2019经济学人考研英文文章阅读三
2019经济学人考研英文文章阅读三十三
Twilight of the bureaucrats官僚的黄昏Millions of retiring Arab civil servants need not be replaced数百万即将退休的阿拉伯公务员不需要人来顶替Governments could save billions if they resist the urge to hire more政府如果能抑制住招募更多公务员的冲动，就能节省数十亿美元At a municipal parking garage in Cairo,a row of freshly painted machines wait to dispense tickets to drivers.But the machines are turned off. Attendants stand next to them and hand out tickets manually.在开罗的一个市政停车场，一排崭新的机器正在待命，等着给司机们分发票据。
但这些机器是关着的。
工作人员站在它们旁边，手动分发着票据。
It is one of many useless government jobs in the Egyptiancapital.Stamping passports at the airport can be a three-person affair. Offices are full of functionaries who make photocopies or brew tea(few do both).这是埃及首都诸多政府闲职中的一个。
机场给护照盖章的工作甚至都要3个人来做。
办公室里到处都是复印资料或泡茶的工作人员（很少会兼做这两项）。
More than5m Egyptians work in the civil service.Each serves fewer than 20citizens,if“serves”is the right word.Other developing countries get by with a far less populous public sector.埃及有超过500万名公务员。
2019经济学人考研英文文章阅读一三六
Japanese commuters try new ways to deter gropers日本通勤族尝试用新方法防止性骚扰Victims are fighting back with apps,badges and invisible ink受害者正在用应用程序、徽章和隐形墨水来反击Throughout her20s,Yayoi Matsunaga was groped,almost daily,on packed rush-hour trains going to and from work.Three decades later,she discovered that her friend’s daughter was being molested on her commute to high school.在松永弥生20多岁的时候，她几乎每天都会在上下班高峰拥挤的列车上被人骚扰。
30年过去了，她发现她朋友的女儿仍会在上高中的通勤路上被人骚扰。
The teenager,after fruitless talks with the police and railway companies, decided to hang a sign from her bag that read:“Groping is a crime.I will not cry myself to sleep.”The groping stopped immediately.在与警方和铁路部门交涉无果后，这名女孩决定在她的书包上挂一个牌子，上面写着：“性骚扰就是犯罪，我不会暗自哭泣的。
”效果立竿见影。
Inspired,Ms Matsunaga launched a crowdfunding campaign in2015to create badges with the same message.They proved as effective as the sign: nearly95%of users stopped experiencing groping on public transport, according to a survey.受此启发，松永弥生在2015年发起了一项众筹活动，制作带有相同信息的徽章。
考研英语阅读理解外刊原文经济学人
Ask people to name someone they find charming and the answers are often predictable. There’s James Bond, the fictional spy with a penchant for shaken martinis. Maybe they’ll mention Oprah Winfrey, Bill Clinton or a historical figure, like the Rev. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. or Mahatma Gandhi. Now ask the same people to describe, in just a few seconds, what makes these charmers so likable.要是你让人说出一个他心目中有魅力的人的名字，答案通常都可以预测。
有人会说詹姆斯·邦德，那个偏爱摇酒法调制的马提尼的虚构的间谍。
也许会有人提到欧普拉·温弗里，比尔·克林顿，或是某个历史人物，比如小马丁·路德·金牧师，或是圣雄·甘地。
那么现在再让同一个人来用区区几秒钟描述，到底是什么特质让这些魅力十足的人物如此受人爱戴呢？It’s here, in defining what exactly charisma is, that most hit a wall. Instinctually, we know that we’re drawn to certain people more than others. Quantifying why we like them is an entirely different exercise.到此为止，在魅力到底是什么的确切定义过程中，通常就是到这里走进了死胡同。
2019经济学人考研英文文章阅读一三四
