《学术英语综合》-季佩英版-课文翻译
《学术英语综合》 季佩英版 课文翻译
翻译,U1U1A 感谢看不见的手感谢全能的上帝是感恩节的主题,并自清教徒带来在他们的第一个丰收的朝圣者…直到今天,在全国各地的数以百万计的家庭,上帝会感谢许多礼物,桌上的盛宴和亲人的公司,健康和好运,在过去的一年,和平时期的家庭,为无数特权出生或成为-美国人。
但这可能不会发生在我们太多的感谢的事实,本周当地超市有大量的火鸡出售。
即使不虔诚感谢上帝的航班安排,使得某些亲人飞回家过感恩节。
或为当地的电影院在周末的时间掌握和(电影名)到来。
或者是报纸上伟大的越橘苹果派食谱的食品部分。
这些东西我们采取更多或更少的理所当然。
这几乎不需要一个奇迹来解释为什么杂货店的股票在感恩节前火鸡的股票,或者为什么好莱坞电影在大假期的时间释放。
这就是他们所做的。
上帝在哪里,然而,在那里,没有什么奇妙的东西-几乎是无法解释的-在你的感恩节周末的方式是可能的技能和劳动力的大量的陌生人把火鸡的餐桌,例如,需要成千上万的人努力的家禽农户养的鸟,当然,也提供营养,谁把它带到农场的卡车司机的饲料经销商,更不用说建筑师设计的孵化场,工人建造它,并保持它的运行技术人员。
这只鸟已经被宰杀、拔毛和检查运输和卸载包售价并显示。
完成这些任务的人是由其他人的军队来完成的,其他人完成了其他的任务--从精炼的汽油,燃料的卡车,制造塑料的肉类包装。
无数的活动遥远的男人和女人经过结婚几个月必须精心设计和精确定时,使v'nen结果你买新鲜的感恩节火鸡,会有一个或更多的可能,几十个等待。
协调水平,需要把它关闭是令人难以置信的。
但更令人难以置信的是:没有一个协调。
没有火鸡沙皇坐在指挥所的地方,咨询硕士计划。
发号施令。
没有人骑着所有的人,迫使他们合作,为你的利益。
然而他们合作。
当你到达超市的时候,四只火鸡在那里。
你不必做任何事情,但如果出现买thatisrit,奇迹。
那我们应该称之为?亚当斯密称它为“看不见的手”导致无数人的神秘力量,各为自己的利益工作,推动结束,受益多。
学术英语综合季佩英U2翻译
1776，亚当·斯密描述了一只“看不见的手”如何引导企业争取利润，而这只手引导他们做出有益于社会的决定。
史米斯的见解使他得出这样的结论：利润最大化是一个企业的正确目标，自由企业制度是最好的社会。
但自从1776以来，世界发生了变化。
今天的公司规模大得多，他们在全球范围内运作，他们有成千上万的员工，他们拥有数以百万计的股东。
这让我们怀疑“看不见的手”是否还能提供可靠的指导。
企业是否应该继续追求利润最大化，还是应该采取更广泛的观点，采取更加平衡的行动，以使客户、员工、供应商和社会整体受益?今天大多数学者订阅了亚当·斯密理论的以下修改版本：。
一个公司的主要目标应该是使股东财富最大化，这就意味着其股票价值最大化。
在自由企业的框架下，自由企业仍然是整个国家最好的经济体系，企业发展人们想要的产品和服务，造福社会。
无论如何一些限制是必要的-公司不应该被允许污染空气和水，从事不公平的雇佣行为，或创建垄断，利用消费者。
这些约束采取了许多不同的形式。
通过政治过程，社会规定了广泛的法规，旨在防止公司从事的做法伤害社会。
另一组约束是对公司的成本进行评估，如果他们采取行动，损害社会。
适当地施加，这些成本相当转移价值的痛苦各方，并帮助创建激励机制，以帮助防止类似事件发生在未来。
最近的两个例子戏剧性地说明了这些观点。
首先，许多墙street2公司从事极其危险的活动，推动了金融系统在2007和2008崩溃的边缘。
拯救金融体系需要银行和其他金融公司的救助，而救助计划给纳税人带来了巨大的成本，也推动了经济陷入深度衰退。
除了对社会施加的巨大成本之外，金融公司也付出了沉重的代价--一些领先的金融机构看到了他们的股票价格大幅下跌，一些破产和破产，许多华尔街高管失去了工作。
2010最近，大量BP3溢油在mexico4湾曾在海湾地区的一个可怕的环境和经济影响。
在最初的爆炸后的三个月里，英国石油公司的股票损失了一半的价值，没有人知道它的总成本会有多高，公司能否生存下去。
学术综合英语unit1-5课文翻译
Presenting a speech（做演讲）Of all human creations, language may be the most remarkable. Through在人类所有的创造中，语言也许是影响最为深远的。
我们用语言language we share experience, formulate values, exchange ideas, transmit来分享经验，表达(传递？)价值观，交换想法，传播知识，knowledge, and sustain culture. Indeed, language is vital to think itself.传承文化。
事实上，对语言本身的思考也是至关重要的。
[Contrary to popular belief], language | does not simply mirror reality butalso helps to create our sense of reality [by giving meaning to events].和通常所认为的不同的是，语言并不只是简单地反映现实，语言在具体描述事件的时候也在帮助我们建立对现实的感知。
——语序的调整。
Good speakers have respect for language and know how it works. Words are the tools of a speaker’s craft. They have special uses, just like the tools of any other profession. As a speaker, you should be aware of the meaning of words and know how to use language accurately, clearly,vividly,and appropriately.好的演讲者对语言很重视，也知道如何让它发挥更好的效果。
学术英语综合季佩英版第八单元课文翻译
学术英语综合季佩英版第八单元课文翻译(总2页)--本页仅作为文档封面，使用时请直接删除即可----内页可以根据需求调整合适字体及大小--TEXT A 从柏柏尔人到巴赫的全球化路径作为一个专业大提琴家，在过去30年，我在这条道上花了相当于两个完整的十年来学习和表演音乐传统和文化。
我的旅行使我相信，在我们的全球化世界中，文化传统形成了以身份，社会稳定和相互帮助为主的重要框架。
一个快速变化的世界必然会让我们造成文化上的不安全感，使人们质疑自己的地位。
全球化常常让我们适应别人的规则，这似乎威胁了个人的身份。
这自然使我们紧张，因为这些规则要求我们改变我们的历史悠久的习惯。
因此，对于今天的全球化领导者的关键问题是：习惯和文化该如何演变来加入一个更大的星球，同时不牺牲独特的身份和个人的自豪感？我的音乐之旅提醒我，全球化带来的互动不仅仅是破坏文化，他们可以创造新的文化，振兴和传播已经存在多年的传统。
它与生态术语“边缘效应”不同，后者用于描述当两个不同的生态系统相遇例如森林和大草原时会发生什么。
在那个界面上，密度最小的地方生命形式最多样化，每个生物都可以在两个生态系统的核心中找到。
有时候最有趣的事情发生在边缘。
在交叉处有着令人意外的组成。
文化这块织布是由世界各个角落的人汇聚而成的。
发现世界的一种方法是深入挖掘它的传统。
例如，在音乐方面，任何大提琴手的核心是巴赫的《无伴奏大提琴组曲》。
而其中每个组曲的心脏是一个称为萨拉班德舞的舞蹈。
这个舞蹈起源于北非柏柏尔人的音乐，那里是一个缓慢，性感的舞蹈。
它下一次出现在西班牙，在那里被禁止，因为它被认为猥亵和淫荡。
西班牙人把它带到美洲，但它也前往法国，在那里它成为一个戏剧性的舞蹈。
在1720年代，巴赫将其合并到《无伴奏大提琴组曲》中。
今天，我，一个中国人在巴黎生的美国人，也在玩巴赫。
那么，谁真正拥有萨拉班德舞？每个文化都包含着音乐，并赋予其特定的意义，但每个文化必须共享所有权：它属于我们所有。
季佩玉、范烨学术英语答案
季佩玉、范烨学术英语答案2. And yet, isn't there something wonderous, — something almost inexplicable in the way your Thanksgiving weekend is made possible by the skill and labor of vast numbers of total strangers? (Line 1, Para. 4)3. ...Thanksgiving Turkey, there would be one, — or more likely, a few dozen— waiting. (Line 3, Para.6)Task 3/Formal English1. very many2. buying or selling3. a large group of4. more huge5. understand6. troubledUnit 2Language buildingTask 1:Part 1:1)无形之手；2）自由企业制度3）股东4）经济体制5）开发产品和服务6）市场力量；市场调节作用7）金融机构8）严重衰退9）破产10）mission11）stock price12）corporate motto14）maximize profits 15）financial system Part 2：1)market forces2）financial institutions 3）free enterprise system 4）deep institutions5）invisible hand6）stockholder7）profit maximization 8）economic system Task 2：1.and；2.Another；3. also；4. Not only；but；5. otherTask 31. understanding；2. agree with；3. forces… to be accepted;4. bad5. purpose7. given;8.famous.Unit 3Language buildingTask 1: collocationPart 1:1) 充满敬畏与感激；2）与外部世界隔离3）陷入绝境4）易感抑郁5）恢复体能6）界定性特征7）暂时的挫败8）不因挫败而心烦意乱9）竞选权位10）吹着欢快的曲调Part 2：1)bout 2）validated 3）squabble 4）aptitude5）platitude 6）debilitate7）reassuring 8）undermine 9）ruminate 10）martial Task 2：1.contrasting；2.in contrast；3. However；4. different；5. on the other hand6. in the opposite way7.howeverTask 31. full of；2. becomes alert and energetic3. keeping thinking about4. been left in hopelessness5. likely to suffer from6. not disturbed7. saying something that people are quite familiar with8. officially approvedUnit 4Language buildingTask 1: collocationPart 1:1. green movement2. protected areas3. extinction of animals and plants4. wild fish stocks5. make clean power6. save resources7. 培育生物多样性8. 控制污染9. 阻止对生态体系的破坏10. 扩大清洁产业11. 集体世界观12. 