disarticulation) in order to evaluate a function (e.g. a jaw joint).Direct interfacing has two major problems. The data from the CT scanner are in the form of shaded images and are automatically segmented. While it is possible to calculate triangles from the images, they do not contain enough surface information. Therefore, it is difficult for the RP system which requires supports to construct the appropriate support structures. Secondly, the interpolation from successive contours obtainedfrom the segmentation is not evident.The CT scanner has a threshold filter to isolate regions within the desired density range. When tissue density ranges across this threshold setting, there are problems in identifying the tissue. For example, for cortical bone (high density) with a structure larger than the voxel dimension, surfaces are well defined and the transitions are easy to recognise. When lowerdensity structures are scanned (cancerous bone) or the structure is so thin that it only partially fills the voxel, the density measured at the surfaces may not surpass the threshold. Consequently, a fixed threshold filter will result in shrinking the structure dimension or creating a void [7], so most research is focused on the STL interface.Virtual prototyping has more applications in biomechanics. CAD systems are used to design prostheses and the simulation and analysis modules are used to help refine the design of the part. Finite-element analysis is a useful tool in the design of load-bearing prostheses such as knees and hips. Kinematics simulation and analysis is applied where the range of movement of the limbs linked by the prostheses is specified. Thermal simulation is not usually carried out as the service condition for the prostheses is an even 37 C.Rapid prototyping parts produced for the prostheses are for the proof of the concept as well as for size estimation. Formfitting or assembly can be done in some cases but is not possible for others such as a ball-socket joint found in a hip prosthesis. For prostheses with moving parts, a rough kinematics check can be performed.5.2 Finite-Element Modelling InvestigationThis case study explores the basic finite-element modeling (FEM) capabilities of VP packages and how corresponding RP parts compare to them. The basis for this study is a knee prosthesis designed by Chow [8]. The prosthesis was designed on Mechanica. The files were exported into IGES format. When retrieved usingPro/ENGINEER Release 15, the surface model was discontinuous and in certain cases, incomplete. (See Figs 7 and 8.) The analysis software used is Ansys version 5.4 by Ansys Inc. The parts were constructed in Pro/ENGINEER Release 15 by Parametric Technology Corporation. Pro/ENGINEER does not have a finite-element modelling module. The RP parts for this study were built on an SLA system. However, Pro/ENGINEER has a FEM post-processor that allows the user to:1. Add or modify finite-element analysis loads or boundary conditions on the model.2. Specify maximum and minimum element sizes for both local and global elements.3. Specify the number of points for the mesh on an edge.4. Set material properties for the model.Pro/ENGINEER can pre-process the part by creating the mesh. The part created in Pro/ENGINEER was then exported to ANSYS using the IGES standard. As the tibial assembly is symmetrical, only half was built and meshed, as shown in Fig. 9.The ability to use a finite-element modelling module or package is highly dependent on the user’s skill and knowledge.The user must be familiar with the concepts and terms used in finite-element modelling.Not all CAD software has an integrated finite-element solver. In these cases, the finite-element package may or may not be able to accept that particular software’s CAD file format.Then, a data exchange format is required such as IGES, DXFor VDA.Data exchange is not the only barrier to the transfer of part data to a finite-element software. Each CAD software system represents the solid models differently. In the construction of the tibia, two geometrically identical parts were produced using different feature-creation techniques. One part could be meshed by Pro/ENGINEER but not by ANSYS; the other could be meshed by both. Again, the user’s judgement is required to avoid such problems.A user’s judgement is also crucial in deciding what features of a part can be safely suppressed to facilitate analysis, but at the same time retain the integrity of the analysis results. Certain geometries and features, especially the intersection of a few edges, can create degeneracies. The solver is unable to createelements or nodes at these degeneracies. Therefore, these degeneracies must be removed. Some finite-element packages allow the editing of the part but some allow only limited editing. The changes then would have to be made in the CAD softwareand then re-exported to the finite-element software. It would take an experienced user to foresee these problems or to identify the problems correctly, and then correct them.The RP model is more useful as a visualising tool. An actual part always gives a better perception of size and shape than an image on a screen. In the case of the knee prosthesis, a rough assembly could be made to see how the femur and the tibial assembly fitted together. In fact, an RP assembly helps in determining the placement of parts in a VP assembly. A rough kinematics check could also be done and the designer is able to assess the part intuitively when simulating the femur sliding against the tibial assembly. The designer can get a “feeling” of whether rocking motion along the axis perpendicular to the sliding motion is possible. While moments can be obtained from a virtual prototype, it does not always show visual clues such as whether a design is ungainly and cumbersome which only a physical prototype can properly exhibit.6. ConclusionRapid prototyping is preferred to VP for kinematic simulation, assembly, fit and interference checking. As a physical part, RP allows the user to gauge the size of the prototype. It is also used for ergonomic and tactile evaluations. Rapid prototyping parts are also used for manufacturing input, usually for a cross-functional team where representatives from all disciplines evaluate the prototype from their own specialist requirements. Most RP parts suffer from mechanical property drawbacks. SLA components are brittle and prone to warpage. The need to build supports in some RP systems also creates problems. In addition, very thin parts cannot be built by some RP systems.Virtual prototyping provides a quick iterative design process, where problems can be rectified immediately whenever indicated from analysis. Solving the problems in the VP domain helps reduce physical prototyping costs and time. Virtual prototyping has high initial investment costs in hardware andsoftware and demands skilled and experienced operators to extract the full benefit from the software. Transfer of data between differing VP systems is poor and vendors often recommend total reconstruction of parts.快速成型与虚拟成型在产品设计和制造中的应用C.K.Chua1, S. H.Tech1,and R.K.Gay1School of Mechanical & Production Engineering; and Gintic Intitute of Manufacturing Techniology,Nanyang Technological University,Singapore引言快速成型是一种从不需任何加工或数控加工程序就得到实体形状的加工过程。
虚拟制造技术内容简介
虚拟制造技术内容简介课程编号：B0200006C课程名称：虚拟制造技术英文译名：Fundamentals of Virtual Manufacturing适用学科：机械制造及其自动化、机械电子工程、机械设计及理论先修课程：CAD/CAM技术基础、机械制造技术基础、计算机组成技术、C语言程序设计开课院（系）：机电工程学院机械制造及自动化系任课教师：姚英学、李建广内容简介：在介绍虚拟制造技术的发展历程与现状、虚拟制造的定义与分类、虚拟制造技术的应用等内容的基础上，主要讲解虚拟制造系统的工作原理、分类与组成、虚拟现实的原理及其在制造工程中的应用、虚拟产品建模与描述、虚拟制造中的典型数学算法、数字化样机技术、数字化加工技术、数字化装配技术、数字化生产车间、虚拟产品开发与管理、虚拟制造系统开发，最后简要介绍虚拟企业的概念、关键技术和应用。
主要教材：1.姚英学，李建广编．《虚拟制造技术及其应用》．哈尔滨工业大学出版社（待出版）2.朱名拴，张树生等编著．《虚拟制造系统与实现》．西北工业大学出版社2001.10参考文献：1.姚英学等编．《CAD/CAM技术基础》．高等教育出版社2002.12.周祖德编．《数字化制造》．科学出版社2006.63.肖田元等著．《虚拟制造》．清华大学出版社2004.84.汪成为，高文，王行仁。
《灵境(虚拟现实) 技术的理论、实现及应用》，北京:清华大学出版社，1996.5.Andrew Kusiak. Intelligent Manufacturing Systems. Englewood Cliffs, N.J. : PrenticeHall, 1990虚拟制造技术教学大纲课程编号：B0200006C课程名称：虚拟制造技术开课院系：机电工程学院机械制造及自动化系任课教师：姚英学、李建广先修课程：CAD/CAM技术基础、机械制造技术基础、计算机组成技术、C语言程序设计适用学科范围：机械制造及其自动化、机械电子工程、机械设计及理论学时：26 学分：1.5开课学期：春季开课形式：授课＋讨论课程目的和基本要求：近年来，信息技术在制造中的应用越来越广泛，本课程是在学生完成计算机基础技术、CAD/CAM技术基础、机械设计制造等相关课程学习的基础上，培养学生综合应用现代信息技术手段解决制造工程领域技术问题能力的重要环节，为学生开展制造业信息化的研究与应用奠定基础。
虚拟制造技术及应用
对虚拟制造技术 的研究正处于不 断的深入 、 细化之中， 因此对 ｔ ｕ ａ ｌ Ｗｏ ｒ ｋ ｓ ； 虚拟制造在汽车生产设备 、 工装和模具， 甚至 校 车
当前 一般 的 定义 是 ：虚 拟 制 造 是 实 际 制造 过 程 在 计 算 机 电动 机 车 部 （ Ｇｅ ｎ ｅ ｒ ａ ｌ Ｍｏ ｔ ｏ ｒ ｓ Ｅ ｌ ｅ ｃ ｔ ｒ ｏ Ｍｏ ｔ ｉ ｖ ｅ Ｄｉ ｖ ｉ ｓ ｉ ｏ ｎ ，Ｅ ＭＤ ） 上 的映 射 ， Ｊ 采 用 计算： 机仿真与虚拟现实技术， 在 高 性 能 计 机 及 高 速 网络 的支 持 下 ， 在 汁算 机 上 群 组 协 同工 作 ， 实现 产 品 机 模 型 ， 并 围绕 这 个 数 字 模 型 并 行 地进 行 产 品设 计 、 分析、 制 设 计、 工 艺规 划 、 加工制造、 性能分析、 质 量检 验 ， 以及企 业 各 造 、夹模 具 工装 设 计和 可 维 修 性 设 计 。欧 洲 空 中客 车 采 用 虚 级 过程 的管 理 与 控制 等产 品制 造 的本 质 过 程 ，以增 强制 造 过 拟制造及仿真技术 ， 把空中客车试制周期从 ４ 年缩短为 ２ ． ５ 年， 程 各 级 的 决策 与 控 制 能 力 。
汁算机网络和虚拟现实等先进技术 的出现 ， 虚拟制造技术应运 而 生， 它的诞生是现代科学技术和生产技术发展的必然结果，
是各 种 现 代制 造 技 术 与 系统 发 展 的 必 然趋 势 。 １ 虚 拟 制 造技 术 定 义
３ ． ２硬 件 的 有 关技 术 （ １ ） 输 入 输 出设 备 ： 如 头 盔 式 立 体 显 示 器（ Ｈ ＭＤ ） ， 适 用 的 汁算 机 屏 幕 、可视 化 眼 镜 ， 数 据 手套 、 三 维 鼠标 、 数据 衣 、 游 戏 棒 等 。（ ２ ） 与 输 入 和输 出有 关 的存 储 信 息 设 备 。 （ ３ ） 能 支 持 各
特殊应用英文作文高中作文
特殊应用英文作文高中作文1. Virtual Reality。
Virtual reality is a technology that allows users to enter a simulated environment through a headset or other device. It has a wide range of applications, from gaming and entertainment to education and training. With virtual reality, users can interact with a virtual world in a way that feels real, making it a powerful tool for immersive experiences.2. Augmented Reality。
Augmented reality is a technology that overlays digital information onto the real world. It can be used for a variety of purposes, such as enhancing a museum exhibit or providing real-time information about a product. Augmented reality has the potential to revolutionize the way we interact with the world around us, making it more engaging and informative.3. 3D Printing。
3D printing is a technology that allows users to create physical objects from digital designs. It has a wide range of applications, from manufacturing and prototyping to art and design. With 3D printing, users can quickly and easily create custom objects with a high degree of precision, making it a valuable tool for innovation and creativity.4. Artificial Intelligence。
虚拟仪器技术中英文对照外文翻译文献
中英文对照外文翻译一汉语翻译虚拟仪器技术及其发展1、虚拟仪器的产生背景当今我们处于一个正在高度发展的信息社会，要求在有限的时空上实现大量信息的交换，必然带来信息密度的急剧增大，要求电子系统对于信息的处理速度越来越高，功能越来越强，这使得系统结构日趋复杂。
一方面电子技术及市场的发展从客观上要求测试仪器向自动化及柔性化的方向发展，另一方面，电子技术及市场的发展也给虚拟仪器的产生提供了可能。
在这种形式下，基于微计算机的虚拟仪器逐步变得现实，它的出现和广泛使用为测试系统的设计提供一个极佳的模式，并且使工程师们在测量和控制方面得到强大功能和灵活性。
2、虚拟仪器的概念虚拟仪器Virtual Instrument，简称 VI的概念是由美国国家仪器公司NI在20 世纪 80 年代最早提出的。
虚拟仪器就是在以通用计算机为核心的硬件平台上，由用户设计定义、具有虚拟前面板、测试功能由测试软件实现的一种计算机仪器系统。
其核心的思想是利用计算机的强大资源使本来需要硬件实现的技术软件化，以便最大限度地降低系统成本，增强系统功能与灵活性。
虚拟仪器代表着从传统硬件为主的测试系统到以软件为中心的测试系统的根本性转变。
虚拟仪器的出现是仪器发展史上的一场革命，代表着仪器发展的最新方向和潮流，对科学技术的发展和工业生产的进步将产生不可估量的影响。
虚拟仪器具有性能高、扩展性强、开发时间短、无缝集成等优势。
3.图形化虚拟仪器开发平台—LABVIEW 简介及其优势LABVIEW 是Laboratory Virtual Instrument Engineering Workbench 实验室虚拟仪器集成开发环境的简称，是由美国国家仪器公司National instruments IN创立的一个功能强大而又灵活的仪器和分析应用开发工具。
Labview 一种图形化的编程语言，主要用来开发数据采集，仪器控制及数据处理分析等软件，功能强大。
目前，该开发软件在国际测试、测控行业比较流行，在国内的测控领域也得到广泛应用。
(新)虚拟制造技术_
虚拟制造技术英文名称：Virtual manufacturing technology相关技术：计算机仿真技术；先进制造技术；计算机集成制造技术；仿真技术分类：制造；虚拟制造；先进制造技术；定义与概念：先进制造的本质特征是制造资源的有效快速集成，实现快速个性化生产。
虚拟制造是CIMS领域内提出的一个新概念，其内涵在不断发展和外延，尚未形成完整的理论体系。
虚拟制造是涉及多个学科的综合性系统技术，它以非真实的形式揭示了从原材料到产品这一过程中的本质问题及其影响。
它是以计算机支持的图形虚拟和仿真技术为前提，对产品设计和制造全过程进行统一建模，在产品设计阶段进行实时并行地产品制造过程；它是用虚拟模型描述产品设计和制造全过程，预测和评估产品性能、产品可*性和可制造性、制造过程所占用的资源，并可发现制造过程的关键问题和解决方法。
虚拟制造是在计算机上进行的不消耗现实资源和能量的制造活动，其产出是可视的虚拟产品。