The first face-off人脸识别第一案A lawsuit against face-scans in China could have big consequences在中国，一场有关人脸识别的诉讼或将带来巨大的影响Guo Bing,a legal academic in the eastern city of Hangzhou,likes to spend his leisure time at a local safari park.But when the park informed season-pass holders like him that admission would require a face-scan,Mr Guo objected.郭兵是中国东部城市杭州市的一名法律学者，他平日里喜欢在当地的野生动物园度过闲暇时光。
但当动物园告知像他这样的年卡用户需要扫脸入园时，郭先生无法接受。
Late last month he filed a lawsuit,claiming the new rules violated his privacy.Facial-recognition technology is widely used in izens have been hailing Mr Guo as a champion of consumer rights.A thread about his suit has garnered100m views on Weibo,a social-media platform.上月底，他以新规定侵犯其隐私为由向法院提起了诉讼。
人脸识别技术在中国已经得到了广泛的应用。
网友们纷纷称赞郭兵是消费者权益的捍卫者。
在社交媒体平台新浪微博上，一条关于他诉讼的微博获得了1亿次的点击量。
It is surprising that it has taken so long for the judiciary to get involved. Some300tourist sites in China use facial recognition to admit visitors.The safari park says doing so can shorten queues.令人惊讶的是，司法部门过了这么久才介入其中。
2019经济学人考研英文文章阅读一二三
Why an“Uber for tailors”is gaining ground in Lagos“裁缝优步”为何能在拉各斯发展起来？“Rich and poor,everyone has a tailor here,”says Olajire Omikunle,a couturier for Nigeria’s powerful.So great is the appeal of a well-cut outfit in Lagos,Nigeria’s commercial centre,that roadside stitchers rove the streets armed with their sewing machines and clicking their large scissors to drum up customers.尼日利亚颇具影响力的服装设计师奥拉吉尔·奥米昆勒说：“无论贫富，这里的每个人都有自己的裁缝。
”在尼日利亚的商业中心拉各斯，一套剪裁考究的服装如此具有吸引力，以至于街头裁缝们会带着他们的缝纫机在街道上来回穿梭，并拿着大剪刀咔嚓咔嚓地招揽着顾客。
David Peterside,a local entrepreneur,hopes to capitalise on this sartorial obsession with a new app that is being dubbed an“Uber for tailors”.Fashion Map allows natty Nigerians to find a suitmaker at the press of a button.当地企业家戴维·彼得赛德希望借着人们对服装的痴迷，开发一款名为“裁缝优步”的新应用。
整洁时髦尼日利亚人只需按下一个按钮，便能在时尚地图上找到一位裁缝。
It may be a perfect fit for Africa’s most populous country.Nigeria has a fast-growing base of smartphone users and“over100,000registered tailors”,says Otunba Wasiu Taiwo of the Nigeria Union of Tailors.“We are still counting.”该应用或许非常适合这个非洲人口最多的国家。
2019经济学人考研英文文章阅读十三
Sun,sea and a diplomatic point阳光、大海和外交China’s high-spending tourists bring political clout中国的高消费游客带来了政治影响力Countries at odds with China find holidaymakers from there stop coming 与中国不和的国家发现，中国游客不再来了Earlier this month the great pyramids of Giza and the nearby Sphinx were lit up in“Chinese red”.Spectators,many of them from China,were then given another unprecedented treat.The sound-and-light show,a staple of pyramid entertainment since1961,was narrated in Chinese.本月初，“中国红”点亮了吉萨的大金字塔和附近的狮身人面像。
随后，参观者（特别是来自中国的游客）感受了另一种前所未有的体验。
自1961年以来作为金字塔主打娱乐节目的声光表演是用中文来讲解的。
The event was sponsored by the Chinese government,which takes pride in its travellers’growing influence.Since2012China has been the world’s biggest source of tourists.Chinese travellers racked up nearly150m trips abroad last year.活动是由中国政府赞助的，中国政府以中国游客日益增长的影响力为荣。
2019经济学人考研英文文章阅读一二四
Neanderthals had a propensity for earache,nudging them to their doom易患耳疾将尼安德特人推向了灭亡A new analysis of their skulls points to an anatomical problem一项对头颅的新研究指出了一个生理构造缺陷The last neanderthals vanished from Earth about40,000years ago.Exactly what drove them to extinction,however,remains a mystery,with their disappearance variously attributed to anything from climate change to inferior cognitive abilities or even cannibalism.在大约4万年前，最后一批尼安德特人消失在地球上。
