解决交通拥堵治理外文翻译文献

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高中生英语作文《城市交通拥堵的解决办法》

高中生英语作文《城市交通拥堵的解决办法》

高中生英语作文《城市交通拥堵的解决办法》Traffic Congestion: Possible SolutionsWith the rapid development of urbanization and motorization, traffic congestion has become a major headache for city dwellers.The problem is not only time-consuming and frustrating but also has negative impacts on the environment.Therefore, it is of great importance to find effective solutions to tackle this issue.To begin with, one of the most effective ways to alleviate traffic congestion is to encourage the use of public transportation.City authorities should improve and expand public transportation systems, such as buses, subways, and light rail, to make them more convenient, reliable, and affordable.This will not only reduce the number of private vehicles on the road but also help improve air quality.Secondly, it is essential to implement strict traffic management policies.This includes enforcing traffic laws, imposing congestion charges, and introducing smart traffic signal systems.These measures will help regulate the flow of vehicles and reduce unnecessary delays.Furthermore, promoting carpooling and sharing can also contribute to easing traffic congestion.People can share rides to work or school, which will not only reduce the number of vehicles on the road but also save time and money.Additionally, the government should encourage the development of car-sharing programs, which allow people to rent cars ondemand, further reducing the need for individual ownership.Lastly, it is crucial to invest in infrastructure and urban planning that supports non-motorized transportation.This includes building more sidewalks, bike lanes, and pedestrian-friendly environments.By promoting walking and cycling, not only can we reduce traffic congestion, but we can also improve public health and reduce carbon emissions.In conclusion, solving the issue of traffic congestion requires a multi-faceted approach.By improving public transportation, implementing traffic management policies, promoting carpooling and sharing, and investing in non-motorized infrastructure, we can create more efficient, sustainable, and livable cities.It is up to governments, businesses, and individuals to work together to find lasting solutions to this pressing problem.。

如何治理交通拥堵英文作文

如何治理交通拥堵英文作文

如何治理交通拥堵英文作文英文,。

Traffic congestion is a common problem in many cities around the world. It can be frustrating and stressful for commuters, and it also has negative impacts on the environment and economy. There are several ways to address and manage traffic congestion.Firstly, improving public transportation systems can help alleviate traffic congestion. In many cities, the public transportation system is not efficient or reliable, leading more people to use their cars. By investing in better public transportation, such as buses, subways, and trains, more people may choose to leave their cars at home, reducing the number of vehicles on the road.Secondly, implementing traffic management strategies can also be effective in reducing congestion. This can include measures such as adjusting traffic signals,creating designated lanes for buses and carpooling, and implementing congestion pricing in city centers. These strategies can help to regulate traffic flow and encourage people to carpool or use alternative modes of transportation.Furthermore, promoting alternative modes of transportation, such as walking and cycling, can also help reduce traffic congestion. Building more pedestrian and cycling infrastructure, such as sidewalks, bike lanes, and bike-sharing programs, can encourage people to choose these sustainable modes of transportation instead of driving.In addition, smart city technologies, such asintelligent transportation systems and traffic monitoring systems, can be used to manage and optimize traffic flow. These technologies can help to identify congestion hotspots, manage traffic signals in real-time, and provide real-time traffic information to commuters, allowing them to make informed decisions about their travel routes.Overall, addressing traffic congestion requires acombination of strategies, including improving public transportation, implementing traffic management measures, promoting alternative modes of transportation, andutilizing smart city technologies. By taking a multi-faceted approach, cities can effectively manage and reduce traffic congestion.中文:交通拥堵是世界许多城市都面临的普遍问题。

交通堵塞解决方案英语作文

交通堵塞解决方案英语作文

交通堵塞解决方案英语作文Solutions to Traffic CongestionTraffic congestion is a significant issue in many urban areas, causing delays, increased pollution, and stress for commuters. However, with innovative strategies and a collective effort, we can alleviate this problem and create a smoother, more efficient transportation system.One of the most effective solutions to traffic congestion is to invest in public transportation. A robust and reliable public transport system can significantly reduce the number of private vehicles on the road. This can be achieved by expanding bus and train routes, improving the frequency of services, and ensuring that these modes of transportation are convenient and affordable for all. By making public transport a viable option, more people will be inclined to use it, thus reducing the number of cars on the road. Another crucial solution is to promote alternative modes of transportation. Cycling, walking, and carpooling are all viable options that can help reduce traffic congestion. Cities can provide incentives for these modes of transportation, such as building more bike lanes and pedestrian-friendly streets, as well asproviding carpooling facilities and discounted parking for shared vehicles.Technology also plays a crucial role in alleviating traffic congestion. Advanced traffic management systems, such as real-time traffic monitoring and signal optimization, can help regulate the flow of traffic and reduce congestion. Additionally, the use of autonomous vehicles and smart traffic lights can further improve the efficiency of our transportation system.Moreover, urban planning and development should also take into account the impact of traffic congestion. Cities should encourage the development of mixed-use areas, where people can live, work, and shop within walking or cycling distance. This reduces the need for long-distance commuting and thus, traffic congestion. Finally, it is important to raise awareness about the issue of traffic congestion and its impact on the environment and society. Educating the public about the benefits of using public transport, cycling, and walking, as well as the importance of reducing car use, can help create a culture of sustainability and encourage more people to adopt these eco-friendly modes of transportation.In conclusion, traffic congestion is a complex issue that requires a multifaceted approach to address. By investing in publictransportation, promoting alternative modes of transportation, utilizing technology, improving urban planning, and raising public awareness, we can create a smoother, more efficient transportation system that benefits all.。

克服交通拥堵英文作文

克服交通拥堵英文作文

克服交通拥堵英文作文英文:Traffic congestion is a common problem in many cities around the world. As someone who has experienced the frustration of being stuck in traffic, I understand the need to find ways to overcome this issue. There are several solutions that can be implemented to reduce traffic congestion.One solution is to encourage the use of public transportation. This can be done by improving the quality and availability of public transportation, as well as offering incentives to those who choose to use it. For example, in some cities, public transportation is free during rush hour to encourage people to leave their cars at home. This not only reduces traffic congestion, but also helps to reduce air pollution.Another solution is to promote alternative modes oftransportation, such as cycling or walking. This can be done by creating dedicated bike lanes or pedestrian walkways, as well as providing bike-sharing programs. In addition to reducing traffic congestion, this also promotes a healthier lifestyle.Finally, technology can also play a role in reducing traffic congestion. For example, intelligent traffic management systems can be used to monitor and controltraffic flow, reducing congestion and improving safety. Additionally, ride-sharing apps can help to reduce the number of cars on the road, as people can share rides with others going in the same direction.中文:交通拥堵是全球许多城市都面临的普遍问题。

交通堵塞及解决方法英语作文

交通堵塞及解决方法英语作文

Urban Congestion: Causes, Impacts, andSolutionsUrban congestion is a pervasive issue in many cities around the world, causing delays, frustration, and a significant economic burden. The causes of congestion are diverse, ranging from increasing population and car ownership to inadequate infrastructure and poor traffic management. The impacts of congestion are also wide-reaching, affecting commuters, businesses, and the environment alike. However, there are several potential solutions that could help alleviate congestion and improve the efficiency of urban transport systems.One of the primary causes of congestion is the rapid growth of urban populations and car ownership. As cities expand and attract more residents, the number of vehicles on the road increases proportionately. This, in turn, leads to more traffic and longer commuting times. Additionally, inadequate infrastructure, such as a lack of freeways, interchanges, and public transportation options, can exacerbate congestion. Poor traffic management, includingineffective traffic signals and a lack of enforcement of traffic rules, can also contribute to congestion.The impacts of congestion are numerous and significant. First and foremost, congestion leads to a waste of time and money. Commuters spend hours stuck in traffic, which notonly reduces their productivity but also adds to their commuting costs. Congestion also has a negative impact on businesses, as it can delay deliveries, increase operating costs, and affect customer satisfaction. Furthermore, congestion contributes to air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions, which have adverse effects on public health and climate change.Fortunately, there are several potential solutions to congestion that could help improve the efficiency of urban transport systems. One solution is to invest ininfrastructure improvements, such as building more freeways, interchanges, and public transportation options. This would provide more options for commuters and help distributetraffic more evenly. Additionally, cities could implement smart traffic management systems that use technology to monitor and control traffic flow. These systems couldinclude real-time traffic data collection, dynamic routing algorithms, and adaptive traffic signals that adjust based on real-time traffic conditions.Another solution is to encourage alternative modes of transportation, such as cycling, walking, and public transportation. Cities could provide more bicycle lanes and pedestrian-friendly infrastructure to encourage these modes of transportation. Additionally, public transportation systems could be improved by increasing frequency, reliability, and coverage. This would make public transportation a more viable option for commuters and help reduce the number of cars on the road.Finally, cities could implement congestion pricing schemes that charge drivers a fee to enter congested areas during peak hours. This would encourage commuters to avoid peak hours and seek alternative routes, thereby reducing congestion. Congestion pricing has been successfully implemented in several cities around the world, and has been shown to effectively reduce congestion and improve traffic flow.In conclusion, urban congestion is a complex issue that requires a multifaceted approach to solve. By investing in infrastructure improvements, implementing smart traffic management systems, encouraging alternative modes of transportation, and implementing congestion pricing schemes, cities can help alleviate congestion and improve the efficiency of their transport systems. This would not only improve the commuting experience for commuters but alsohave positive impacts on businesses and the environment.**城市交通拥堵:原因、影响与解决方案**城市交通拥堵是世界上许多城市普遍存在的问题,它导致了延误、沮丧和巨大的经济负担。