生态经济Part 2：1. Embedding a narrative that moves us on from protecting nature from people to protecting nature for people is an essential part of this reframing. (Para.6)If such a narrative is to gain practical effect, then looking after nature must urgently be seen as not only an environmental challenge, but also an economic one. (Para.7)The author manages to bring in a new topic and maintain coherence by repeating keys words such as narrative, nature.2. So long as we continue to travel in two directions at once, promoting environmental goals on the one hand while on the other directly contradicting that with measures to achieve more economic growth, the longer we will fail to make real progress. (Para.7)When it comes to economics and ecology there is plenty of good thinking already done. (Para.8) The author manages to bring in a new topic and maintain coherence by repeating key words such as economic, economics.Task 3 Formal language1. unchangeable; increasing2. control3. effort; charitable4. pleasant detail5. complicated6. change7. Changing8. importantUnit 5Language buildingTask 1: collocationPart 1:1. having a mind2.behave as if you understand3.what and how we know4.inside;reflects Mentalist Dbehaviorist BEpistemologist Aphenomenologist CPart 21. psychological2.spiritual3.behaviour4.phenomenologist5.perplexity6.mentallyTask 2：…,classified…This class of…The class of……a less severe label…The huge classTask 31. what we imagine about computers today2.we have broken the distinction between the first type of response3.for the sake of convenience so that it is easier to refer to the first type of response4. you have the same reason for thinking that M had a mind.5. (The reason you believe your mother has a mind is based) not on your prejudice6. as groundless as believing that computers have mindUnit 6Task 1: Specialized vocabularyPart 11. 数学化，数字处理2. 计算机辅助设计3. 统计4. 基因组学5. 运筹学6. 优化组合7. 概率8. 数据库Part 2：1. database2. CAD3. statistics4. probability5. optimization6. genomics7. mathematization8. Operations researchTask 2：1. Here are a few simple examples of prescriptive mathematics that extended from single numbers to exceedingly complex systems:…(Line1,para.8,Text A)2. Admittedly this is rather vague, but it will clarify a bit as I go on and mention a few of the manyexamples that Baker gives:…(Line 8, para.10, Text A)Task 3 Formal language1. exists2. included3. explained4. model5. get6. environment7. knowledgeable person; in which8. until now9. fix ideas of (caution) in one’s mindUnit 7Task 1: Specialized vocabularyPart 11. -h2.-f3.-a4.-j5.-i6.-b7.-d8.-g9.-c10.-ePart 2：1. To achieve professional development isimportant as a means to the end of becoming an expert and gaining more flexibility and independence2. Numerous studies over the last 30 years have suggested that personality is a powerful predictor of a person's life satisfaction3. An employee's work orientation is shaped in the first instance by their understanding of “what work is about”4. The government is trying to introduce new measures to create a better social safety net and encourage better worker pay5. Money has been used as the incentive of many intelligence contests in TV program Task 2：1. The present perfect tense（现在完成时）emphasizes that people’s conception about what money can bring them has changed greatly2. The tense switches from the present to the past to manifest that an example is given3.The tense switches between the present and the past to produce a comparison of different interpretations of a “calling”in different times Task 3 Formal language1. pour heart and soul into :spare no efforts,try one's bestwhat will stimulate\encourage a worker to try his best in making good products?2. lure：temptationgrueling：working exhaustedlyPeople are no longer so tempted by the dream of becoming rich by working exhaustedly 80 hours a week for several years in a humble position3. lowly job：humble jobrecrafted：turnedHe might be doing a humble job，but he would turn it into a great mission4. entails：requiresA career requires more devotion to work5. contributing to：being beneficial toconnotation：implicationPeople who regard their work as a calling\great mission think that what they do helps serve the public and brings benefits to our society，and therefore it's quite proper to say that a mission\calling implies something similar to religious beliefsUnit8Task 1 Specialized vocabulare1. cultural tradition 文化传统2. social stability 社会稳定3. distinct identity 鲜明特色4. edge effect 边缘效应5. organic evolution 有机界进化6. mutual respect 相互尊重7.political correctness 政治正确性anic evolution2. mutual respect3. Edge effect4. social stability5. political correctness6. cultural tradition7. distinct identityTask 2 Signpost language1. Through; through; through2. not just; but3. first4. second5. next6. final7.not only; but alsoTask 3 Formal English1. develop2. combined3. skillful performers4. obvious5. friendly6. getting rid of7. combine8. changed9. imagine10. a large number ofUnit 9Task 1 Specialized vocabulary1 D 医疗2 J 基因分型3 F 内窥镜检查4 A 生物技术5 H 诊断6 C 分子的7 I 治疗方案8 E 医生9 G 外科医生的；手术的10 B 胶囊1 diagnosis2 surgical3 Biotechnology4 healthcare5 protocols6 molecularTask 2 Signpost language1 known as2 referred to as3 call4 describe5 meanTask 3 Formal English1 increases2 marked3 arrival/ coming4 replaced5 move away6 filledUnit 10Task 1 Specialized vocabulary1 b2 k3 f4 j5 g6 i7 e8 c9 h10 a11 d1 syntactic patterns2 Language faculty3 neural system4 underlying logic5 evolutionary adaptation6 formal instruction7 mental organ8 natural selectionTask 2 Signpost language1 for2 led to3 because4 Therefore5 Therefore6 because; because7 SoTask 3 Formal English1 explanation/interpretation; impacts2 is present all over; analyze/explain/interpret亚当斯密称它为“看不见的手”导致无数人的神秘力量，各为自己的利益工作，推动结束，受益多。
