英语写作能力培养策略—谈写好英语句子的八种练习方法
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英語写作能力培养策略—谈写好英语句子的八种练习方法
一、拓展句子练习
正如树干上长出的花朵和枝叶一样,拓展句子就是在主干句的基础上添加定语、状语、同位语、插入语等连带成分,甚至可以增加一些细节内容(比如增加例子)等等,使句子的意思更具体、更形象。写作英语句子时,首先要将句子的主语、谓语确定下来。不管多复杂的句子,只要把主要成分的位置固定了,其它的成分就会按关系就位。
在表达“她笑得很甜”这句话时,多数学生会写成:“She smiles sweetly”,但在考试中的写作部分,3个单词的句子是很难拿到高分的。现在我们尝试一下如何拓展这个句子。一般说来,英语中多用名词而少用动词,所以我们可以将这句话改写为:There is a smile on her face. 名词可用形容词来修饰,所以我们可以添加合适的形容词把句子进一步拓展为:There is a sweet smile on her beautiful and young face. 要使句式和内容变得丰富些,我们还可以在名词后面加分词或从句修饰:There is a sweet smile appearing on her beautiful and young face. 要进一步拓展句子,还可以在句子中添加插入语来强调和修饰主要名词:There is a sweet smile, like bright sunshine, appearing on her beautiful and young face. 这样,一个由3个单词构成的句子就被拓展为一个15个单词的句子。写作考查的是考生对语言本身的掌握,考生不仅应该知道what to talk about,更应该知道How to talk about it,这才是高考写作试题的核心所在。
从理论上来说,一个句子可以无限拓展,但实际运用中应当适可而止。定语或状语的表意功能或者说交际功能就是丰富句子的含义。给句子增加修饰语,一方面是为了写出好的句子或者复杂的句子,另一方面是表意和交际的需要。常用的拓展句子的方法主要有以下3种。
1. 通过添加形容性词汇对句子进行拓展
The wind blew.
→ The icy wind blew fiercely.
2. 用短语(介词结构、非谓语动词等)进行拓展
He was walking.
→ He was walking slowly along the road.
→ He was walking slowly along the road, thinking about something.
3. 添加句子对原句进行适当拓展
He left his beloved wife and his lovely daughter unexpectedly.
→ No one knows why he left his beloved wife and his lovely daughter unexpectedly, which even puzzles the police a great deal.
如果学生掌握了以上3种拓展句子的方法,并在进行书面表达时有意识地运用,经过一段时间的练习后,丰富的、多变式的语句就会轻松地跃然纸上。
二、替换练习
替换练习是造句的基础,没有人能够在不借用任何语言形式的前提下凭空造出一个句子来。替换练习是一种非常必要的实践方式,也是英语学习者在进行造句练习时必不可少的一种方法。替换的句子成分可以是单词,也可以是短语或句型。替换练习对于学习者理解不同词类的语法功能具有很大的帮助作用。比如牛津教材高二(上)第一课有这样一个句子:I was dying to get out and play with it. 根据句意可要求学生将划线部分进行如下替换:I was keen to get out and play with it. / I was eager to get out and play with it. 再比如“高度重视……”在汉语中
是一个常用词组,可以在教师的指导下要求学生用多种形式替换,以利于在写作时增加语言表达的丰富性。可以替换的表达有:attach great importance to..., follow closely, give top priority to, see great value in, be fully committed to, take ... seriously, view ... with great concern等。从理论上讲,词汇量越大,能够通过替换造出的句子就越多。写作中要想得到理想的分数,运用高级词汇与句型替换普通用词是非常必要的,同时,替换练习还有助于学生加强对词汇的理解与灵活使用。替换练习可以采用以下两种替换方式和手段。
1. 替换词汇与短语
例如:A difficult job划线部分可替换为challenging;We felt tired after the journey划线部分可替换为exhausted /worn-out;He is not free for comment now划线部分可替换为available。
再比如:There are three methods of solving the problem.
→ There are three solutions / approaches to this problem.
My parents and I went to the competition together.
→ I went to the competition with the company of my parents.
2. 句型替换
例如:“众所周知”这一句型可进行如下替换:
It is known to all that...
→ As is known to all,...
→ We all know that...
对英语词汇和句型的灵活运用是体现学生英语表达水平的一个重要标志。比如表达“科技给我们带来好处”,可作如下替换:
Technology brings us benefits.
→ Technology benefits us.
→ We benefit from technology.
→ Technology is beneficial to us.
→ We are the beneficiaries of technology.
由此可见,替换练习有利于考生对较高级词汇或较高级句型的理解与应用,从而有助于考生在考试中避免重复用词,写出较高水平的句子。比如在有关议论性的作文中时常出现“think”一词,如果考生整篇文章多处使用同一个词,就会使文章显得用词贫乏、单调,如果在教师指导下的平时练习中,学生对这一词汇进行过替换练习,他们定会在考试中加以应用。可以替换think的句型有:take the attitude that / hold the view that /it is widely shared that / it is universally acknowledged that等。这样的表达哪怕只用上两个,也会使考生的作文提高一个档次。
三、同义句型转换练习
同义句型转换练习似乎与造句无关,但这一过程是对原句进行加工、改造,从而造出一个新句子。可见,同义句型转换在造句的思维过程中也是非常重要的。请看例句:
1. He couldn’t help crying when he heard the news.
→ Hearing the news / At the news, he couldn’t help crying.
2. We were surprised the girl could draw so well.
→ To our surprise, the girl could draw so well.
→ What surprised us was that the girl could draw so well.