经济学交通拥堵 外文翻译 外文文献 英文文献

经济学交通拥堵 外文翻译 外文文献 英文文献

外文出处:Li, Jin, Jin, Ning, Tian, & Yanbao. (2005). Thinking of Traffic Crowding in Economic View. 第五届交通运输领域国际学术会议Thinking of Traffic Crowding in Economic ViewAbstract:Traffic is an important resource .Within many reasons of traffic crowding.The arrangement of property right of roads is of primary importance.Illegibility of property right is the fundamental reason of roads crowding.Due to traffic crowding,the volume in deed is more than that of in need. And there exists excessive using of roads.Crowding is resulted from the failure to allocate road resource The loss due to traffic crowding appears as waste of traffic resource and reduction of benefit of economy.To solve the problem.it needs not only construction of road but also controlling the traffic demand.It is of most importance that the property right of roads should be arranged renewed in the case of system.Economically.This paper explains the traffic crowding and analyses traffic crowding problems.It tries to find a reasonable way for solving the problem of crowding accordingly.Key words:Traffic crowding;System of property right;Management of demand;StrategyEconomic Explanation and Analysis on Road Traffic CrowdingEconomic Explanation of Road Traffic CrowdingTaking urban traffic crowding as all example.The average time that the residents take on the bus to their working places is 10 minutes.if few people take cars.there will be no affect to the ones who take buses.But if too many cars go to the roads in the rush hours,which will cause traffic crowding on the roads,then the time they spend in the cars on their way to their working places will not only be shortened,but be prolonged and longer than taking buses,that is,15 minutes,while the time for taking buses on their way to the working places will be 25 minutes.From this simple example.we can analyze the prerequisites and reasons for the traffic crowding.The basic reason lies in the arrangement of the road property right.As long as the road property right belongs to the government,the road property right will not be clearly determined.The obscure property system is the basic reason of the traffic crowding on the road.When the property right is not determined.the road are absolutely public articles,so the fee collection for the public articles will become very difficult.The biggest difficulty is that they cannot consider the cost when they are using the roads,and they need not bear any responsibility for using the roads. Furthermore, they need not consider the long-term development issues of the roads,such as capital payback,maintenance and re—production.To each owner of the automobile.This motive and behavior caused by the road property right arrangement obviously embodied on the point of view of the cost.Economic Analysis of traffic CrowdingTo the drivers,they cannot see the whole cost for driving out,and neglect the fact that it is because of their joining in the driving flow that makes the other vehicles lower their speed the owners of the cars just calculate their marginal personal cost,and they never consider the extra cost to other ear owners due to the increasing of road crowding level.As long as the personal driving benefit is than the marginal personal cost,the individuals will continuously join in the driving flows.In the eyes of each individual,the marginal personal cost(MPC)of himself is always lower than the actual expenses occurred to others due to the joining of his car,that is,the marginal social cost(MSC),so the cost for the crowding equals to the balance obtained by MSC minus MPC.The characteristic of the urban traffic demand causes the road resource to be un-sufficiently used in the non—rush hours and over-crowded in the rush hours.Actually, the traffic volume in the rush hours that is determined by traffic demand curve and marginal personal cost make it impossible to make the urban traffic reach the best economic benefit.After the simple analysis on the traffic crowding.we can get down to the discussion on the arrangement of the property right.As above stated,the over-use of the roads is resulted from the arrangement of the road property right,and the arrangement of road property right will inevitably cause the non—cooperation of the road users,which is embodied as the difference between marginal social cost and marginal personal cost.So,to solve the crowding problem is to overcome the difference between personal cost and social cost and to change the arrangement of the property right of the roads from the system.To clearly determine the property right is the sufficient prerequisite for removing the crowding.When the road property right belongs to the government.But the government does not collect fees from the road users,thus the rare road resource is offered free of charge,the road will be crowded and even jammed.Solving methods of the traffic crowdingAccording the above analysis,We must collect extra pass fees from the road users in order to solve the problem of road crowding,letting them bear another kind of fees Oil the basis of marginal personal cost.This part of fees shall be equal to the difference between marginal social cost and marginal personal cost,that is,the outer effect of the crowding.This part of fees is usually called crowding fees.Fees for Using the RoadMany economists have ever advocated 801ving the traffic crowding problem by collecting fees for the use of the road.The so-called policy of road usage fees refer8 to the fees collected by the government,which is equivalent to C1-C2,thus increasing the marginal personal fees to the level of the marginal social fees and decreasing the driving flow rate from Q2 to Q1.It will face some policy limitation problems to solve traffic crowding problem with road tinge fees.Firstly the road usage fees come into being in the transportation market structure in which the private cars occupy a large proportion.Through the way of traffic demand transfer or substitute,that is,by increasing the driving fees,to make part of the private car owners give up private traffic and change to take public traffic buses.In the developing countries, Such as China,the proportion of private cars is low,so it is very limited to solve the traffic crowding by just collecting road usage fees from the private car owners,furthermore,it will also be criticized and opposed by public opinions.In China,the collection of road usage fees shall be mainly focused on the vehicles of enterprises and public institution.By increasing the car usage fees,the economic advantage for using cars in these units will be eliminated. Thus making them so]re the traffic demand by taking public transportation vehicles or specialized transportation companies.The road usage fee is used to solve traffic crowding problem with pricing lever. Which may drive away the people with lower income from the road and make driving as a privilege of the rich.Thus a problem related to social fairness will occur.When the traffic demand has a lower flexibility,the traffic paupers will occur.Obviously,how to use road user fee is a crucial problem.The ideal result is to give a certain subsidy to the traffic paupers,making up the loss from being driven away from the road,meanwhile not making them go back to drive Oil the road.So the economists suggest the government u8e this part of tax Oil the improvement of public communication system,thus the people with lower income will utilize the public communications system offered by the government,and the people with higher income will maintain the road usage right by paying a certain cost.To increase the fees for road usage,making MPC move upwards to determine the reasonable driving flow rate,which can not only solve the problem of over-load of the road to some extent,prolong the service life of the roads,make the traffic volume move to the best level Q1,but also let the car owners pay reasonable driving fees including reasonable road usage fee,thus reducing the financial burden of the city and achieving double economic benefits.At the same time.the decreasing of driving flow rate will also produce such effect as reducing environmental pollution(such as noises and exhaust gas).Levying traffic Crowding TaxThe traffic crowding usually comes up in a certain period of time when large amount of traffic demand 0ccurs. In order to solve the traffic crowding problem resulted from the uneven of time. Some economists proposal to adopt the method of levy traffic crowding tax, the core of which is to solve the time contradiction of the traffic demand by adjusting the traffic fees of the rush hours and non—rush hours,thus guiding the travelers to use the traffic devices in non-rush hours more frequently.By levying traffic crowding tax from the vehicles running in the rush hours,some of the vehicles that run in rush hours will choose to run in the non—rashhours.In this way.the traffic tension in rush hours will be reduced to some extent,at the same time,the roads will be sufficiently used in the non-rush hours,thus making the economic efficiency as highest as possible.After the vehicles run in the rush hours are levied the traffic crowding tax,the net gains responding to a certain traffic volume will be decreased,consequently the traffic demand in the rush hours will decrease.the demand curve will move leftward;if the total traffic demand does not change,the traffic demand in the non-rush hours will accordingly increase,then the traffic demand difference between the rush hours and non.rush hours will be reduced.It should be noted that,if the demand in rush hours and non—rush hours is equal,it will have a cross point with time cost curve at point E,each time traffic volume is indicated as Q0,the largest economic benefit will be achieved.But,as a kind of time difference pricing policy,the traffic crowding tax will also face many problems in practice.The crowding tax is levied from the traffic users crowded the traffic is. The higher the tax will be levied. While traffic crowding is produced by the behavior of traveling to work,so it will cause abuse from the working people.But if the traffic fees are born by the enterprises and the public institutions,the condition will be chased essentially and in practice this method is very popular.The traffic crowding tax levied from the vehicles run in rush hours can be levied directly from the vehicles traveling in the rush hours,or collect higher license fees from the vehicles traveling in rush hours than from those traveling in non—rush hours.As to the former condition,stations for collecting fees shall be set up at the crucial places where the vehicles must pass through.But obviously it needs some cost for collecting the fees. Such as the cost for setting up the stations,salaries for the staff and time cost for paying the fees for the vehicles etc, sometimes it will increase traffic crowding level.In the latter condition, no corresponding fees collecting cost is needed,but a certain of traffic monitoring technology must be prepared in order to distinguish and inspect the plates of the vehicles in different periods.The prerequisite for the implementation of crowding tax is that the travelers must have reasonable prediction on the road traffic status and the cost of different traveling routes.In order to effectively implement traffic crowding tax policy,all intellectual communications system must be established and perfected,and the traffic information broadcasting system must be perfected.thus the travelers can choose the economical traveling route in advance.基于经济学的交通拥挤问题的思考摘要:交通是一种重要的资源。