但究竟是什么导致了他们的灭亡，至今仍是一个谜，关于他们灭亡原因有着各种各样的猜想，从气候变化到认知能力低下，再到同类相食。
Anthony Pagano,a medical researcher at Seton Hall University in New Jersey,has a new explanation.He thinks Neanderthals might have been unusually prone to severe ear infections,which left them struggling to compete against their Homo sapiens cousins.新泽西州西顿霍尔大学的医学研究员安东尼·帕加诺给出了一个新的解释。
他认为尼安德特人或许非常容易患上严重的耳部感染，这使得他们很难与智人相互竞争。
考研英语阅读理解外刊原文经济学人
A global house-price slump is coming全球房价即将暴跌It won’t blow up the financial system, but it will be scary虽然不会摧毁金融体系，但仍然令人恐慌Over the past decade owning a house has meant easy money. Prices rose reliably for years and then went bizarrely ballistic in the pandemic. Yet today if your wealth is tied up in bricks and mortar it is time to get nervous.过去十年里，拥有一套房就意味着轻松赚钱。
房价多年来一直稳步上涨，甚至在疫情期间还异乎寻常地飙升了。
然而现如今，如果你的财富被套牢在房产上，那你应该感到紧张了。
House prices are now falling in nine rich economies. The drops in America are small so far, but in the wildest markets they are already dramatic. In condo-crazed Canada homes cost 9% less than they did in February.九个发达经济体的房价都在下跌。
到目前为止，美国房价的跌幅还不大，但最疯狂的市场的房价跌幅已经非常大了。
在热衷于共管公寓的加拿大，房价较今年2月下跌了9%。
As inflation and recession stalk the world a deepening correction is likely—even estate agents are gloomy. Although this will not detonate global banks as in 2007-09, it will intensify the downturn, leave a cohort of people with wrecked finances and start a political storm.随着通货膨胀和经济衰退的风险在全球范围内蔓延，房价或将迎来一场深度调整——甚至房地产经纪人也对此感到悲观。
2019经济学人考研英文文章阅读一三一
Alibaba sold$38.4bn of merchandise this Singles’Day这个双十一，阿里巴巴创造了384亿美元的销售额The world’s biggest online shopping frenzy这是一场全球最大的在线购物狂欢In1993A group of male students at Nanjing University in China decided to celebrate their singledom.The annual date would be November11th, comprised of four lonely1s.1993年，中国南京大学的一群男生决定选个日子庆祝他们的单身生活。
于是他们便定在了每年的11月11日，这一天是由四个孤独的“1”组成的。
The story may be apocryphal.But since2009Alibaba,China’s e-commerce giant,has turned Singles’Day into a very real shopping frenzy.It has long since eclipsed America’s Black Friday and Cyber Monday online sales combined.这个故事或许是虚构的。
但自2009年以来，中国电子商务巨头阿里巴巴就已经将光棍节打造成了一场真正的购物狂欢。
其销售额早已超过了美国的黑色星期五和网络星期一在线销售额的总和。
This year Taylor Swift performed at the countdown.In the next24hours Alibaba sold$38.4bn-worth of petitors like and Pinduoduo have piled in.泰勒·斯威夫特（霉霉）甚至都参加了今年的天猫双十一晚会。
2019经济学人考研英文文章阅读一三三
McDonald’s fires its boss over a workplace romance麦当劳CEO因办公室恋情遭到解雇The swiftness of Steve Easterbrook’s exit from McDonald’s matched that of Don Thompson,his predecessor,in2015.Mr Thompson was pushed out for poor performance.Not Mr Easterbrook,who was widely admired for doubling the American fast-food giant’s share price.史蒂夫·伊斯特布鲁克离开麦当劳的速度之快与其前任唐·汤普森（于2015年离职）不分伯仲。
汤普森是由于业绩不佳而遭到开除的。
但伊斯特布鲁克就不同了，他曾使这家美国快餐巨头的股价翻了一番，并因此广受赞誉。
