初中英语定语从句用法及配套练习讲解2[1]
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初中英语定语从句用法及配套练习
定语从句的概念
在复合句中,修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。被修饰的名词或代词叫先行词,定语从句一般放在先行词的后面
二、定语从句的关系词
引导定语从句的关系词有关系代词和关系副词,常见的关系代词包括that,which,who(宾格whom,所有格whose)等,关系副词包括where,when,why等。关系代词和关系副词放在先行词及定语从句之间起连接作用,同时又作定语从句的重要成分。
四、关系代词的用法
1. that 既可以用于指人,也可以用于指物。在从句中作主语或宾语,作主语时不可省略,作宾语可省略。例如:
Mary likes music that is quiet and gentle. (语)玛丽喜欢轻柔的音乐。
The coat (that)I put on the desk is blue. (语)我放在桌子上的那件外套是蓝色的。
2.which用于指物,在句中作主语或宾语,作主语不可省略,作宾语可省略。例如:
The building which stands near the train station is a supermarket.( 语)位于火车站附近的那座大楼是一家超市。
The film (which)we saw last night was wonderful. (语)我们昨天晚上看的那部电影很好看。
3.who,whom用于指人,who 用作主语,whom用作宾语。
在口语中,有时可用who代替whom,也可省略。例如:
The girl who often helps me with my English is from England.经常在英语方面帮助我的那个女孩是英国人。(作语)
Who is the teacher (whom)Li Ming is talking to?正在与李明谈话的老师是谁?(作宾语)
注意:that的几种特殊形式
(1)当定语从句中含有介词,介词放在句末时,who,that,which可省略,但介词在关系代词前时,只能用“介词+which/whom”结构。例如:
This is the house in which we lived last year. 这是我们去年居住的房子。
Do you know the girl with whom your teacher is talking. 请告诉我你从谁那借的这本英文小说。
(2)含有介词的固定动词词组中,介词不可前置,只能放在原来的位置上。例如:
This is the person whom you are looking for. 这就是你要找的那个人。
(3)that 作介词的宾语时,介词不能放它的前面,只能放在从句中动词的后面。例如:
The city that/which she lives in is very far away. 她居住的城市非常远。
(4)指物时关系词只能用that的情况:
a. 先行词被序数词或形容词最高级所修饰,或本身是序数词、基数词、形容词最高级时,只能用that,而不用which.例如:He was the first person that passed the exam. 他是第一个通过考试的人。
b.被修饰的先行词为all,any,much,many,everything, anything,none,the one等不定代词时,只能用that,而不用which.例如:
Is there anything that you want to buy in the shop?你在商店里有什么东西要买吗?
c.先行词被the only,the very,the same,the last,little,few 等词修饰时,只能用that,而不用which.例如:
This is the same bike that I lost. 这就是我丢的那辆自行车。
d. 先行词里同时含有人或物时,只能用that,而不用which.例如:
I can remember well the persons and some pictures that I saw in the room.
我能清楚记得我在那个房间所见到的人和一些照片。
e.以who或which引导的特殊疑问句,为避免重复,只能用that.例如:
Who is the girl that is crying?正在哭泣的那个女孩是谁?
f.主句是there be 结构,修饰主语的定语从句用that,而不用which.例如:
There is a book on the desk that belongs to Tom. 桌子上那本书是汤姆的。
关系代词作表语时一般不用who,而用that。如:
He is not the man that he was. 他不是从前的他了。(从句中that是was的表语)
(5)关系词只能用which,而不用that 的情况:
a.先行词为that,those时,用which,而不用that.例如:
What’s that which is under the desk?在桌子底下的那些东西是什么?
b.关系代词前有介词时,一般用which,而不用that.例如:
This is the room in which he lives. 这是他居住的房间。
五、关系副词的用法
(1)when指时间,其先行词表示时间,在句中作时间状语。例如:This was the time when he arrived.这是他到达的时间。(2)where指地点,其先行词表示地点,在句中作地点状语。例如:This is the place where he works.这是他工作的地点。(3)why 指原因,其先行词是原因,起原因状语作用。例如:
Nobody knows the reason why he is often late for school. 没人知道他为什么上学总迟到。
了解关系副词与关系代词转换规律
关系代词whom或which在定语从句中作介词宾语时,介词可放在后面,也可提前构成介词+关系代词whom (先行词指人)/which(先行词指物)引导定语从句(这种方法更为正式)。例:
Mary is the girl whom I borrowed a book from. = Mary is the girl from whom I borrowed a book. 玛丽就是我向她借书的女孩。
Is this the room that/which he once lived in? = Is this the room in which he once lived? 这是他曾经住过的房子吗?
=Is this the room where he once lived?
常见的有以下几种情况:
1. where=in/on which 例:
This is the room where / in which he lives. 这是他住的房间。
I can see the playground where / on which they do sports.我能看见他们进行运动的操场。
2. when= on/in/at which 例:
I still remember the year when/ in which I joined the Party.我仍然记得入党的那一年。
I still remember the day when/on which I joined the Party. 我仍然记得入党的那一天。
I still remember the hour when/at which the rocket was launched.我仍然记得那个火箭发射的时刻。
3. why=for which 例:
This is the reason why / for which he was killed.这是他被杀害的原因。
但下列情况下介词不能提前:
⑴用who代替whom,用that代替which时,介词不能提前。例:
He’s the boy who I learned English from.这是我向他学英语的男孩。
This should be the place that Tom sent the parcel to. 这应是汤姆送包裹的地方。
⑵当whom、which省去时介词不能提前。例:
Is he the boy you went there with?他是和你一起去那儿的男孩吗?
This is the room he lived in. 这是他住过的房间。
⑶当whom, which作为含有介词的动词短语的宾语时,介词一般来说不能拆开提前。例:
You’re the very man whom I’m looking for. 你正是我在找的那个人。
一.定语从句及相关术语
1.定语从句:修饰一个名词或代词的从句称为定语从句,一般紧跟在它所修饰的先行词后面。
2.关系词:引导定语从句的关联词成为关系词
关系词有关系代词和关系副词。关系代词有that, which, who, whom, whose, as等;关系副词有where, when, why等。
关系词常有3个作用:1,引导定语从句。2,代替先行词。3,在定语从句中担当一个成分。
二.关系代词引导的定语从句
1.who指人,在从句中做主语