交通拥堵解决方法英语作文

交通拥堵解决方法英语作文

交通拥堵解决方法英语作文In the bustling city, traffic congestion has become a daily nuisance, affecting both the environment and our daily commutes. It is imperative that we explore innovative solutions to alleviate this issue.One effective approach is to improve publictransportation systems. By enhancing the efficiency and accessibility of buses, trams, and trains, we can encourage more people to leave their cars at home, thus reducing the number of vehicles on the road.Another strategy is to implement congestion pricing. This involves charging drivers a fee for entering high-traffic areas during peak hours, which can deter unnecessary car usage and encourage carpooling.Promoting the use of electric and hybrid vehicles is also crucial. These vehicles not only reduce emissions but also can be incentivized with tax breaks or subsidies, making them more attractive to consumers.Investing in smart traffic management systems can optimize traffic flow. These systems use real-time data to adjust traffic signals and provide drivers with the most efficient routes, reducing idle time and emissions.Encouraging cycling and walking is another eco-friendlyalternative. By creating safe and convenient bike lanes and pedestrian paths, we can reduce the reliance on motor vehicles for short trips.Education and awareness campaigns are also essential. Informing the public about the benefits of using public transport, carpooling, or opting for non-motorized transport can help change habits and reduce traffic congestion.Lastly, urban planning should prioritize the integration of green spaces and efficient road layouts. This not only improves the quality of life for residents but also contributes to a more organized traffic flow.By combining these strategies, we can work towards a future where traffic congestion is a problem of the past, and our cities are more livable and sustainable.。

交通拥堵的原因以及解决办法英语作文

交通拥堵的原因以及解决办法英语作文

交通拥堵的原因以及解决办法英语作文Here is an essay on the causes of traffic congestion and solutions, written in English with more than 1000 words, without including the title and avoiding unnecessary punctuation marks.Traffic congestion has become a pressing issue in many cities around the world as the number of vehicles on the roads continues to increase. This problem can be attributed to a variety of factors and addressing it requires a multifaceted approach. In this essay, we will examine the primary causes of traffic congestion and explore potential solutions to alleviate this growing concern.One of the primary reasons for traffic congestion is the rapid urbanization and population growth experienced in many regions. As more people migrate to urban centers in search of economic opportunities, the demand for transportation infrastructure has surged, often outpacing the capacity of existing roads and public transit systems. This influx of vehicles on the roads leads to increased congestion, longer commute times, and environmental pollution.Another significant factor contributing to traffic congestion is the reliance on private vehicles as the dominant mode of transportation.Many individuals prefer the convenience and flexibility of driving their own cars, which can lead to a higher number of vehicles on the roads during peak hours. This trend is exacerbated by the lack of efficient and accessible public transportation options in some areas, forcing more people to rely on private vehicles.Moreover, the design and management of transportation infrastructure can also play a role in traffic congestion. Poorly planned road networks, inadequate signaling systems, and a lack of investment in maintaining and upgrading transportation infrastructure can all contribute to the problem. Outdated traffic signal timing, outdated road designs, and a lack of alternative routes can lead to bottlenecks and gridlock.Weather conditions can also exacerbate traffic congestion, especially in areas prone to adverse weather events such as heavy rain, snowstorms, or natural disasters. These conditions can impede the smooth flow of traffic, leading to longer travel times and increased risk of accidents.Furthermore, the prevalence of single-occupancy vehicles on the roads is a significant contributor to traffic congestion. Many commuters prefer to drive alone, rather than sharing rides or using public transportation, which increases the number of vehicles on the roads and reduces the overall efficiency of the transportation system.To address these challenges, a multifaceted approach is necessary, involving a combination of infrastructure improvements, policy changes, and behavioral modifications. One potential solution is to invest in the expansion and enhancement of public transportation systems, including the development of efficient bus networks, light rail, or metro systems. This can provide commuters with a viable alternative to private vehicles and reduce the overall number of cars on the roads.Another strategy is to encourage the use of carpooling, ride-sharing, and other forms of shared mobility. By promoting the idea of shared transportation, the number of single-occupancy vehicles can be reduced, leading to a more efficient use of the existing road network.Implementing congestion pricing or road pricing schemes can also be an effective way to manage traffic congestion. By charging a fee for vehicles to enter certain congested areas or during peak hours, the demand for driving can be reduced, encouraging people to seek alternative modes of transportation or adjust their travel patterns.Improving the design and management of transportation infrastructure is also crucial. This can involve optimizing traffic signal timing, implementing smart traffic management systems, and investing in the maintenance and expansion of roads and highways.By addressing these infrastructural issues, the flow of traffic can be improved, reducing congestion and travel times.In addition, promoting the use of alternative modes of transportation, such as cycling and walking, can contribute to the reduction of traffic congestion. By creating safe and accessible pedestrian and bicycle infrastructure, cities can encourage residents to choose these environmentally-friendly options for shorter commutes, relieving the pressure on the road network.Finally, educating the public and promoting behavioral changes can also play a significant role in addressing traffic congestion. By raising awareness about the environmental and societal impacts of traffic congestion, and encouraging individuals to adopt more sustainable transportation habits, the overall demand for private vehicle use can be reduced.In conclusion, traffic congestion is a complex issue that requires a multifaceted approach to address. By addressing the underlying causes, such as rapid urbanization, reliance on private vehicles, and inadequate transportation infrastructure, and implementing a combination of policy interventions, infrastructure improvements, and behavioral modifications, cities can work towards a more efficient and sustainable transportation system. Through a collaborative effort involving policymakers, urban planners,transportation experts, and the public, we can strive to alleviate the burden of traffic congestion and create more livable and accessible communities.。