学术综合英语课文翻译
Presenting a speech （做演讲）Of all human creations, language may be the most remarkable. Through language we share experience, formulate values, exchange ideas, transmit knowledge, and sustain culture. Indeed, language is vital to think itself. Contrary to popular belief, language does not simply mirror realitybut also helps to create our sense of reality by giving meaning to events.在人类所有的创造中，语言也许是影响最为深远的。
我们用语言来分享经验，表达(传递？)价值观，交换想法，传播知识，传承文化。
事实上，对语言本身的思考也是至关重要的。
和通常所认为的不同的是，语言并不只是简单地反映现实，语言在具体描述事件的时候也在帮助我们建立对现实的感知。
——语序的调整。
Good speakers have respect for language and know how it works. Words are the tools of a speaker’s craft. They have special uses, just like the tools of any other profession. As a speaker, you should be aware of the meaning of words and know how to use language accurately, clearly,vividly,and appropriately.好的演讲者对语言很重视，也知道如何让它发挥更好的效果。
《学术英语综合》季佩英版课文翻译
《学术英语综合》季佩英版课文翻译感谢看不见的手感谢全能的上帝是感恩节的主题，自从清教徒带来了他们的第一批丰收的朝圣者...直到今天，在全国数以百万计的家庭中，上帝会感谢许多礼物、餐桌上的盛宴和亲属的陪伴、健康和好运，在过去的一年里，和平的家庭，生来或成为美国人获得了无数特权。
但这可能不会发生，因为我们太感谢了。
本周当地超市有很多火鸡出售。
尽管不虔诚地感谢上帝的飞行安排，一些亲戚还是飞回家过感恩节。
或者让当地电影院掌握周末时间和(电影名称)的到来。
或者报纸上蓝莓苹果派食谱的食物部分。
这些事情我们或多或少都认为是理所当然的这几乎不需要奇迹来解释为什么感恩节前杂货店的存货是火鸡存货，或者为什么好莱坞电影在假期上映。
这就是他们所做的然而，上帝在哪里呢？在你的感恩节周末里，没有什么是美妙的——几乎无法解释的——对许多陌生人来说，技能和劳动是可能的火鸡餐桌，例如，家禽饲养者饲养的鸟，需要成千上万的人努力工作，当然，也为卡车司机提供营养和饲料经销商，卡车司机把它带到农场，更不用说由建筑师设计的孵化场，建造它的工人，以及保持它运转的技术人员这只鸟已经被宰杀、拔毛，运输和卸载袋的价格也已经被检查和展示完成这些任务的人是由其他人的军队完成的，其他人完成了其他任务——从提炼汽油、加油车到制作塑料肉包。
无数的活动在结婚几个月后，远方的男人和女人必须精心设计和精确计时，这样才能有一种或多种可能，有几十种可能等着你去买新鲜的感恩节火鸡。
协调的程度，关闭它的需要令人难以置信。
但是更不可思议的是没有协调没有哪个火鸡沙皇坐在指挥所里，查阅主人的程序。
命令人们四处走动没有人能驾驭所有的人，迫使他们为了你的利益而合作。
然而，他们合作了当你到达超市时，那里有四只火鸡你不需要做任何事情，但是如果你买了它，这是一个奇迹。
我们应该叫它什么？亚当·斯密称之为“看不见的手”，这导致了无数为自己的利益而工作的人的神秘力量，他们为达到目的而努力，并从中受益匪浅。
学术综合英语课文翻译
Presenting a speech （做演讲）Of all human creations, language may be the most remarkable. Through language we share experience, formulate values, exchange ideas, transmit knowledge, and sustain culture. Indeed, language is vital to think itself. Contrary to popular belief, language does not simply mirror reality but also helps to create our sense of reality by giving meaning to events.在人类所有的创造中，语言也许是影响最为深远的。
我们用语言来分享经验，表达(传递？)价值观，交换想法，传播知识，传承文化。
事实上，对语言本身的思考也是至关重要的。
和通常所认为的不同的是，语言并不只是简单地反映现实，语言在具体描述事件的时候也在帮助我们建立对现实的感知。
——语序的调整。
Good speakers have respect for language and know how it works. Words are the tools of a speaker’s craft. They have special uses, just like the tools of any other profession. As a speaker, you should be aware of the meaning of words and know how to use language accurately, clearly,vividly,and appropriately.好的演讲者对语言很重视，也知道如何让它发挥更好的效果。
学术综合英语1-5课课文及翻译
Presenting a speech （做演讲）Of all human creations, language may be the most remarkable. Through language we share experience, formulate values, exchange ideas, transmit knowledge, and sustain culture. Indeed, language is vital to think itself. Contrary to popular belief], language | does not simply mirror reality but also helps to create our sense of reality [by giving meaning to events]. 在人类所有的创造中，在人类所有的创造中，语言也许是影响最为深远的。
语言也许是影响最为深远的。
语言也许是影响最为深远的。
我们用语言来分享经验，我们用语言来分享经验，我们用语言来分享经验，传传递价值观，交流思想，传播知识，传承文化。
事实上，对语言本身的思考也是至关重要的。
和通常所认为的不同的是，语言并不只是简单地反映现实，语言在 具体描述事件的时候也在帮助我们建立对现实的感知。
——语序的调整。
——语序的调整。
Good speakers have respect for language and know how it works. Words are the tools of a speaker ’s craft. They have special uses, just like the tools of any other profession. As a speaker, you should be aware of the meaning of words and know how to use language accurately, clearly,vividly,and appropriately. 好的演讲者对语言很重视，好的演讲者对语言很重视，也知道如何让它发挥更好的效果。
学术综合英语1-5课课文及翻译
Presenting a speech（做演讲）Of all human creations，language may be the most remarkable。
Through language we share experience, formulate values，exchange ideas, transmit knowledge，and sustain culture。
Indeed，language is vital to think itself. Contrary to popular belief］, language | does not simply mirror reality but also helps to create our sense of reality ［by giving meaning to events］.在人类所有的创造中，语言也许是影响最为深远的。
我们用语言来分享经验，传递价值观,交流思想,传播知识，传承文化。
事实上，对语言本身的思考也是至关重要的。
和通常所认为的不同的是，语言并不只是简单地反映现实,语言在具体描述事件的时候也在帮助我们建立对现实的感知。
——语序的调整。
Good speakers have respect for language and know how it works. Words are the tools of a speaker's craft。
They have special uses，just like the tools of any other profession. As a speaker, you should be aware of the meaning of words and know how to use language accurately，clearly,vividly,and appropriately。
《学术英语综合》季佩英版课文翻译
翻译，U1U1A 感谢看不见的手感谢全能的上帝是感恩节的主题，并自清教徒带来在他们的第一个丰收的朝圣者…直到今天，在全国各地的数以百万计的家庭，上帝会感谢许多礼物，桌上的盛宴和亲人的公司，健康和好运，在过去的一年，和平时期的家庭，为无数特权出生或成为-美国人。
但这可能不会发生在我们太多的感谢的事实，本周当地超市有大量的火鸡出售。
即使不虔诚感谢上帝的航班安排，使得某些亲人飞回家过感恩节。
或为当地的电影院在周末的时间掌握和（电影名）到来。
或者是报纸上伟大的越橘苹果派食谱的食品部分。
这些东西我们采取更多或更少的理所当然。
这几乎不需要一个奇迹来解释为什么杂货店的股票在感恩节前火鸡的股票，或者为什么好莱坞电影在大假期的时间释放。
这就是他们所做的。
上帝在哪里，然而，在那里，没有什么奇妙的东西-几乎是无法解释的-在你的感恩节周末的方式是可能的技能和劳动力的大量的陌生人把火鸡的餐桌，例如，需要成千上万的人努力的家禽农户养的鸟，当然，也提供营养，谁把它带到农场的卡车司机的饲料经销商，更不用说建筑师设计的孵化场，工人建造它，并保持它的运行技术人员。
这只鸟已经被宰杀、拔毛和检查运输和卸载包售价并显示。
完成这些任务的人是由其他人的军队来完成的，其他人完成了其他的任务--从精炼的汽油，燃料的卡车，制造塑料的肉类包装。
无数的活动遥远的男人和女人经过结婚几个月必须精心设计和精确定时，使v'nen结果你买新鲜的感恩节火鸡，会有一个或更多的可能，几十个等待。
协调水平，需要把它关闭是令人难以置信的。
但更令人难以置信的是：没有一个协调。
没有火鸡沙皇坐在指挥所的地方，咨询硕士计划。
发号施令。
没有人骑着所有的人，迫使他们合作，为你的利益。
（完整版）学术英语综合课后答案季佩英