虚拟制造研究范围和所直接涉及的技术有三维实体建模、特征建模、电子装配、工程分析、过程仿真、虚拟现实、并行工程、计算机辅助工艺分析、快速原型制造、验证和测试技术等；作为基础技术和工具还包括工程信息管理、多媒体技术、分布式数据库等。
虚拟制造综合运用仿真、建模、虚拟现实等技术，提供三维可视交互环境，对从产品概念产生、设计到制造全过程进行模拟现实，以期在真实制造之前，预估产品的功能和可制造性，获取产品的实现方法，从而大大缩短产品上市时间，降低产品设计和制造成本。
起组织方式市由从事产品设计、分析、仿真、制造和支持等方面的人员组成的"虚拟"产品设计小组，通过网络合作并行工作。
设计、制造过程完全数字化，即完全在计算机上建立产品数字模型，并在计算机上对产品数学模型产生形式、配合和功能进行评审、修改，可使新产品开发一次获得成功。
竞争环境快速变化，要求企业快速作出响应。
然而，现代的产品越来越复杂，对于高技术含量的产品一个企业已经不可能快速、经济的独立开发和制造产品的全部。
外文翻译--虚拟机床的建模和应用
毕业设计(论文)外文资料翻译系部：机械工程系专业：机械工程及自动化姓名：学号：外文出处：Department of Engineering of(用外文写)fujian Agriculture and forestry university附件： 1.外文资料翻译译文；2.外文原文。
附件1：外文资料翻译译文虚拟机床的建模和应用Weiqing Lin 1, 2, Jianzhong Fu 11 Institute of Manufacture Engineering of ZheJiang University,2 Department of Engineering of Fujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityE-mail: lethe_lwq@摘要:21th世纪的最近几年是和现代产业和制造业工程学的虚拟现实技术紧密联系在一起的。
虚拟机器工具技术用于设计，测试，控制以及在虚拟现实环境中使用机器零件。
此篇论文所要陈述了模拟虚拟机器模具适应不同加工需求。
特别的,还开发出了一套模块组合规则和机床结构的一个塑造的方法使用连通性图表。
这样使得虚拟机器工具可以被使用。
高级的虚拟机工具可以有效地为工业培训和机器学习和操作服务。
介绍人们已经广泛的认识到,CNC机器工具工业在21世纪面临着很大的挑战。
要想使它继续保持竞争性，机器工具制造者们必须设计出新的工具来面对多样化的市场。
他们也必须引进新的技术来提升产品的质量和降低成本。
虚拟现实技术正好满足了这些要求，在过去的十年里，虚拟现实技术进入到工程学领域。
虚拟系统的核心是虚拟现实控制算法，它是用来对一个虚拟现实系统中不同的单元间不断变化的虚拟环境和实时交流进行动态控制的。
图1是一个标准的虚拟现实系统。
一个虚拟现实系统四个基本的部分是：虚拟环境中的人，虚拟现实设备，虚拟现实模型以及虚拟现实机构[2]。
那么怎样才能将虚拟现实技术引入到现有的机器制造中呢？为了能够做到这样，在最近5年中，一个新的概念叫做VMT产生了。
虚拟仪器中英文对照外文翻译文献
中英文资料外文翻译文献LabVIEWLabVIEW is a highly productive graphical programming language for building data acquisition an instrumentation systems.With LabVIEW, you quickly create user interfaces that give you interactive control of your software system. To specify your system functionality,you simply assemble block diagrams - a natural design notation for scientists and engineers. Tis tight integration with measurement hardware facilitates rapid development of data acquisition ,analysis,and presentation bVIEW contains powerful built -in measurement analysis and a graphical compiler for optimum performance. LabVIEW is available for Windows 2000/NT/Me/9x, Mac OS, Linux, Sun Solaris, and HP-UX, and comes in three different development system options.Faster DevelopmentLabVIEW accelerates development over traditional programming by 4 to 10times! With the modularity and hierarchical structure of LabVIEW, you can prototype ,design, and modify systems in a short amount of time. You can also reuseLabVIEW code easily and quickly in other applications.Better InvestmentUsing a Lab VIEW system, each user has access to a complete instrumentation laboratory at less than the cost of a single commercial instrument. In addition, user configurable LabVIEW systems are flexible enough to adapt to technology changes, resulting in a better bong-term investment.Optimal PerformanceAll LabVIEW applications execute at compiled speed for optimal performance. With the LabVIEW Professional Development System or Application Builder, you can build stand-alone executables or DLLs for secure distribution of your code. You can even create shared libraries or DLLs to call LabVIEW code from other programming languages.Open Development EnvironmentWith the open development environment of LabVIEW, you can connect to other applications through ActiveX, the Web, DLLs, shared libraries, SQL(for databases), DataSocket, TCP/IP,and numerous other e LabVIEW to quickly create networked measurement and automation systems that integrate the latest technologies in Web publishing and remote data sharing. LabVIEW also has driver libraries available for plug-in data acquisition, signal conditioning , GPIB,VXI,PXI, computer-based instruments,serial protocols, image acquisition, and motion control. In addition to the LabVIEW development systems, National Instruments offers a variety of add-on modules and tool sets that extend the functionality of LabVIEW .This enables you to quickly build customizable, robust measurement and automation systems.LabVIEW Datalogging and Supervisory Control Module For high channel count and distributed applications, the LabVIEW Dateloggingand Supervisory Control Module provides a complete solution. This module delivers I/O management, event logging and alarm management, distributed logging, historical and real-time trending, built-in security, configurable networking features, OPC device connectivity, and over 3,300 built-in graphics.LabVIEW Real-TimeFor applications that require real-time performance, National Instruments offers LabVIEW Real-Time. LabVIEW Real-Time downloads standard LabVIEW code to a dedicated hardware target running a real-time operating system independent from Windows.LabVIEW Vision Development ModuleThe LabVIEW Vision Development Module is for scientists, automation engineers,and technicians who are developing LabVIEW machine vision andscientific imaging applications. The LabVIEW Vision Development Module includes IMAQ Vision, a library of vision functions, and IMAQ Vision Builder, an interactive environment for vision applications. Unlike any other vision products, IMAQ Vision Builder and IMAQ Vision work together to simplify vision software development so that you can apply vision to your measurement and automation applications.Countless ApplicationsLabVIEW applications are implemented in many industries worldwide includingautomotive, telecommunications, aerospace, semiconductor, electronic design and production, process control, biomedical, and many others, Applications cover all phases of product development from research to design to production and to service. By leveraging LabVIEW throughout your organization you can save time and money by sharing information and software.Test and MeasurementLabVIEW has become an industry-standard development tool for test and measurement applications. With Test Stand, LabVIEW-based test programs, and the industry's largest instrument driver library, you have a single, consistent development and execution environment for your entire system.Process Control and Factory AutomationLabVIEW is used in numerous process control and factory automation applications.Many scientists and engineers look to LabVIEW for the high speed, high channel count measurement and control that graphical programming offers.For large, complex industrial automation and control applications, the LabVIEW Datalogging and Supervisory Control Module provides the same graphical programming as LabVIEW, but is designed specifically for monitoring large numbers of I/O points,communicating with industrial controllers and networks, and providing PC-basedcontrol.Machine Monitoring and ControlLabVIEW is ideal for machine monitoring and predictive maintenanceapplications that need deterministic control, vibration analysis, vision and image processing, and motion control. With the LabVIEW platform of products including LabVIEW Real-Time for real-time deterministic control and the LabVIEW Data logging and Supervisory Control Module, scientists and engineers can create powerful machine monitoring and control applications quickly and accurately.Research and AnalysisThe integrated LabVIEW measurement analysis library provides everything youneed in an analysis package. Scientists and researchers have used LabVIEW toanalyse and compute real results for biomedical, aerospace, and energy researchapplications, and in numerous other industries. The available signal generation andprocessing, digital filtering, windowing, curve-fitting, For specialized analysis, such as joint time-frequency analysis, wavelet,and model-based spectral analysis, LabVIEW offers the specially designed Signal Processing Toolset.The Sound and Vibration Toolset offers octave analysis, averaged and nonaveraged frequency analysis, transient analysis, weighted filtering, and sound-level measurement, and more.Draw Your Own SolutionWith LabVIEW, you build graphical programs called virtual instruments (VIs) instead of writing text-based programs. You quickly create front panel user interfacesthat give you the interactive control of your system. To add functionality to the user interface, you intuitively assemble block diagrams- a natural design notation forengineers and scientists.Create the Front PanelOn the front panel of your VI, you place the controls and data displays for yoursystem by selecting ob jects from the Controls palette, such as numeric displays,meters, gauges, thermometers, LEDs, charts,and graphs.When you complete and run your VI,you use the front panel to control your system whether you move a slide, zoom in on a graph, or enter a value with the keyboard.Construct the Graphical Block DiagramTo program the VI, you construct the block diagram without worrying about the syntactical details of text-based programming languages. Y ou do this by selecting objects (icons) from the Functions palette and connecting them together with wires to transfer data among block diagram objects. These objects include simple arithmetic functions, advanced acquisition and analysis routines, network and file I/O operations, and more.Dataflow ProgrammingLabVIEW uses a patented dataflow programming model that frees you from the linear architecture of text-based programming languages. Because the execution order in LabVIEW is determined by the flow of data between nodes,and not by sequential lines of text,you can create block diagrams that execute multiple operations in parallel. Consequently, LabVIEW is a multitasking system capable of running multiple execution threads and multiple VIs in parallel.Modularity and HierarchyLabVIEW VIs are modular in design, so any VI can run by itself or as part of another VI. Y ou can even create icons for your own VIs, so you can design a hierarchy of VIs that serve as application building blocks. Y ou can modify, interchange, and combine them with other VIs to meet your changing applicationneeds.Graphical CompilerIn many applications, execution speed is critical. LabVIEW is the only graphical programming system with a compiler that generates optimized code with execution speeds comparable to compiled C programs. You can even use the LabVIEW profiler to analyse and optimize time-critical operations. Consequently, you increase your productivity with graphical programming without sacrificing execution speed.Measurements and MathematicsLabVIEW includes a variety of other measurement analysis tools. Examples include curve fitting, signal generation, peak detection, and probability and statistics. Measurement analysis functions can determine signal characteristics such as DC/RMS levels, total harmonic distortion (THD),impulse response, frequency response, and cross-power spectrum. LabVIEW users can also deploy numericaltools for solving differential equations, optimization, root finding, and othermathematical problems.In addition, you can extend these built-in capabilities by entering MATLAB or HIQ scripts directly in your LabVIEW programs. For charting and graphing, you can rely on the built-in LabVIEW 2D and 3D visualization tools.2D tools include features such as autoscaling X and Y ranges, reconfigurableattributes (point/line styles, colors, and more)and cursors, Microsoft Windows userscan employ OpenGL-based 3D graphs and then dynamically rotate, zoom, and panthese graphs with the mouse.Development SystemThe LabVIEW Professional Development System facilitates the development of high-end, sophisticated instrumentation systems for developers working in teams,users developing large suites of VIs, or programmers needing to adhere to stringentquality standards.Built on the Full Development System, the ProfessionalDevelopment System also includes the LabVIEW Application Builder for buildingstand-alone executables and shared