解决交通堵塞英语作文

解决交通堵塞英语作文

解决交通堵塞英语作文In the modern era, traffic congestion has become a pressing issue in urban areas worldwide. It not only leads to the wastage of precious time but also contributes to environmental pollution and economic losses. This essay will explore the causes of traffic congestion and propose several effective solutions to alleviate this problem.Firstly, the primary cause of traffic congestion is the rapid increase in the number of vehicles on the roads. As the population grows and incomes rise, more people are able to afford private vehicles, leading to a surge in traffic during peak hours. Additionally, inadequate public transportation systems push people towards using personal cars, exacerbating the situation.To address this issue, governments can implement a variety of strategies. One such strategy is to invest in the development of efficient public transportation systems. By providing reliable, affordable, and comfortable public transit options, such as buses, trams, and subways, the reliance on personal vehicles can be reduced.Another effective measure is to encourage carpooling and the use of shared mobility services. Carpool lanes on highways can incentivize people to share rides, thus reducing the number of cars on the road. Similarly, promoting bike-sharing and electric scooter services can offer eco-friendlyalternatives for short trips.Urban planning also plays a crucial role in solving traffic congestion. Cities should be designed in a way that minimizes the need for long commutes. This can be achieved by creating mixed-use neighborhoods where people live, work, and access amenities within a short distance.Moreover, the use of technology can significantly improve traffic management. Smart traffic lights that adapt to real-time traffic conditions can optimize the flow of vehicles. Additionally, advanced traffic monitoring systems can alert drivers to alternative routes during heavy congestion, thereby distributing the traffic load more evenly.Lastly, economic incentives and disincentives can influence driving behavior. For instance, congestion pricing, where drivers are charged a fee to enter high-traffic areas during peak times, has proven effective in reducing traffic incities like London and Singapore.In conclusion, traffic congestion is a complex problem that requires a multifaceted approach. By improving public transportation, encouraging shared mobility, enhancing urban planning, utilizing technology, and employing economic incentives, we can significantly reduce traffic congestion and improve the quality of life in our cities. It is imperative for policymakers and urban planners to work together to develop and implement these solutions for a more sustainable and less congested urban future.。

交通堵塞解决方案英语作文

交通堵塞解决方案英语作文

Addressing Traffic Congestion: Innovationsand SolutionsIn the fast-paced world of today, traffic congestion has become a pervasive issue, affecting the efficiency of commuters, the environment, and the economy at large. With the increasing number of vehicles on the road and the limited space for expansion, finding sustainable solutions to traffic congestion is crucial. This essay delves into the root causes of traffic congestion, explores various solutions, and highlights the need for innovative approaches to address this pressing issue.The root causes of traffic congestion are multifaceted and range from urban planning issues to driver behavior. Urban sprawl, a common phenomenon in many cities, has led to increased commuting distances and subsequently, more vehicles on the road. Additionally, the lack of public transportation infrastructure and inefficient traffic management systems contribute to the problem. Driver behavior, such as speeding, tailgating, and improper lane usage, also plays a significant role in causing traffic jams.To address these issues, several solutions have been proposed and implemented. One such solution is the development of smart cities, which utilize technology to improve traffic flow and reduce congestion. Smart traffic management systems use real-time data to optimize traffic signals and routing, while intelligent parking systems reduce the search time for parking spaces, thereby reducing congestion. These systems not only improve traffic flow but also reduce fuel consumption and emissions, benefiting the environment.Another solution lies in promoting alternative modes of transportation such as bicycles, public transport, and carpooling. Encouraging the use of bicycles and public transport reduces the number of private vehicles on the road, thus reducing congestion. Carpooling, which allows multiple people to share a ride, not only reduces congestion but also saves money and reduces emissions.Innovative solutions are also needed to tackle traffic congestion. Autonomous vehicles, which are capable of making intelligent decisions and optimizing their routes, have the potential to significantly reduce trafficcongestion. These vehicles can communicate with each other and the infrastructure, enabling smoother traffic flow and reduced accidents. However, the widespread adoption of autonomous vehicles requires significant investment in technology and infrastructure.In conclusion, traffic congestion is a complex issuethat requires a multifaceted approach to address. Improving urban planning, enhancing public transportation infrastructure, promoting alternative modes of transportation, and investing in innovative solutions such as autonomous vehicles are crucial steps towards reducing traffic congestion. It is essential for governments,private sector, and individuals to collaborate and work towards sustainable solutions that benefit everyone.**解决交通拥堵:创新与解决方案**在当今快节奏的社会中,交通拥堵已成为一个普遍存在的问题,影响着通勤者的效率、环境以及整体经济。

解决交通问题难的办法 英语作文带译文

解决交通问题难的办法 英语作文带译文

解决交通问题难的办法英语作文带译文全文共3篇示例,供读者参考篇1Title: Solutions to Solve Traffic ProblemsTraffic congestion is a common issue that plagues many cities around the world. The increasing number of vehicles on the road, coupled with limited infrastructure and poor traffic management, has made commuting a frustrating experience for many people. However, there are solutions available to address these issues and improve the overall flow of traffic.One effective way to tackle traffic problems is to improve public transportation systems. Investing in reliable and efficient public transportation can encourage more people to use buses, trains, and subways instead of driving their cars. This can help reduce the number of vehicles on the road, easing congestion and reducing emissions.Another solution is to promote cycling and walking as alternative modes of transportation. Building more bike lanes and pedestrian-friendly paths can encourage people to leave their cars at home and opt for more sustainable methods oftravel. Not only does this reduce traffic congestion, but it also promotes a healthier lifestyle and reduces air pollution.Implementing smart traffic management systems can also help alleviate traffic congestion. This includes using technology such as traffic lights, cameras, and sensors to monitor traffic flow in real-time and adjust signal timings accordingly. By optimizing traffic flow and reducing delays at intersections, traffic congestion can be significantly reduced.Furthermore, implementing congestion pricing can be an effective way to manage traffic volume and reduce congestion. By charging drivers a fee to enter certain areas during peak hours, cities can discourage unnecessary trips and encourage people to carpool or use public transportation instead. This can help reduce traffic congestion and improve overall traffic flow.In conclusion, there are several solutions available to address traffic problems and improve the overall flow of traffic in cities. By investing in public transportation, promoting cycling and walking, implementing smart traffic management systems, and introducing congestion pricing, cities can work towards creating a more efficient and sustainable transportation system. It is important for governments and city planners to work together to implement these solutions and create a better environment forall commuters. Only by working together can we effectively solve the challenges of traffic congestion and create a more sustainable transportation system for the future.标题:解决交通问题的办法交通拥堵是困扰世界许多城市的常见问题。

解决交通拥挤英文作文

解决交通拥挤英文作文

解决交通拥挤英文作文Traffic congestion is a major issue in many cities around the world. It causes frustration for drivers and can lead to increased pollution and longer commute times.One way to address traffic congestion is to invest in public transportation. By improving and expanding public transit options, more people may choose to leave their cars at home, reducing the number of vehicles on the road.Another solution is to encourage alternative modes of transportation, such as biking or walking. Creating safe and convenient bike lanes and pedestrian pathways can help reduce the number of cars on the road and promote a healthier lifestyle.In addition, implementing flexible work schedules and telecommuting options can help spread out the times when people need to commute, reducing the strain on roads during peak hours.Furthermore, implementing congestion pricing or tolls for driving in certain areas during peak times can help reduce traffic by incentivizing people to carpool or choose alternative routes.Moreover, investing in smart traffic management systems and technology can help optimize traffic flow and reduce congestion by providing real-time information and adaptive signal control.Finally, city planners and policymakers should consider implementing urban design strategies that prioritize walkability and mixed-use development, reducing the needfor long commutes and car dependency.。

交通堵塞解决英语作文

交通堵塞解决英语作文

Traffic congestion is a common issue in many cities around the world,and it poses a significant challenge to urban planning and the quality of life for residents.It is essential to address this problem with a comprehensive approach that considers various factors and potential solutions.Causes of Traffic Congestion1.Population Growth:As cities expand,the number of vehicles on the road increases, leading to more traffic.2.Urban Sprawl:The spread of residential areas away from city centers often results in longer commutes and increased traffic.3.Inefficient Public Transportation:When public transport is not reliable,convenient,or affordable,more people opt to use private vehicles.4.Poor Road Infrastructure:Inadequate road networks and lack of maintenance can lead to bottlenecks and traffic jams.ck of Traffic Management:Inefficient traffic signals,lack of enforcement,and poor traffic planning contribute to congestion.Potential Solutions to Traffic Congestion1.Improving Public Transportation:Investing in public transport systems such as buses, trams,and trains can reduce the reliance on private vehicles.2.Promoting Sustainable Transportation:Encouraging cycling,walking,and carpooling can decrease the number of vehicles on the road.3.Implementing Traffic Management Systems:Using intelligent traffic systems to optimize traffic flow and reduce congestion.4.Expanding and Upgrading Road Infrastructure:Building new roads,widening existing ones,and improving intersections can alleviate traffic.5.Regulating Vehicle Use:Implementing policies such as congestion pricing,restricted vehicle access during peak hours,or promoting carfree days.6.Urban Planning:Designing cities with mixeduse spaces to reduce the need for long commutes and encouraging compact city layouts.Benefits of Solving Traffic Congestion1.Reduced Emissions:Fewer cars on the road can lead to lower greenhouse gas emissions and improved air quality.2.Improved Safety:Less traffic can result in fewer accidents and a safer environment for all road users.3.Increased Productivity:Reduced travel time can lead to more time for work or leisure,enhancing overall quality of life.4.Economic Benefits:Efficient transportation systems can boost economic activity by reducing the cost of commuting and improving access to jobs and services.ConclusionAddressing traffic congestion requires a multifaceted approach that includes improving public transportation,encouraging sustainable travel habits,and implementing effective traffic management strategies.By doing so,cities can not only reduce congestion but also create a more livable and environmentally friendly urban environment.It is crucial for policymakers and urban planners to work together to find innovative solutions that cater to the needs of the growing urban population.。

