托福写作TPO47独立题目+综合写作阅读文本
托福阅读真题第47篇TheCoolingofEarlyEarth
托福阅读真题第47篇TheCoolingofEarlyEarth地球形成于 46 亿年前，在最初的 50 到 1 亿年中，它是一个沸腾的液态岩石球，没有永久地壳（最坚硬的外层）。
地球最早阶段的一个重要事件被称为分化事件，这完全改变了地球最初均匀的组成。
它发生在大约 45 亿年前，当时地球已经变得足够大，压力足以推动内部温度超过1,000 摄氏度（摄氏度），即岩石融化的温度。
然后，密度更大（富含金属）的物质下沉到地球的中心，密度较小的（岩石）物质向地表上升。
下沉的密集物质形成了地球的镍铁核心，也就是地球的内部3500 公里左右。
升起的较轻的物质形成了密度较低的岩石地幔，即地球”地核的形成改变了地表条件。
是因为它为地球的发展创造了合适的条件磁场，它起源于地球核心外层的运动。
早在大约 35 亿年前，人们就知道磁场已经开始运作，而最近的研究将其带回到了 40 亿年前。
磁场是地球唯一真正抵御太阳风的保护措施（来自太阳的带电粒子），它在磁铁之前从最早的大气中剥离气体ic场已经启动。
因此，分化事件被认为对于减少轻元素从大气到太空的损失至关重要。
没有它，地球可能最终没有氢，因此也没有水。
随着时间的推移，许多较重的气体也会被太阳风剥离。
火星被认为是从一个磁场开始的，但是——比地球小得多——已经冷却到足以让它的磁场在大约40 亿年后消失前。
随后，它几乎失去了所有的大气和地表水。
虽然这种通过存在磁场来保持大气层的常用解释听起来很合理，但一些进一步的思考表明事情可能更复杂一些。
金星没有磁场，更接近太阳，但有非常发达的大气层。
金星和地球具有相似的大小和质量，而火星要小得多——因此，对于保持大气而言，重力可能与磁场同等或更重要，尤其是当所涉及的气体是较重的气体时，例如主要的 CO2（碳二氧化碳）在金星上。
在地球位于太阳系最早的位置，预计温度会达到250°C 至350°C，但来自太空物体的强烈早期撞击所产生的能量已将温度推高至远高于岩石的熔化温度。
托福写作TPO47独立题目+综合写作阅读文本
小编给考生们带来了托福写作TPO47，希望可以帮助广大托福考生轻松备考托福。
托福TPO47综合写作：ReadingPterosaurs were an ancient group of winged reptiles that lived alongsidethe dinosaurs. Many pterosaurs were very large, some as large as a giraffe and with a wingspan of over 12 meters. Paleontologists have long wondered whether large pterosaurs were capable of powered flight (flying by flapping their wings) or whether they were able only to glide. Several arguments have been made against powered flight.Doubters point out that since modern reptiles are cold-blooded, ancient reptiles such as pterosaurs were probably cold-blooded as well. Cold-blooded animals typically have a slow metabolism and are unable to produce a lot of energy. Powered flight is an activity requiring a lot of energy, which is why all modern vertebrates that fly are warm-blooded, not cold-blooded. It seemed unlikely that pterosaurs would have been able to generate the energy needed to fly.Second, there is a limit to the weight of animals that can be kept airborneby powered flight. Pterosaurs that were as large as a giraffe were probably so heavy that they would not have been able to flap their wings fast enough to stay aloft for any length of time.Third, all animals with powered flight are able to take off from theground. For example, birds take off by jumping from their legs or running to gain speed and then jumping. But these methods would not have worked for large pterosaurs. Large pterosaurs would have needed big, powerful muscles in theirback legs to launch themselves into the air, and we know from fossilized bones that their back leg muscles were too small and weak to allow the pterosaurs to run fast enough or jump high enough to launch themselves into the air. Question：Summarize the points made in the lecture, being sure to explainhow they cast doubt on the specific points made in the reading passage.托福TPO47独立写作：Do you agree or disagree with the following statement?It is important to know about events happening around the world, even if itis unlikely that they will affect your daily life.Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.。
TPO40-48全部分托福独立写作文本题目汇总
TPO40-48全部分托福独立写作文本题目汇总对于托福考试，相信大家对于TPO托福模考软件都不陌生，现在市面上可以下载到免费的TPO模考软件。
虽然TPO模考软件里的题目是不会出现在考试中，但是考生可能通过它了解托福考试的题型以、考试模式及题目的难易度掌握，所以TPO托福模考软件对考生十分的重要。
最近TPO托福模考软件更新了40-48套题，这也是ETS为了考生适应未来考试而放出的题目，所以练习这几套题十分重要。
这里小编为大家整理了TPO40-48全部托福独立写作文本题目，希望对大家托福写作备考有帮助，快来看看吧。
TPO40独立写作题目文本Independent WritingDirectionsRead the question below. You have 30 minutes to plan, write, and revise your essay. Typically, an effective response will contain a minimum of 300 words.Question:Essay TopicSome parents offer their school-age children money for each high grade (mark) they get in school. Do you think this is a good idea?Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.TPO41独立写作题目文本Independent WritingDirectionsRead the question below. You have 30 minutes to plan, write, and revise your essay. Typically, an effective response will contain a minimum of 300 words.Question:Essay TopicDo you agree or disagree with the following statement?Teacher were more appreciated and valued by society in the past than they were nowadays.Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.TPO42独立写作题目文本Independent WritingDirectionsRead the question below. You have 30 minutes to plan, write, and revise your essay. Typically, an effective response will contain a minimum of 300 words.Question:Essay TopicWorkers are more satisfied when they have many different types of tasks to do during the workday than when they do similar tasks all day long.Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.TPO43独立写作题目文本Directions: Read the question below You have 30 minutes to plan, write, and revise your essay. Typically, an effective response will contain a minimum of 300 words.Question:Imagine that you are in a classroom or a meeting. The teacher or the meeting leader says something incorrect In your opinion, which of the following is the best thing to do?-Interrupt and correct the mistake right away-Wait until the class or meeting is over and the people are gone, and then talk to the teacher or meeting leade-Say nothingUse specific reasons and examples to support your answer.TPO44独立写作题目文本Directions: Read the question below. You have 30 minutes to plan, write, and revise your essay. Typically, an effective response will contain a minimum of 300 words.Question:Some people believe that when busy parents do not have a lot of time to spend with their children, the best use of that time is to have fun playing games or sports. Others believe that it is bestto use that time doing things together that are related to schoolwork. Which of the two approaches do you prefer?Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.TPO45独立写作题目文本Directions: Read the question below. You have 30 minutes to plan, write, and revise your essay. Typically, an effective response will contain a minimum of 300 words.Question:Do you agree or disagree with the following statement?In the past, young people depended too much on their parents to make decisions for them; today young people are better able to make decisions about their own lives.Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.TPO46独立写作题目文本Directions: Read the question below. You have 30 minutes to plan, write, and revise your essay. Typically, an effective response will contain a minimum of 300 words.Question: Do you agree or disagree with the following statement?The opinions of celebrities, such as famous entertainers and athletes, are more important to younger people than they are to older people.Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.TPO47独立写作题目文本Do you agree or disagree with the following statement?It is important to know about events happening around the world, even if it is unlikely that they will affect your daily life.Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.TPO48独立写作题目文本Do you agree or disagree with the following statement?Because modern life is very complex, it is essential for young people to have the ability to plan and organize.Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.以上就是小编为大家整理的TPO40-48全部托福独立写作题目，大家可以现在就用来复习。
托福TPO47独立写作题目文本+满分范文
为了帮助大家高效备考托福，为大家带来托福TPO47独立写作题目文本+满分范文，希望对大家备考有所帮助。
托福TPO47独立写作题目原文： Do you agree or disagree with the following statement?It is important to know about events happening around the world, even if it is unlikely that they will affect your daily e specific reasons and examples to support your answer. 托福TPO47独立写作满分范文： The world today has become increasingly vigorous and news stories develop almost every second. Some people think that it is significant to know about events happening around the world while others regard the habit of watching news from distant areas as a total waste of time. As far as I am concerned, the international news is highly valuable, to a large extent. Firstly, it is a wonderful means to broaden the minds of adults. For example, the international news reports inevitably contain a foreign culture from a certain country--from social manners to languages, from food to religious rituals. By being exposed to the exotic information, people can build up a cross-culture understanding, and their thoughts would become more flexible and adaptable, when encountering with the cultural diversity in future travelling and studying abroad. Besides, international news plays a role of catalyst for the maturity of youngsters. Actually, many teenagers in some rich countries are overindulged because they grow up in a peaceful, affluent, safe and healthy environment. More or less, they might squander money with no restraint. However, when watching the pictures and stories about Africa, like the massive starvation, epidemics, and the homelessness and death caused by civil wars, they begin to realize how happy their lives are. Then they can learn to spend money in moderation, cherish food and clothes, as well as turn into kind and charitable people with a willing of giving. Admittedly, the main reason against such news is that it has nothing to do with the daily lives of ordinary people. For example, the breaking news in other countries or continents--such as political scandals, work strikes, ups and downs of stock market exchange, is too far from the regional situations to provide practical knowledge or instructions for local residents. All they see and hear from the international news fail to reflect the truth and day-to-day changes of local community around them, or to improve their studying performance, or to teach them self-care skills for dealing with the challenges in a real world. On this level, the assertion about the international news wasting time is proper. In conclusion, I believe that there are more vantages than shortcomings of having access to the global news. Although it might be unavailing for daily lives, its benefits in developing open-minded adults and grateful youngsters can never be overpassed. 以上是给大家整理的托福TPO47独立写作题目文本+满分范文，希望对你有所帮助!。
tpo47综合写作文本中文
tpo47综合写作文本中文其二，逻辑清晰，论据具体。
tpo独立写作范文要求展开充分。
要求我们在保持平衡的基础上有所侧重。
论述一个问题，一定要做到在某些方面有所倾向，但是对其他的观点也要稍微着些笔墨。
在论述时，需要具体合适的例子作为论据，来支持论点。
例子不在于多少，而在于是否贴切，不要生搬硬套。
其四，语言。
tpo独立写作范文的语言需要达到准确、流畅、丰富三个基本标准。
准确要求在拼写、语法、用词上没有错误，以及一些搭配要准确，这是基本的。
流畅则是读起来要顺口，行文一气呵成使得逻辑清晰。
语言的丰富体现了考生的语言能力，注意用词的时候尽量避免重复。
一些修辞手法的运用更能体现语言的丰富。
一篇标准的tpo独立写作范文主要做到以上几点就可以了。
相信这样的分析能对广大考生有所帮助。
首先，为了有更好的语境环境，可以看一些英美电视剧，一些情景剧就可以，生活类的，在第一次看的时候可能会关注剧情，没关系，原谅自己，就看完好了。
但是接下来之后就是要重新再看，每一集都要看很多遍，根据剧里边的台词跟着练，学模学样就好。
大量的阅读。
通过阅读，可以学习很多词汇和句型。
而且，经过阅读学习到的词汇，不是被动的词汇，而是在语境中学习到的词汇，是你真正理解的词汇。
大量的阅读，不仅可以练习你已经学习的词汇，不断进行强化，而且，出现的新词汇，能够让你的学习充满新奇。
参加英语角，和大家一起讲英语，一定要大胆的说出来，不要因为不标准或者害羞或不流利而不敢说。
在多参加几次之后就会慢慢的也被自己和被同伴所感染。