libraries (DLLs）and creating distribution kits. Inaddition, the development system furnishes source code control tools and offers utilities for quantitatively measuring the complexity of your applications. With graphical differencing, you can quickly identify both cosmetic and functional differences between two LabVIEW applications.We include programming standards and style guides that provide direction for consistent LabVIEW programming methodology. The system also contains quality standards documents that discuss the steps LabVIEW users must follow to meet internal regulations or FDA approval. The Professional Development System operates on Windows 2000/NT/Me/9x,Mac OS, HP-UX, and Linux.LabVIEW Full Development SystemThe LabVIEW Full Development System equips you with all of the tools youneed to develop instrumentation systems. It includes GPIB, VISA, VXI, RS-232, DAQ, and instrument driver libraries for data acquisition and instrument control. The measurement analysis add DC/RMS measurements, single tone analysis, harmonic distortion analysis, SINAD analysis, limit testing, signal generation capabilities, signal processing, digital filtering, windowing, curve fitting, statistics, and a myriad of linear algebra and mathematical functions. The development system also provides functions for direct access to DLLs, ActiveX, and other external code. Other features of the system include Web publishing tools, advanced report generation tools, the ability to call MATLAB and HiQ scripts, 3D surface, line, and contour graphs, and custom graphics and animation. The Full Development System operates on Windows 2000/NT/Me/9x, Mac OS, HP-UX, and Linux.LabVIEW Base PackageUse the LabVIEW Base Package, the minimum LabVIEW configuration, for developing data acquisition and analysis, instrument control, and basic data presentation. The Base Package operates on Windows 2000/NT/Me/9x.Debug License for LabVIEWIf you deploy LabVIEW applications, including LabVIEW tests for use with Test Stand, the debug license allows you to install the LabVIEW development system on the target machines so you can step into your test code for complete test debugging. This license is not intended for program development.虚拟仪器（LabVIEW ）虚拟仪器是一种高效用于构建数据采集与监测系统图形化编程语言。
计算机制造外文文献翻译
计算机制造1.1计算机辅助生产和控制系统制造技术已经发展了很多年了，这些年来，它经历了很多变化，从简单到复杂。
这些变化的动力是人们为了满足自己衣食住行的基本需要。
为了满足这些愿望，方法已经发展成从为了获取食物而制造简单的设备到今天的先进制造系统，它用计算机制造这样的产品：例如电视机，交通工具等。
计算机在制造系统中的作用已经越来越重要，计算机的能力之一是接收和处理数据，使系统更加多功能。
计算机制造的使用是新时代的到来。
计算机在生产制造控制进程方面的应用被称做计算机辅助制造(CAM)。
它是被建立在这样的系统上：数控(NC)，辅助控制(AO，机器人学，自动牵引系统(AGVS)，自动贮存／恢复系统(AS/RS)，和柔性制造单元(FMS)．一些新的应用进行了如下简要讨论。
更详细的讨论，会在以后的章节中提出。
许多有联系的制造事件被组合在一起进而组成一个特别的应用系统，可以被称为生产和控制系统( PACS)，生产和控制系统从一个制造设备到另一个。
它被定义为在总制造设备中的一个子系统。
也许是一个独立的系统，或者是一个复杂的组合系统，生产和控制系统工作情况如图1.1所示。
为了满足人们设计功能的要求，应该被设计成与其他系统相互功能独立，因此，生产和控制系统应该能够和其他的系统结合成一个整体，总系统中的每一个系统都对总系统中的其他系统有一定的影响，系统的操作方法必须考虑以下原因：为防止数据丢失做好备份使重要的信息有效的传送到系统让每一个生产和制造系统知道它和其它的联系和它怎样影响别的系统让总的生产和制造系统的功能更加有效和实际图1.1生产和控制系统在制造系统中的作用计算机是目前为止被用来集成和操纵一系列的生产和控制活动的功能最强大的单一方法。
它已经把制造技术带到了一个智能领域，生产技术的进步带来了计算机技术和制造技术并带来了制造技术的进步，这样的结合是计算机辅助制造和控制(CAPACS)的基础，计算机带动了CAPACS的发展，所以，计算机辅助制造和控制系统增强了智能机器在生产和控制功能的作用，增加作用的智能机器要求有更亲密之间的交流和互动等功能，例如设计，生产，财务，生产，人性化和市场营销，概念化，形式化，排挤化的生产经营方式将由CAPACS改变在制造业中典型的研究如下：CAD 计算机辅助设计CAIN 计算机辅助检验CAM 计算机辅助制造CAPP计算机辅助程序计划CAQC计算机辅助质量检测控制CIPM 计算机集成生产管理DNC直接数字控制GT 成组技术图1.2计算机辅助制造和控制系统在制造系统中的相互关系图1.2对计算机辅助制造和控制系统相互关联的功能由一个综合数据库系统做了概述，设计数据是通过研究之间的相互作用产生的，它是一个集合了所有的介绍产品及相关操作的信息。
制造专业毕业设计外文翻译--柔性制造系统的发展运用在实际制造中的范例
Development of Flexible Manufacturing System using Virtual Manufacturing ParadigmSung-Chung Kim* and Kyung-Hyun ChoiSchool of mechanical engineering, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, South Korea,School of mechanical engineering, Cheju National University, Cheju, South KoreaABSTRACTThe importance of Virtual Manufacturing System is increasing in the area of developing new manufacturing processes, implementing automated workcells, designing plant facility layouts and workplace ergonomics. Virtual manufacturing system is a computer system that can generate the same information about manufacturing system structure, states, and behaviors as is observed in a real manufacturing. In this research, a virtual manufacturing system for flexible manufacturing cells (VFMC), (which is a useful tool for building Computer Integrated Manufacturing (CIM),) has been developed using object-oriented paradigm, and implemented with software QUEST/IGRIP. Three object models used in the system are the product model, the facility model, and the process model. The concrete behaviors of a flexible manufacturing cell are represented by the task-oriented description diagram, TID. An example simulation is executed to evaluate applicability of the developed models, and to prove the potential value of virtual manufacturing paradigm.Key Words : FMS, virtual manufacturing system, CIM, object-oriented paradigm, TIDRecent trends in manufacturing systems, such as the need for customized products by small batches and for fast product renewal rates, have been demanding new paradigms in manufacturing. Therefore, the modern manufacturing systems are needed to be adaptable, and have the capability to reconfigure or self configure their own structure. Flexible Manufacturing Cells (FMCs) are generally recognized as the best productivity tool for small to medium batch manufacturing, and are also basic unit to construct a shop floor which is an important leve for developing computer integrated manufacturing (CIM). However, due to its complexity, the modeling and operation methodology related to FMC should be verified before implementation.As one of approaches to these requirements, Virtual Manufacturing (VM) approach has been introduced, and known as a effective paradigm for generating a model of manufacturing systems and simulating manufacturing processes instead of their operations in the real world. VM pursues the informational equivalence with real manufacturing systems. Therefore, the concept of Virtual Manufacturing System is expected to provide dramatic benefits in reducing cycle times, manufacturing and production costs, and improving communications across global facilities to launch new products faster, improve productivity and reduce operations costs for existing product shop [1,2].With an object-oriented paradigm, computer-based technologies such as virtual prototyping and virtual factory are employed as a basic concept for developing the manufacturing processes, including the layout of the optimal facility, to produce products. Virtual prototyping is a process by which advanced computer simulation enables early evaluation of new products or machines concept without actually fabricating physical machines or products. Bodner, et al.,[3] concentrated on the decision problems associated with individual machines that assemble electronic components onto printed circuit boards (PCBs). Virtual factory is a realistic, highly visual, 3D graphical representation of an actual factory floor with the real world complexity linked to the production controlling system and the real factory. Virtual factories are increasingly used within manufacturing industries as representations of physical plants, for example, VirtualWork system for representation of shop floor factory[4].Despite its benefits and applicability, VM systems should deal with a number of models of various types and require a large amount of computation for simulating behavior of equipment on a shop floor. To cope with this complexity in manufacturing, it is necessary to introduce open system architecture of modeling and simulation for VM systems.In this paper, three models, which are product, device, and process models will be addressed. Especially processmodel for FMC will be emphasized using QUEST/IGRIP as an implementation issue. The open system architecture consists of well-formalized modules for modeling and simulation that have carefully decomposed functions and well-defined interface with other modules.2. Concept of virtual manufacturingVirtual Manufacturing System is a computer model that represents the precise and whole structure of manufacturing systems and simulates their physical and logical behavior in operation, as well as interacting with the real manufacturing system. Its concept is specified as the model of present or future manufacturing systems with all products, processes, and control data. Before information and control data are used in the real system, their verification is performed within virtual manufacturing environment. In addition, its status and information is fed back to the virtual system from the real system.Virtual environments will provide visualization technology for virtual manufacturing. The virtual prototype is an essential component in the virtual product life cycle, while the virtual factory caters for operations needed for fabricating products. Therefore, the developments in the area of virtual prototyping and virtual factory will enhance the capabilities of virtual manufacturing.The major benefit of a virtual manufacturing is that physical system components (such as equipment and materials) as well as conceptual system compvonents (e.g., process plans and equipment schedules) can be easily represented through the creation of virtual manufacturing entities that emulate their structure and function. These entities can be added to or removed from the virtual plant as necessary with minimal impact on other system data. The software entities of the virtual factory have a high correspondence with real system components, thereby lending validity to simulations carried out in the virtual system meant to aid decision-makers in the real system.For virtual manufacturing, three major paradigms have been proposed, such as Design- centered VM, Production-centered VM, and Control- centered VM. The design-centered VM provides an environment for designers to design products and to evaluate the manufacturability and affordability of products. The results of design-centered VM include the product model, cost estimate, and so forth. Thus, potential problems with the design can be identified and its merit can be estimated. In order to maintain the manufacturing proficiency without actual building products, production-centered VM provides an environment for generating process plans and production plans, for planning resource requirements (new equipment purchase, etc.), and for evaluating these plans. This can provide more accurate cost information and schedules for product delivery. By providing the capability to simulate actual production, control-centered VM offers the environment for engineers to evaluate new or revised product designs with respect to shop floor related activities.Control-centered VM provides information for optimizing manufacturing processes and improving manufacturing systems.The virtual manufacturing approach in this paper is close to Control-centered VM. Fig.1 illustrates the viewpoint of the functional model of the virtual flexible manufacturing cell. Since the activity Execute real manufacturing systems depicts a model of real factory, it possibly replaces real factory. All manufacturing processesexcept physical elements of virtual manufacturing, such as design, process planning, scheduling, are included in the activity Operation of Virtual factory. The activity Execute simulation for virtual factory is a separate simulation model of VM system. With this virtual factory, parameters (e.g, utilization, operation time, etc.,) associated with operating a flexible manufacturing cell are simulated. And these results can provide the possibility of