On November3rd the company announced it was sacking its British-born boss because of“a recent consensual relationship with an employee”. Chris Kempczinski,who runs its domestic business,takes over.11月3日，麦当劳宣布解雇了这位英国籍老板，理由是“他最近与一位下属存在两情相悦的亲密关系”。
负责美国国内业务的克里斯·肯普钦斯基接手了该职位。
Bill George of Harvard Business School called Mr Easterbrook’s departure a“tragedy”for McDonald’s.In Europe ousting a capable CEO drew bemusement.Süddeutsche Zeitung,a German daily,commented that,“luckily”,German labour law would bar such a move.哈佛商学院的比尔·乔治称，伊斯特布鲁克的离开对于麦当劳来说是一场“悲剧”。
2019经济学人考研英文文章阅读一三五
Research suggests happy employees are good for firms and investors 研究表明，快乐的员工对公司和投资者都有好处There is an old joke about a new arrival in Hell,who is given the choice by Satan of two different working environments.In the first,frazzled workers shovel huge piles of coal into a fiery furnace.In the second,a group of workers stand,waist-deep in sewage,sipping cups of tea.有个老笑话讲的是一个刚下地狱的人，撒旦让他在两种不同的工作环境中做出选择。
在第一个房间里，疲惫不堪的工人们要将大堆大堆的煤铲进炽热的火炉中。
在第二个房间里，一群工人站在齐腰深的污水中，啜饮着茶。
The condemned man opts,on balance,for the second room.As soon as the door closes,the foreman shouts“Right lads,tea break over.Time to stand on your heads again.”这个有罪之人在经过权衡后最终选择了第二个房间。
门一关上，工头便喊道：“伙计们，茶歇时间到了，是时候再倒立了。
”Terrible working conditions have a long tradition.Early industry was marked by its dirty,dangerous factories(dark,satanic mills).In the early 20th century workers were forced into dull,repetitive tasks by the needs of the production line.However,in a service-based economy,it makes sense that focusing on worker morale might be a much more fruitful approach.恶劣的工作环境有着悠久的传统。
2019年考博英语阅读经济学人文章精析【三篇】
2019年考博英语阅读经济学人文章精析【三篇】AT THE centre of a large office in west London sits a raised circular platform with several seats. Screens in front carry international news superimposed on a huge atlas. From here rescue missions are co-ordinated by International SOS (ISOS), the world’s largest travel-security firm, which counts nearly two-thirds of the Fortune Global 500 companiesas clients. It operates 26 other centres across the world.The firm says they have never been busier.在伦敦西部一个大型的写字楼的中间，摆放着一张大圆桌，几把椅子。
前方的屏幕滚动的国际新闻叠加在一个巨型地图册上，世界上的旅行安全保障公司国际SOS救援中心(ISOS)就是从这里策划营救活动的，世界财富500强公司里接近2/3都是它的客户。
它经营者横跨世界的其他26处中心，该公司表示它从来没有这么忙碌过。
ISOS has responded to emergencies large and small. They range from giving timely advice to the parents of a child in Nigeria who had swallowed a coin to evacuating corporate and NGO clients from Burundi during last year’s coup attempt. Torn between a medical airlift and potentially risky surgeryin a local hospital, the child’s parents were counselled by ISOS doctors to let nature take its course, which it duly did. The Burundi operation was trickier.国际SOS救援中心对大大小小的紧急情况做出了回应。
经济学人考研双语精读 巴黎圣母院失火后可以吸取的教训
Paris can learn others’lessons in loss after Notre Dame fire巴黎圣母院失火后可以吸取的教训导读：2019年4月15日晚，拥有850余年历史的巴黎圣母院遭遇火灾，400多位消防员奋力扑救9个小时最终将大火扑灭。
一度失控的烈火将教堂顶部大部分木制结构烧毁，具有象征意义的圣母院尖塔也在大火中倒塌。
这座哥德式教堂更因法国文学家雨果所著作的同名小说《巴黎圣母院》而闻名，每年吸引数百万游客。
但是关于巴黎圣母院的故事，远不止小说上的内容。
“一场大火所毁灭的，不只是停留在历史上的人类文明遗产，更是人类未来的某种可能。
”——梁文道。