The reading and listening passages are having conflicting opinions about whether humpback whales navigate by the stars. The writer presents three theroies to explain the phenomenon. However, according to the listening, noneof the theories showed in the reading is convincing.First of all, the reading claims that humpback whales are intelligent enough to use stars for navigation. The whale'well-developed cognitive ability seems to provide a sound basis for the ability to use stars for their orientation. But the opposes that there isnot necessarily any real connection between ability of anminals' to use stars for navigation and their intelligence. To illustrate, the professor takesdocks as an example. Docks are not highly intelligent, so theirability to navigate with star does not seem to have much of the connection to theiroverall intelligence, but the instinct. Accordingly,humpback whales'intelligence does not make them particularly likely to use stars for navigation.Second, the writer holds the opinion that humpback whales rely on stars at night to provide them withexternal signs by which to keep streight direction over long distance. But the professor in the lecture refutes this viewpoint bysaying that there may be a different explanation for the humpback whales 'ability to move in straight lines. For animals able to navigate in straight lines, they must depend on some external object or force, which is Earth's magnetic field. It is because a substance called bio-magnetite existsin whales' brains and ususally the animals with the substance in their brainare sensitive to the earth magnetic field. The presence of bio-magnetiteproves they orient themselves by the magnetic field, rather than stars.Finally, the writer states that humpback whales would float straight up for minutes ata time, known as sky-hopping,which indicates they are looking at stars when navigating. On the contrary, the listening rebuts this point. Theprofessorsays that spy-hopping probably has nothing to do with looking at stars. For example, other animals, like sharks,sky-hop. But their sky-hoppingis just in order to hunt for preys. In addition, humpback whales are observed sky-hoppingduring the daytime when no stars can be seen. Thus, the hypothesis that the function of spy-hopping is to look at starscannot hold water and is pure speculation.。
TPO47大作文
Although the events that are happening around the world may seem to have nothing to do with us, I am still convinced that it is necessary for us to learn about them.First of all, for the sake of becoming more learned, doing so should be encouraged. In other words, It is one of the most effective ways to enable us to become more knowledgeable. Knowing things that do not have direct connections is one of the most efficient ways to enable us to become more knowledgeable. Maybe we can comprehend it from the following perspective. We go to school to gain knowledge from text books as well as from our teachers. Unfortunately, we often fail to recognize what is happening current is that something that has not been written into reading materials. For example, when we want to know the war that broke out between the USA and Iraq in the year of 1993, what we can do now is to look it up in the reading materials and we consider it a process of gaining knowledge. But, when it was really happening, if we had listened to the radio or watched the TV in time, we could have learnt a lot about it in details at that time. So, s houldn’t we consider it a way of becoming knowledgeable? In this sense, paying attention to International events equals to gaining knowledge from reality.Another point that we have to make clear is that knowing about international events is also a necessary way to deepen our understanding of the knowledge contained in reading materials. Fromthe knowledge that is compiled into books by the specialists, we only primarily know the causes and results, which means that we may not good use of those knowledge practically in our realistic daily field. Luckily, the information or events around the world can be vivid examples of some of the knowledge we acquired in the book, which can deepen the understanding of it. And in that case, those examples will automatically help us to learn the knowledge more realistic and simply.Some may hold the view that trying to know those things which are meaningless to us is a waste of time, for those things are far beyond a citizen’s reach, right? But this kind of idea is totally wrong in the contrast because you can learn a lot of potencial experience from it. For example, you can also utilize the solution of an international crisis into a common family argument. So you can always learn something from those big events.。
TPO-47 阅读文本和对应题目文本 第1篇
Roman Cultural Influence on BritainAfter the Roman Empire’s conquest of Britain in the first century A.D., the presence of administrators, merchants, and troops on British soil, along with the natural flow of ideas and goods from the rest of the empire, had an enormous influence on life in the British Isles. Cultural influences were of three types: the bringing of objects, the transfer of craft workers, and the introduction of massive civil architecture. Many objects were not art in even the broadest sense and comprised utilitarian items of clothing, utensils, and equipment. We should not underestimate the social status associated with such mundane possessions which had not previously been available. The flooding of Britain with red-gloss pottery form Gaul (modern-day France), decorated with scenes from Classical mythology, probably brought many into contact with the styles and artistic concepts of the Greco-Roman world for the first time, whether or not the symbolism was understood. Mass-produced goods were accompanied by fewer more aesthetically impressive objects such as statuettes. Such pieces perhaps first came with officials for their own religious worship; others were then acquired by native leaders as diplomatic gifts or by purchase. Once seen by the natives, such objects created a fashion which rapidly spread through the province.In the most extreme instances, natives literally bought the whole package of Roman culture. The Fishbourne villa, built in the third quarter of the first century A.D., probably for the native client king Cogidubnus, amply illustrates his Roman pretensions. It was constructed in the latest Italian style with imported marbles and stylish mosaics. It was lavishly furnished with imported sculptures and other Classical objects. A visitor from Rome would have recognized its owner as a participant in the contemporary culture of the empire, not at all provincial in taste. Even if those from the traditional families looked down on him, they would have been unable to dismiss him as uncultured. Although exceptional, this demonstrates how new cultural symbols bound provincials to the identify of the Roman world.Such examples established a standard to be copied. One result was an influx of craft worker, particularly those skilled in artistic media like stone-carving which had not existed before the conquest. Civilian workers came mostly from Gaul and Germany. The magnificent temple built beside the sacred spring at Bath was constructed only about twenty years after the conquest. Its detail shows that it was carved by artists from northeast Gaul. In the absence of a tradition ofClassical stone-carving and building, the desire to develop Roman amenities would have been difficult to fulfill. Administrators thus used their personal contacts to put the Britons in touch with architects and masons. As many of the officials in Britain had strong links with Gaul, it is not surprising that early Roman Britain owes much to craft workers from that area. Local workshops did develop and stylistically similar groups of sculpture show how skills in this new medium became widerspread. Likewise skills in the use of mosaic, wall painting, ceramic decoration, and metal-working developed throughout the province with the eventual emergence of characteristically Romano-British styles.This art had a major impact on the native peoples, and one of the most importance factors was a change in the scale of buildings. Pre-Roman Britain was highly localized, with people rarely traveling beyond their own region. On occasion large groups amassed for war or religious festivals, but society remained centered on small communities. Architecture of this era reflected this with even the largest of the fortified towns and hill forts containing no more than clusters of medium-sized structures. The spaces inside even the largest roundhouses were modest, and the use of rounded shapes and organic building materials gave buildings a human scale. But the effect of Roman civil architecture was significant. The sheer size of space enclosed within buildings like the basilica of London must have been astonishing. This was an architecture of dominance in which subject peoples were literally made to feel small by buildings that epitomized imperial power. Supremacy was accentuated by the unyielding straight lines of both individual buildings and planned settlements since these too provided a marked contrast with the natural curvilinear shapes dominant in the native realm.Passage1After the Roman Empire’s conquest of Britain in the first century A.D., the presence of administrators, merchants, and troops on British soil, along with the natural flow of ideas and goods from the rest of the empire, had an enormous influence on life in the British Isles. Cultural influences were of three types: the bringing of objects, the transfer of craft workers, and the introduction of massive civil architecture. Many objects were not art in even the broadest sense and comprised utilitarian items of clothing, utensils, and equipment. We should not underestimate the social status associated with such mundane possessions which had not previously beenavailable. The flooding of Britain with red-gloss pottery form Gaul (modern-day France), decorated with scenes from Classical mythology, probably brought many into contact with the styles and artistic concepts of the Greco-Roman world for the first time, whether or not the symbolism was understood. Mass-produced goods were accompanied by fewer more aesthetically impressive objects such as statuettes. Such pieces perhaps first came with officials for their own religious worship; others were then acquired by native leaders as diplomatic gifts or by purchase. Once seen by the natives, such objects created a fashion which rapidly spread through the province.1. The word “mundane” in the passage is closest in meaning toA. materialB. ordinaryC. valuedD. useful2.Paragraph 1 suggests that one benefit for British natives in buying such items as red-gloss pottery made in Gaul wasA. improved quality of utilitarian itemsB. Understanding the symbolism of Classical mythologyC. higher social standingD. Learning to mass-produce pottery for a profit3.Paragraph 1 supports which of the following ideas about contacts that existed between Britain and the Roman Empire before the Roman conquest of Britain?A. They were sufficient for native Britons to become familiar with everyday Roman objects.B. They were not sufficient for even very basic aspects of the culture of the Roman Empire to find their way into British life.C. They were not sufficient for British to have heard of the power of the Roman Empire.D. They were sufficient for individual Britons to become very interested in trying to participate in the culture of the Roman Empire.Passage 2In the most extreme instances, natives literally bought the whole package of Roman culture. The Fishbourne villa, built in the third quarter of the first century A.D., probably for the native client king Cogidubnus, amply illustrates his Roman pretensions. It was constructed in the latest Italian style with imported marbles and stylish mosaics. It was lavishly furnished with imported sculptures and other Classical objects. A visitor from Rome would have recognized its owner as a participant in the contemporary culture of the empire, not at all provincial in taste. Even if those from the traditional families looked down on him, they would have been unable to dismiss him as uncultured. Although exceptional, this demonstrates how new cultural symbols bound provincials to the identify of the Roman world.4. The word “lavishly” in the passage is closest in meaning toA. exclusivelyB. additionallyC. appropriatelyD. richly5.According to paragraph 2, the style and furnishings of the Fishbourne villa suggest that the person for whom it was built wasA. cultured according to the contemporary standards of the