controlling manufacturing processes and predicting potential problems in the real manufacturing.3. Object modeling for virtual flexible manufacturing cellsObject-oriented technology may provide a powerful representation and classification tools for a virtual flexible manufacturing cell. It may also provide a common platform for the information sharing between sub-modules, and provide a richer way to store/retrieve/modify information, knowledge and models and reuse them. In the context of an object oriented approach, a model is simply an abstraction, or a representation of an objects or process.VFMC requires a robust information infrastructure that comprises rich information models for products, processes and production systems. As shown in Fig. 2, three models, that is product model, facility model, and process model, are developed for virtual flexible manufacturing cells. A product model is a generic model used for representing all types of artifacts, which appear in the process of manufacturing. It represents target products, which include conceptual shape information as well as analysis module for a specification, productivity, and strength.A facility model contains information about machines consisted of a virtual flexible manufacturing cell. By using the model, innovative tooling and methods can be evaluated without the cost of physical machine prototypes and fixture mock-ups. A process model is used for representing all the physical processes that are required for representing product behavior andmanufacturing processes.3.1 Product modelA product model holds the process and product knowledge to ensure the correct fabrication of the product with sufficient quality. It acts as an information server to the other models in the VFMC. It also provides consistent and up-to-date information on the product lifecycle, user requirements, design, and process plan and bill of material. An instance of Class Part provides detailed information about a part to be fabricated in VFMC. Sub-classes like ProcessPlan, BOM, and NcCode, are aggregated into the class Part. Classes Process Plan and BOM manipulate information and data associated with process plans and bill of materials, respectively. Class NcCode deals with NC programs, which interacts with CAD/CAM systems. With incorporation with the facility model, this developed NC programs can be verified and checked for collisions and interference with any workpiece or tooling in the fixture. This can avoid costly machine crashes and reduce risk during initial equipment installation and produce launch. Furthermore, productivity can be improved by avoiding nonproductive time for program prove out on the machine tool and by using thesimulation environment to train operators of new machines.3.2 Facility mode lReal manufacturing cell may consist of NC machines, robots, conveyors, and sensory devices. The architecture of class corresponding to the real manufacturing cell is shown in Fig.3, and represents the factory model. In VFMC, characteristics of the factory model include a detailed representation of machine behavior over time, a structure to the model that can configure and reconfigure easily, and a realistic and three-dimensional animation of machine behavior over time. Virtual machines defined within this model may be used to estimate accurately the merit of a process plan, and, based on this evaluation, determine appropriate process conditions to improve (and even optimize) the plan. V irtual robot contributes to unload and load parts into/from machines, and is used to find optimal paths without any collisions. With virtual operation, the fidelity of the machining and robot utilizing time and cost estimates is expected to improve. In addition, accurate modeling will predict the quality of the machined part, which cannot be determined easily and reliably without producing several physical prototypes. This information is invaluable to both the designer and the process planner. Physical entities such as machines and workpieces have the explicit representation as 3-D models for their shapes, positions, and orientations. 3-D models are conveniently used for calculating, geometrical attributes, checking spatial relations, and displaying computer graphics.3.3 Process modelBy assigning a finite set of states to each device in a cell (idle, busy, failed, etc.), the process of cell control can be modeled as a process of matching specific state change events to specific cell control actions, decision algorithms, or scripts. With this model, cell processes are represented a Task Initiation Diagram (TID) using an object-oriented approach. The methodology behind developing TID regards the tasks to be performed by the cell or any of its constituent machines for being primal, and employs the multi-layered approach. Sensory signals indicating the change of state of machines are used to trigger or initiate tasks. A task may be simple and require a relatively short time to execute, or may be complex and lengthy.Formally, a Task Initiation Diagram (TID) is defined as the four-tuple TID=(T, SR, C, O). Task Initiation Diagrams are composed of two basic components: a set of Rest states SR and a set of tasks T. Tasks, in turn, are classified into three groups: the cell configuration dependant task (Td), the cell configuration independent task (Ti), and the cycle transit task (Tt). Cell configuration dependent tasks are those which require some coordination among cell components to carry out the task. For example, the task load a s in aRobot load a part to:aMill requires that the actions of aRobot and aMill be coordinated. Cell configuration independent tasks require only one cell component to perform the task. The task move To as in Robot move to:MachineName configuration independent one, because it is carried out by the Robot without interacting with other components. Tt tasks are used for the transition from one cycle to another, and thus derived automatically by the system in order to complete a production job. State SR indicates rest states where cell constituents must be wait for next task. This state is given at any instant by the collection of states of itsconstituents. These composite states are depicted in the Task Initiation Diagram by ellipses, e.g., R11/3 or M13/4. The last number of the symbols indicates how many individual states are required to determine this composite state.To complete the diagram, it is necessary to define the relationship between the states and the tasks. This can be done by specifying two functions connecting states to tasks: the condition functionC, and the output function O. The condition function C defines, for each task Ti, the set of states for task C(Ti). Some condition functions may use guiding parameters in addition to a set of states. As an example, C(Tt) uses a Remaining Processing Time (RPT) to cause transition to the desired state.The output function O defines for each Task Ti the set of output States for the transition O(Ti).The Operation Initiation Diagram (OID) is the second layer diagram of the Task Initiation Diagram (TID). In the same way of TID to represent the model, the Operation Initiation Diagram OID is defined as the four-tuple, OID(task)=(OP,Sv,C,O). The symbol OP defines set of operation required for a given task. The operation, OP, is categorized into two groups: guided operations OPg and unconditional operations OPu. A guided operation is one that requires an external trigger to start it. Unconditional operations are ones that start automatically on the onset of all the necessary states.The symbol Sv indicates the set of visit-state. The visit-state, Sv, indicates an interaction between two machines and hence requires coordination among them. The symbol of this state has the pattern R-M-- for the robot, as an example, the state RvMnm. The small letter v represents the visit-state of the robot associated with location, Mn represents a machine served by the robot, and m represents the index of one of the visit locations. During the completion of the task, the busy states are employed, and indicate transitional states between operations or two executions without interaction. They can be recognized from the robot state symbol, Rtn. The small letter t i ndicates the state of the robot associated with transition. These states are useful in avoiding collisions with obstacles. The condition operator C, defines the setof state and guiding conditions necessary for each operation OPi i.e. C(Opi). The output operator O, defines the set of states resulting from each operation OPi, i.e., O(OPi).4. Control architecture for VFMCCell operation involves tasks to be performed on single machines independent of others, and tasks that to require the cooperation of two or more machines. In cases where a task calls for the coordination of two or more machines, the cell controller has to be involved to ensure proper execution of that task. For tasks involving a single machine, the primary function of a controller is to schedule the start of the task, and waits for its completion to command the nest task. In order to accomplish these functions, the cell controller is designed as a hybrid structure of both hierarchical controller and decentralized controllers as shown in Fig. 3. The controller consists ofthree different layers. The Scheduler, the Decentralized Control layer, and the Virtual Device layer. In the figure, the p assing of information and message are indicated by arrows. The Scheduler is a core component that receives the states of all the machines in the VFMC from the Decentralized Control layer, and decides the appropriate next task. It then dispatches the next task to be executed to the Decentralized Control layer. It uses the process knowledge bases that contain the routine cell task rules that are generated from the TID. The Decentralized Control layer consists of virtual drivers for the virtual machine that mimic to physical machines. Their main role is to perform the harmonization and the cooperation between the cell components in order to carry out the task called for by the Scheduler layer. They provide a device independent interface to the actual cell components by translating the generic commands and error messages of the corresponding machine. The virtual driver in the layer communicator and pass messages with each other. A virtual driver send commands to the corresponding physical machine, and receives the state of that machine, through that Virtual Device in the Virtual Device layer.The lowermost layer of the controller consists of the Virtual Devices which monitor and continuously mirror, in real time, the state of the physical machine they represent. Each machine state is analyzed by its Virtual Device and reported to the corresponding Virtual holons as required. The Virtual Devices also serve as conduits for commands from the Virtual holons to the physical machines.5. ConclusionIn this study, the concept of virtual manufacturing is investigated, and three models, such as the product, the facility, and the process model, are developed for virtual flexible manufacturing cells. A product model is a generic model used for representing all types of parts, which appear in the process of manufacturing. A facility model contains information about machines consisted of a virtual flexible manufacturing cell. A process model is used for representing all the physical processes that are required for representing product behavior and manufacturing processes. The methodology behind developing VFMC is an object-oriented paradigm that provides a powerful representation a nd classification tools. For the implementation IGRIP/QUEST is used to model all 3D virtual machines involved models, and to simulate the whole factories where manufacturing events are concerned. The concrete behaviors of simulation are d escribed by the task-oriented description (TID). Also the result of simulation is demonstrated to prove the applicability of the virtual manufacturing paradigm. The potential of virtual manufacturing is to support manufacturability assessments and provide accurate cost, lead-time, and quality estimate is a major motivation forfurther research and development in this area.References1. Iwata, Kazuaki Virtual Manufacturing System as Advanced InformationInfrastructure for Integrating Manufacturing Resources and Activities, Annals of CIRP, V ol. 46, No. 1, pp. 399, 1997.2. Kimura Fumihito "Product and Process Modeling as a Kernel for VirtualManufacturing Environment," Annals of CIRP, V ol. 42, No. 1, pp. 147-151, 1993.3. Bodner, D., Park, J., Reveliotis, A., and McGinnis, F., Integration of structural and perfromance-oriented control in flexibleautomated manufacturing , Proceedings of 1999 IEEE/ASME International Conference on Advanced Intelligent Mechatronics, USA, pp.345-250, 1999.4. Onosato, M., and Iwata, K., Development of a Virtual manufacturing System by Integrating Product Models and Factory Models, Annals of the CIRP, V ol. 42, No.1, pp. 475-478, 1993.摘要虚拟制造系统的重要性是在新的制造业发展过程中逐渐凸显出来的，进行自动化操作、设计工厂设备的布局以及工作场所的人机工程学。