①As dawn broke over Notre Dame on April16,the day after it burned,small fires still smoldered.Its ancient timber-framed roof and spire had gone up in smoke.But the cathedral stood firm,an imposing,massive presence that the blaze disfigured but did not destroy.段落分析：开头首句写教堂现在的情况，后两句写大火造成的结果——毁容但未被摧毁。
精读解析：►dawn[dɔːn]做名词义为“黎明、开端”（the first appearance of light in the sky before sunrise）文中的用法是与break over连用，如《海上日出》这篇散文中有一句Soon a streak of pink dawn broke over the horizon转眼间天边出现了一道红霞。
其他常用短语from dawn to or till dusk从早到晚，at dawn黎明时，at the crack of dawn一大早。
考研英语阅读理解外刊原文经济学人
Britain’s young face a poorer future英国年轻一代面临更加贫穷的未来Economic statistics will never fully capture the extent of the sacrifices of Britain’s youth during the pandemic. For a generation of students and pupils it was a lost chance to make friends, explore who they are and, gradually, become adults — as well as to learn, in person. In the face of the deaths in the broader population, it is easy to dismiss as frivolous the setbacks of those who missed partying, travelling and dating during the long months stuck inside but these are still years of carefree youth they will not get back. What is more, most of these privations were primarily to protect those from older generations, the most vulnerable to the coronavirus.经济统计数字将永远不能完全反映出英国青年在这场大流行病中牺牲了多少。
对于这一代学生来说，他们失去了结交朋友、探索自我并逐渐成长为人,以及亲身学习的机会。
在有人死于新冠疫情之际，我们很容易认为被困在室内长达数月而错过聚会、旅行和约会的人所经历的这些挫折无关痛痒，但这是他们再也无法重返的无忧无虑的青春时光。
2019经济学人考研英文文章阅读一三九
Plantation owners profit by not persecuting primates果园主通过放任猴子而获利Monkeys act as pest controllers who take their fees in fruit猴子收取水果费，扮演害虫控制者的角色Palm oil is a lucrative business,but not without its problems.Plantations of palms,the fruit of which are crushed to release the oil,are usually there at the expense of rainforest.This does not go down well with environmentalists.棕榈油是一门利润丰厚的生意，但其中也存在着一些问题。
种植棕榈树（人们通过压榨棕榈果来获得棕榈油）的果园往往是以破坏雨林为代价的。
这引发了环保人士的不满。
Nor does it go down well with the rainforest’s inhabitants,some of whom, such as pig-tailed macaques,a species of monkey,raid the plantations to eat the palm fruit before it can be harvested.同样不满的还有生活在雨林的居民们，其中一些居民（比如猪尾猕猴，一种猴子）会在棕榈果成熟前突袭果园去偷吃棕榈果。
Such raiding,naturally,invites retaliation by planters,who try to trap and relocate the animals,or scare them off with gunshots.But a study published in Current Biology this week,by Nadine Ruppert and Anna Holzner of the University of Sciences Malaysia,suggests such retaliation is a mistake.猴子的突袭自然会招致果园主的报复行为，他们试图诱捕并转移这些动物，或者用枪声将它们吓跑。
2019经济学人考研英文文章阅读三十二
Prices of prime properties around the world are falling世界各地的豪宅都在跌One Blackfriars soars into the sky from the south bank of the River Thames, announcing its presence to central London.The new50-storey tower contains274luxury flats that range in value from a merely expensive£1m ($1.3m)to an eye-watering£15m.坐落在泰晤士河南岸的布莱克法尔一号直插云霄，仿佛在向伦敦市中心宣示着它的存在。
这座新建的50层高的大楼共有274套豪华公寓，公寓的售价从不算太贵的100万英镑（约合130万美元）到令人瞠目结舌的1500万英镑不等。