empireB. caught between native and Roman traditionsC. originally a visitor from RomeD. a member of a socially inferior familyPassage 3Such examples established a standard to be copied. One result was an influx of craft worker, particularly those skilled in artistic media like stone-carving which had not existed before theconquest. Civilian workers came mostly from Gaul and Germany. The magnificent temple built beside the sacred spring at Bath was constructed only about twenty years after the conquest. Its detail shows that it was carved by artists from northeast Gaul. In the absence of a tradition of Classical stone-carving and building, the desire to develop Roman amenities would have been difficult to fulfill. Administrators thus used their personal contacts to put the Britons in touch with architects and masons. As many of the officials in Britain had strong links with Gaul, it is not surprising that early Roman Britain owes much to craft workers from that area. Local workshops did develop and stylistically similar groups of sculpture show how skills in this new medium became widerspread. Likewise skills in the use of mosaic, wall painting, ceramic decoration, and metal-working developed throughout the province with the eventual emergence of characteristically Romano-British styles.6.The word “sacred” in the passage is closet in meaning toA. holyB. ancientC. naturalD. Secret7.According to paragraph 3, one factor contributing to success of the earliest Roman-style construction projects in Britain wasA. the fact that long before the conquest many civilian workers from Gaul and Germany had settled in BritainB. the rapid development of characteristically Romano-British stylesC. the availability, in northeast Gaul, of structures that could serve as standards to be copiedD. the use, by administrators, of personal connections to bring craft workers form Gaul into contact with BritonsPassage 4This art had a major impact on the native peoples, and one of the most importance factors was a change in the scale of buildings. Pre-Roman Britain was highly localized, with people rarely traveling beyond their own region. On occasion large groups amassed for war or religious festivals, but society remained centered on small communities. Architecture of this era reflected this with even the largest of the fortified towns and hill forts containing no more than clusters of medium-sized structures. The spaces inside even the largest roundhouses were modest, and the use of rounded shapes and organic building materials gave buildings a human scale. But the effect of Roman civil architecture was significant. The sheer size of space enclosed within buildings like the basilica of London must have been astonishing. This was an architecture of dominance in which subject peoples were literally made to feel small by buildings that epitomized imperial power. Supremacy was accentuated by the unyielding straight lines of both individual buildings and planned settlements since these too provided a marked contrast with the natural curvilinear shapes dominant in the native realm.8. In paragraph 4, why does the author mention that “Pre-Roman Britain was highly localized, with people rarely trave ling beyond their own region”?A. To suggest that the Roman conquest of Britain increased the standard of living for nativesB. To indicate that pre-Roman Britain was more interested in festivals and community life than conquering other regionsC. To explain why architecture during this period was not built to be particularly largeD. To illustrate how the traditional roundhouse evolved under the influence of Roman civil architecture9.The word “modest” in the passage in closet in meaning toA. comfortableB. limited in numberC. poorly litD. not large10.According to paragraph 4, people in pre-Roman Britain lived, for the most part, inA. architecture that seemed imperial in sizeB. small communitiesC. large roundhousesD. fortified towns11.According to paragraph 4, why did straight lines in buildings and settlements emphasize the dominance of those who introduced them ?A. Because straight lines were in contrast to the shapes found in pre-Roman architectureB. Because unlike curved lines, which are shaped in all sorts of different ways, straight lines do no differC. Because the dominant lines in entire settlements were the same as those in individual buildingsD. Because building and settlements were easier to construct when the dominant lines were straight lines12.According to paragraph 4, buildings from the pre-Roman period differed sharply from buildings reflection Roman civil architecture in each of the following respects EXCEPTA. their outside and inside dimensionsB. the impact they had on peopleC. the geometric shapes in which they were builtD. the positioning of buildings in clusters13. Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.Practical and unimpressive, most were barely taller than the average adult.Where would the sentence best fit? Click on a square [■] to add the sentence to the passage.This art had a major impact on the native peoples, and one of the most importance factors was a change in the scale of buildings. Pre-Roman Britain was highly localized, with people rarely traveling beyond their own region. On occasion large groups amassed for war or religious festivals,but society remained centered on small communities. Architecture of this era reflected this with even the largest of the fortified towns and hill forts containing no more than clusters of medium-sized structures. The spaces inside even the largest roundhouses were modest, and the use of rounded shapes and organic building materials gave buildings a human scale. [■] But the effect of Roman civil architecture was significant. The sheer size of space enclosed within buildings like the basilica of London must have been astonishing. [■] This was an architecture of dominance in which subject peoples were literally made to feel small by buildings that epitomized imperial power. [■] Supremacy was accentuated by the unyielding straight lines of both individual buildings and planned settlements since these too provided a marked contrast with the natural curvilinear shapes dominant in the native realm.[■]14.Directions:An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided plete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 3 points.Drag your answer choices to the spaces where they belong. To remove an answer choice, click on it.To review the passage, click VIEW TEXT.The conquest of Britain by the Roman Empire resulted in significant cultural change.Answer ChoicesA. New objects entering Britain ranged from mass-produced articles for everyday use to works of art, and they were widely-and enthusiastically-accepted by native Britons.B. Constructing and furnishing buildings in the Roman style required skills that native workers did not at first have, so workers were brought in from other parts of the empire.C. Native Britons traveled to Gaul to learn Classical stone-carving and building techniques.D. The conquest was followed by a building boom, and enough villas and temples in the Italian style were built that a visitor from Rome would have felt quite at home in post-conquest Britain.E. An important symbol of Roman supremacy was Roman architecture, whose enormous size, emphasized by the use of straight lines, made the natives feel insignificant.F. Characteristically Romano-British concepts took hold in architecture; roundhouses were built much larger than before, and straight lines began to be used in interior spaces.。
托福综合写作阅读文章
托福综合写作阅读文章(总4页)--本页仅作为文档封面，使用时请直接删除即可----内页可以根据需求调整合适字体及大小--Passage oneHumans have used the windmill to harness wind power for thousands of years. However, it was not until the 19th century that windmills possessed the features that made them efficient in the same way as modern wind turbine blades. The windmill was refined when its heavy, inefficient wooden blades were replaced with lighter, faster steel blades around 1870. Over the next century, more than six million small windmills were built in the western US, where they pumped ground water for livestock and provided the domestic water supply for families living on remote ranches. The first large windmill to produce electricity was a multi-blade design with a 12-kilowatt capability, built in 1888.Today, wind power is a promising, clean, safe, and environmentally friendly energy resource that can serve as an alternative to electricity generated by fossil fuels such as coal, oil, and natural gas. In 1999, wind-generated electricity exceeded 10,000 megawatts globally, which amounts to approximately 16 million kilowatt-hours of electricity. This is more than enough to serve five medium-sized cities with a population of 350,000 each.Wind-generated electricity is projected to be one of the developing world’s most important sources of energy, and it also has potential for industrialized nations. Wind power could provide 20 percent of the electricity in the US, with turbines installed on less than one percent of the nation’s land area. Within that area, less than 5 percent of the land would be occupied by wind equipment; the remaining 95 percent could continue to be used for farming or ranching.Passage twoProfessors are normally found in university classrooms, offices, andlibraries doing research and lecturing to their students. More andmore, however, they also appear as guests on television newsprograms, giving expert commentary on the latest events in the world.These television appearances are of great benefit to the professorsthemselves as well as to their universities and the general public.Professors benefit from appearing on television because by doing sothey acquire reputations as authorities in their academic fields amonga much wider audience than they have on campus. If a professorpublishes views in an academic journal, only other scholars will learnabout and appreciate those views. But when a professor appears onTV, thousands of people outside the narrow academic communitybecome aware of the professor’s ideas. So when professors sharetheir ideas with a tel evision audience, the professors’ importance asscholars is enhanced.Universities also benefit from such appearances. The universitiesreceive positive publicity when their professors appear on TV. Whenpeople see a knowledgeable faculty member of a university on television,they think more highly of that university. That then leads to an improved reputation for the university. And that improved reputation in turn leadsto more donations for the university and more applications from potential students.Finally, the public gains from professors’ appearing on television. Most television viewers normally have no contact with university professors.When professors appear on television, viewers have a chance to learnfrom experts and to be exposed to views they might otherwise neverhear about. Television is generally a medium for commentary that tendsto be superficial, not deep or thoughtful. From professors on television,by contrast, viewers get a taste of real expertise and insight. Passage threeAltruism is a type of behavior in which an animal sacrifices its own interest for that of another animal or group of animals. Altruism is the opposite of selfishness; individualsperforming altruistic acts gain nothing for themselves.Examples of altruism abound, both among humans and among other mammals. Unselfish acts among humans range from the sharing of food with strangersto the donation of body organs to family members, and even to strangers. Such acts are altruistic in that they benefit another, yet