机械制造专业外文翻译--虚拟制造在齿轮生产中的应用
外文原文：Application of virtual manufacturing in generation of gearsReceived: 29 November 2004 / Accepted: 5 May 2005 / Published online: 24 November 2005 Spfinger-Verlag.London Limited 2005Abstract The manufacturing process of gears is fairly complicated due to the presence of various simultaneous motions of the cutter and the job. In this paper, an attempt is made to generate meaningful design data for spur and helical gears and the corresponding rack form cutter necessary for the manufacturing. Using this information, solid models for the cutter and blank are developed and finally gear-manufacturing processes are simulated in a virtual manufacturing environment. The user has the option to choose between designs and manufacture mode at will. The integrated process may also help to develop an optimized product. For better understanding of the operational principle, an animation facility in the form of a movie is included in the package. Keywords Virtual manufacturing; Animation; Gear generation1 IntroductionA gear is a very common machine element in mechanical engineering applications. However, manufacturing of the gear seems to be fairly complicated even to the person having thorough technical knowledge in the related field. The conventional gear generation processes like forming, shaping, hobbing, etc. are usually represented in two-dimensional sketch. There may be some components that are not adequately described by the two-dimensional approach. In the case of gear generation, it may be difficult to understand the complex geometries and the manufacturing arrangement with the help of 2D models. These limitations can be partially overcome and understanding will be more meaningful if one uses 3D solid models instead. However, the development of the models using 3D solids may not always ensure the clarity of the complex gear generation process unless one uses animation to represent tile motion of the gear blank and the gear cutter. This can be achieved very efficiently with the help of the virtual manufacturing technique. It is a technology to create a virtual environment on the computer screen to simulate the physical world. The knowledge base and expertise gained from the work in the virtual environment enables the user to apply them more meaningfully in real life situations.A host of literature is available on virtual manufacturing in different areas among which some of the recent and important works are referred below. Tesic and Baneljee [1] have worked in the area of rapid prototyping, which is a new technology for design, visualization and verification. Graphical user interfaces, virtual reality technologies, distillation, segregation and auto interpretation are some of the important features of their work. Balyliss et al. [2] dealt with the development of models in a virtual environment using the virtual reality technologies providing an outstanding 3D visualization of the object. In 1994, G.M. Balyliss et al. [3] presented theoretic solid modeling techniques using the VM tools, like VP, MI, (virtual reality manufacturing language) and 3D Sludio Max. They have developed different parts of an automobile and through the special effect of animation imparted all possible motion to the model. The technology is further enhanced by Kiulera [4], who treated product and process modeling as a kernel for the virtual manufacturing environment. In his work, Kimura has incorporated significant modeling issues like representation, representation language, abstraction, standardization, configuration control, etc. Arangarasau and Gadh [5] contributed towards the virtual prototyping that areconstructed using simulation of the planned production process using virtual manufacturing on a platform of MAYA,3D Studio Max and VRML, etc. At .Jadavpur University, research work [6, 7] is being carried out to simulate the gear manufacturing processes using A I Ill)CAD and 31) Studio Max as platforms. Software has been developed that helps the design engineers to understand the problems related to spur gear operation and its manufacturing process.A study of the state of tile art and literature review reveal that the scope of virtual manufacturing is wide open for simulating spur gear generation processes. Computer simulation can be very effectively used for viewing along with aiding subsequent analysis of different complicated manufacturing processes using the concept of design centered virtual manufacturing. With this objective in mind, an attempt is made to virtually manufacture spur and helical gears from the blank using a rack cutter. The scope of the work includes the generation of design data for the spur and helical gears and the rack form cutter, the generation of solid models for the cutter and blank, and finally to simulate gear-manufacturing process through animation.The main motivation of the work is to simplify the task of designing, and to study the gear generation process that can be understood by a layman and to present a realistic view of it. All the processes are developed on the platform of the 3D Studio Max, which is one of the most important virtual tools. The software is developed using max-script, an object contained programming language that can be run in 3D Studio Max environment.2 Description of the softwareThe max-script language is basically an image processor that creates the visual effects in 3D Studio Max. In addition, it can be used for design calculation and subsequent checking. An attempt is made to develop the entire package in modular form so that any further improvement can be implemented easily without affecting the others. The entire work is carried out in a 3D environment. The modular structure of the entire package is presented in Fig. l. The major modules are: input module, gear design module, virtual manufacturing module and special module.A brief description of these modules is mentioned below.2.1 Input moduleThis module is developed to provide input parameters that are essential for (tie design and development of the spur and helical gears and the corresponding cutters. In order to make the software user friendly, the process of inputting the data is specifically done through an input dialogue-box created by the max-script-language. A sample dialogue box is shown in Fig.2. Some fields have some restrictions like predefined lower or upper limits or predefined steps for increment or decrement. This is done purposively to make the environment more user friendly and to restrict the user from entering invalid data, for example, a user cannot make the number of gear teeth less than 18.2.2 Gear-design moduleBefore going for the generation of the gears, one should evaluate the various design parameters of the gears to be manufactured based on the input parameters. In order to design a gear pair, the following data are essential.I Rpm at which the gear is running2. The power being transmitted3. The transmission ratio of the assemblyIn addition, users may specify the following operational conditions/parameters:1. Precision of the gear assembly2. Pressure angle of the gear3. Material of the pinion4. Type of shock load required for the pinion to take up5. Helix angle in case of helical gearIf the user is not satisfied with the output, he can modify the input to obtain desired output. In this module, the entire design procedure for the gears has been treated. The different aspects of design calculations, for example, dynamic load, static load (fatigue load) and the wear load have been calculated in separate programs, and are displayed through the output dialog box. While designing the gear, it has been kept in mind that the gear has to form mesh with that of the rack, so care has been taken to avoid the interference of the mating pair.2.2.1 MethodologyVarieties of gear cutting processes are available and are generally being followed in the industries during their manufacturing. In this paper, Focus is given on gear manufacturing through 'generation'.The underlying principle of gear design is based on the fact that the profiles of a pair of gearteeth bear a definite relationship to each other such that the pair of teeth have a predeterminedrelative motion and contact at every instant. Therefore, if the relative motion of the profiles and the form of one of them is known, the determination of the form of the other may be regarded as tile problem capable of solution by either graphical or analytical means. The actual production of gear tooth represents a solution to the above problem by mechanical means known as 'generation'. The generation is a method that follows the following principles.1. A cutting edge (basically a gear with cutting edges) is given a motion. As a result, it is caused to sweep out the surface corresponding to the actual teeth surfaces of the known member of a pair of conjugate gears.2. A 'blank' is mounted at an appropriate relationship to the cutter. It is given a motion that the finished gear must have relative to that of the cutter. As a result of the simultaneous movement and the cutting action of the cutter, teeth are formed on the blank conjugate to that represented by the cutter.In fact due to the addition of the relative motion, the profile given to the work piece is different from that of the cutter. This differentiates the 'generating' from the 'forming' operation. 2.2.2 Spur gearGeneration of spur gear by means of cutter corresponding in form to the mating gear is well known. Cutter may be in the form of a rack. For an involute system of tooth profiles, the cutter corresponding to the rack will have straight sides.The arrangement of such a cutter relative to the blank is shown in Fig. 3. The cutter is adjusted radially with respect to the axis of the work. It is reciprocated so that its edges may sweep out the surface of the teeth of the imaginary rack forming the basis of the design of the tooth profile of the blank. In addition to this reciprocation, the cutter is advanced in the direction of the pitch line and at the same time the work is rotated about its axis at a speed such that it is pitch point has the same linear velocity as that of the rack. In other words, the pitch circle of the blank and the pitch line of the rack roll together. In consequence the straight cuttings edges generate the involute profile in the blank.For such a process to be continuous, The length of the cutter should be somewhat longer than the pitch circumference of the work；since this is usually impracticable．