（完整版）学术英语综合课后答案季佩英Unit 1Language building-upTask 1/Specialized vocabulary1. 饲料经销商；饲料批发商2. 为他自己的收益而工作3. 技能与劳动力4. 制造塑料5. 私人交易6. 包装并定价7. 无形之手1. priced2. labor3. transactions4. gain5. labor; manufactured6. invisible hand7. distributorTask 2/Signpost language1. Today, in millions of homes across the nation, God will be thanked for many gifts, for the feast on the table and the company of loved ones, for health and good fortune in the year gone by, for peace privilege of having been born, or having become —American(Line 2, Para.1).2. And yet, isn't there something wondrous, —something almost inexplicable in the way your Thanksgiving weekend is made possible by the skill and labor of vast numbers of total strangers? (Line 1, Para. 4)3. ...Thanksgiving Turkey, there would be one, —or morelikely, a few dozen—waiting. (Line 3, Para.6)Task 3/Formal English1. very many2. buying or selling3. a large group of4. more huge5. understand6. troubledUnit 2Language buildingTask 1:Part 1:1)无形之手；2）自由企业制度3）股东4）经济体制5）开发产品和服务6）市场力量；市场调节作用7）金融机构8）严重衰退9）破产10）mission11）stock price12）corporate motto13）assets14）maximize profits 15）financial systemPart 2：1)market forces2）financial institutions 3）free enterprise system 4）deep institutions5）invisible hand6）stockholder7）profit maximization 8）economic system Task 2：1.and；2.Another；3. also；4. Not only；but；5. otherTask 31. understanding；2. agree with；3. forces…to be accepted;4. bad5. purpose6. charitable ;7. given;8.famous.Unit 3Language buildingTask 1: collocationPart 1:1) 充满敬畏与感激；2）与外部世界隔离3）陷入绝境4）易感抑郁5）恢复体能6）界定性特征7）暂时的挫败8）不因挫败而心烦意乱9）竞选权位10）吹着欢快的曲调Part 2：1)bout 2）validated3）squabble 4）aptitude5）platitude 6）debilitate7）reassuring 8）undermine9）ruminate 10）martialTask 2：1.contrasting；2.in contrast；3. However；4. different；5. on the other hand6. in the opposite way7.howeverTask 31. full of；2. becomes alert and energetic3. keeping thinking about4. been left in hopelessness5. likely to suffer from6. not disturbed7. saying something that people are quite familiar with8. officially approvedUnit 4Language buildingTask 1: collocationPart 1:1. green movement2. protected areas3. extinction of animals and plants4. wild fish stocks5. make clean power6. save resources7. 培育生物多样性8. 控制污染9. 阻止对生态体系的破坏10. 扩大清洁产业11. 集体世界观12. 生态经济Part 2：1. Embedding a narrative that moves us on from protecting nature from people to protecting nature for people is an essential part of this reframing. (Para.6)If such a narrative is to gain practical effect, then looking after nature must urgently be seen as not only an environmental challenge, but also an economic one. (Para.7)The author manages to bring in a new topic and maintain coherence by repeating keys words such as narrative, nature.2. So long as we continue to travel in two directions at once, promoting environmental goals on the one hand while on the other directly contradicting that with measures to achieve more economic growth, the longer we will fail to make real progress. (Para.7)When it comes to economics and ecology there is plenty of good thinking already done. (Para.8) The author manages to bring in a new topic and maintain coherence by repeating key words such as economic, economics.Task 3 Formal language1. unchangeable; increasing2. control3. effort; charitable4. pleasant detail5. complicated6. change7. Changing8. importantUnit 5Language buildingTask 1: collocationPart 1:1. having a mind2.behave as if you understand3.what and how we know4.inside;reflectsMentalist Dbehaviorist B Epistemologist A phenomenologist CPart 21. psychological2.spiritual3.behaviour4.phenomenologist5.perplexity6.mentallyTask 2：…,classified…This class of…The class of……a less severe label…The huge classTask 31. what we imagine about computers today2.we have broken the distinction between3.for the sake of convenience so that it is easier to refer to the first type of response4. you have the same reason for thinking that M had a mind.5. (The reason you believe your mother has a mind is based) not on your prejudice6. as groundless as believing that computers have mindUnit 6Task 1: Specialized vocabularyPart 11. 数学化，数字处理2. 计算机辅助设计3. 统计4. 基因组学5. 运筹学6. 优化组合7. 概率8. 数据库Part 2：1. database2. CAD3. statistics4. probability5. optimization6. genomics7. mathematization8. Operations researchTask 2：1. Here are a few simple examples of prescriptivemathematics that extended from single numbers to exceedingly complex systems:…(Line 1,para.8,Text A)2. Admittedly this is rather vague, but it will clarify a bit as I go on and mention a few of the manyexamples that Baker gives:…(Line 8, para.10, Text A)Task 3 Formal language1. exists2. included3. explained4. model5. get6. environment7. knowledgeable person; in which8. until now9. fix ideas of (caution) in one’s mindUnit 7Task 1: Specialized vocabularyPart 11. -h2.-f3.-a4.-j5.-i6.-b7.-d8.-g9.-c10.