Thanks to its distinctive midriff the building has been nicknamed“The Tummy”by Robert Shiller,who won a Nobel economics prize for his work on spotting asset bubbles.The name might also apply to London’s bloated housing market.Prices have nearly doubled since2009.由于其独特的类似于人体腹部的造型，这座建筑被罗伯特·希勒戏称为“大肚子”，希勒曾因发现了资产泡沫而荣获诺贝尔经济学奖。
这个昵称或许一语双关，还指代了伦敦膨胀的住宅市场。
自2009年以来，伦敦的房价几乎翻了一番。
It is not only in London that property values bulged in the decade after a housing bust that nearly took down the world’s financial system:prices are near new highs in manyplaces,according to The Economist’s latest roundup of global housing markets.根据《经济学人》对全球住宅市场的最新概览，在几乎摧毁了世界金融体系的房地产泡沫破灭后的十年时间里，不仅伦敦的房价大幅上涨，许多地方的房价都创下新高。
2019年经济学人考研英语双语阅读
There is no cure for HIV—but scientists may be getting closer科学家们虽然无法根治艾滋病- 但希望还是有的By Alice Park文/爱丽斯·帕克CURE ISN’T A WORD NORMALLY USED IN THE CONTEXT OF AIDS.“根治”一词通常不适用于艾滋病这一语境。
For most of the 35 years since HIV, the virus responsible for the disease, was first identified,自艾滋病病毒，也即诱发艾滋病的病毒，被首次发现以来的35年间，doctors have viewed the notion of a cure as more fantasy than fact.大部分时间医生们都认为根治艾滋病的概念更像是一种幻想而非事实。
That’s because HIV is a virus unlike any other.这是因为艾滋病病毒不同于其他任何一种病毒。
It disables the very immune cells that are supposed to destroy it and also sequesters itself in the body’s cells,它能摧毁原本应该反过来摧毁它的免疫细胞，然后将自身隔离在人体的细胞中，staging the ultimate deadly ambush whenever the immune defense’s guard comes down, months or sometimes even years later.准备着发动最后的致命伏击，只等免疫系统受损，无论是数月之后还是数年之后。
Yet for the first time in the HIV epidemic that currently affects nearly 37 million people worldwide,然而，就在目前影响着全世界近3700万人的这一流行病领域，some experts are starting to aim for a cure—cautiously—as they fashion the next generation of HIV treatments.一些专家率先开始了 - 谨慎地开始了- 艾滋病的根治研究，研制出了新一代艾滋病疗法。
2019经济学人考研英文文章阅读一一三
Congo’s enormous rainforest is getting smaller刚果幅员辽阔的雨林正在变小Jagged,charred tree stumps jut out of blackened earth in what was once part of the rainforest in the Democratic Republic of Congo.One man, Rafael,standing amid the devastation,reckons he has set fire to around 40sections of the forest near the city of Bandundu in the past two months.一个个锯齿状烧焦的树桩矗立在一片焦黑的土地上，这里曾经是刚果民主共和国热带雨林的一部分。
一个名叫拉斐尔的男子站在这片废墟上，他估计自己在过去两个月里已经纵火烧毁了班顿杜市附近的40片森林了。
He bags the scorched wood and flogs it as charcoal in the capital, Kinshasa,some250km away.Most of the city’s12m residents,unable to afford gas or electric ovens,rely on charcoal for cooking.他把烧焦的木头打包好，然后运至250公里外的首都金沙萨并将其作为木炭进行售卖。
这座城市1200万居民中的大多数人都用不起燃气或电炉，只能烧木炭来做饭。
The Congo basin rainforest is the second biggest tropical forest in the world,after the Amazon.It stretches across six central African countries (though more than half its trees are in Congo).Its absorbent peatlands hold the equivalent of three years’worth of global carbon emissions,mitigating global warming.刚果盆地雨林是世界上仅次于亚马逊雨林的第二大热带雨林。
2019经济学人考研英文文章阅读一二二
Lilies tweak their fruit and seeds to ensure their propagation百合对其果实和种子进行改造，以确保其繁殖Spit it out把种子吐出来African bush lilies are demanding plants.To thrive,they need dappled shade—for they are sensitive to full sunlight—and well-drained soil.They are therefore patchily distributed,growing only in microclimates where these conditions pertain.非洲灌木百合是一种对生长环境有着严苛要求的植物。