The cutter is withdrawn from the work after it has advanced a distance equal to all integral number of pitches and return to its starting point，the blank in the meantime remains stationary．This is repeated until all the teeth are cut．2.2.3 Helical gearIt is well known that a helical involute gear is conjugate to a straight rack having inclined teeth．Therefore，the same method described above can be employed to manufacture a helical gear．However, the direction of reciprocation of the rack cutter must be inclined to the axis of the blank at all angle equal to the helix angle of the gear．The cutter must roll over the blank in a direction similar to that described earlier．The simultaneous motion involved and the orientation of the cutter relative to the blank during the cutting operation is shown in Fig.4．2.3 Virtual manufacturing moduleThis module has been divided into two sub sections：(a) cutter generation，and (b) gear generation．2.3.1 Cutter generationIn this section of the virtual manufacturing，a solid model of the rack form cutter is developed. This cutter is used in the later stage to animate the gear generation process in thevirtual environment The cutter with all its cutting geometry such as rack and clearance angles have been provided．Figure 5 exhibits a 3D solid model view of the cutter developed by the software．2.3.2 Gear generationThis module is further subdivided into two parts，namely, (i) spur gear generation module，and (ii) helical gear generation module.(i) Spur gear generation In this sub module, spur gear is generated. In order to simulate the actual machining operation, the blank, which is to be used for the generation of spur gear, is bolted on the movable tabletop. The required washer and back-plate are also tied with the same so that it will have a firm support and be ready for the machining purpose. The cutter is positioned at a desired location. Afterwards, the cutter is given requisite motion to generate involute profile tooth. Generation by means of such a tool is called copy-generation. The arrangement of such a cutter relative to the blank is illustrated in the Fig, 6.The kinematics of the gear shaping process involve the following motions.1. Reciprocation of the cutter2. Tangential feed of the cutter and rolling of the gear blank3. The advanced and reliving motion of the gear-blank4. Radial feed of the cutter5. Indexing of the gear-blankAll of the above input parameters can be entered through tile input dialog box. In the software, provision is made to display the following motions of the system in the animation mode so that the users have the feeling of a virtual environment created in 3D.(ii) Helical gear generation In the case of helical gears, as the cutter reciprocates up and down over the gear blank. It makes a definite angle with the vertical, equal to the helix angle of the cutter (Fig. 7). As a result, a few teeth that are inclined to the axis of the blank will be partially generated on the gear blank at one time. None of the teeth will be complete in first phase following the principle of gear generation2.4 Special modulOne of the major objectives of the software is to simulate the various simultaneous movements involved in a gear generation process. In the special module, additional features are provided for better understanding of the gear generation process. They are (a) camera views (snap shot), (b) camera views (animated), and (c) movie files.2.4.1 Camera views (snap shot)The software provides the facility to place the camera at different coordinate positions and thus display different camera views of the cutting process. These are the still pictures taken in render form at successive intervals of the machining process. Still pictures of the partially cut pinion along with that of the cutter at every step of cutting is recorded and enable the user to feel the reality in a virtual environment,2.4.2 Animation and movieAnimation is the backbone of virtual manufacturing as it gives life to already created stationary objects, in other words, it simulates the dynamic behavior of different components. In order to create the effect of animation, a series of still pictures are first generated with a little change of position of the objects from the previous one. When these pictures are displayed in proper sequence at successive interval, they create the impression of moving objects. Each ofthese pictures is known as flame. For the animation, time interval between successive frames is very important. Generally, the human eye can perceive a frame rate between 60 frames per sec (fps) and I0 fps. The illusion of continuous motion as opposed to a fast paced slide show starts to break down under 1 2 fps. So, frame rate is to be kept above this limit. Generally the frame rate for films becomes standardized at 24 fps. In addition, the animator has to decide whether a given motion has to be shot "on ones" or" on twos". For simple motion it is better to shoot ~' on twos" in which case each frames would be shot twice, making the effective playback rate 12 fps. For a very swift or intricate motion, the frames of shooting "on ones" are generally recommended to keep continuity. The cutter and the gear blank occupy different positions in each of the frames depending on the kinematics relationship of the cutting process. This is achieved through the max-script programming environment of 3D Studio Max. They are stored in the hard disk as rendered views of the objects so that whenever necessary they can be run efficiently with the help of Windows media player:2.4.3 Animated camera viewThe software has the additional facility to pan the camera as the gear generation process is in progress. The procedure is quite simple and is described below in brief.As mentioned in the earlier section, a first snap shot of the machining process is taken with the camera situated at a particular position. The next frame is taken with the camera position shifted a little bit from its original location. This process continues until the camera comes to the pre-determined end position. The number of frames to be created within the interval is decided as per the visual requirement. Each of the frames captures the progressive development of the cutting process, while the camera moves along definite path. When these frames are projected on the screen successively, it creates the effect of panning the camera. This facility is very useful to understand the complex mechanism of the gear generation process. However, setting of camera locations requires a thorough understanding of 3D co-ordinate systems.3 Results and discussionsIt is not possible to present all the feature of the software. Some of the salient features are highlighted below.As the cutter reciprocates up and down over the gear blank, a few teeth will be partially generated on the gear blank at a time. None of the teeth will be in complete shape in the first cut following the principle of gear generation. It should be noted that the cutter teeth profile is straight edge whereas, in the case of gear, it has an involute profile.In order to create the impression of cutting, a large number of frames are generated, each one exhibiting a different amount of material removal from the gear blank. The downward motion of the cutter is assumed to be the cutting stroke. The requisite depth of cut is introduced by bringing the cutter to the predetermined position above the blank. The gear blank below the cutter is not yet cut. This is one frame and is shown to the viewer. The next frame shows the sequence when the cutter just finishes the cutting motion and a few partial teeth are developed on the blank. The successive frames illustrate the withdrawal of the cutter, its backward movement, indexing of the gear blank, and positioning of the cutter for the next cutting action. When all these frames are shown one after another, the observer will have the impression of virtual manufacturing of the gear. This process continues until all the teeth successively pass on the pitch circumference of the gear-blank. Figures 8, 9 show a few of the frames during the cutting process of spur and helical gears, respectively.The software has the facility of creating movie files in which a user can control projection of frame rates. Therefore, it is very useful for demonstration purpose as well. The user can change the camera view as per his requirement for better understanding of the operational principal.4 ConclusionA user-friendly software package has been developed that can tackle the problem of gear design and subsequent visualization of the gear generation process in a virtual environment. It also focuses the development of a rack form cutter, which in the later stage is used for the generation of the gear. All the models are developed in a 3D environment. Additional features like camera views, movie files, etc. are incorporated for better understanding of a fairly difficult subject.Provisions are made to enter the input data through dialog box. If there is incorrect data, a warning message is given by the software indicating what step to be followed next. The results of all the design calculation are indicated in the output dialog box. For a designer these values are very useful information. Using the above output, a designer may have an overall idea about the gear to be manufactured. Once the designer is sure about the output results of the design calculation, he can proceed forward for subsequent virtual manufacturing operations. He can also switch between design module and manufacture module at will, thus leading to an optimized productReferences1. Tesic R, Banerjee P (1999) Design of virtual objects for exact collision detection in virtual reality modeling of manufacturing processes. Proceedings of international conference on robotics and automation, Detroit, USA2. Balyliss GM, Bowlyer A, Talyor Rl, Willis PG (1993) Virtual manufacturing. Proceedings of international workshop on graphics and robotics, Schloss Dagstuhl, Germany, 19 22 April3. Balyliss GM, Bowlyer A, Talyor R1, Willis PG (1975) Theoretic solid modeling techniques and application using the virtual manufacturing. Proceedings of CSG-94, 1994.4. Kimura F (1993) Product and process modeling as a kernel for virtual manufacturing environment. CIPP Ann 42:147 1505. Arangarasan R, Gadh R (2000) Geometric modeling and collaborative design in multimodel, virtual environment. Proceedings of ASME, IDETC/CIE Conference, Sept 10 136. Roy S, Pohit G, Saha KN (2003) Computer aided design of spur gear. Proceedings of 20th AIMTDR, conference, BIT Mesra, Ranchi, India, 13-15 Dec7. Pattanayak RK, Pohit G, Saha KN (2003) Application of solid modeling in virtual manufacturing of' spur gear. Proceedings of 11th national conference on machines and mechanism (Nacomm), I.I.T. Delhi, Delhi, 18 19 December, pp 683 688中文译文：虚拟制造在齿轮生产中的应用摘要齿轮的制造过程相当的复杂，这归结于各种各样的刀具和工件同时运动的出现。
中英文翻译--虚拟制造技术-精品