-ePart 2：1. To achieve professional development isimportant as ameans to the end of becoming an expert and gaining more flexibility and independence2. Numerous studies over the last 30 years have suggested that personality is a powerful predictor of a person's life satisfaction3. An employee's work orientation is shaped in the first instance by their understanding of “what work is about”4. The government is trying to introduce new measures to create a better social safety net and encourage better worker pay5. Money has been used as the incentive of many intelligence contests in TV programTask 2：1. The present perfect tense（现在完成时）emphasizes that people’s conception about what money can bring them has changed greatly2. The tense switches from the present to the past to manifest that an example is given3.The tense switches between the present and the past to produce a comparison of different interpretations of a “calling”in different timesTask 3 Formal language1. pour heart and soul into :spare no efforts,try one's bestwhat will stimulate\encourage a worker to try his best in making good products?2. lure：temptationgrueling：working exhaustedlyPeople are no longer so tempted by the dream of becoming rich by working exhaustedly 80 hours a week for several years ina humble position3. lowly job：humble jobrecrafted：turnedHe might be doing a humble job，but he would turn it intoa great mission4. entails：requiresA career requires more devotion to work5. contributing to：being beneficial toconnotation：implicationPeople who regard their work as a calling\great mission think that what they do helps serve the public and brings benefits to our society，and therefore it's quite proper to say that a mission\calling implies something similar to religious beliefs Unit8Task 1 Specialized vocabulare1. cultural tradition 文化传统2. social stability 社会稳定3. distinct identity 鲜明特色4. edge effect 边缘效应5. organic evolution 有机界进化6. mutual respect 相互尊重7.political correctness 政治正确性/doc/aaf6c3adfac75fbfc77da26925c52cc58 ad6907f.html anic evolution2. mutual respect3. Edge effect4. social stability5. political correctness6. cultural tradition7. distinct identityTask 2 Signpost language1. Through; through; through2. not just; but3. first4. second5. next6. final7.not only; but alsoTask 3 Formal English1. develop2. combined3. skillful performers4. obvious5. friendly6. getting rid of7. combine8. changed9. imagine10. a large number ofUnit 9Task 1 Specialized vocabulary1 D 医疗2 J 基因分型3 F 内窥镜检查4 A 生物技术5 H 诊断6 C 分子的7 I 治疗方案8 E 医生9 G 外科医生的；手术的10 B 胶囊1 diagnosis2 surgical3 Biotechnology4 healthcare5 protocols6 molecularTask 2 Signpost language1 known as2 referred to as3 call4 describe5 meanTask 3 Formal English1 increases2 marked3 arrival/ coming4 replaced5 move away6 filledUnit 10Task 1 Specialized vocabulary1 b2 k3 f4 j5 g6 i7 e8 c9 h10 a11 d1 syntactic patterns2 Language faculty3 neural system4 underlying logic5 evolutionary adaptation6 formal instruction7 mental organ8 natural selectionTask 2 Signpost language1 for2 led to3 because4 Therefore5 Therefore6 because; because7 SoTask 3 Formal English1 explanation/interpretation; impacts2 is present all over; analyze/explain/interpret。
学术英语-季佩英-第6课翻译 New winds blowing
New winds blowing in applied mathematicsPhilip J.DavisHow would you complete this sentence:”this is the age of...”Every generation of writers has filled in the dots not only for their own age,but for selected past ages.In1947,the poet W.H.Auden wrote that his was“the age of anxiety”.Around1970,song writers,pulling on astrological beliefs,called it“The age of Aquarius,”an age of love and human kindness.More recently,psychiatrist Daniel Freeman wrote that this is“The age of Paranoia”with distrust and optical surveillance everywhere.We answer according to our experiences.I would fill in the dots by saying that this is the age of computers,or more sharply,the age of mathematizaions.The computer is the prime and driving mechanism of the age and in all computer applications there resides some sort of mathematical construction.It is an age when applied mathematizations affect us all, for good,for bad,for somewhere in between,and these effects may not develop or become apparent for some while.Mathematics is now so universally employed that its teaching cannot be encompassed in one department.CAD/CAM(computer aided design/manufacture)is now in dentistry.Does the dentistry development require engineering talent?Should its techniques be taught in an engineering department?One can truly wonder what courses should comprise the basic training for the applied mathematician or computer scientist.I have spent a good fraction of my professional life in what might be termed“a traditional department of applied mathematics”.by“traditional”I mean a department that stresses the mathematics that models physical phenomena,or to a lesser extent, that models social phenomena via statistics.The word“traditional”cal also be explicated by noting the specific courses that are given in such a department.In my department at Brown University,for example,there are graduate courses in biophysical models,genomics,operations research,statistical inference,dynamical systems,and fluids.This represents a change from a half century ago,when my department was a renowned research center for solid mechanics:elasticity,plasticity, rheology,etc.The word“traditional”can also be explicated by the well-known paradigmatics sequence:Description-prediction-comparison-re tinkering the description.But there is now another type of applied mathematics whose paradigm is:Prescription-adoption-surveillance and societal evaluation-re prescription.Here are a few simple examples of prescriptive mathematics that extend from single numbers to exceedingly complex systems:The speed limit on a highway.The mandatory retirement age for particular occupations.The scoring system for football.An algorithm for determining the“pecking order”of colleges.The old”point system”for determining the quality of a mortgage application.The presidential electoral system in the USAA national tax systemNational