provide little reward to the one performing the act.In fact, many species of animals appear willing to sacrifice food, or even their life, to assist other members of their group. The meerkat, which is a mammal that dwells in burrows in grassland areas of Africa, is often cited as an example. In groups of meerkats, an individual acts as a sentinel, standing guard and looking outfor predators while the others hunt for food or eat food they have obtained. If the sentinel meerkat sees a predator such as a hawk approaching the group, it gives an alarm cry alerting the other meerkats to run and seek shelter. By standing guard, the sentinel meerkat gains nothing—it goes without food while the others eat, and it places itself in grave danger. After it issues an alarm, it has to flee alone, which might make it more at risk to a predator, since animals in groups are often able to work together to fend off a predator. So the altruistic sentinel behavior helps ensurethe survival of other members of the meerk at’s groupPassage fourIn the area today covered be several states in the American Southwest, the Anasazi Indians, who are sometimes referred to as Pueblo Indians, once lived. The Anasazi had a history that went back into prehistoric times. They even experienced a several-hundred- year golden age that ended around 1150. However, the Anasazi suddenly vanished only a couple of centuries later. Many anthropologies attribute their disappearance to war.Archaeologists have combed through the ruins of past Anasazi settlements. One feature they have noted is that there are a large number of places which were burned. Even some of the Anasazi’s ritual sites were burned. This strongly suggests the reason for the burnings was invasions by warring tribes. Many American Indian tribes would burn the settlements of the tribes they has defeated in battle. The fact that Anasazi sites were burned shows they too must have been conquered.At these same sites, archaeologists have also unearthed a large number of personal articles That once belonged to individual Anasazi. Many of these items, including pottery, jewelry, and other personal effects, would have been valuable to their owners. In most cases, their owners would not have left them. However, many believe that because of the sudden onset of war, their owners were either slain or had no time to gather their belongings as they fled from approaching enemies.There is also the geographical aspect of the Anasazi. Their settlements, which were mostly in modern-day Arizona and New Mexico, were located in places with abundant sources of water, a unique feature for the American Southwest. It would Only be natural that other tribes, coveting the rich land, would make war upon the Anasazi and attempt to drive them out, as they, apparently successfully, did.Passage fiveThe dodo was a large, flightless bird nativeto the island of Mauritius in the Indian Ocean. Mauritius was colonized by Dutch settlers in the late 16th century,and ,fewer than 100 years later, the last dodo disappeared. There is much speculation as to why the dodo disappeared, but experts have arrowed the reasons down to the actions of humans.There were no humans on Mauritius prior to the Dutch’s arrival, so the dodos had no fear of humans and thus were easily hunted. The Dutch also brought other animals, such as cats, dogs , pigs and various farm animals, and there were many instances where these animals hunted dodos or destroyed their eggs and nests. The dodo, being flightless, built its nests on the ground in forested areas and laid its eggs in these nests. The eggs and young dodos therefore had no protection against predators.When the Dutch colonized Mauritius, they began rapidly altering the land for farming. They cleared forests, and this action destr oyed the dodo’s natural habitats. The dodos soon had fewer places to make their nests and lay their eggs. Also, since the dodos fed on the tropical fruits native to the island, when the Dutch chopped down the trees, a large part of the dodo’s food supply w as destroyed. Some also speculate that outsiders introduced a disease which proceeded to wipe out the dodos. Some diseases may pass from human to animals or, more commonly, from animal to animal. This would account for the virtually overnight disappearance of the dodos. The introduction to a new species often wreaks havoc on the natives. For example, when the European settlers arrived in America, many Native Americans died due to a lack of immunity to new diseases. The same could easily have happened to the dodo.。
TPO47综合写作听力文本 宋克明
TPO47综合写作听力文本宋克明Recent research has revealed the pterosaurs may in fact have been capableof powered flight.First, the issue of pterosaur metabolism. Some recently discovered pterosaur fossils indicate that pterosaurs had a dense, hair-like covering, somewhat similar to fur. Hair or fur covering is typical of warm-blooded animals because those animals need to maintain a high body temperature when external conditions are cold. So if the metabolism of pterosaurs was more like that of warm-blooded animals and so faster than the reading suggests, then it would have supplied them with the energy needed for powered flight. This transcript was written bySecond, the idea that large pterosaurs couldn't use powered flight because they were too heavy. We now know that pterosaurs had anatomical features that made them unusually light for their size. For example, the bones of pterosaurs were hollow instead of solid. Hollow, light-weight bones would have kept the pterosaurs weight low despite their large body frames. The pterosaurs' weight was probably low enough to allow them tokeep themselves airborne by flapping their wings.Third, takeoff would indeed be a problem for pterosaurs if they took off the way birds do. But there are important differences between birds and pterosaurs. Birds only use their hind limbs, their legs, for walking on the ground. Sothey only have two limbs to push off from when they launch.But pterosaurs walked on all four limbs while on the ground. There are modern flying animals that walk on all four limbs. Bats, for example. And they use all four limbs to push off the ground, not just the back ones. Studies indicate that even the largest pterosaurs would have had no trouble using all four limbs to run fast enough or jump high enough tolaunch themselves into the air.。
TPO-47 阅读文本和对应题目文本 第2篇
Termite IngenuityTermites, social insects which live in colonies that, in some species, contain 2 million individuals or more, are often incorrectly referred to as white ants. But they are certainly not ants. Termites, unlike ants, have gradual metarnorphosis with only three life stage: egg, nymph, and adult. Ants and the other social members of their order, certain bees and wasps, have complete metarnorphosis in four life stages; egg, larva, pupa, and adult. The worker and soldier castes of social ants, bees, and wasps consist of only females, all daughters of a single queen that mated soon after she matured and thereafter never mated again. The worker and soldier castes of termites consist of both males and females, and the queen lives permanently with a male consort.Since termites are small and soft-bodied, they easily become desiccated and must live in moist places with a high relative humidity. They do best when the relative humidity in their nest is above 96 percent and the temperature is fairly high, an optimum of about 79°F for temperate zone species and about 86°F for tropical species. Subterranean termites, the destructive species that occurs commonly throughout the eastern United States, attain these conditions by nesting in moist soil that is in contact with wood, their only food. The surrounding soil keeps the nest moist and tends to keep the temperature at a more or less favorable level. When it is cold in winter, subterranean termites move to burrows below the frost line.Some tropical termites are more ingenious engineers, constructing huge above-ground nests with built-in “air conditioning” that keeps the nest moist, at a constant temperature, and well supplied with oxygen. Among the most architecturally advanced of these termites is an African species, Macroternes natalensis. Renowned Swiss entomologist Martin Luscher described the mounds of this fungus-growing species as being as much as 16 feet tall, 16 feet in diameter at their base, and with a cement-like wall of soil mixed with termite saliva that is from 16 to 23 inches thick. The thick and dense wall of the mound insulates the interior microclimate from the variations in humidity and temperature of the outside atmosphere. Several narrow and relatively thin-walled ridges on the outside of the mound extend from near its base almost to its top.According to luscher, a medium-sized nest of Macrotermes has a population of about 2 million individuals. The metabolism of so many termites and of the fungus that they grow in their gardens as food helps keep the interior of the nest warm and supplies some moisture to the air in the nest. The termites saturate the atmosphere of the nest, bringing it to about 100 percent relative humidity,by carrying water up from the soil.But how is this well-insulated nest ventilated? Its many occupants require over 250 quarts of oxygen (more than 1,200 quarts of aire) per day. How can so much oxygen diffuse through the thick walls of the mound? Even the pores in the wall are filled with water, which almost stops the diffusion of gases. The answer lies in the construction of the nest. The interior consists of a large central core in which the fungus is grown, below it is “cellar” of empty space, above it is an “attic” of empty space, and within the r idges on the outer wall of the nest, there are many small tunnels that connect the cellar and the attic. The warm air in the fungus gardens rises through the nest up to the attic. From the attic, the air passes into the tunnels in the ridges and flows back down to the cellar. Gases, mainly oxygen coming in and carbon dioxide going out, easily diffuse into or out of the ridges, since their walls are thin and their surface area is large because they protrude far our from the wall of the mound. Thus air that flows down into the cellar through the ridges is relatively rich in oxygen, and has lost much of its carbon dioxide. It supplies the nest’s inhabitants with fresh oxygen as it rises through the fungus-growing area back up to the attic.Passage 1Termites, social insects which live in colonies that, in some species, contain 2 million individuals or more, are often incorrectly referred to as white ants. But they are certainly not ants. Termites, unlike ants, have gradual metarnorphosis with only three life stage: egg, nymph, and adult. Ants and the other social members of their order, certain bees and wasps, have complete metarnorphosis in four life stages; egg, larva, pupa, and adult. The worker and soldier castes of social ants, bees, and wasps consist of only females, all daughters of a single queen that mated soon after she matured and thereafter never mated again. The worker and soldier castes of termites consist of both males and females, and the queen lives permanently with a male consort.1.The autho r mentions “white ants” in the beginning of the passage in order toA.correct a common misunderstanding about termites’B.introduce the idea that termites only take the form of ants during certain life stagesC.argue that not all white ants are social insectsD.Illustrate the large variety of insect species that live in colonies2.According to paragraph 1, which of the following is true about