英语词汇学知识点整理

词汇期末复习（C1-C7）

Chapter 1

一、Word 词的定义

(1) a minimal free form（最小的自由形式）

(2) a sound unity

(3) a semantic unity（meaning）

(4) a form that can function alone in a sentence.（具有句法功能）

二、Vocabulary词汇的定义

All the words in a language make up what is generally known as vocabulary.

一般来说，词汇指的是一种语言里所有单词的总和。

词的总和构成语言的词汇。词与词汇之间的关系是个体与总体之间的关系。

三、Sound&Meaning发音和意义

The connection between the sound (form) and meaning is arbitrary (任意的) and conventional. 二者的关系是约定俗成、随意的

四、Sound & Form发音和形式

(1)The written form of a natural language is the orthographical（正字的）record of the oral

form.

自然语言的书写形式是口语形式的书写记录。

(2)The reasons of differences occur between sound and form: 发音与形式不同的原因：

①English alphabet was adopted from the Romans 英语字母表来自罗马

②the pronunciation has changed more rapidly than spelling over the years. 发音改变快速

③Differences created by professional scribes. 专业抄写员的不同

④More differences brought by the continuing change of sounds and the standardization of spelling.发音不断变化，书写标准化。

⑤borrowing : words were borrowed from other languages such as Latin, Greek, French, etc.外来词

五、Classification of Words词的分类

①Basic Words

The basic vocabulary has the following characteristics: 基本词汇特点：

➢ 1. All national character 全民性(indispensable to all the people who speak the language). ➢ 2. Stability 稳定性（relatively stable or unchanged）

➢ 3. Productivity 多产性（form new words in combination with other roots and affixes )

➢ 4. Polysemy 多义性

➢ 5. Collocability 搭配性

②Non-basic Words

Non-basic vocabulary: terminology, jargon, slang, argot, dialectal words, archaisms, neologisms.非基本词包含：专业术语、行话、俚语、黑话、方言、古语、新词。

①Content Words/Full words/National words：

They denote clear notions. 能够表达清楚的含义

②Functional words/Empty words/Form words：

They show the relation between notions. 显示了与概念之间的关系

①Native Words：

Anglo-Saxon words brought by the Germanic tribes such as Angles, Saxons and the Jutes.

②Borrowed Words：

loan words or borrowings. English has adopted almost all the major languages in the world. It includes Denizens 同化词Aliens非同化词Translation loans 译借词Semantic loans 借义词

Chapter 2

一、The Indo-European Language Family印欧语系

(1)The Indo-European language family is made up of most languages of Europe, the Near East,

and India.印欧语系是由欧洲、近东和印度的大部分语言组成的。

(2)The classification of Indo-European language family :

①The Eastern Set

②The Western Set（Germanic）

二、Three phases of the Vocabulary Development词汇发展三阶段

(1)Old English(450-1150)

特点：

➢It has a small vocabulary of about 50,000 to 60,000 words. 词汇量小

➢It has small number of borrowings came from Latin and Scandinavian.

拉丁/斯堪的纳维亚外来词少

➢It is a highly inflected language. (it has the words full of endings.)完整词尾

(2)Middle English(1150-1500)

特点：

➢It has a comparatively large vocabulary;词汇量相对较大

➢It has absorbed a tremendous number of foreign words mainly from French and Latin;吸收大量发育和拉丁词汇

➢Word endings become leveled.词尾扁平

(3)Modern English(1500 up to the present)

特点：

➢it has a huge and heterogeneous vocabulary; 巨大且多样的词汇

➢It has tremendous borrowings; 许多外来词

➢It has words with lost endings. 词尾消失

三、General Characteristic一般特征

(1)Receptivity, adaptability and heterogeneity接受性、适应性、异质性

(2)Simplicity of inflection简洁性、屈折性

(3)Relatively fixed word-order相对固定的语序

四、Foreign Elements in the English Vocabulary英语词汇中的外来成分

(1)主要外来成分：拉丁、希腊、法语、斯堪的纳维亚语

(2)次要外来成分：意大利语、日耳曼语、荷兰语、西班牙和葡萄牙语、凯尔特语

五、Growth of Contemporary English Vocabulary当代英语词汇的发展

Modes of Vocabulary Development发展方式：