人类学理论 英文

THE ―ATLANTIC WORLD‖
• By 1500, the ―Atlantic World,‖ dominated by Europe, and based in the trade of sugar, slaves, gold, and silver was in place. • Through these lucrative endeavors, European societies began to acquire great wealth and power. • Spreading Christianity was an integral aspect of this European expansion.
THE EUROPEAN FEUDAL ESTATE SYSTEM



A few major events were responsible for the rise and expansion of European societies after 1400: The withdrawal of China from world trade networks. The exploratory voyage of Vasco Da Gama around the southern tip of Africa. Columbus’ exploratory voyage to the Western Hemisphere.
GUTENBERG IS CREDITED WITH INVENTING THE MOVEABLE TYPE PRINTING PRESS AROUND 1450. THIS HAD A MONUMENTAL IMPACT ON EUROPEAN CULTURE. BOOKS, NEWSPAPERS, PAMPHLETS, ETC., BECAME AVAILABLE AND AFFORDABLE. THIS FOSTERED THE ESCALATION OF LITERACY AND EDUCATION AMONG COMMON PEOPLES, WHICH—IN TURN—STIMULATED MORE INDEPENDENT THOUGHT, AND SOCIAL DIALOGUE, AND DEBATE.
philosophy, and capitalism.
1648 WESTPHALIA PEACE ACCORD
Considered to be the
culmination of the Protestant Reformation. Established national boundaries in Europe. Ended the political dominance of the Holy Roman Empire. Instigated the transformation in the political organization of European powers from feudal states to nation states.
1500s - 1700s
EUROPEAN AGE OF SCIENTIFIC DISCOVERY
• FIRST PHASE: – EMPIRICISM: Scientific knowledge can be acquired through observing phenomena. – MECHANICAL PHILOSOPHY: Nature follows natural, physical laws. – CHEMICAL PHILOSOPHY: Matter functions according to active, vital principles. – MATHEMATIZATION: Quantitative methods were applied to the measurement of physical phenomena. • SECOND PHASE: The application of empirical analysis and mechanistic explanations to: – Human Personality – Human Development – Cultures and societies and their development
1517
THE PROTESTANT REFORMATION
A movement in Europe that began with Martin Luther’s opposition to the corruption of Catholicism. Divided Christianity between Catholicism and a number of Protestant denominations. Contributed to a sociocultural milieu in Europe that fostered science, technology, modern
A HISTORICAL OVERVIEW OF ANTHROPOLOGICAL THEORIES OF RELIGION
THEORETICAL PARADIGMS
1) THE ORIGIN OF RELIGIONS (源自文库ate 1700s – Early 1900s) Social Evolutionism Scientific Racism 2) THE FUNCTION OF RELIGIONS (Early 1900s – 1960s) Functionalism Structural Functionalism 3) THE MEANINGS OF RELIGIONS AND THEIR ARTICULATIONS WITH SOCIETY AND THE INDIVIDUAL (1960s to the Present) Symbolic and Interpretive Interactionism Interpretive/Symbolic Anthropology Feminism Post Structuralism
WHILE MOST OF EUROPE WAS IN THE DARK AGES
• Technological, intellectual, and aesthetic development was thriving in China, India, the Arab World, and the Italian City States. • Land and sea routes connected the great cities of these regions to foster cultural and economic exchange.