termites?A.They are a kind of ant, but they are unlike most ants in many ways.B.They form colonies that grow at first and then gradually decline.C.Their workers are all males, and their soldiers are all females.D.They go through a life state called the nymph stage.Passage 2Since termites are small and soft-bodied, they easily become desiccated and must live in moist places with a high relative humidity. They do best when the relative humidity in their nest is above 96 percent and the temperature is fairly high, an optimum of about 79°F for temperate zone species and about 86°F for tropical species. Subterranean termites, the destructive species that occurs commonly throughout the eastern United States, attain these conditions by nesting in moist soil that is in contact with wood, their only food. The surrounding soil keeps the nest moist and tends to keep the temperature at a more or less favorable level. When it is cold in winter, subterranean termites move to burrows below the frost line.3.According to paragraph 2, termites need to live in nests with high humidity in order toA.keep their food moistB.withstand cold temperatures in winterC.protect their bodies from drying outD.keep nest temperatures high4.The word “attain” in the passage is closet in meaning toA.achieveB.observeC.overcomeD.reflect5.The word “ingenious” in the passage is closest in meaning toA.determinedB.cleverC.ambitiousD.successfulPassage 3Some tropical termites are more ingenious engineers, constructing huge above-ground nests with built-in “air conditioning” that keeps the nest moist, at a constant temperature, and well supplied with oxygen. Among the most architecturally advanced of these termites is an African species, Macroternes natalensis. Renowned Swiss entomologist Martin Luscher described the mounds of this fungus-growing species as being as much as 16 feet tall, 16 feet in diameter at their base, and with a cement-like wall of soil mixed with termite saliva that is from 16 to 23 inches thick. The thick and dense wall of the mound insulates the interior microclimate from the variations in humidity and temperature of the outside atmosphere. Several narrow and relatively thin-walled ridges on the outside of the mound extend from near its base almost to its top.6.The word “ingenious” in the passage is closest in meaning toA.determinedB.cleverC.ambitiousD.successful7.The word “Renowned” in the passage is closest in meaning toA.SkilledB.FamousC.EarlyD.Revolutionary8.According to paragraph 3, the nests of some tropical termite species have the ability toA.insulate the microclimate in one part of the nest from the microclimate in another partB.Allow moist outside air to get inside regardless of whether it is warm or coolC.rapidly decrease the humidity inside when it gets hot outsideD.Provide the oxygen needed in the nestPassage 3 & 4Some tropical termites are more ingenious engineers, constructing huge above-ground nests with built-in “air conditioning” that keeps the nest moist, at a constant temperature, and well supplied with oxygen. Among the most architecturally advanced of these termites is an African species, Macroternes natalensis. Renowned Swiss entomologist Martin Luscher described the mounds of this fungus-growing species as being as much as 16 feet tall, 16 feet in diameter at their base, and with a cement-like wall of soil mixed with termite saliva that is from 16 to 23 inches thick. The thick and dense wall of the mound insulates the interior microclimate from the variations in humidity and temperature of the outside atmosphere. Several narrow and relatively thin-walled ridges on the outside of the mound extend from near its base almost to its top.According to luscher, a medium-sized nest of Macrotermes has a population of about 2 million individuals. The metabolism of so many termites and of the fungus that they grow in their gardens as food helps keep the interior of the nest warm and supplies some moisture to the air in the nest. The termites saturate the atmosphere of the nest, bringing it to about 100 percent relative humidity, by carrying water up from the soil.9.According to paragraphs 3 and 4, all of the following are true of the nests of Macroternes natalensis EXCEPT:A.The walls are built out of soil mixed with termite saliva.B.The nests can be as tall as they are wide at the base.C.The interior of the nest is kept as humid as possible.D.The termites use hollow, thin-walled ridges to travel from one part of the nest to another. Passage 4According to luscher, a medium-sized nest of Macrotermes has a population of about 2 million individuals. The metabolism of so many termites and of the fungus that they grow in their gardens as food helps keep the interior of the nest warm and supplies some moisture to the air in the nest. The termites saturate the atmosphere of the nest, bringing it to about 100 percent relative humidity, by carrying water up from the soil.10. According to paragraph 4, how does the fungus grown by Macrotermes natalensis affect the environment of the nest?A.It carries water up from the soil into the interior.B.It dries the air by using up moisture as it grows.C.It heats and adds humidity to the inside of the nest.D.It lessens the effects of the metabolism of so many termites.Passage 5But how is this well-insulated nest ventilated? Its many occupants require over 250 quarts of oxygen (more than 1,200 quarts of aire) per day. How can so much oxygen diffuse through the thick walls of the mound? Even the pores in the wall are filled with water, which almost stops the diffusion of gases. The answer lies in the construction of the nest. The interior consists of a large central core in which the fungus is grown, below it is “cellar” of empty sp ace, above it is an “attic” of empty space, and within the ridges on the outer wall of the nest, there are many small tunnels that connect the cellar and the attic. The warm air in the fungus gardens rises through the nest up to the attic. From the attic, the air passes into the tunnels in the ridges and flows back down to the cellar. Gases, mainly oxygen coming in and carbon dioxide going out, easily diffuse into or out of the ridges, since their walls are thin and their surface area is large because they protrude far our from the wall of the mound. Thus air that flows down into the cellar through the ridges is relatively rich in oxygen, and has lost much of its carbon dioxide. It supplies the nest’s inhabitants with fresh oxygen as it rises through the fungus-growing area back up to the attic.11.According to paragraph 5, what does the thinness of the ridge walls make possible?A.The concentration of cool air in the cellarB.The construction of exceptionally long tunnelsC.The even distribution of oxygen from attic to cellarD.The diffusion of gases into and out of the ridges12. According to paragraph 5, what happens to the air in the ridge tunnels of Macrotermes natalensis nests?A. It becomes more humid as water vapor diffuses into the tunnels.B. It loses carbon dioxide and gains oxygen.C. It reaches the interior of the nest through pores in the walls.D. It moves in the same direction as the air in the center of the nest.13.Paragraph 5 supports which of the following about the air that flows through the interior of a Macrotermes natalensis mound?A.It has a higher concentration of oxygen in the cellar than in the attic.B.It is the same temperature as the air on the outside of the mound.C.It contains over 250 quarts of oxygen which circulate continuously.D.It is most humid in the cellar and gradually loses moisture as it rises to the attic.14. Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.If not through the walls or its pores, how does oxygen enter the nest at all, since the nest has a closed surface?Where would the sentence best fit? Click on a square [■] to add the sentence to the passage.But how is this well-insulated nest ventilated? Its many occupants require over 250 quarts of oxygen (more than 1,200 quarts of aire) per day. How can so much oxygen diffuse through the thick walls of the mound? [■] Even the pores in the wall are filled with water, which almost stops the diffusion of gases. [■] The answer lies in the construction of the nest. [■] The inter ior consistsof a large central core in which the fungus is grown, below it is “cellar” of empty space, above it is an “attic” of empty space, and within the ridges on the outer wall of the nest, there are many small tunnels that connect the cellar and the attic. [■] The warm air in the fungus gardens rises through the nest up to the attic. From the attic, the air passes into the tunnels in the ridges and flows back down to the cellar. Gases, mainly oxygen coming in and carbon dioxide going out, easily diffuse into or out of the ridges, since their walls are thin and their surface area is large because they protrude far our from the wall of the mound. Thus air that flows down into the cellar through the ridges is relatively rich in oxygen, and has lost much of its c arbon dioxide. It supplies the nest’s inhabitants with fresh oxygen as it rises through the fungus-growing area back up to the attic.15.Directions:An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided plete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 3 points.Drag your answer choices to the spaces where they belong. To remove an answer choice, click on it.To review the passage, click VIEW TEXT.Termites are social insects that live in large, often elaborately constructed nests.Answer ChoicesA. Although termites resemble ants in terms of size, metarmorphosis, and social organization, they actually belong to a different order of insects.B. Some termites build their nests under ground, while other construct above-ground structures with thick, insulating wall.C. Some termite species grow a fungus in their nests so that it will purify the air by taking in carbon dioxide and giving off oxygen.D. Termites are sensitive to dryness and to changes in temperature, so their nests are designed tominimize these factors.E. Whether they lie above ground or below ground, termite nests must include special pores that allow air to enter the nests.F. The nests of Macrotermes natalensis consist of a series of chambers and tunnels that allow for the circulation of air and the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide.。
TPO47 独立写作 sample