解决拥堵的英语作文

解决拥堵的英语作文

解决拥堵的英语作文英文回答:Traffic congestion is a major problem facing cities around the world. It can cause significant delays, increased pollution, and reduced quality of life for residents. There are a number of potential solutions to traffic congestion, including:Improving public transportation: Public transportation can help to reduce traffic congestion by providing an alternative to driving. By making public transportation more affordable, reliable, and convenient, people are more likely to use it instead of driving.Encouraging walking and biking: Walking and biking are both healthy and environmentally friendly ways to get around. By making cities more walkable and bikeable, people are more likely to choose these modes of transportation over driving.Implementing congestion pricing: Congestion pricing is a system of charging drivers for using roads during peak traffic times. This can help to reduce traffic congestion by discouraging people from driving during these times.Investing in new infrastructure: Investing in new infrastructure, such as new roads and bridges, can help to improve traffic flow and reduce congestion. However, it is important to note that new infrastructure can also lead to induced demand, which is when increased road capacity leads to more people driving.Promoting telecommuting and flexible work schedules: Telecommuting and flexible work schedules can help to reduce traffic congestion by allowing people to work from home or at flexible hours. This can help to reduce the number of cars on the road during peak traffic times.中文回答:如何解决拥堵?交通拥堵是世界各地城市面临的一个主要问题。

大城市交通堵塞的建议英语作文

大城市交通堵塞的建议英语作文

Combating Urban Traffic Congestion:Suggestions for Big CitiesUrban traffic congestion is a pervasive issue in big cities worldwide, affecting the efficiency oftransportation systems, the quality of life for residents, and the environment. With the increasing urbanization and motorization, the problem is becoming more severe. Therefore, it is crucial to address this issue through effective measures and strategies. In this article, we will explore some practical suggestions to combat urban traffic congestion in big cities.Firstly, promoting public transportation is a key solution. Investing in and expanding public transportation systems, such as buses, subways, and light rail, can significantly reduce the number of private vehicles on the road. This not only eases traffic congestion but also reduces air pollution and promotes sustainable urban development. Additionally, introducing innovative technologies like smart ticketing systems and real-time tracking can further enhance the efficiency and convenience of public transportation.Secondly, implementing congestion pricing is another effective measure. Congestion pricing involves charging higher fees for driving in congested areas during peak hours. This economic incentive encourages drivers to avoid peak hours or take alternative routes, thus reducingtraffic density. The revenue generated from congestion pricing can also be used to fund public transportation improvements or infrastructure investments.Thirdly, promoting alternative modes of transportation, such as cycling and walking, is crucial. Encouraging people to use bicycles or walk for short trips can significantly reduce the number of private vehicles on the road. To facilitate this, cities can invest in bicycle-friendly infrastructure like bike lanes and parking facilities. Additionally, promoting awareness and education about the benefits of cycling and walking can further encourage people to adopt these sustainable modes of transportation. Fourthly, using technology to manage traffic flow is another innovative solution. Implementing intelligent transportation systems (ITS) can help monitor traffic conditions in real-time and optimize traffic flow. Forexample, adaptive traffic signal control systems can adjust signal timing based on traffic volume and flow patterns to improve traffic flow. Additionally, using big dataanalytics can help identify patterns and trends in traffic congestion and inform decision-making for traffic management.Lastly, promoting urban planning and design that encourages walking and cycling is essential. Creating pedestrian-friendly and bicycle-friendly urban spaces can encourage people to adopt these sustainable modes of transportation. For example, designing cities with wide sidewalks, bike lanes, and green spaces can make walking and cycling more attractive options. Additionally, promoting mixed-use development and creating compact cities can reduce the need for long-distance commuting and ease traffic congestion.In conclusion, addressing urban traffic congestion in big cities requires a comprehensive approach that involves promoting public transportation, implementing congestion pricing, promoting alternative modes of transportation, using technology to manage traffic flow, and promotingurban planning and design that encourages walking and cycling. By implementing these practical suggestions, cities can effectively combat traffic congestion, improve the quality of life for residents, and promote sustainable urban development.**大城市交通堵塞的建议**大城市中的交通堵塞是一个普遍存在的问题,它影响了交通系统的效率、居民的生活质量和环境。

怎样解决交通拥堵英语作文400词

怎样解决交通拥堵英语作文400词

怎样解决交通拥堵英语作文400词Title: Navigating Traffic Congestion: Finding SolutionsIntroduction:Traffic congestion has become a pressing issue in many cities worldwide. With the rapid urbanization and increasing number of vehicles on the roads, finding effective solutions to alleviate traffic congestion is imperative. This essay aims to explore several practical strategies that can help tackle this problem.1. Promoting alternative transportation options: Encouraging people to utilize alternative modes of transportation can significantly reduce traffic congestion. Investing in efficient and reliable public transportation systems, such as buses, trams, and trains, can provide attractive alternatives to driving private vehicles. Additionally, promoting cycling and walking can not only reduce vehicle congestion but also improve public health.2. Implementing carpooling systems:Introducing organized carpooling systems is an effectiveway to decrease the number of vehicles on the roads during peak hours. By sharing rides with others who have similar commutes or destinations, carpooling reduces the overall traffic volume and eases congestion. Incentives such as dedicated carpool lanes or reduced parking fees for carpoolers could further encourage participation.3. Encouraging telecommuting and flexible working hours: Advancements in technology allow individuals to work remotely from their homes or other locations rather than traveling to a central office every day. Encouraging companies to adopt telecommuting policies and offering flexible working hours can help distribute commutingpatterns throughout the day, reducing rush hour peaks and associated traffic congestion.4. Improving road infrastructure:Upgrading road infrastructure is crucial for easing traffic congestion. Constructing additional lanes on existing roads, building new roads where necessary, implementingintelligent transportation systems (ITS) that improvetraffic flow through real-time monitoring and interventions are all beneficial measures.5. Integrating smart city technologies:Innovative technologies like smart traffic lights and sensors can optimize traffic flow by adjusting signaltimings based on real-time conditions. When combined with machine learning algorithms, these technologies can predict congestion patterns and suggest alternate routes in advance, enabling drivers to make informed decisions and avoid congested areas.6. Enhancing traffic management strategies:Implementing efficient traffic management strategies isvital for reducing congestion. This includes synchronizing traffic signals, implementing strict enforcement of traffic rules, and employing trained personnel for effectivetraffic control during peak hours.Conclusion:Addressing the issue of traffic congestion requires a multifaceted approach that involves promoting alternativemodes of transportation, implementing carpooling systems, encouraging telecommuting and flexible working hours, improving road infrastructure, integrating smart city technologies, and enhancing traffic management strategies. By adopting a combination of these measures, cities can mitigate traffic congestion and create more efficient and livable urban environments for their residents.。

交通堵塞解决办法英语作文

交通堵塞解决办法英语作文

交通堵塞解决办法英语作文Traffic congestion is a major problem in many cities around the world. It can cause delays, frustration, and even accidents. There are a number of different ways to address traffic congestion, but no single solution will work for every city.One common approach to reducing traffic congestion is to improve public transportation. This can make it easier for people to get around without driving, which can help to reduce the number of cars on the road. Another approach is to build more roads and highways. However, this can be a costly and time-consuming process, and it may not always be the most effective solution.In some cases, it may be more effective to focus on managing traffic flow. This can involve using traffic signals, roundabouts, and other devices to keep traffic moving smoothly. It can also involve encouraging people to carpool or use public transportation during peak hours.Ultimately, the best way to address traffic congestion is to develop a comprehensive plan that takes into account the specific needs of each city. This plan should include a mix of different strategies, such as improving public transportation, building more roads, and managing traffic flow. By working together, cities can find ways to reduce traffic congestion and make their streets safer and more efficient.中文翻译:交通堵塞是世界许多城市面临的一个主要问题。