为了能够茁壮生长，它们需要斑驳的树荫（它们对充足的阳光很敏感）和排水良好的土壤。
因此，它们往往散落分布，仅在这些条件适宜的小气候中生长。
That means their seeds are likely to do best if they germinate near the plant that bore them.Too near,though,and they will compete with that parent for resources.这意味着，这些种子如果在播种它们的植物附近将会生长的最好。
但是，如果靠的太近将会和它们的母代植物争夺资源。
Somehow,a way needs to be arranged for seeds to be carried the optimum distance from their parental plants.And Ian Kiepiel and Steven Johnson at the University of KwaZulu-Natal,in South Africa,think they know how it happens.于是乎，需要通过某种途径让种子和母代植物保持最佳的距离。
考研英语阅读理解外刊原文经济学人
The 19th century French philosopher Auguste Comte got it wrong: demography is not destiny.19世纪法国哲学家奥古斯特•孔德错了：人口并不决定命运。
Population trends are some of the strongest forces in economics, affecting global prosperity, the growth of individual nations and the strength of public finances. But reducing the success of countries and regions to their trends in births, deaths and migration is a simplification too far.各种人口趋势是经济学中最强大的一些力量，影响着全球繁荣、单个国家的增长和公共财政的实力。
但是，将国家和区域的成功归结于其出生、死亡和人口移徙趋势是一种过于简单化的做法。
As the coronavirus pandemic has shown, the confident predictions in 2020 of a lockdown baby boom followed by the 2021 fear of a Covid baby bust demonstrate that demographic trends are far less stable than often imagined. Small changes in fertility, mortality and migration can have immense effects.正如新冠疫情所显示的那样，2020年对疫情封锁会带来一波婴儿潮的自信预测，以及接下来的2021年对疫情会造成婴儿荒的担忧，表明人口趋势远没有通常想象的那么稳定。
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Should the government determine what counts as quality journalism?优质新闻应该由政府来确定吗?Or should the job be left to private companies?或是让私人公司来确定?The news is not what it used to be.These days most consumers get most of their bulletins online.Since online publishing is cheap,a profusion of new sources have sprung up.新闻已经不是过去的样子了。
如今，大多数人都从网上看新闻。
由于在线出版的成本低廉，大量新的媒体如雨后春笋般涌现。
Websites run by established newspapers compete with newer,online-only outlets and professional(or amateur)blogs,not to mention the mix of articles,digital chain-letters and comments curated by the algorithms of social-media sites such as Facebook and Twitter.老牌新闻媒体运营的网站正在与更新的、仅提供在线资讯的网站以及专业（或业余）的博客相互竞争，更不用说由Facebook和Twitter等社交媒体网站基于算法的文章、用户间连续转发和评论的组合拳了。
Established media have struggled.Much of the advertising that used to pay journalists’salaries has gone to Facebook and Google,the two big technology firms that dominate the market for online advertising.老牌媒体一直在苦苦挣扎。
过去用于付给记者们薪水的广告大部分都流向了Facebook和谷歌，这两大科技公司主导着在线广告市场。
Print circulation has collapsed.Local papers have been particularly hard hit,with many going bust.报刊印刷量大幅下降。
地方小报受到的打击尤为严重，许多甚至都破产了。
Social-media algorithms prioritise attention-grabbing clickbait over boring truth,which helps propel nonsense around the world.Collins,a dictionary-publisher,declared“fake news”its2017neologism of the year.社交媒体的算法会优先考虑吸引眼球的标题党新闻，而非无聊的真新闻，这导致世界各个角落都充斥着假新闻。
词典出版商柯林斯甚至把“假新闻”一词评为2017年的年度新词。