TPO47 Do you agree or disagree with the following statement?It is important to know about events happening around the world, even if it is unlikely that they will affect your daily life. Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.思路：了解世界新闻的好处大于坏处：(1)好处：成年人更加开明;(2)好处：孩子更加懂得感恩;(3)坏处：离自己生活太远高分词汇：vigorous, inevitably, rituals, exotic, flexible, encounter, catalyst, overindulge, affluent, squander, charitable, scandals, vantage, unavailing, overpassThe world today has become increasingly vigorous and news stories develop almost every second. Some people believe that it is significant to know about events happening around the world while others regard the habit of watching news from distant areas as a total waste of time. As far as I am concerned, the international news is highly valuable, to a large extent.Firstly, it is a wonderful means to broaden the minds of adults. For example, the international news reports inevitably contain a foreign culture from a certain country--from social manners to languages, from food to religious rituals. By being exposed to the exotic information, people can build up a cross-culture understanding, and their thoughts would become more flexible and adaptable, when encountering with the cultural diversity in future travelling and studying abroad.Besides, international news plays a role of catalyst for the maturity of youngsters. Actually, many teenagers in some rich countries are overindulged because they grow up in a peaceful, affluent, safe and healthy environment. More or less, they might squander money with no restraint. However, when watching the pictures and stories about Africa, like the massive starvation, epidemics, and the homelessness and death caused by civil wars, they begin to realize how happy their lives are. Then they can learn to spend money in moderation, cherish food and clothes, as well as turn into kind and charitable people with a willing of giving.Admittedly, the main reason against such news is that it has nothing to do with the daily lives of ordinary people. For example, the breaking news in other countries or continents--such as political scandals, work strikes, ups and downs of stock market exchange, is too far from the regional situations to provide practical knowledge or instructions for local residents. All they see and hear from the international news fail to reflect the truth and day-to-day changes of local community around them, or to improve their studying performance, or to teach them self-care skills for dealing with the challenges in a real world. On this level, the assertion about the international news wasting time is proper.In conclusion, I deem that there are more vantages than shortcomings of having access to the global news. Although it might be unavailing for daily lives, its benefits in developing open-minded adults and grateful youngsters can never be overpassed.。
托福模拟试卷47(题后含答案及解析)
托福模拟试卷47(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1. Listening Comprehension 3. Reading Comprehension 4. SPEAKING 5. WRITINGSection One：Listening Comprehension听力原文：NarratorListen to part of a lecture in a business class. ProfessorGood morning, everyone. Today, Ur...first of all, I’d like to talk about business customs around the world. The world is becoming smaller and smaller with the development of science and technology. Are you going to attend an academic conference or are you going to do business with foreigners? The following passage gives advice on customs and protocol in a variety of different countries. Foreign cultures adhere to different business customs and protocol. For example, caffeine junkies should restrain themselves in the Middle East. Three cups of tea or coffee is usually the polite limit in offices and during social calls. However, if your host keeps going, you also may continue sipping. If you’ve had your fill, give your empty cup a quick twist, a sort of wiggle, as you hand it back. That means, “No more, thank you. “ Also, visitors to the Middle East should not be surprised if others barge right into the office in the middle of your conversation with the person you are seeing. An old Arab custom calls for keeping an open office. The British, however, consider it impolite to interrupt a visitor, even after all business has been transacted. The commercial caller is expected to be sensitive to this point, know when to stop, and initiate his or her own departure. Spanish business people connect with tangibles. Samples of products of services should be offered whenever possible. Additionally, in Spain, offices and retail establishments generally close from 1:00 p. m. to as late as 4:30 p. m. Alfonso Escalera, U. S. representative for Spanish Line shipping company, adds that black shoes, not brown, are considered proper for business occasions. The Spanish have historically favored black and ultra-dark colors. Good office manners in Indonesia require the visitor to present a business card immediately. If no card is offered, long delays may result. The mark of a thoughtful executive is to have one side in English and the other in Bahasa. In Japan, a visitor should be prepared to distribute as many as 40 business cards a day. Protocol in France calls for listing academic credentials on one’s calling cards. In Japan, certain guests at evening business gatherings will leave early. They should be allowed to leave without enthusiastic good-byes. The Japanese consider formal departures to be disruptive in such cases and disturbing to remaining guests. In Scandinavia and Finland, business guests may be asked to shed their clothes and join their hosts in a sauna. The invitation is a sign that a good working relationship has been established. In Denmark, a visitor who is invited to a business associate’s home should take flowers or some unusual delicacy. In Norway, to be totally correct, the visitor should send a gift the day after dinner; in France always send flowers before visiting a home fordinner. However, don’t send chrysanthemums; they’re for funerals. Beyond flowers and gifts, the French prefer a business visitor to sponsor a special occasion after major dealings.Now get ready to answer the questions. You may use your notes to help you answer.1. What is the talk mainly about?2. In the lecture, the professor describes customs and protocol in a variety of different countries. Indicate whether each of the following is customs and protocol in the countries. Tick the correct box for each phrase.3. What is the protocol in France concerning calling cards?4. According to the professor, what is the sign that a good working relationship has been established in Scandinavia?5. In the following, what is implied based on the professor’s description? ProfessorJapanese consider early formal departures to be disruptive in such cases and disturbing to remaining guests, they should are allowed to leave without enthusiastic good-byes.6. In the following, what is implied based on the professor’s description? ProfessorIn Denmark, a visitor who is invited to a business associate’s home should take flowers or some unusual delicacy; in France always send flowers before visiting a home for dinner, don’n send chrysanthemums; they’re for funerals.NarratorListen to part of a lecture in a business class.Now get ready to answer the questions. You may use your notes to help you answer.1．What is the talk mainly about?A．Different customs and manners around the world.B．How to do business with other people.C．The unbelievable changes in the business world.D．Advice on customs and protocol in many countries.正确答案：D解析：本题为要点题，要求考生理解分散在听力材料中的关键词汇、词组或事实，并通过综合分析来确定听力材料的要点。
tpo-47 阅读文本和对应题目文本 第篇
Coral ReefsAn important environment that is more or less totally restricted to the intertropical zone is the coral reef. Coral reefs are found where the ocean water temperature is not less than 21 °C, where there is a firm substratum, and where the seawater is not rendered too dark by excessive amounts of river-borne sediment. They will not grow in very deep water, so a platform within 30 to 40 meters of the surface is a necessary prerequisite for their development. Their physical structure is dominated by the skeletons of corals, which are carnivorous animals living off zooplankton. However, in addition to corals there are enormous quantities of algae, some calcareous, which help to build the reefs. The size of reefs is variable. Some atolls are very large—Kwajelein in the Marshall Islands of the South Pacific is 120 kilometers long and as much as 24 kilometers across-but most are very much smaller, and rise only a few meters above the water. The 2,000 kilometer complex of reefs known as the Great Barrier Reef, which forms a gigantic natural breakwater off the northeast coast of Australia, is by far the greatest coral structure on Earth.Coral reefs have fascinated scientists for almost 200 years, and some of the most pertinent observations of them were made in the 1830s by Charles Darwin on the voyage of the Beagle. He recognized that there were three major kinds: fringing reefs, barrier reefs, and atolls; and he saw that they were related to each other in a logical and gradational sequence. A fringing reef is one that lies close to the shore of some continent or island. Its surface forms an uneven and rather rough platform around the coast, about the level of low water, and its outer edge slopes downwards into the sea. Between the fringing reef and the land there is sometimes a small channel or lagoon. When the lagoon is wide and deep and the reef lies at some distance from the shore and rises from deep water it is called a barrier reef. An atoll is a reef in the form of a ring or horseshoe with a lagoon in the center.Darwin s theory was that the succession from one coral reef type to another could be achieved by the upward growth of coral from a sinking platform, and that there would be a progression from a fringing reef, through the barrier reef stage until, with the disappearance through subsidence (sinking) of the central island, only a reef-enclosed lagoon or atoll would survive. A long time after Darwin put forward this theory, some deep boreholes were drilled in the Pacific atolls in the 1950s. The drill holes passed through more than a thousand meters of coral before reaching the rock substratum of the ocean floor, and indicated that the coral had been growing upward for tens of millions of years as Earth's crust subsided at a rate of between 15 and 51 meters per million years. Darwin s theory was therefore proved basically correct. There are some submarine islands called guyots and seamounts, in which subsidenceassociated with sea-floor spreading has been too speedy for coral growth to keep up.Like mangrove swamps, coral reefs are extremely important habitats. Their diversity of coral genera is greatest in the warm waters of the Indian Ocean and the western Pacific. Indeed, they have been called the marine version of the tropical rain forest, rivaling their terrestrial counterparts in both richness of species and biological productivity. They also have significance because they provide coastal protection, opportunities for recreation, and are potential sources of substances like medicinal drugs. At present they are coming under a variety of threats, of which two of the most important are dredging and the effects of increased siltation brought about by accelerated erosion from neighboring land areas.Passage 1An important environment that is more or less totally restricted to the intertropical zone is the coral reef. Coral reefs are found where the ocean water temperature is not less than 21 °C, where there is a firm substratum, and where the seawater is not rendered too dark by excessive amounts of river-borne sediment. They will not grow in very deep water, so a platform within 30 to 40 meters of the surface is a necessary prerequisite for their development. Their physical structure is dominated by the skeletons of corals, which are carnivorous animals living off zooplankton. However, in addition to corals there are enormous quantities of algae, some calcareous, which help to build the reefs. The size of reefs is variable. Some atolls are very large—Kwajelein in the Marshall Islands of the South Pacific is 120 kilometers long and as much as 24 kilometers across-but most are very much smaller, and rise only a few meters above the water. The 2,000 kilometer complex of reefs known as the Great Barrier Reef, which forms a gigantic natural breakwater off the northeast coast of Australia, is by far the greatest coral structure on Earth.1. According to paragraph 1, all of the following are needed for the growth of coral reefs?A. a solid base to grow onB.exposure to lightC.the presence of river-borne sedimentD.ocean temperatures of 21 °C or higher2. the word “prerequisite” in the passage is closest in meaning toA.precautionB.preparationC.requirementD.achievement3. According