and international financial system.This list could go on and on.Society may adopted a mathematical prescription,but its acceptance is more provisional or tentative than,e.g.,Newtonian mechanics.There is yet another kind of mathematics by prescription that derives from human behavior and that is the product of a large cadre of professional s whom the journalist and investigative reporter Stephen Baker ha termed“the Numerati”.who are“the Numerati”?A secret society?No,they are mathematicians,computer scientists,engineers,physicists,economists,biologists,psychologists,linguists and data miners.In fact,anyone who consciously devises or uses algorithms that extract patterns from the behavior of individuals,individual or collective,whose uses then have a direct impact on their personal lives.Admittedly,this is rather vague,but is will clarity a bit as I go on and mention a few of the many examples that Baker gives:A name identifying company using linguistic analysis can tell you whether Mr. Chang is the same fellow as Mr.Tchang,or even Mr.Tchung.A company keeps shopping and lifestyle data of some200million Americans. The company buys just about every bit of data about us that is cold,and then sells selections of it.Another company quietly amasses court rulings,tax and real estate transactions, birth and death notices so as to enhance,among other things,law and child support enforcement,public safety and health care.Yet another company divides the electorate into10groups with characteristic voting patterns so as to help political parties get the swing voters onto their bandwagon.Some of these compilation and analyses,even now,go on silently andautomatically.We are typecast as we sit innocently before our screen and surf of when we use a credit card to buy our weekly groceries.The products of the Numerati can run from socially benign and useful to worrisome to scary.The principal worry is the loss of personal privacy.What formal mathematical knowledge is required to install such mathematizations?If can be anything from the very simple to the very advanced. Technically speaking,what goes on here is part of field of learning/computational statistics,a very hot area in applied mathematics,and computer science.The useful formal training would include:linear algebra,mulch-variable calculus,optimization, probability,statistics,on the mathematics side.On the CS side,it would include algorithms and database theory.Specialized knowledge of the particular domain is of course necessary.In a sense,all applications of math are ultimately prescriptive,but I’m concerned here with mathematics that,once prescribed,creates a brand-new milieu as opposed to mathematics that describes or models an existing often physical milieu.In a perceptive1946article,the French polymath Paul Valery,pointed out that with Volta’s1800discovery of the electric current and invention of the battery, science entered a new phase wherein it created and described absolutely new phenomena as opposed to phenomena that pre-existed.By the same token,applied mathematics which has hitherto been concerned with pre-existing phenomena,is now, via the work of the Numerati,creating new(and largely social)phenomena,this adds fuel to the social constructivist view of mathematics as explicated by Paul Ernest in his many works.Over the years,i may very well have trained students is applied mathematics who have happily,productively and lucratively,entered the ranks of the Numerati. There are fortunes to be made in the numerocratic domains and the young people are aware of it.the low-hanging fruit in engineering may now have all been plucked.To go froward with schemes,e.g.creating sufficient quantities of clean energy may be difficult whereas creating successful new data-mining applications is comparatively easy.And we must deal with its consequences,many of which will be unintended.Mathematics is a very adaptable,very universally applicable language and for this reason it should be invoked with caution.Part of mathematical education of the future should be to inculcate caution lest we fall into the complaint of Caliban:”You have given me language,and my profit on’t is I know how to curse.”（1136words)应用数学的新风Philip J.Davis你将如何完成这句话:“这是一个……时代”每一个时代的作家都在省略号处填上不不同的内容，不仅仅是他们自己的年龄。
学术综合英语unit1-5课文翻译
Presenting a speech（做演讲）Of all human creations, language may be the most remarkable. Through在人类所有的创造中，语言也许是影响最为深远的。
我们用语言language we share experience, formulate values, exchange ideas, transmit来分享经验，表达(传递？)价值观，交换想法，传播知识，knowledge, and sustain culture. Indeed, language is vital to think itself.传承文化。
事实上，对语言本身的思考也是至关重要的。
[Contrary to popular belief], language | does not simply mirror reality butalso helps to create our sense of reality [by giving meaning to events].和通常所认为的不同的是，语言并不只是简单地反映现实，语言在具体描述事件的时候也在帮助我们建立对现实的感知。
——语序的调整。
Good speakers have respect for language and know how it works. Words are the tools of a speaker’s craft. They have special uses, just like the tools of any other profession. As a speaker, you should be aware of the meaning of words and know how to use language accurately, clearly,vividly,and appropriately.好的演讲者对语言很重视，也知道如何让它发挥更好的效果。
学术英语-季佩英-第6课翻译 New winds blowing