In2018the government asked Dame Frances Cairncross,an economist (and former journalist on this newspaper)to ponder what,if anything,it should do about all this.On February12th her report was published.It mostly rejects the idea that journalism deserves a bail-out.2018年，英国政府向（本报前记者）弗朗西丝·凯恩克罗斯请教，如果可以的话，政府应该为此做些什么呢。
2月12日，她发表了一份报告，报告在很大程度上反对新闻业应该得到纾困这一观点。
Mostly,but not entirely.Dame Frances argues that public-interest journalism is undersupplied by the market,and that the government should support it via tax breaks or direct funding.Two types of journalism in particular deserve support.但也并非完全反对。
弗朗西丝认为，公共利益新闻在市场上供不应求，政府应该通过减税或直接资助来予以支持。
尤其是两类新闻应该得到支持。
One is that which investigates corruption and the abuse of power.Despite its cachet,such work is expensive,difficult and—from a commercial point of view—generally not worth it.一类是调查腐败和滥用权力的新闻。
这类新闻颇具威望，但其所需做的工作也是昂贵和困难的，而且从商业角度来看通常是不值得的。
The other is the sort of thing local newspapers used to provide:writing up planning meetings,trials in local courts and the like.另一类过去常常出现在地方小报上：刊登计划会议、地方法院的案件审判等等。
It is hard to imagine any news less likely to go viral.Yet the report cites research suggesting that a lack of it undermines voter turnout and civic engagement.很难想象这类新闻能够病毒式的传播开来。
然而，该报告援引的研究表明，这类新闻的缺乏会导致选民投票率和公民参与度的降低。
The most eye-catching recommendation,though,is that online platforms such as Google and Facebook be given a“news quality obligation”, backed by a regulator,requiring them to promote only news from reliable outlets.然而，最引人注目的建议是，谷歌和Facebook等在线平台应该被赋予一项“新闻质量义务”，并且得到监管机构的支持，这项义务要求它们只能推广来自可靠渠道的新闻。
“This is really unprecedented,”reckons Rasmus Nielsen of the Reuters Institute at the University of Oxford(which is funded partly by the press and big tech firms).“I can’t think of another democracy in which there is a call for regulatory oversight of what constitutes‘quality’in the news.”牛津大学路透研究所(该研究所部分是由媒体和大型科技公司资助的)的拉斯穆斯·尼尔森说:“这真是史无前例，我实在想不出还有哪个民主国家会呼吁人们对新闻‘质量’进行监管的。
”But it fits with growing worries that the ability of a small number of technology firms to amplify and disseminate news may be unhealthy. Politicians have called for the likes of Google to censor everything from fake news stories to articles about suicide and self-harm.但这也正应了人们对于少数科技公司日益增加的担忧，这些公司所拥有的放大和传播新闻的能力可能是有害的。
政界人士呼吁谷歌等这类公司对所有内容（从假新闻到自杀和自残的文章）进行审查。
Resistant at first,firms are trying to comply.But they are walking into a minefield.The smartphone version of Edge,Microsoft’s web browser,for instance,now warns users about sites it deems untrustworthy.起初，各公司都很抵触，但如今正在试图遵守。
但他们正在步入雷区。
例如，微软的网络浏览器Edge的手机版现在对于它认为不值得信任的网站会向用户发出警告。
In January it flagged MailOnline,the widely read website of the pearl-clutching Daily Mail,for“generally[failing]to maintain basic standards of accuracy and accountability”.After the Mail complained,the warning was removed.今年1月，《每日邮报》旗下拥有众多读者的网站MailOnline被Edge标为“此网站通常无法达到新闻准确性和责任性的基本标准”。
在遭到每日邮报的投诉后，警告才被删掉。
Having governments rate the media would be an awkward policy for a liberal democracy.But the report argues that the alternative—leaving it to the judgment of private companies—is even worse.对一个自由民主的国家来说，让政府对媒体进行评级将是一项尴尬的政策。