Virtual ManufacturingWhat is Virtual ManufacturringVirtual manufacturing(VM) is an integrated, synthetic manufacturing environment exercised to enhance all leveles of decision and control in a manufaceturing enterprise. VM can be described as a simulated model of the actual manufacturing setup which may or may not exist. It holds all the information relating to the process , the process control and management and product specific data. It is also possible to have part of the manufacturing plant be real and the other part virtual . Virtual manufacturing is the use of computer models and simulations of manufacturing process to aid in design and production of manufactured products.Lawrence Associate[1996], have identified three different types of Virtual Manufacturing paradigms that use Virtual Reality technology to provide the integrated environment.(1)Design-centered VM: provides designers with the tools to design products that meet design criteria such as design for X(2)Production-centered VM: provides the means develop and analyse alternative production the process plans;(3)Control-centered VM: allows the evaluation of product design, production plans, and control strategy and a means to iteratively to improve all of them through the simulation of the control process.What is the Significance of VMVM aims at providing an integrated environment for a number of isolated manufacturing technologies such as Computer Aided Design , Computer Aided Manufacturing, and Computer Aided Process Planning, thus allowing multiple users to concurrently carry out all or some of these functions without the need for being physically close to each other. For example, a process planning engineer and a manufacturing engineer can evaluate and provide feedback to a product designer, who may be physically located in another state or country, at the same time as the design is being conceived.Another important contribution of VM is Virtual Engerprise(VE). Lin et al[1995] defined a Virtual E nterprise as “rapidly configur ed multi-disciplinary network of small, process specific firms configured to meet a window of opportunity to design and produce a specific product.” Using this techonology, a group of people , or corporations can pool their expertise and resources and capitalize a market opportunity, by sharing informatiion in a VM environment. The principal advantage of this technology is its ability to provide a multi-media envirnoment , enhancing communication at all levels in a product’s life cycle.Application of VMApplication of VM encompass the entire life cycle of a product. Reported developments include a virtual space decision support system by Imamura and Nomural[1994] at the Matsushita company in Japan. This system applied towards the marketing and sales of kitchen furniture, allows customers to experience a kitchen environment and evaluate alternatives and select the best combination according topreferences. Their preferences are stored as drawings and subsequently transferred to the company’s production facilities.Owen[1994] presented the work impleme nted at John Deere Company’s production facility, that used Virtual Manufacturing for the installation of an arc welding production system. The project involved using a Virtual 3-D environment for design, evaluation, and testing of the robotic production system. Part of the work was carried out at John Deere facility’s while part of it was done by Genesis System and Technomatrix Technologies. The VM approach helped shorten the design-to-manufacturing cycle-time.DuPont[1994] presented an overview of Virtual Reality applications, and reported about Virtual prototyping being carried out at the Coventty School of Art and Design. These virtual prototypes are constructed in a computer at the beginning of the design process and allow the designer to perform tests on the virtual prototype such as a car beforehand, by walking around or through the design, examine its performance on a virtual road , sit in the driver’s seat , and check view lines, etc. Also reported were VM applications such as the virtual concurrent design and assembly of a landing gear, and simulation of side-impact collision to test vehicle safety.Kim et al.[1994] also reported VR applications including the use of VM by designers at Boeing Aircraft Company for the ergonomic evaluation of their airplane designs for operation as well as maintenance. Another study used a VM environment to train robots. An operator’s movements were recognized, interpreted and stored in the form of robotic movement command. Shenai described the Virtual Wafer Fabrication(VWF) infratructure which provided an framework for the optimization of the key process and design variables in the development of application specific semi-conductor devices. Other application areas discussed in Larijani[1994] include machine-vision applications for diagnosis, fault detection , inspection and preventive maintenance, safety and maintenance training, ergonomic analysis. For example , new cab or shovel configurations for each Caterpillar moving equipment are tested by real drivers for possible imbalances while handling virtual bulldozers and turcks.虚拟制造技术什么是虚拟制造技术虚拟制造是人们使用的一种高度集成化的、虚拟的生产环境，其目的是为了增强制造业的各种决策和控制力。
Virtualmanufacturingtechnology外文翻译原稿
Virtual manufacturing technologyAbstract：In this paper，the meaning, construction and development of virtual manufacturing technology were proposed. Meanwhile, manufacturing process simulation was analyzed andthis included systematic structure, Development and problem to be solved in the future .At last, we presented the simulation of turning process and its possibility to be realized.Key words: virtual manufacturing technology; manufacturing process simulation;Physical simulation;1.prefaceManufacturing products for the development of performance, specifications, varieties continuing to set new requirements, and short product life cycles, new product development will be the decisive factor. Virtual manufacturing technologycan simulate the product design, manufacturing to assembly throughout the process of design and manufacturing process possible to analyze and forecast the issues, and put forward measures for improving the manufacture of products from development to the whole process optimization, lowering health products, Life cycles, reduce development risk, enhance economic efficiency purposes. And the mechanical processes in virtual manufacturing simulation of the importance of it through a piece of machine tools constitute a cutlery processes of the various systems for the effective processing of information and optimization of the actual processing for the realization of the intelligent created favorable conditions, and it is also an important means of research processes.1.Virtual manufacturing technologyThe formation of virtual manufacturing systemFrom the standpoint of product development, manufacturing is actually in the computervirtual full simulation products from design to manufacturing, assembly throughout theprocess, runs through the entire life cycle of products manufactured primarily by thefollowing five stages:●Conceptual design phase: Including products kinematics analysis and kinematics simulation.●detailed design stage：Refers to the entire product processing simulated process, including acheck with her geometric parameters and the geometric simulation process, the processing and analysis of the physical parameters for the physical simulation process and productassembly process simulation.●processing manufacturing stage：Including plant design, manufacture car asked design,production planning and control and operational planning at all levels controller design.●Testing stage：The real test simulation devices degree.●Training and maintenance stage：Training simulation devices, including the training processfor operators and maintenance of two-dimensional products.Virtual manufacturing can be divided into the following work levels: factory class, workshop class, the activation level, the specific processing and manufacturing modules, and other levels of the virtual manufacturing simulation technology available to all enterprises producing activities, and to the future deployment of enterprise equipment, logistics systems simulation design, production from all levels of work, shortening product life cycles and increased to the design, manufacture efficiency of the best.Virtual manufacturing technology developmentsVMT as a door for the 21st century manufacturing technology, from the beginning to emerge from the domestic and international scholars. The current study will focus on the theoreticalstudy of the technical and environmental levels simulation Construction and practice attempt. Theoretical research including VMT/VMS concept exploration, a virtual manufacturing system,the entire system of a model, modeling methods and models of integration. In regard to the practice from the perspective of achieving virtual laboratory factories, virtual workshop designand factory level, workshop equipment level of control and the integration of information processing, the specific processes, such as processing modules while some enterprises simulation has launched VMT work and fruitful.Domestically, VMT technology has also been great attention models modeling methods, the production process simulation, control, done a lot of research work, while neural network and artificial intelligence technology in the reading process to build a virtual factory class,workshop-class design and management systems, If Tsinghua University asked for theactivation of the car manufacturing "factory activation simulation environment False" workshopfor the manufacture of the design, analysis and simulation modeling of the "integrated manufacturing system software IMSS" and "processing simulation devices fortnight."3. Mechanical processing simulation3.1 Mechanical processing simulation problems with the statusOn going mechanical processing simulation, there are two main situations: a study of metal cutting from the perspective of a specific simulation of the internal combustion process factors change process, examine its alternative mechanisms for the actual production and research applications; Another type processing simulation system as part of Construction complete focuson the virtual manufacturing system. These two modes of simulation methods are the same,namely, the first to establish a system of continuous change planes plus craft models, and then use a mathematical model to be separated methods for separated points separated through analysis of the separation of the physical factors point to the evolution of simulation processes. The plane was in its infancy and process simulation, the current remaining in the following questions:(1) Virtual processing forms small, narrow the scope of research:In many types and forms processing machines, mainly in the current simulation milling state, grinding two. Even in these two processing methods, the simulation was limited to the very narrow context. If Xenia are many simulation Rod milling cutter and end milling cutter, and this simulation system to other types of milling cutter (such as processing a milling cuttersurface shape) is powerless because of the wide variety of mechanical processing, the presence of cars, shining metal, lumber, grinding, smooth-bore, and many other processing forms; On the other hand processing complex theory, different processing methods, cutlery shapeprocessing models have larger differences. At the same time, the current simulation system for geometric simulation of the trajectory of the knife spaces, working with cutlery interference check, a check calls NC (NC verification). But in the course of processing, geometriccalibration only prerequisite is more important is the cutting force, vibration and cutlery,cutlery wear a determining factor in the process of cutting physical quantity.