New winds blowing in applied mathematicsPhilip J.DavisHow would you complete this sentence:”this is the age of...”Every generation of writers has filled in the dots not only for their own age,but for selected past ages.In1947,the poet W.H.Auden wrote that his was“the age of anxiety”.Around1970,song writers,pulling on astrological beliefs,called it“The age of Aquarius,”an age of love and human kindness.More recently,psychiatrist Daniel Freeman wrote that this is“The age of Paranoia”with distrust and optical surveillance everywhere.We answer according to our experiences.I would fill in the dots by saying that this is the age of computers,or more sharply,the age of mathematizaions.The computer is the prime and driving mechanism of the age and in all computer applications there resides some sort of mathematical construction.It is an age when applied mathematizations affect us all, for good,for bad,for somewhere in between,and these effects may not develop or become apparent for some while.Mathematics is now so universally employed that its teaching cannot be encompassed in one department.CAD/CAM(computer aided design/manufacture)is now in dentistry.Does the dentistry development require engineering talent?Should its techniques be taught in an engineering department?One can truly wonder what courses should comprise the basic training for the applied mathematician or computer scientist.I have spent a good fraction of my professional life in what might be termed“a traditional department of applied mathematics”.by“traditional”I mean a department that stresses the mathematics that models physical phenomena,or to a lesser extent, that models social phenomena via statistics.The word“traditional”cal also be explicated by noting the specific courses that are given in such a department.In my department at Brown University,for example,there are graduate courses in biophysical models,genomics,operations research,statistical inference,dynamical systems,and fluids.This represents a change from a half century ago,when my department was a renowned research center for solid mechanics:elasticity,plasticity, rheology,etc.The word“traditional”can also be explicated by the well-known paradigmatics sequence:Description-prediction-comparison-re tinkering the description.But there is now another type of applied mathematics whose paradigm is:Prescription-adoption-surveillance and societal evaluation-re prescription.Here are a few simple examples of prescriptive mathematics that extend from single numbers to exceedingly complex systems:The speed limit on a highway.The mandatory retirement age for particular occupations.The scoring system for football.An algorithm for determining the“pecking order”of colleges.The old”point system”for determining the quality of a mortgage application.The presidential electoral system in the USAA national tax systemNational and international financial system.This list could go on and on.Society may adopted a mathematical prescription,but its acceptance is more provisional or tentative than,e.g.,Newtonian mechanics.There is yet another kind of mathematics by prescription that derives from human behavior and that is the product of a large cadre of professional s whom the journalist and investigative reporter Stephen Baker ha termed“the Numerati”.who are“the Numerati”?A secret society?No,they are mathematicians,computer scientists,engineers,physicists,economists,biologists,psychologists,linguists and data miners.In fact,anyone who consciously devises or uses algorithms that extract patterns from the behavior of individuals,individual or collective,whose uses then have a direct impact on their personal lives.Admittedly,this is rather vague,but is will clarity a bit as I go on and mention a few of the many examples that Baker gives:A name identifying company using linguistic analysis can tell you whether Mr. Chang is the same fellow as Mr.Tchang,or even Mr.Tchung.A company keeps shopping and lifestyle data of some200million Americans. The company buys just about every bit of data about us that is cold,and then sells selections of it.Another company quietly amasses court rulings,tax and real estate transactions, birth and death notices so as to enhance,among other things,law and child support enforcement,public safety and health care.Yet another company divides the electorate into10groups with characteristic voting patterns so as to help political parties get the swing voters onto their bandwagon.Some of these compilation and analyses,even now,go on silently andautomatically.We are typecast as we sit innocently before our screen and surf of when we use a credit card to buy our weekly groceries.The products of the Numerati can run from socially benign and useful to worrisome to scary.The principal worry is the loss of personal privacy.What formal mathematical knowledge is required to install such mathematizations?If can be anything from the very simple to the very advanced. Technically speaking,what goes on here is part of field of learning/computational statistics,a very hot area in applied mathematics,and computer science.The useful formal training would include:linear algebra,mulch-variable calculus,optimization, probability,statistics,on the mathematics side.On the CS side,it would include algorithms and database theory.Specialized knowledge of the particular domain is of course necessary.In a sense,all applications of math are ultimately prescriptive,but I’m concerned here with mathematics that,once prescribed,creates a brand-new milieu as opposed to mathematics that describes or models an existing often physical milieu.In a