to paragraph 1, algae are important becauseA.they help build coral reefsB.they are the dominant type of sea life living on the reefsC.they compete with coral for zooplanktonD.they are an important source of food available to corals4.The word “complex” in the passage is closest in meaning to?A.extensionB.systemC.regionD.varietyPassage 2Coral reefs have fascinated scientists for almost 200 years, and some of the most pertinent observations of them were made in the 1830s by Charles Darwin on the voyage of the Beagle. He recognized that there were three major kinds: fringing reefs, barrier reefs, and atolls; and he saw that they were related to each other in a logical and gradational sequence. A fringing reef is one that lies close to the shore of some continent or island. Its surface forms an uneven and rather rough platform around the coast, about the level of low water, and its outer edge slopes downwards into the sea. Between the fringing reef and the land there is sometimes a small channel or lagoon. When the lagoon is wide and deep and the reef lies at some distance from the shore and rises from deep water it is called a barrier reef. An atoll is a reef in the form of a ring or horseshoe with a lagoon in the center.5.According to paragraph 2, how did Charles Darwin contribute to the understanding of coral reefs?A.He identified the main types of coral reef and explained how they were related.B.He discovered the existence of coral reefs on a scientific voyage.C.He proved that reefs are mostly located very close to the shore.D.He saw the importance of reefs for the support of other marine life.6. The word “pertinent” in the passage is closest in meaning toA.extraordinaryB.relevantC.intelligentD.famous7. According to paragraph 2, which of the following is NOT characteristics of a barrier reef?A.It is located away from the shore of the neighboring land.B.It is separated from neighboring land by a wide channel.C.It is located in deep ocean water.D.It surrounds a small, central lagoon.Passage 3Darwin s theory was that the succession from one coral reef type to another could be achieved by the upward growth of coral from a sinking platform, and that there would be a progression from a fringing reef, through the barrier reef stage until, with the disappearance through subsidence (sinking) of the central island, only a reef-enclosed lagoon or atoll would survive. A long time after Darwin put forward this theory, some deep boreholes were drilled in the Pacific atolls in the 1950s. The drill holes passed through more than a thousand meters of coral before reaching the rock substratum of the ocean floor, and indicated that the coral had been growing upward for tens of millions of years as Earth's crust subsided at a rate of between 15 and 51 meters per million years. Darwin s theory was therefore proved basically correct. There are some submarine islands called guyots and seamounts, in which subsidence associated with sea-floor spreading has been too speedy for coral growth to keep up.8. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.A.Darwin claimed that, of the three types of coral reefs, only an atoll would be able to survive on a sinkingplatform.B.Darwin recognized that coral reefs achieved success by growing upward from a sinking land platform andbecoming an atoll.C.Darwin argued that as a coral reef grew up from a sinking island, it would become a fringing reef, then abarrier reef, and finally, with the disappearance of the island, an atoll.D.Darwin’s theory helped expl ain the disappearance of a number of islands by showing how coral reef growthcaused them to sink below the ocean surface.9. Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 3 about the Pacific atolls?A.They were once fringing reefs around the coasts of islands.B.They were first observed by Darwin during his voyage on the Beagle.C.They will eventually become fringing reefs.D.They are located where the ocean floor does not sink.10. Why does the passage provide the information that the drill holes in the Pacific atolls passed through more thana thousand meters of coral before reaching the rock substratum of the ocean floor?A.To emphasize that according to Darwin’s view coral can grow at great depthsB.To indicate how scientists knew the rate at which Earth’s crust had subsidedC.To support the claim that coral reefs take millions of years to formD.To present the evidence that confirmed Darwin’s account of coral reef evolutionPassage 4Like mangrove swamps, coral reefs are extremely important habitats. Their diversity of coral genera is greatest in the warm waters of the Indian Ocean and the western Pacific. Indeed, they have been called the marine version of the tropical rain forest, rivaling their terrestrial counterparts in both richness of species and biological productivity. They also have significance because they provide coastal protection, opportunities for recreation, and are potential sources of substances like medicinal drugs. At present they are coming under a variety of threats, of which two of the most important are dredging and the effects of increased siltation brought about by accelerated erosion from neighboring land areas.11. According to paragraph 4, why have coral reefs been compared to tropical rain forests?A.Both are located near the Indian and western Pacific Oceans.B.Both are home to a wide variety of species.C.Both play an important role in protecting coastal islands.D.Both are threatened by the erosion of nearby land.12. The word “potential” in the passage is closest in meaning toA.powerfulB.possibleC.valuableD.reliable13. Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.Yet because many coral reef organisms can tolerate only a narrow range of environmental conditions, reefs are sensitive to damage from environmental changes.Where would the sentence best fit? Click on a square [■] to add the sentence to the passage.Like mangrove swamps, coral reefs are extremely important habitats. Their diversity of coral genera is greatest in the warm waters of the Indian Ocean and the western Pacific. ■ Indeed, they have been called the marine version of the tropical rain forest, rivaling their terrestrial counterparts in both richness of species and biological productivity. ■They also have significance because they provide coastal protection, opportunities for recreation, and are potential sources of substances like medicinal drugs. ■At present they are coming under a variety of threats, of which two of the most important are dredging and the effects of increased siltation brought about by accelerated erosion from neighboring land areas. ■14.Directions:An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Somesentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.Drag your answer choices to the spaces where they belong. To remove an answer choice, click on it.To review the passage, click VIEW TEXT.Coral reefs constitute an important tropical environment that provides habitat for a rich variety of ocean life.Answer ChoicesA.Coral reefs are structures made by living creatures and can grow only in specific ocean conditions.B.Although atolls can sometimes grow to large proportions, barrier reefs are by far the largest coral structures.C.Mangrove swamps are as important as coral reefs as the habitat for numerous plant and animal species.D.Coral reefs are classified as fringing, barrier, or atoll, all of which are linked in a chain of progressivedevelopment.E.Although coral reefs are important to humans in several ways, they are currently threatened by dredging andmud from erosion.F.Fringing reefs lie close to the shore of continents and islands, forming a transition zone between the land massand the sea.。
托福TPO47口语Task3阅读文本+听力文本+题目+满分范文
为了帮助大家高效备考托福，为大家带来托福TPO47口语Task3阅读文本+听力文本+题目+满分范文，希望对大家备考有所帮助。
托福TPO47口语Task3阅读文本： Professor Evaluations The university requires students to complete written evaluations of their professors at the end of each course taught during the semester. But current system is private, since only the professors actually read the evaluations once the students submit them. I suggest that the university publish these evaluation online for everyone to read. Both professors and students would benefit from having these evaluation published. Professor would feel more motivated to improve their teaching if they knew that their evaluations were publicly available to all students. In addition, prospective students could read the evaluation and make more informed decisions about which classes they want to take. Sincerely, Chris Jacobs 托福TPO47口语Task3听力文本： Now listen to two students discussing the letter. Man：Did you see this? Woman：Yeah. But I don't think it'll work. Man：Why not? Woman：Well, I don't think professors would be too happy to have their teaching styles publicly criticized. Besides they might not even bother reading the online evaluations if they think there will be negative criticism in them. Man：You really think that will happen? Woman：Sure. And so the professor won't take them seriously or be influenced in any way. Nothing's going to change. Man：Okay. But at least students who might take their courses in the future will read them. Woman：That's true. But students who write the evaluations usually do it on thelast day of class. And they're all in a hurry to leave. They don't want to bother spending much time on them, so they don't say anything specific or helpful about the professor or the course. Man：I see what you mean. Woman：So this whole idea may not work at all. 托福TPO47口语Task3题目： The woman express her opinion about the proposal in the letter. Briefly summarize the proposal. Then state the woman’s opinion and explain the reasons she gives for holding that opinion. 托福TPO47口语Task3满分范文： It is suggested by the student that the university should reveal the online evaluations of the professors to the public because the professors would have more motivations to prepare their lessons and students would have more information about what course to take. The woman in the conversation does not agree with the proposal. First of all, professors will not be happy with being criticized in the public, so they might not look at the assessments. Secondly, these estimations are done by students who are busy with their final examinations, which provides little practical and detailed information about courses. 以上是给大家整理的托福TPO47口语Task3阅读文本+听力文本+题目+满分范文，希望对你有所帮助!。
tpo-46 综合写作独立写作题目文本