解决交通拥堵英语作文

解决交通拥堵英语作文

解决交通拥堵英语作文Traffic congestion is a common problem in many cities, causing headaches for commuters and affecting theefficiency of daily life. It's not just about being stuck in a car for hours – it also leads to increased stress levels, air pollution, and wasted time.One way to tackle the issue is by promoting public transportation. Investing in better bus and train systems can encourage more people to ditch their cars and opt for a more environmentally friendly mode of transport. Not only does this help reduce the number of vehicles on the road, but it also saves commuters money on gas and parking fees.Another solution is to improve road infrastructure. That means building more lanes, bridges, and tunnels to accommodate the increasing number of vehicles. Of course, this requires significant investment and planning, but it can be a long-term solution to reducing congestion.Of course, technology can also play a role. Smarttraffic systems that use sensors and cameras to monitor traffic flow and adjust signal timing can help smooth out traffic jams. Apps that provide real-time traffic updates can also help drivers avoid congested areas and plan their routes more efficiently.In the end, solving traffic congestion is a multi-faceted problem that requires cooperation from individuals, governments, and businesses alike. By promoting public transportation, improving infrastructure, and harnessing the power of technology, we can all do our part to。

如何治理交通拥堵英文作文

如何治理交通拥堵英文作文

如何治理交通拥堵英文作文Title: Tackling Urban Traffic Congestion: An Unstructured Approach。

1. Rumble of Horns, Pedestrian Shuffle: The Urban Jungle's Daily Challenge。

Imagine a city's arteries clogged with honking cars, pedestrians huffing and puffing, and the air thick with frustration. The scene? A living testament to the unrelenting traffic congestion. 。

2. The Silent Killer: The Unseen Consequences。

Traffic congestion isn't just a visual nuisance; it's a silent killer, wasting fuel, increasing pollution, and eroding our quality of life. It's time to acknowledge the invisible toll it takes.3. The Urban Dance of Vehicles: A Chaotic Symphony。

The dance of cars on the road, a symphony of stop-starts, U-turns, and impatient drivers, is a chaotic symphony. It's a rhythm that needs a new beat, a rhythm that promotes harmony.4. The Smart City Solution: Technology to the Rescue。

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解决交通拥堵治理外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)译文:交通拥堵收费和城市交通系统的可持续发展摘要:城市化和机动化的快速增长,通常有助于城市交通系统的发展,是经济性,环境性和社会可持续性的体现,但其结果是交通量无情增加,导致交通拥挤。

道路拥挤定价已经提出了很多次,作为一个经济措施缓解城市交通拥挤,但还没有见过在实践中广泛使用,因为道路收费的一些潜在的影响仍然不明。

本文首先回顾可持续运输系统的概念,它应该满足集体经济发展,环境保护和社会正义的目标。

然后,根据可持续交通系统的特点,使拥挤收费能够促进经济增长,环境保护和社会正义。

研究结果表明,交通拥堵收费是一个切实有效的方式,可以促进城市交通系统的可持续发展。

一、介绍城市交通是一个在世界各地的大城市迫切关注的话题。

随着中国的城市化和机动化的快速发展,交通拥堵已成为一个越来越严重的问题,造成较大的时间延迟,增加能源消耗和空气污染,减少了道路网络的可靠性。

在许多城市,交通挤塞情况被看作是经济发展的障碍。

我们可以使用多种方法来解决交通挤塞,包括新的基础设施建设,改善基础设施的维护和操作,并利用现有的基础设施,通过需求管理策略,包括定价机制,更有效地减少运输密度。

交通拥堵收费在很久以前就已提出,作为一种有效的措施,来缓解的交通挤塞情况。

交通拥堵收费的原则与目标是通过对选择在高峰拥挤时段的设施的使用实施附加收费,以纾缓拥堵情况。

转移非高峰期一些出行路线,远离拥挤的设施或高占用车辆,或完全阻止一些出行,交通拥堵收费计划将在节省时间和降低经营成本的基础上,改善空气中的质量,减少能源消耗和改善过境生产力。

此计划在世界很多国家和地方都有成功的应用。

继在20世纪70年代初和80年代中期挪威与新加坡实行收费环,在2003年2月伦敦金融城推出了面积收费;直至现在,它都是已经开始实施拥挤收费的大都市圈中一个最知名的例子。

然而,交通拥堵收费由于理论和政治的原因未能在实践中广泛使用。

道路收费的一些潜在的影响尚不清楚,和城市发展的拥塞定价可持续性,需要进一步研究。

可持续发展通常作为运输政策的评估基本目标。

可持续交通的想法已经出现在交通运输部门的可持续发展的概念中,可以定义如下,“可持续发展的交通基础设施和出行政策是服务于经济发展,环境管理和社会公平的多重目标,用这个目标来优化交通运输系统的使用,并达到经济和相关的社会和环境目标,以实现在不牺牲后代的能源的前提下,达到相同的目的。

”可持续运输系统的要求是当前和未来几代的可持续发展的要求,即经济发展,环境保护和社会正义的主要支柱之间的动态平衡。

在可持续发展的运输系统背景下,拥挤收费如何能够促进经济增长,环境保护和社会正义,是本文研究的课题。

本文的其余部分的结构如下。

在第2节,对经济发展对交通挤塞定价的影响进行了阐述。

第3节是对保护环境,社会正义和拥挤定价之间的关系进行了分析。

有些结论是在第5节二、经济发展交通拥堵,造成旅行时间的增加,交通事故,能源消耗和环境恶化,已经造成了大量的经济损失。

据报道,由交通挤塞所造成的经济损失在2003年的北京和上海占其国内生产总值的1 / 3,每年达4000万元。

在许多危害中,交通拥堵已被视为经济发展的障碍。

任何可持续的交通管理政策应符合提高交通运输对经济发展的目标的影响,并且没有造成不利的环境影响和经济的进一步增长。

那么拥塞的定价策略如何有效减少交通堵塞,减少污染物和温室气体排放,减少燃料使用,并减少当前交通运输系统的其他不利影响呢?交通拥堵收费的基本经济原则,可以在图1所示。

从理论上说,个人用户决定是否使用一个特定的道路的成本权衡他们将承担对自己的利益。

社会总效益可以由下图1中的面积测量。

MPC的曲线表示用户成本只反映每个用户负担的成本为新用户(即“边缘”的用户)。

然而,边际用户的场合,如空气污染,延迟给其他用户,他不承担额外的社会成本。

每个边缘用户和他所造成的社会成本的负担的总成本是每次出行的边际社会成本。

边际社会成本是由图1中的MSC曲线表示。

图1交通拥堵收费的影响如果有ñ车辆在交通运输系统中,意味着用户的成本是由MPC表示,一个边际的用户将增加平均用户成本MPC +△MPC。

因此,边际社会成本可以表述为:MSC=(N + 1)(MPC +ΔMPC) - nMPC = MPC +ΔMPC+nΔMPC拥挤收费是交通需求管理的重要手段,最初只是影响交通出行的决定。