perceptive1946article,the French polymath Paul Valery,pointed out that with Volta’s1800discovery of the electric current and invention of the battery, science entered a new phase wherein it created and described absolutely new phenomena as opposed to phenomena that pre-existed.By the same token,applied mathematics which has hitherto been concerned with pre-existing phenomena,is now, via the work of the Numerati,creating new(and largely social)phenomena,this adds fuel to the social constructivist view of mathematics as explicated by Paul Ernest in his many works.Over the years,i may very well have trained students is applied mathematics who have happily,productively and lucratively,entered the ranks of the Numerati. There are fortunes to be made in the numerocratic domains and the young people are aware of it.the low-hanging fruit in engineering may now have all been plucked.To go froward with schemes,e.g.creating sufficient quantities of clean energy may be difficult whereas creating successful new data-mining applications is comparatively easy.And we must deal with its consequences,many of which will be unintended.Mathematics is a very adaptable,very universally applicable language and for this reason it should be invoked with caution.Part of mathematical education of the future should be to inculcate caution lest we fall into the complaint of Caliban:”You have given me language,and my profit on’t is I know how to curse.”（1136words)应用数学的新风Philip J.Davis你将如何完成这句话:“这是一个……时代”每一个时代的作家都在省略号处填上不不同的内容，不仅仅是他们自己的年龄。
学术英语综合课文翻译季佩英
Unit 4 环境Text A The Green Movement at 50: What Next?环保的当今时代是约半个世纪之久。
那段时间意识不断壮大，我们所面临的挑战知识增加，而重要的实践已经取得了进展，例如在一些减少各种污染，并在建立保护区。
我们是，但是，仍然由协调人什么我们的星球能提供可持续的要求很远。
人与自然之间的不平衡的后果是出现在改变地球的气候，动物和植物的势头，并在关键的资源，包括野生鱼类资源，淡水和土壤的枯竭的大灭绝。
而这些环境压力不是一成不变的。
他们不断升级，随着我国人口的增长和国家继续为更多的经济增长的不懈追求。
如果我们要避免这些趋势的最严重后果则毫无疑问是较为迅速的进展将需要比迄今取得的，但我们在这里应该关注我们的努力？什么可能是在未来的半个世纪行动的优先领域？这让我感到眼前的主要挑战主要不是相对于良好的信息，更好的技术和良好的政策思路。
这些东西是至关重要的当然的，但所有这些东西都已经可用。
我们知道如何让清洁电力，节约资源，培育生物多样性。
我们知道如何规范污染，防止损坏的生态系统，如果我们想。
我们有这些能力的事实是不够的。
如果我们继续前进的决定性方式的争论它需要被重新定义。
我们需要从“做正确的事'上移动，谈到风险管理，促进抗灾能力。
要查看关爱地球的自然系统为某种道德选择的是完全误解了危机，我们都在这个挑战是关于人类社会的未来，而不是一些可选的慈善事业，我们可以留给慈善事业慷慨解囊，做社会改良。
嵌入了使我们从保护自然的人们保护自然为人们的叙述是这样的重新规划的重要组成部分。
我们正处在一个时期的后果，世界必须知道，健康的本质不是一些可选的精密而是一组不可缺少的物质资产。
如果这样的叙述是为了获得实际效果再想找性质后必须立即被看作不仅是一个环境的挑战，也是一个经济问题。
只要我们继续滑向两个方向行进，一方面是促进环保目标的同时，对其他直接矛盾与措施，以实现更多的经济增长，我们不再将无法取得真正的进展。
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翻译，U1
U1
A 感谢看不见的手
感谢全能的上帝是感恩节的主题，并自清教徒带来在他们的第一个丰收的朝圣者…直到今天，在全国各地的数以百万计的家庭，上帝会感谢许多礼物，桌上的盛宴和亲人的公司，健康和好运，在过去的一年，和平时期的家庭，为无数特权出生或成为-美国人。
但这可能不会发生在我们太多的感谢的事实，本周当地超市有大量的火鸡出售。
即使不虔诚感谢上帝的航班安排，使得某些亲人飞回家过感恩节。
或为当地的电影院在周末的时间掌握和（电影名）到来。
或者是报纸上伟大的越橘苹果派食谱的食品部分。
这些东西我们采取更多或更少的理所当然。
这几乎不需要一个奇迹来解释为什么杂货店的股票在感恩节前火鸡的股票，或者为什么好莱坞电影在大假期的时间释放。
这就是他们所做的。
上帝在哪里，然而，在那里，没有什么奇妙的东西-几乎是无法解释的-在你的感恩节周末的方式是可能的技能和劳动力的大量的陌生人
把火鸡的餐桌，例如，需要成千上万的人努力的家禽农户养的鸟，当然，也提供营养，谁把它带到农场的卡车司机的饲料经销商，更不用说建筑师设计的孵化场，工人建造它，并保持它的运行技术人员。
这只鸟已经被宰杀、拔毛和检查运输和卸载包售价并显示。
完成这些任务的人是由其他人的军队来完成的，其他人完成了其他的任务--从精炼的汽油，燃料的卡车，制造塑料的肉类包装。
无数的活动遥远的男人和女人经过结婚几个月必须精心设计和精确定时，使v'nen结果你买新鲜的感恩节火鸡，会有一个或更多的可能，几十个等待。
协调水平，需要把它关闭是令人难以置信的。
但更令人难以置信的是：没有一个协调。
没有火鸡沙皇坐在指挥所的地方，咨询硕士计划。
发号施令。
没有人骑着所有的人，迫使他们合作，为你的利益。
然而
他们合作。
当你到达超市的时候，四只火鸡在那里。
你不必做任何事情，但如果出现买thatisrit，奇迹。
那我们应该称之为？
亚当斯密称它为“看不见的手”导致无数人的神秘力量，各为自己的利益工作，推动结束，受益多。
出于对不协调的私下交易，数以百万计的混乱出现自发的市场秩序。
自由人自由地互动，结果是一系列的商品和服务，比人类的心灵更能理解。
没有独裁者，没有官僚机构，没有超级计算机提前计划。
事实上，越是计划经济，就越是困扰着短缺的错位和失败… 自由的社会秩序，如财富和进步，这是一个非同寻常的礼物。
在这个感恩的日子，每一天，我们都要心存感激。
B 作为信号的礼物
一个男人正讨论给女友的生日礼物。
”我知道；”他自言自语，“我给她现金。
毕竟，我不知道她有什么品味，有了钱，她可以买任何她想要的东西，”但是当他交给她钱的时候，她很生气。
他并不真的爱她，她打破了关系。
这个故事背后的经济学是什么？在某些方面，送礼是一种奇怪的风俗。
作为男人，在我们的故事中，人们通常都知道自己的喜好比人做的更好，所以我们可以期望每个人都喜欢现金的实物转移支付。
如果你的雇主用替代的商品支付你的薪水，你可能会反对支付手段。
但是你的反应是非常不同的，当有人（你希望）爱你做同样的事情。
送礼的一种解释是，它反映了非对称信息和信令。
我们故事里的男人有私人信息，女朋友想知道：他是否真的爱她，选择一个好的礼物给她是他的爱的信号。
当然，挑选一份礼物，有正确的特性是一个信号。
它是昂贵的（需要时间），它的成本取决于私人信息（多少他爱她）。
如果他真的爱她，选择一个好礼物很容易，因为他一直在想着她。
如果他不爱她，找到合适的礼物就更难了。
因此，给了一个适合女友的礼物，是他传达他对她的爱的私人信息的一种方式。
给现金表明他甚至不想尝试。
送礼的最具信号原理的理论是一致的另一个观察：人们关心的惯例是，喜爱的优点是最大的问题。
因此，给现金给一个女朋友或男友是个坏举动。
但是当学生从家长那得到支票，他们不太经常生气。
父母的爱不可能会有疑问，那么收件人可能不会将现金礼物当做喜爱缺乏的信号。
微软案件
近年来最重要和最有争议的反垄断案是美国政府控告微软公司一案，于1998年提交。
当然，这并不是缺少戏剧。
它使世界上最富有的人之一（比尔盖茨）对抗一个世界上最强大的监管机构（美国司法）。
为政府辩护的是一个杰出的经济学家（麻省理工学院的教授富兰克林fisher，为微软辩护的是一个同样杰出的经济学家（麻省理工学院教授李察… 岌岌可危的是世界上最有价值的公司（微软）是一个经济最快发展的产业（计算机软件）。
微软案涉及的一个核心问题，特别是，微软是否应该被允许将其网络浏览器整合到其视窗操作系统中。
政府声称，微软将这两种产品捆绑在一起共同开拓市场支配力'到已经在电脑操作系统无关的市场（网络浏览器）。
允许微软将这样的产品进入其操作系统，政府称，这将阻止其他软件公司如网景公司进入市场，推出新产品。
微软回应指出，把新功能加进老产品是技术进步的自然部分。
今天，包括汽车音响和空调，曾经单独出售，还有相机内置闪光灯。
同样的操作系统是正确的。
随着时间的推移，微软已经增加了许多功能给Windows 窗口，它以前是独立的产品。
这使得计算机更可靠，更容易使用，因为消费者可以确定这些部件一起工作。
微软认为，互联网技术的融合是自然的下一步。
意见分歧一点是微软的市场权力。
注意到超过80％以上的新个人电脑使用微软的操作系统，政府认为该公司有大量的垄断权力，它在试图扩大。
微软说，软件市场是不断变化的，微软的Windows不断地被竞争对手挑战，如苹果mac和Linux操作系统。
它也认为，以50美元的低价格收取Windows ，或只有典型电脑价格的3％，是它的市场控制力被严重
限制的证据。
C传统的亚当史密和戴维李嘉图
经济学家早已了解贸易收益。
这里是最伟大的经济学家亚当斯密提出的论点：“这是一句格言对每一个精明的家长，不要试图怒，可在家里将花费什么他比买。
裁缝不想制作自己的鞋子，但买他们的鞋匠。
鞋匠不想制作自己的衣服，但采用一个裁缝。
农夫既不会去做一个也不是其他，而是雇用drjferent artficers。
所有的人都认为自己的利益，在一种方式中，他们有一些优势，他们的邻居，并购买其产品的一部分，或什么是相同的东西，与价格的一部分，无论他们有什么机会。
这个观点来自斯密的1776年的书《探究国民财富的性质和原因》，这是一个里程碑，在分析贸易与经济的相互依赖性。
史密斯的著作启发了戴维李嘉图，百万富翁的经纪人，成为一个经济学家。
在他的1817本书政治经济学及赋税原理，李嘉图提出了正如我们今天所知道的比较优势原理。
他提出一个例子，有2个商品（葡萄酒和布）和两国（英国和葡萄牙）。
他表明，这两个国家可以通过开放贸易和专业的比较优势的基础上获得好处。
李嘉图的理论是现代国际经济学的出发点，但他的自由贸易防御的不是单纯的学术活动。
李嘉图把自己的信念作为英国议会的一员，在那里他反对谷物法，是限制谷物进口的。
亚当史密斯和戴维李嘉图的贸易所得的结论在好长时间都经住了考验。
虽然经济学家经常在政策问题上意见分歧，但他们在自由贸易上意见一致。
此外，在过去的2个世纪中没有太多改变。
虽然扩大了其范围，细化了其理论，但经济学家对贸易限制的反对是基于比较优势理论。