1. (Reading)In the United States, medical information about patients traditionally has been recorded and stored on paper forms. However, there are efforts to persuade doctors to adopt electronic medical record systems in which information about patients is stored in electronic databases rather than on paper. It is argued that storing patients' medical records in electronic databases has several advantages over traditional paper-based record keeping.Reducing CostsFirst, the use of electronic records can help reduce costs by saving money on storing and transferring medical records. While paper records require a significant amount of storage space, electronic medical records take up virtually no space. Moreover, by having patients' records computerized in databases, doctors can easily access the records from almost anywhere and can easily duplicate and transfer them when necessary. This costs much less than copying, faxing, or transporting paper records from one location to another.Preventing ErrorsSecond, electronic medical records are crucial to reducing the chances of medical errors. Illegible handwriting, improper transcription of data, and nonstandard organization of paper records have caused errors that in some cases have had serious consequences for the patients* health. In contrast, electronic records are associated with standardization of forms and legible computer fonts and thus minimize the possibility of human errorAiding ResearchThird, electronic medical records can greatly aid medical research by making it possible to gather large amounts of data from patient records. It is often impractical, impossible, or prohibitively expensive to manually go through thousands of patients’paper records housed in doctors' offices. However, with the existence of electronic medical records, it would be simple to draw out the needed information from the medical databases because the databases are already formatted for data collection. Once in the electronic system, the records could be accessed from any research location.Directions: You have 20 minutes to plan and write your response. Your response will be judged on the basis of the quality of your writing and on how well your response presents the points in the lecture and their relationship to the reading passage. Typically, an effective response will be 150 to 225 words.Question: Summarize the points made in the lecture, being sure to explain how they cast doubt on the specific points made in the reading passage.2. Directions: Read the question below. You have 30 minutes to plan, write, and revise your essay. Typically, an effective response will contain a minimum of 300 words.Question: Do you agree or disagree with the following statement?The opinions of celebrities, such as famous entertainers and athletes, are more important to younger people than they are to older people.Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.。
托福写作TPO46综合文本+独立题目
今天，小编给考生们带来了托福写作TPO46，希望可以帮助广大托福考生轻松备考托福。
托福TPO46综合写作?In the United States, medical information about patients traditionally has been recorded and stored on paper forms. However, there are efforts to persuade doctors to adopt electronic medical record systems in which information about patients is stored in electronic databases rather than on paper. It is argued that storing patients' medical records in electronic databases has several advantages over traditional paper-based record keeping.Reducing CostsFirst, the use of electronic records can help reduce costs by saving moneyon storing and transferring medical records. While paper records require a significant amount of storage space, electronic medical records take up virtually no space. Moreover, by having patients' records computerized in databases, doctors can easily access the records from almost anywhere and can easily duplicate and transfer them when necessary. This costs much less than copying, faxing, or transporting paper records from one location to another. Preventing ErrorsSecond, electronic medical records are crucial to reducing the chances of medical errors. Illegible handwriting, improper transcription of data, and nonstandard organization of paper records have caused errors that in some cases have had serious consequences for the patients* health. In contrast, electronic records are associated with standardization of forms and legible computer fonts and thus minimize the possibility of human errorAiding ResearchThird, electronic medical records can greatly aid medical research bymaking it possible to gather large amounts of data from patient records. It is often impractical, impossible, or prohibitively expensive to manually go through thousands of patients’ paper records housed in doctors' offices. However, with the existence of electronic medical records, it would be simple to draw out the needed information from the medical databases because the databases are already formatted for data collection. Once in the electronic system, the records could be accessed from any research location.Directions: You have 20 minutes to plan and write your response. Your response will be judged on the basis of the quality of your writing and on how well your response presents the points in the lecture and their relationship to the reading passage. Typically, an effective response will be 150 to 225 words.Question: Summarize the points made in the lecture, being sure to explainhow they cast doubt on the specific points made in the reading passage.托福TPO46独立写作2. Directions: Read the question below. You have 30 minutes to plan, write, and revise your essay. Typically, an effective response will contain a minimum of 300 words.Question: Do you agree or disagree with the following statement?The opinions of celebrities, such as famous entertainers and athletes, are more important to younger people than they are to older people.Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.。
托福TPO47口语Task4阅读文本+听力文本+题目+满分范文
为了帮助大家高效备考托福，为大家带来托福TPO47口语Task4阅读文本+听力文本+题目+满分范文，希望对大家备考有所帮助。
托福TPO47口语Task4阅读文本： Reactance People of all ages generally prefer to have as much freedom as possible in determining their behavior. When individuals feel that their actions are being unfairly limited, they often attempt to restore freedom by directly contradicting or opposing the rule of regulation that threatened their freedom. Both children and adults demonstrate behaviors that are the results of their urge to restore freedom. This reaction, termed “reactance” by psychologists, come from an individual’s desire to reestablish freedom and control of a situation. 托福TPO47口语Task4听力文本： Listen to part of a lecture on this topic in a psychology class. Think about when you were a kid. Imagine you like this one playground. You play there a lot, have lots of fun, you know. Okay. Now imagine that one day, for no apparent reason, your parents decide that they don't want you playing there anymore. You are not allowed to go there anymore. Of course you're not gonna like that one bit. It's not fair. And now that you are not allowed, you want to play there even more than before. So you sneak over there anyway. You go to this playground despite your parents' rules. Here's another example. There was a town that passed a law that banned the sale of a certain kind of soap. There was an ingredient in this soap that was harmful for the environment. So stores weren't allowed the sell the soap anymore. Keep in mind that this ingredient had no effect whatsoever on this soap's ability to clean things. None. But people found out about the upcoming restriction and got upset. They thought they should be able to buy whatever soap they wanted. It wasn't right to take this soap away. And a week before the law went into effect, what happened? People went and bought a whole lot of this particular soap, way more than they would have in another circumstance. 托福TPO47口语Task4题目： Explain how the examples in the lecture illustrate the concept of reactance. 托福TPO47口语Task4满分范文： The reading passage introduces a term called “reactance”, which is the reaction of direct opposition to unfair restrictions of behaviors in order to reestablish freedom and take control of a situation. The lecturer further illustrates this term by using the example of both children and adults. One example is that when a kid is not allowed to have fun on the playground by his parents for no apparent reason, he will have a stronger desire to go there than before, so it is more likely for him to sneak over there. Another example is that when a certain kind of soap was to be banned from sales for the subterfuge of environmental damage, an increasing number of people bought the soap the week before the law was put into effect. 以上是给大家整理的托福TPO47口语Task4阅读文本+听力文本+题目+满分范文，希望对你有所帮助!。
TPO-47 口语题目文本——综合部分
Task 3Professor EvaluationsThe university requires students to complete written evaluations of their professors at the end of each course taught during the semester. But current system is private, since only the professors actually read the evaluations once the student submit them. I suggest that the university publish these evaluation online for everyone to read. Both professors and students would benefit from having these evaluation published. Professor would feel more motivated to improve their teaching if they knew that their evaluations were publicly available to all students. In addition, prospective students could read the evaluation and make more informed decisions about which classes they want ti take.SincerelyChris JacobsQuestion: The woman express her opinion about the proposal in the letter. Briefly summarize the proposal. Then state the woman’s opinion and explain the reasons she gives for holding that opinion.Task 4ReactancePeople all ages generally prefer to have as much freedom as possible in determining their behavior. When individuals feel that their actions are being unfairly limited, they often attempt to restore freedom by directly contradicting or opposing the rule of regulation that threatened their freedom. Both children and adults demonstrate behaviors that are the results of their urge to restore freedom. This reaction, termed “reactance” by psychologists, come from an individual’s desire to reestablish freedom and control of a situation.Question: Explain how the examples in the lecture illustrate the concept of reactance.Task 5Briefly summarize the problem the speakers are discussing. Then state which solution you would recommend. Explain the reasons for your recommendation.Task 6Using the example of goats from the lecture, explain the two benefits of animal domestication for early humans.1。
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小编给考生们带来了托福写作TPO47，希望可以帮助广大托福考生轻松备考托福。
托福TPO47综合写作：
Reading
Pterosaurs were an ancient group of winged reptiles that lived alongside
the dinosaurs. Many pterosaurs were very large, some as large as a giraffe and with a wingspan of over 12 meters. Paleontologists have long wondered whether large pterosaurs were capable of powered flight (flying by flapping their wings) or whether they were able only to glide. Several arguments have been made against powered flight.
Doubters point out that since modern reptiles are cold-blooded, ancient reptiles such as pterosaurs were probably cold-blooded as well. Cold-blooded animals typically have a slow metabolism and are unable to produce a lot of energy. Powered flight is an activity requiring a lot of energy, which is why all modern vertebrates that fly are warm-blooded, not cold-blooded. It seemed unlikely that pterosaurs would have been able to generate the energy needed to fly.
Second, there is a limit to the weight of animals that can be kept airborne
by powered flight. Pterosaurs that were as large as a giraffe were probably so heavy that they would not have been able to flap their wings fast enough to stay aloft for any length of time.
Third, all animals with powered flight are able to take off from the
ground. For example, birds take off by jumping from their legs or running to gain speed and then jumping. But these methods would not have worked for large pterosaurs. Large pterosaurs would have needed big, powerful muscles in their
back legs to launch themselves into the air, and we know from fossilized bones that their back leg muscles were too small and weak to allow the pterosaurs to run fast enough or jump high enough to launch themselves into the air. Question：Summarize the points made in the lecture, being sure to explain
how they cast doubt on the specific points made in the reading passage.
托福TPO47独立写作：
Do you agree or disagree with the following statement?
It is important to know about events happening around the world, even if it
is unlikely that they will affect your daily life.
Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.。