(2)Physical simulation process is considered ideal alternative status, and the actual holding ofa larger gap.In the current simulation system presupposes a substantial assumption of factors, such as a craft system cut off the flesh as punishment for sexual gratification, without vibration;Processing materials unified structure, no hard points errors; Cutlery-wear; No changes to its machines. This ideal state can not be assumed that the process of cutting the randominterference caused by materials such as working hard point changes, vibration caused by cutting deep into account such factors as changes to the system can not be simulatedrealistically reflect the actual cutting process.(3) the development of simulation tools to limit simulation systemComputer simulation technology with the development of technology closely linked inthe past because of the computer hardware and software constraints, simulation, asked long.Coding workload, procedures readability, and poor maintenance of these difficulties forsimulation work. Current applications C++ language and object-oriented developmentmethodologies to develop simulation system has become a trend.These problems have given rise to the attention of researchers. Future plane processing simulation system will be operational towards rapid, multiple-processing forms and morerealistic situation direction.3.2 mechanical processing simulation system structureIn virtual manufacturing process, the detailed design stage product is actually a product of mechanical processing simulation, a piece of a machine tools cutlery composition of various information technology systems analysis and forecast, which includes two geometric simulation and the physics simulation content. Geometric simulation included knives spaces track certification, working with machine tools, cutlery interference check; Physics simulation of physical factors including the analysis and forecast, mainly cutting force, cutlery wear, vibration machine, cutting temperature, final surface roughness. Meanwhile, the geometric simulation, and physical simulation of the elements: the close link. Just like a knife spaces paths and interference, cutting force directly affect vibration, working surface quality, cutlery wear.3.3 Digital turning process simulation research goals and methodologyTuring processing applications is one of the most extensive processing methods. Therefore truing processing of digital simulation process is an important theoretical study and practical application value. Turing processing simulation will be able to complete the processing of Turing work as Bamboo, carry noodles, designs, thread, the curve of the geometric forms processing and the physical elements of simulation and forecast changes, the establishment of the truing processing simulation system. The simulation system should have the following functions(1) The establishment of the CNC lathe turning perfect digital emulation system for theactual production process to provide reliable, optimized NC code, and realize the wisdom turning processing.At present, China's digital lathe, economic-type digital lathe applications growing popularity in the processing prior to be a reliable, optimized NC code is very useful in the past, the NC code is often a ban could be verified, and such time-consuming and labor-intensive methods on the one hand and, on the other hand, the test material is often used wood, plastics, While NC code to test the validity of the geometric information, but the process of cutting the key physical factors such as cutting force, vibration, working fromthe surface quality no known. And turning simulation system to address the issue. At the same time on the basis of changes in the NC code certain parameters to further reduce the cutting force, improving cutting tool durability and productivity, optimizing NC code.This can be confirmed by NC code for the actual processing of applications for simulationof a self-learning system with the capacity to adjust and improve the simulation offlexibility to achieve wisdom processing purposes.The establishment of the actual processing simulation system, the Integrated Taiwan into the actual processing of interfering factors, which faithfully reflect the actual simulation process highly productive process.In actual processing, processes and systems affected by various factors, with the bulk of the physical quantity also damaged as a result of various changes in conditions change. So in order to be able to create a true process of processing, turning simulation system to take full account of the actual situation and random interference to thesimulation of the physical quantity Real close to the actual situation of these factorsinclude the machine tool and cutting force role, or working hard, doing the bulkvibration, working with non-uniform structure of the hard points random interference,the process of cutting machine usage changes and cutlery worn on the impact ofcutting process(3) As with the NC code verification and optimization of the process simulation systemcan greatly avoid actual processing of the various anomalies that may arise to simplify the process of checking the actual processing and diagnostic equipment, increased safety and efficiency of processing. At the same time simulation system can turning processing in a realistic simulation, as a soft machine tools for digital machine processing training and maintenance.References[1]Saco T. Generation of a machining Scenario and its placations to intelligent matching operations Annals 0f the CIRP．1993，42 (1) ：531一534[2]S Toccata Cutting system for mach inability evaluation using a work piece model. Annalsof the CIRP，1993，42：4l7～421[3] M D Tsai Prediction of chatter vibration of a model based cutting simulation system ，Annals 0f take CIRP，1990，39(1)：447～45I[4] F Kimura product and process modeling AS a kernel for virtual manufacturing environment，Annals Of the CIRP、1993，42 ：147～153：18～22[5] Zhangshensheng To be a manufacturing and modern simulation technology 1995(9)[6] Staff corner. Computer simulation and in the village built industry applications. Computer simulation, 1996: 31～ 35。
浅谈虚拟制造技术及发展应用论文
浅谈虚拟制造技术及开展应用论文浅谈虚拟制造技术及开展应用论文虚拟制造技术是在 CAD／CAM／CAE技术根底上开展起来的。
一方面，CAD／CAM／CAE技术为虚拟制造的实现提供了较为成熟的技术根底，如建模技术、分析优化技术、制造过程仿真技术、分析评价技术、设计分析评价技术和产品信息集成、转换、共享技术等。
特别是特征建模技术在虚拟制造技术中占有极为重要的地位。
另一方面，虚拟制造技术超越了CAD／CAM／CAE技术，CAD／CAM／CAE技术主要考虑产品本身信息的集成与建模，而虚拟制造技术还要考虑加工过程的建模等问题。
虚拟制造技术VMT（Virtual Manufacturing Technology）是20世纪80年代后期提出并得到迅速开展的一个新思想。
它是以虚拟现实和仿真技术为根底，对产品的设计、生产过程统一建模，在计算机上对产品从设计、加工和装配、检验、使用等整个生命周期进行模拟和仿真。
采用虚拟制造技术，可以在产品的设计阶段就模拟出产品及其性能和制造过程，以此来优化产品的设计质量和制造过程，优化生产管理和资源规划，使产品的开发周期和本钱最小化。
2．1 运用信息技术对制造系统的要素进行全面仿真和高度集成通过产品模型、过程模型和资源模型的组合与匹配来仿真特定制造系统中的设备布置、生产活动、经营活动等行为，优化制造系统各要素(人、技术、管理、环境等)的整体配置．从而确保制造系统的可行性、合理性、经济性和高适应,为先进制造技术的进一步开展提供了更广阔的空间，同时也推动了相关技术的不断开展和进步。
2．2 人与虚拟制造环境交互的自然化虚拟制造环境是以人为中心，使研究者能够沉浸到由模型创立的虚拟环境中去，通过多种感知渠道直接感受不同媒体映射的模型运行信息，并利用人本身的智能进行信息融合，产生综合映射，从而深刻把握事物的内在实质。
人与虚拟制造环境的交互有利于加深人们对生产过程和制造系统的认识和理解，有利于对其进行理论升华，更好地指导实际生产。
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附录1 外文译文虚拟制造技术及其应用摘要：阐述了虚拟制造的基本概念，虚拟制造的核心技术，以及虚拟制造技术应用。
关键词：制造业虚拟制造虚拟现实0 引言当今的制造业基本技术日臻成熟，其市场处于以消费者为导向的市场环境下，产品品种、上市时间和用户满意度成为企业取得竞争优势的主要因素。
制造业这种全球化的激烈竞争不断催生了各种先进制造技术和新的制造哲理，虚拟制造技术将会在本世纪涌向潮头，其朴素的思想和高新的技术手段都为研究领域和业界所推崇。
虚拟制造就是根据企业市场竞争的需求，在强调柔性和快速的前提下，美国80年代提出的，随着计算机技术和信息网络技术的发展，在90年代得到人们的重视，并获得迅速的发展。
1 虚拟制造虚拟制造的基本思想是在产品制造过程的上游——设计阶段就进行对产品制造全过程的虚拟集成，将全阶段可能出现的问题解决在这一阶段，通过设计的最优化达到产品的一次性制造成功。
虚拟现实技术是使用感官组织仿真设备的真实或虚幻环境的动态模型生成或创造出人能够感知的环境或现实，使人能够凭借直觉作用于计算机产生的三维仿真模型的虚拟环境。
基于虚拟现实技术的虚拟制造技术在一个统一模型之下对设计和制造等过程集成，它将与产品制造相关的各种过程与技术集成在三维的、动态的仿真真实过程的实体数字模型之上。
其目的是在产品设计阶段，借助建模与仿真技术及时地、并行地、模拟出产品未来制造过程乃至产品全生命周期的各种活动对产品设计的影响，预测、检测、评价产品性能和产品的可制造性等等。
从而更加有效的、经济的、柔性的组织生产，增强决策与控制水平，有力地降低由于前期设计给后期制造带来的回溯更改，达到产品的开发周期和成本最小化、产品设计质量的最优化、生产效率的最大化。
虚拟制造系统是各制造功能的虚拟集成，它的可视化集成范围包括与设计相关的各项子系统的功能，如用户支持、工程分析、材料选用、工艺计划、工装分析、快速原型，甚至包括制造企业全部功能（如计划、操作、控制）的集成。
虚拟制造系统拥有产品和相关制造过程的全部信息，包括虚拟设计、制造和控制产生的数据、知识和模型信息。
虚拟控制制造系统按照功能归集为三种不同类型的子环境，共同构成中心三元耦合的系统模式：（1）虚拟制造设计中心：给设计者提供各种工具以便虚拟设计、虚拟制造，设计出符合设计准则（如DFX）的产品模型；（2）虚拟制造加工中心：研究开发产品制造过程模型和环境模型及其分析各种可行的生产计划和工艺规划；（3）虚拟制造控制中心：评价产品设计、产品原型、生产计划、制造模拟和控制策略等等。
2 虚拟制造技术支持虚拟制造技术是多学科综合的系统技术，需要研究开发相应的硬件集成系统与软件，就软件技术而言，相关的研究支持如下：可视化：真实、直观地再现主观产品与客观制造过程；基本环境：增强可视化和其它虚拟制造功能的集成系统平台；信息描述：表达各种信息，包括数据、知识和模型的统一的方法、语义、语法；中介模型：构造、定义、开发对过程易于中断介入的模型；基层集成组织结构：硬件与软件的基层组织结构；仿真模型：在计算机系统中设计的真实系统模型；应用方法：产品多样性与过程动态性的共同特征的抽象提取；制造特征：各种材料在虚拟制造环境中的变化过程；虚拟制造系统评价：可制造性、工艺性、可靠性、经济性、质量、工期等等。
2.1建模技术虚拟制造系统是现实制造系统在虚拟环境下的映射，是RMS的模型化、形式化和计算机化的抽象描述和表示。
VMS的建模应包括：生产模型、产品模型和工艺模型的信息体系结构。
（1）生产模型归纳为静态描述和动态描述两个方面。
静态描述是指系统生产能力和生产特性的描述。
动态描述是指在已知系统状态和需求特性的基础上预测产品生产的全过程。
（2）产品模型是制造过程中，各类实体对象模型的集合。
对VMS来说，要使产品实施过程中的全部活动集成，就必须具有完备的产品模型，所以虚拟制造下的产品模型不再是单一的静态特征模型，它能通过映射、抽象等方法提取产品实施中各活动所需的模型。
（3）工艺模型将工艺参数与影响制造功能的产品设计属性联系起来，反应生产模型与产品模型之间的交互作用。
工艺模型必须具备以下功能：计算机工艺仿真、制造数据表、制造规划、统计模型以及物理和数学模型。
2.2仿真技术仿真就是应用计算机对复杂的现实系统经过抽象和简化形成系统模型，然后在分析的基础上运行此模型，从而得到系统一系列的统计性能。
仿真的基本步骤为：研究系统——收集数据——建立系统模型——确定仿真算法——建立仿真模型——运行仿真模型——输出结果并分析。
产品制造过程仿真，可归纳为制造系统仿真和加工过程仿真。
虚拟制造系统中的产品开发涉及到产品建模仿真、设计过程规划仿真、设计思维过程和设计交互行为仿真等，以便对设计结果进行评价，实现设计过程早期反馈，减少或避免产品设计错误。
加工过程仿真，包括切削过程仿真、装配过程仿真，检验过程仿真以及焊接、压力加工、铸造仿真等。
目前上述两类仿真过程是独立发展起来的，尚不能集成，而VM中应建立面向制造全过程的统一仿真。
2.3虚拟现实技术虚拟现实技术是在为改善人与计算机的交互方式，提高计算机可操作性中产生的，它是综合利用计算机图形系统、各种显示和控制等接口设备，在计算机上生成可交互的三维环境（称为虚拟环境）中提供沉浸感觉的技术。
由图形系统及各种接口设备组成，用来产生虚拟环境并提供沉浸感觉，以及交互操作的计算机系统称为虚拟现实系统。
虚拟现实系统包括操作者、机器和人机接口3个基本要素。
利用VRS可以对真实世界进行动态模似，通过用户的交互输入，并及时按输出修改虚拟环境，使人产生身临其境的沉浸感觉。
虚拟现实技术是VM的关键技术之一。
3 VM在制造业中应用虽然在产品开发过程中应用建模和仿真可以大大缩短开发周期，改进产品的性能和可靠性，但在工业界的设计过程中实际应用并不多。
目前的仿真系统还不能适应工业界在设计过程中进行分析和验证等的要求。
高级工程仿真系统应具有下列特点：三维的复杂零件”零件接口；本质上不同响应特性的多元材料；材料重要的非线性性质，诸如：非牛顿行为、塑料变形、断裂；多相现象；带有化学反应的多相能量转移；移动或自由边界；非线性动力学。
在以模型为基础的设计中，实现高级工程仿真的关键技术可归纳如下：用户接口；分析式立体造型；对壳体和实体的先进网格生成算法（有限元分析用）；解的误差分析和改进；材料模型；优化目标函数的设计；面向对象的软件工程；海量并行计算；可视化。
把这些技术集成起来，可以帮助设计者进行设计，了解设计出来的产品的性能。
应用上述先进的网格生成算法、误差分析及计算，可组成自适应算法，使仅懂得机构、不懂得分析的设计者也能设计产品及设计这一产品的制造过程。
自适应能力可以保证分析的精度。
由于重要的几何性质可以参数化，因此可以进行形状的优化等。
虚拟制造技术首先在飞机、汽车等领域获得成功的应用。
目前VMT应用在以下几个方面：3.1虚拟企业虚拟企业建立，其中有一条最重要的原因是因为各企业本身无法单独满足市场需求，迎接市场挑战。
因此，为了快速响应市场的需求，围绕新产品开发，利用不同地域的现有资源、不同的企业或不同地点的工厂，重新组织一个新公司。
该公司在运行之前，必须分析组合是否最优，能否协调运行，并对投产后的风险、利益分配等进行评估。
这种联作公司称为虚拟公司，或者叫作动态联盟，是一种虚拟企业，它具有集成性和实效性两大特点的经济实体。
3.2虚拟产品设计例如飞机、汽车的外形设计，其形状是否符合空气动力学原理，运动过程中的阻力，其内部结构布局的合理性等。
在复杂管道系统设计中，采用虚拟技术，设计者可以”进入其中0进行管道布置，并可检查能否发生干涉。
在计算机上的虚拟产品设计，不但能提高设计效率，而且能尽早发现设计中的问题，从而优化产品的设计。
例如美国波音公司投资40亿美元研制波音777喷气式客机，从1990年10月开始到1994年6月仅用了3年零8个月时间就完成了研制，一次试飞成功，投入运营。
波音公司分散在世界各地的技术人员可以从777客机数以万计的零部件中调出任何一种在计算机上观察、研究、讨论，所有零部件均是三维实体模型。
可见虚拟产品设计给企业带来的效益。
3.3虚拟产品制造应用计算机仿真技术，对零件的加工方法、工序顺序、工装的选用、工艺参数的选用，加工工艺性、装配工艺性、配合件之间的配合性、连接件之间的连接性、运动构件的运动性等均可建模仿真，可以提前发现加工缺陷，提前发现装配时出现的问题，从而能够优化制造过程，提高加工效率。
3.4虚拟生产过程产品生产过程的合理制定、人力资源、制造资源、物料库存、生产调度、生产系统的规划设计等，均可通过计算机仿真进行优化，同时还可对生产系统进行可靠性分析，对生产过程的资金进行分析预测，对产品市场进行分析预测等，从而对人力资源、制造资源的合理配置，对缩短产品生产周期，降低成本意义重大。
4 虚拟制造系统体系结构CIM集成是通过物理的、逻辑的联系以便在制造设备之间传递信号，以庞大的信息流为“网线”粘连起企业活动的全部活动“节点”，共同浇结成一整块“企业机器”，实际上从各个方面降低了企业的柔性。
而虚拟制造则完全是数字模型的集成，提供了有别于CIMS“物理集成”的虚拟集成方案，将相互孤立的制造技术如CAD、CAM、CAPP等等集成在一个虚拟产品制造环境下，以现实对制造过程的一一对应的模型化映射关系，它相对于物理世界有功能一致性、结构相似性的特点，是对实体制造企业的产品、作业、环境及其评价行为等等四个特征的虚拟实现。
虚拟现实技术应用于现在的制造系统如CAD、CAPP、CAM，能够大大增强各个子系统之间的协调与并行。
面向模型集成各个子系统功能是虚拟制造技术的关键之一，由于产品的多样性与制造过程的动态性，虚拟制造环境是一个动态多变的集成环境，其过程会产生大量的各种数据，虚拟过程的数据管理变得非常复杂。
面向产品与过程的虚拟制造系统需要对产品、作业、环境和评价的数据、知识、模型进行共同特征抽取与异型制造过程创建。
拟实制造的基础是对制造过程（即把各种材料变成产品的过程）的理论和方法进行深入的了解。
有了这些了解，才有可能在计算机上进行拟实制造，从而揭示一个产品制造全过程的种种复杂问题。
随着拟实制造的发展，它将为工程师们提供一个从产品的概念形成、设计、制造到实现的全过程三维可视及交互的环境；它将促使实现制造驱动设计，要求设计者在设计阶段把一个产品的构思、设计、制造统统考虑好。
目前，电子类产品，特别是大规模集成电路，相对地比机械类产品简单，制造过程具有通用性，发展得较成熟；机械类产品相对较复杂，进展得较慢。
另外，拟实制造的实现是建筑在一个企业内外实行计算机集成基础上的，只有在大范围采用计算机集成后，才能有效地实行拟实制造，并在这基础上过渡到敏捷制造时代。