实践证明拥挤收费能有效地规范交通出行时间和空间分布,促进道路资源的有效利用,提高运输业务的效率。

在新加坡的拥塞定价实施表明,交通量下降了17%,在高峰时段,伦敦的经验也表明,定价方案是成功的。

我们可以得出结论,减少交通挤塞,将促进经济的可持续发展。

收费会影响旅客的预算,将导致不仅在模式上的转换,而且是更广泛的经济变化,将伴随着地理再分配的过程。

一些人担心,交通拥堵收费可能对中部地区的经济产生负面影响,特别是在零售方面。

产生了相反的论调,不过,减少交通挤塞,应该是服务于更广泛的业务,以降低成本,使他们成为更具有竞争力的国家。

零售活动的位置也是由个人首选的购物场所。

众所周知,个人倾向于购买的商店在他们的居住地附近,因此零售企业不能轻易迁出核心区,因为许多人住在中心区。

这种方便客户的依赖,解释了为什么零售生产跌幅小于核心区的其他主要行业的输出。

交通拥堵收费减少在繁忙时间的挤塞情况,并增加在其他时段的交通挤塞情况。

通过向公共交通和大量出租车辆转向,交通拥堵收费降低所有时段定价领域人次。

除减少交通挤塞,如果考虑到改善空气质量和减少燃料消耗等方面,交通拥堵收费形成的经济效益将是相当可观的。

三、环保在中国,环境问题日益严重。

据报道,中国是二氧化碳排放大国,有7个城市在世界严重污染的城市名单中。

交通运输对环境的影响,涵盖了不同的影响,包括空气污染,噪音,气候变化的范围,例如。

汽车是城市空气和噪音污染的占主导地位的生产者,包括一氧化碳,氮氧化物和大气飘尘。

这些污染物是关键因素,许多呼吸系统疾病,如哮喘,以及其他的影响人体健康的方面,如头疼,眼疾等症状。

据世界银行估计,在发展中国家,有0.5亿人每年死亡与于交通工具空气污染物排放有关,这是与交通事故类似的死亡人数,。

交通是不可替代的,因为它是生产链的一部分。

出于这个原因,交通系统必须发展和标准化,运输服务的有效性,是必须增加的,同时必须减少或防止环境污染。

由于道路交通排放是一个复杂的系统,不能完全统一一个输出。

从车辆样本分析不同的驾驶条件下的排放量这是自然的。

加州空气资源委员会指出车辆的拥堵走走停停显著增加了排放量。

作为一个例子,一个报告估计,10英里的路程,用普通的1987年的汽车,以55英里的速度运行HC排放废气的重量为1克,而HC在20英里的平均速度下的排放量是7克,典型的走走停停模式。

四、社会正义可持续发展有三个广泛的目标:经济的可持续发展,环境保护和社会正义,这三个目标都要解决可持续发展这个问题。

经济发展和环境保护的投入一直受到关注,但投入给社会正义的关注较少。

社会正义(公平)包含的经济权益和环境权益。

经济公平的问题,造成交通拥堵收费是难以完全解决的。

有些人认为道路收费是倒退,因为它更多地让承担较差的汽车用户,只需短距离行程的用户,或者是生活水平欠佳的用户,不管是什么原因,别无选择,只能乘车。

这些参数可以通过制定更加灵活的收费制度,在一定程度上抵消。

它已被接受的任何形式的道路收费将引入一些不公平现象。

关键是要保持这些最低限度,并找到那些没有受益于交通拥堵收费的补偿方式。

在实践中,收入最低的旅客,他们通常乘坐公共交通工具或徒步旅行,是最有可能受益的。

对于传统的运输系统,对汽油的税率是相同的,不管运输业的用户是否是在拥挤或非拥挤的时段行驶。

拥挤收费是选择在交通高峰期间对拥挤设施的使用实施附加费,预计这样将减少这种不公平的公平问题解决在运输已基本上涉及经济权益,包括公共交通和私人交通之间的关系,对周边地区和弱势人口群体的拥塞定价的影响。

但是,在运输方面环境权益的问题已经很少提及。

运输产生的直接影响很多,如大气排放和噪音,也间接影响通过对污染设施的位置和影响的人的影响,。

环境公平是指环境质量的社会分配(特别是二氧化氮分布)。

这是平等地获得一个干净的环境和对环境可能造成的危害,不论收入,阶级或其他鉴别特征的社会经济地位受到平等保护。

交通规划者应该指出,减少拥堵水平和行程速度对整个设施的增加将有利于公共交通的使用者。

从环境公平的角度来看,交通拥堵收费的成效是敏感的社会经济特征的空间分布,因此最佳的方案设计的每个应用程序都会有所不同。

可以看出,社会公正是最难解决得,实践表明,税收在道路定价中起着至关重要的作用。

如果税收是回收投资,允许对公共交通工具的投资,或维持更高的服务水平,它有助于提供一个明确的选择,这既加强了模式的选择上的影响,并减少那些谁负责征收的关注。

如果是用于改善道路基础设施,它可以看出,交通改道在控制区的优势体现。

如果它是用来支付环境的改善,这将有助于加大道路收费。

如何使用税收,改善城市交通系统的效率,在可持续发展中发挥了关键作用。

五、结论随着持续增长的交通需求和道路基础设施的扩展范围减少,交通拥堵的现象是不会减少。

作为一项重要的战略,拥挤收费是解决交通需求管理问题的重要途径,但因为经济发展,环境保护和社会正义的不确定影响,仍收到了强烈的社会和政治的反对。

本文回顾了交通拥堵收费和可持续交通运输系统的三个目标之间的关系,结果表明,交通拥堵收费是一种很有前途的交通管理策略,它可以促进城市经济发展,改善环境质量,减少不公平。

