公司的结构(英文版)

Ok, Today I will introduce something about company structure.First of all, I will show you a simple picture of the company structure.This picture has two pats. The first line shows three parts of company: the shareholders, the management and the workforce. Those squares which are linked with narrow lines means specific departments in a company. You could see that the shareholder is the highest level. Board of Directors is under it. And then there are different department.it’s hard to put the management and the workforce in the structure, because in any department there can be managers and workers. I will introduce these two parts in the latter paragraph.A shareholder (or stockholder) is an individual or institution (including a corporation) that legally owns a share of stock in a public or private corporation.Stockholders are granted special privileges depending on the class of stock:1. The right to sell their shares,2. The right to vote on the directors nominated by the board,3. The right to nominate directors (although this is very difficult in practice because of minority protections) and propose shareholder resolutions,4. The right to dividends if they are declared,5. The right to purchase new shares issued by the company, and6. The right to what assets remains after a liquidation.Shareholders are not crucial for a company to run, because they merely provide money. But the board of directors which is voted by big shareholders is very important in the company structure.A board of directors is a body of elected or appointed members who jointly oversee the activities of a company or organization. It is often simply referred to as "the board".A board‘s activities are determined by the organization’s bylaws(团队章程). The bylaws commonly also specify the number of members of the board, how they are to be chosen, and when they are to meet.Duties that the board should bear:1. Governing the company;2. Selecting, appointing, supporting and reviewing the performance of the chief executive;3. Ensuring the availability of adequate financial resources;4. Accounting to the stakeholders for the organization's performance;We could see that the board usually manages some broad affairs. Their decisions could decide which direction the company develops.I think I need to explain something about the difference of the chief executive and the chairman: The board grants the Chief Executive the authority to run the organization. The chief Executive needs to the Chairman of the Board and reports to the board on a regular time.The chairman, also simply known as the chair, is the highest officer of a board committee. The chairman is typically elected or appointed by the members of the board. The chairman holds whatever title is specified in the bylaws. When the group is not in session, the officer's duties often include acting as its head, its representative and its spokesperson.So that we could regard that the primary difference between them is that the CEO is responsible to the chairman. The chairman is the highest person of the board, and the CEO is the highest person of the management.Marketing is the process of communicating the value of a product or service to customers. Marketing might sometimes be interpreted as the art of selling products, but sales is only one part of marketing. It is the overall strategy and function of promoting a product or service to the customer.The marketing department needs to deal with three objects:1.The market needs what kind of product.2.How high the price is that the customer could accept.3.How to sell their products.Public relation (PR) is a practice of managing the flow of information between an individual or an organization and the public. The aim of public relations by a company often is to persuade the public, investors, partners, employees, and other stakeholders to maintain a certain point of view about it, its leadership, products, or of political decisions.PR department’s work includes:1.Hold specific activities to spread information of the company.municate with outside and manage external affairs.3.Make surveys. It means PR department sometimes is related to marketing.4.Strengthen the link between different departments in company.The personnel are also called “Human resources”. Human resources is the set of individuals who make up the workforce of an organization or a company. "Human capital" is sometimes used synonymously with human resources, although human capital typically refers to a more narrow view, it means that the knowledge of individuals can contribute to a company.In foreign website, I always find that they use “organization” instead of “company”. The word “Organization” emphasizes the existence and relationships of persons. I think it’s anotherevidence to prove that foreigner regard the human resources are an important part for a company.Because of the importance of the staff, the objects that personnel department should achieve are inevitably crucial:1.Establishing a scientific system of managing human resources.2.According to the condition of company, designing a plan of how to assign human resources.This means that the personnel department decides which department the company needs.3.Recruiting new workers and training them.4.Setting the salaries.5.Other works that are about the staff, such as safekeeping contracts, assisting otherdepartments’ work and ensuring compliance with employment and labor laws.Finance is the study of how people allocate their assets over time under conditions of certainty and uncertainty. A key point in finance, which affects decisions, is the time value of money, which states that a unit of currency today is worth more than the same unit of currency tomorrow. Finance aims to price assets based on their risk level, and expected rate of return. Simply to say, finance department should manage how to use money.The specific tasks that finance department needs to do include:1.How to raise money and earn money.2.How to invest money.3.How to allocate the profit.In fact, their work is not so easy like I have said right now. To achieve those tasks, they must think of many kinds of ideas. But we don’t need to learn them.Production is the act of creating output, a good or service which has value and contributes to the utility of individuals. Any effort directed toward the realization of a desired product or service is a “productive” effort and the performance of such act is production. The relation between the amount of inputs used in production and the resulting amount of output is called the production function.Production department’s work is very simple. They report the raw materials that they need to the upper management and manufacture products. I think I don’t need to say more about this.The term R&D (research and development) refers to a specific group of activities within a business. The primary function of an R&D group is to develop new products or to discover and create new knowledge for the purpose of uncovering and enabling development of valuable new products. R&D differs from the vast majority of a company's activities, which are intended to yield nearly immediate profit or immediate improvements in operations.R&D department need to do following works:1.Investigating the market demand.2.According to the situation of company, designing work plans.3.Research and development.Now, I will show you something about the management and the workforce.The management has as its primary function the satisfaction of a range of stakeholders(利害关系人). This typically involves making a profit (for the shareholders), creating valued products at a reasonable cost (for customers), and providing rewarding employment opportunities for employees. In most models of management and governance, shareholders vote for the board of directors, and the board then hires senior management.This paragraph also explains the relationship between the CEO and the chairman.In my opinion, this definition is just a narrow definition. The broad definition should include the managers in departments. However, these managers could be regarded the Board’s workers. So that I say it’s hard to distinguish these two parts.The workforce is also called “labor pool”. It is generally used to describe those working for a single company or industry. The term generally excludes the employers or management, and implies those involved in manual labor. Workers may be unionized, whereby the union conducts negotiations regarding pay and conditions of employment.Then I want to introduce something about labor union, because labor union is an important part in several certain companies.Labor union is an organization of workers who have banded together to achieve common goals such as achieving higher pay, increasing the number of employees an employer hires, and better working conditions. The trade union, through its leadership, bargains with the employer on behalf of union members and negotiates labor contracts with employers. The most common purpose of these associations or unions is "maintaining or improving the conditions of their employment".Now I will show you three examples.The first one is very similar to the picture I have given at the beginning, but I want everyone to notice the differences. The Board of Supervisors is the body that supervises the operation of the company. It examines the conditions of different departments’ works. The president assistant(总裁助理). Technology department replaces R&D department and Customer Service Department places PR Department in a certain extent. Software department and legal department are set to fulfill the demand of company.The second one is so unclear. I guess you can’t see the word in it. But it doesn’t matter. I will tell you the word when I need to do so. The first thing I need to explain is GM. It means General Manager. I think then you could understand what “GM assistant” is. Under the General Manager, there are four big departments and many small departments. The four big departments are operating department, market department, financial department and technology department. Other general departments like personnel department (it‘s called administrative department in the picture) and production department are put under operating department. It proves that the relationship between departments is uncertain.The third company is a Chinese company which does business about food and restaurant. So in this company structure there are some departments focusing on food, such as central kitchen and many restaurant at the bottom.。