电子不停车收费系统(ETC)技术的最新进展证明了交通拥堵收费技术上是可行的。

可以预见的,未来几十年将看到越来越多的地方实施交通拥堵收费策略或将要实施交通拥堵收费的策略。

交通拥堵收费的设计和评价,将需要一个可持续的发展,需要更深入的了解它带来的直接和间接影响。

鸣谢这项工作是支持(2007F3078)福建省青年人才项目。

期待有益的意见和建议,以改善本文。

外文原文:Congestion Pricing and Sustainable Development of UrbanTransportation systemAbstractThe rapid growth in urbanization and motorization generally contributes to an urban transportation system that is economically, environmentally and socially unsustainable. The result has been a relentless increase in traffic congestion. Road congestion pricing has been proposed many times as an economic measure to fight congestion in urban traffic, but has not seen widespread use in practice because of Some potential impacts of road pricing remain unknown. he paper first reviews the concept of sustainabletransportation system, which should meet the goals of economic development, environmental protection and social justice collectively. And then, based on the characteristics of sustainable transportation system, how congestion pricing can contribute to economic growth, environmental protection and social justice is examined. Examination result shows that congestion pricing is a powerful way to promote the sustainable development of urban transportation system.1、IntroductionUrban transportation is a pressing concern in mega cities around the world. Along with China’s rapid develo pment of urbanization and motorization, traffic jams has become a more and more serious problem, resulting in greater time delay, increase of energy consumption and air pollution, decrease of reliability of road network. In many cities traffic congestion is seen as a hindrance to economic development. Numerous methods can be used to address congestion and reduce transport density, including building new infrastructure, improving maintenance and operation of infrastructure, and using the existing infrastructure more efficiently through demand management strategies, including pricing mechanisms.Congestion pricing has long been proposed as an effective measure to combat traffic congestion. The principle objective of congestion pricing is to alleviate congestion by implementing surcharge for the use selected congested facilities during peak time periods. By shifting some trips to off-peak periods, to routes away from congested facilities, or to higher-occupancy vehicles, or by discouraging some trips altogether, congestion pricing schemes would result in savings in time and operating costs, improvements in air quality, reductions in energy consumption and improvements in transit productivity. There are lots of successful applications in some countries and regions in the rest of the world. Following Singapore in the early 1970s and Norwegian toll rings in the mid-1980s, the city of London introduced its area toll in February 2003; up till now, it is the most well-known example of a large metropolitan area that has implemented congestion pricing.However, congestion pricing has not seen widespread use in practice due to theoretical and political reasons. Some potential impacts of road pricing remain unknown,and the sustainability of congestion pricing for urban development requires further study. Sustainability is normally taken as basic objectives in the assessment of transportation policy. The idea of sustainable transportation emerges from the concept of sustainable development in the transport sector and can be defined as follows,“sustainable transportation infrastructure and travel policies that serve multiple goals of economic development, environment stewardship and social equity, have the objective to optimize the use of transportation systems to achieve economic and related social and environment goals, without sacrificing the ability of future generations to achieve the same goals”. Sustainable transportation systems require a dynamic balance between the m ain pillars of sustainable development, economic development, environmental protection and social justice for current and future generations.In the context of sustainable transport systems, how congestion pricing can contribute to economic growth, environmental protection and social justice is examined in this paper. The rest of the paper is structured as follows. In section 2, the impacts of congestion pricing on economic development are described. Section 3 presents the contribution to environment protection, and the relationship between social justice and congestion pricing is analyzed. Some conclusions are given in section 5.2. Economic developmentTraffic congestion, resulting in the increase of travel time, traffic accident, energy consumption and environment deterioration, has produced numerous economic losses. It was reported that economic loss caused by traffic congestion amounted to 40 million Yuan per year in Beijing and 1/3 of GDP in Shanghai in 2003 In many cites, traffic congestion has seen as a hindrance to economic development.Any sustainable transportation management polices should meet the goals of improving the effects of transport on economic development, and without adversely impacting the environment and the potential for further economic growth. How effective would congestion pricing strategy be in reducing congestion, lowering pollutants and greenhouse gas emissions, cutting fuel use, and reducing other adverse impacts of current transportation system?The basic economic principles of congestion pricing can be illustrated in Figure1. Theoretically, individual users decide whether or not to use a particular road by weighing the costs they will to bear against the benefits to themselves. Total social benefits can be measure by the area under D in Figure 1. The user costs indicated on the MPC curve reflect only the costs borne by each user as new users (i.e. “marginal” users) are added. However, the marginal user occasions additional social costs, such as air pollution and delay to other users, which he does not bear. The total costs borne by each marginal user and the social costs occasioned by him are the marginal social costs of each trip. Marginal social costs are indicated by the MSC curve in figure 1.Figure 1 Effect of congestion pricingIf there are n vehicles in the transport system, and mean user cost is represented by MPC, one marginal user added will increase mean user cost to MPC+ △MPC.Thus the marginal social costs can be formulated as MSC = (n + 1)( MPC + ΔMPC ) −nMPC= MPC + ΔMPC + nΔMPCCongestion pricing is an important means of transportation demand management, and initially only affects transportation decisions. Practices prove that congestion pricing can effectively regulate traffic travel time and space distribution, promote effective utilization of road resources, and enhance the efficiency of transportation operations.Congestion pricing implementation in Singapore has showed that traffic volumes decreased by 17% in peak time periods, and London’s experience also indicated thatpricing schemes was successful. As we convert all the savings in travel time resulting from decreased congestion to monetary units, we can conclude that the reduction of congestion will promote sustainable economic development.Toll will affect travelers’ budget constraints and will result not only in mode switching but also in broader changes in the economy that will be accompanied by the geographic redistribution of trips. Some concerns that congestion pricing may have negative effects on the economy of the central area, particularly on retail. A counterargument, however, states that the reduced congestion is supposed to lower the costs of the downtown businesses, making them more competitive. The location of retail activity, on the other hand, is also driven by individuals’ preferred shopping locations. As well known, individuals tend to shop near their place of residence, so retail firms cannot easily move out of the core area, because so many people live in center area. This dependence on customer convenience explains why retail production decreases less than the output of other primary industries in the core area. Congestion pricing reduces congestion during the peak time and increases congestion during other periods. By shifting toward public transit and high occupancy vehicles, congestion pricing reduced the number of trips to the pricing areas across all time periods. Except reduced congestion, if improvement of air quality and decrease of fuel consumption are taken into account, the economic efficiency resulting from congestion pricing would be considerable.3. Environmental protectionIn China, environmental problem become increasingly serious. It was reported that china is the second emitter of CO2, and 7 cities are in the list of seriously-polluted cities in the world.The environmental effects of transportation cover a wide range of different impacts, including for example air pollution, noise, and climate change. Motor vehicles are the dominant producers of urban air and noise pollution, including carbon monoxide, oxides of nitrogen, and airborne particulates. These pollutants are key factors in many respiratory ailments such as asthma as well as “a rang e of other human health effects, from headaches and eye irritation to cancer”.The World Bank estimates that 0.5 million people in developing countries die each year from transport-related air emissions, with a similar death toll from traffic accidents.Transportation cannot be replaced because it is the part of the production chain. For this reason, transportation systems must be developed and standardized, the effectiveness of transportation service must be increased, while the environmental pollution must be decreased or prevented.Emission from road traffic is a complex system with an output that cannot be completely measured. It is natural to analyze the emissions from a sample of vehicles under different driving conditions. The California Air Resources Board pointes out that congestion-stop and go traffic significantly increases emissions. As an example, one report estimates that a 10-mile trip, using an average 1987 automobile, results in running exhaust HC emission of 1grams at a speed of 55 mph but that HC emissions would be 7 grams at an average speed of 20 mph, typical of stop-and-go conditionsWith respect to air quality impacts, congestion pricing can be expected to improve air quality in two ways. The first impact comes from the reduced level of congestion on the facility, compared with the level of congestion on the un-priced road. The second impact on emissions is due to the reduced number of vehicles on the road facilities. To the extent that higher prices succeed in reducing vehicle miles traveled, there will be fewer vehicles on the road.It is clear that reduced travel demand in peak periods reflects fewer and shorter trips being made and results in higher travel speeds during peak periods, with consequent reductions in vehicles emissions during peak periods. However, the bulk of daily travel occurring in off-peak periods may be negatively affected, as some peak travelers shift their time of travel to off-peak periods to avoid tolls. Overall beneficial impacts on air quality may thus be smaller than that suggested simply by peak period travel demand reductions. This reduction cannot be measured directly, but will have to be calculated from the information on traffic diversion, congestion reduction, and ride-sharing increase.In the long term, congestion pricing could lead to increases in use of alternative travelmodes for all daily trips, thus reducing total daily emissions.4. Social justiceSustainable development has three widely agreed meta-goals: sustainable economic development, environmental protection and social justice. All three goals must be addressed together if development is to be sustainable. Much attention has been paid to economic development and environmental protection, but less attention has been paid to social justice. Social justice (equity) contains economic equity and environmental equity.Economic equity issues resulting from congestion pricing are difficult to address completely. Some people have argued that road pricing is regressive, in that it will bear more heavily on poorer car users, short distance journeys, and on those living adjacent to the cordons; more generally concern has been expressed at the impact on those who, for whatever reason, have no choice but to travel by car. These arguments can be countered to some extent by devising more flexible charging regimes.It has to be accepted that any form of road pricing will introduce some inequities. The key is to keep these to minimum,and to find ways of compensating those who do not benefit from congestion pricing. In practice, the lowest income travelers, who typically travel by public transport or on foot, are most likely to benefit.For the conventional transportation system, the tax rates on gasoline, which are the same regardless of whether transport users are traveling during congested or un-congested periods Congestion pricing is expected to reduce this unfair by implementing surcharge for the use selected congested facilities during peak traffic periods.Equity issues addressed in transport have been largely concerned with economic equity, including the relationship between public and private transport, the impacts of congestion pricing on peripheral areas and underprivileged population groups.However, environmental-equity issues have been little within a transport context. Transport produces direct effects such as atmospheric emissions and noise, and also indirect effects, through its influence on the location of polluting facilities and affected people. Environmental equity refers to the social distribution of environmental quality (andspecifically the distribution of NO2 by deprivation status). That is equal access to a clean environment and equal protection from possible environmental harm irrespective of income, class or other differentiating feature of socio-economics status. Transportation planners should point out that the reduction of congestion levels and increased trip speed on an entire facility will benefit users of public transit.From an environmental equity perspective, the effectiveness of congestion pricing is sensitive to the spatial distribution of socio-economic characteristics; hence the best scheme design may be different for each application city.As can be seen, social justice is most difficult to address, and practices indicate that the revenue from road pricing plays a crucial role. If the revenue is recycle to permit investment in public transport, or maintenance of higher service levels, it helps to provide a clear alternative, which both reinforces the impact on mode choice and reduces the concern of those on whom the charge is imposed. If it is used to improve the road infrastructure, it can be seen that traffic diverted from the controlled area is being catered for. If it is used to pay for environmental improvements, it will help to reinforce the wider benefits of charging. How to use the revenue and improve the efficiency of urban transport system is play a key role in sustainable development.5. ConclusionsWith the continuing growth in traffic demand and decreasing scope for expansion of road infrastructure, traffic congestion is not a problem that will go away soon. Congestion pricing is proposed as an important demand- management strategy for tackling traffic, but still receives strong social and political opposition because of the uncertain i mpacts on economic development, environmental protection and social justice.This paper r eviews the relationship between congestion pricing and three goals of sustainable transportation system, and the results show that congestion pricing is a promising traffic management strategy, which can promote urban economic development, improve environmental quality and reduce inequity. Recent advances in electronic toll collection (ETC) technologies have made congestion pricing technologically feasible. It is safe to predict that coming decades will witness anincreasing number of implement or attempts to implement congestion pricing. The design and evaluation of congestion pricing will require a deeper understanding of the direct and indirect impacts on sustainable development.AcknowledgementThis work was supported by the Young Talents Project of Fujian province (2007F3078). Appreciation is also extended to reviewers for their helpful comments and suggestions on improving this paper.。

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