中央民族大学多年的考博题目
中央民族大学民族学与社会学学院考博参考书-考博分数线-专业课真题
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育明 考博分校 资料来源： 中央民族大学考博资料、辅导课程咨询育明考博李老师
潘蛟 潘守永 施琳 王建民 张铭心 张亚莎
文 化 人 类学 理 论 与 ①1001 英语或 1002 俄语或 1003 日语②2007 民族 拟招收普通计划生 1 人
国边疆政治学；杨筑慧的南方民族社区与文化。
二、招生专业、人数及考试科目
招生专业
社会学
本专业备注
招生导师（或导
师组）
研究方向
考试科目
导师备注
何俊芳ห้องสมุดไป่ตู้
民族社会学理 ①1001 英语或 1002 俄语或 1003 日语②2006 社会 拟招收普通计划生 1 人
论与方法
学理论③3006 社会学研究方法
良警宇
城市社会学
艺术人类学
①1001 英语或 1002 俄语或 1003 日语②2007 民族 拟招收普通计划生 1 人 学人类学概论③3007 人类学理论与方法
历史人类学
①1001 英语或 1002 俄语或 1003 日语②2007 民族 拟招收普通计划生 1 人 学人类学概论③3007 人类学理论与方法
中 国 少 数民 族 美 术 ①1001 英语或 1002 俄语或 1003 日语②2007 民族 拟招收普通计划生 1 人
①1001 英语或 1002 俄语或 1003 日语②2006 社会 拟招收普通计划生 1 人 学理论③3006 社会学研究方法
任国英
生态环境问题 ①1001 英语或 1002 俄语或 1003 日语②2006 社会 拟招收普通计划生 1 人
研究
学理论③3006 社会学研究方法
中央民族大学考博英语模拟试题及其解析
中央民族大学考博英语模拟试题及其解析1.The machine needs a complete____since it has been in use for over ten years.(A)amending(B)fitting(C)mending(D)renovating2.There were many people present and he appeared only for a few seconds,so I only caught a____of him.(A)glance(B)glimpse(C)look(D)sight3.I don't think it's wise of you to_____your greater knowledge in front of the director,for it may offend him.(A)show up(B)show out(C)show in(D)show off4.The returns in the short______may be small,but over a number of years the investment will be well repaid.Geng duo yuan xiao wan zheng kao bo ying yu zhen ti ji qi jie xi qing lian xi quan guo mian fei zi xun dian hua:si ling ling liu liu ba liu jiu qi ba,huo jia zi xun qq:qi qi er liu qi ba wu san qi.(A)interval(B)range(C)span(D)term5.A thorough study of biology requires_____with the properties of trees and plants,and the habit of birds and beasts.(A)acquisition(B)discrimination(C)curiosity(D) familiarity6.She worked hard at her task before she felt sure that the results would____her long effort.(A)justify(B)testify(C)rectify(D)verify7.I'm very glad to know that my boss has generously agreed to _____my debt in return for certain services.(A)take away(B)cut out(C)write off(D)clear up8.Some journalists often overstate the situation so that their news may create a great____.(A)explosion(B)sensation(C)exaggeration(D) stimulation9.According to what you have just said,am I to understand that his new post____no responsibility with it at all?(A)shoulders(B)possesses(C)carries(D)shares10.Sometimes the student may be asked to write about his____toa certain book or article that has some bearing on the subject being studied.(A)comment(B)reaction(C)impression(D)comprehension11.Please____yourself from smoking and spitting in public places,since the law forbids them.(A)restrain(B)hinder(C)restrict(D)prohibit12.Without telephone it would be impossible to carry on the functions of______every business operation in the whole country.(A)practically(B)preferably(C)precisely(D) presumably13.Preliminary estimation puts the figure at around billion, ____the billion the President is struggling to get through the Congress.(A)in proportion to(B)in reply to(C)in relation to(D) in contrast to14.He is planning another tour abroad,yet his passport will ______at the end of this month.(A)expire(B)exceed(C)terminate(D)cease15.All the off-shore oil explorers were in high spirits as they read________letters from their families.(A)sentimental(B)affectionate(C)intimate(D) sensitive16.several international events in the early1990s seem likely to______,or at least weaken,the trends that emerged in the1980s.(A)revolt(B)revolve(C)reverse(D)revive17.I was unaware of the critical points involved,so my choice was quite______.(A)arbitrary(B)rational(C)mechanical(D) unpredictable18.The local people were joyfully surprised to find the price of vegetables no longer______according to the weather.(A)altered(B)converted(C)fluctuated(D)modified19.The pursuit of leisure on the part of the employees will certainly not_____their prospect of promotion.(A)spur(B)further(C)induce(D)reinforce20.In what_______to a last minute stay of execution,a council announced that emergency funding would keep alive two aging satellites.(A)applies(B)accounts(C)attaches(D)amount1.本题的答案是(C)(A)amending："修改，修正"，通常指对法律条文、国际条约、合同等进行适当的修改。
中央民族大学考博英语阅读真题
中央民族大学考博英语阅读真题Do you remember all those years when scientists argued that smoking would kill us but the doubters insisted that we didn't know for sure? That the evidence was inconclusive,the science uncertain?That the antismoking lobby was out to destroy our way of life and the government should stay out of the way?Lots of Americans bought that nonsense, and over three decades,some10million smokers went to early graves. There are upsetting parallels today,as scientists in one wave after another try to awaken us to the growing threat of global warming.The latest was a panel from the National Academy of Sciences,enlisted by the White House,to tell us that the Earth's atmosphere is （PS:The way to contact yumingkaobo TEL:si ling ling-liu liu ba-liu jiu qi ba QQ:772678537) definitely warming and that the problem is largely man-made.Theclear message is that we should get moving to protect ourselves.Thepresident of the National Academy,Bruce Alberts,added this key pointin the preface to the panel's report“Science never has all theanswers.But science does provide us with the best available guideto the future,and it is critical that out nation and the world baseimportant policies on the best judgments that science can provideconcerning the future consequences of present actions.”Just as onsmoking,voices now come from many quarters insisting that the scienceabout global warming is incomplete,that it's Ok to keep pouring fumesinto the air until we know for sure.This is a dangerous game:by the100percent of the evidence is in,it may be too late.With the risksobvious and growing,a prudent people would take out an insurancepolicy now.Fortunately,the White House is starting to pay attention.But it's obvious that a majority of the president's advisers stilldon't take global warming seriously.Instead of a plan of action,theycontinue to press for more research-a classic case of“paralysis by analysis”.To serve as responsible stewards of the planet,we must press forward on deeper atmospheric and oceanic research But research alone is inadequate.If the Administration won't take the legislative initiative,Congress should help to begin fashioning conservation measures.A bill by Democratic Senator Robert Byrd of West Virginia, which would offer financial incentives for private industry is a promising start Many see that the country is getting ready to build lots of new power plants to meet our energy needs.If we are ever going to protect the atmosphere,it is crucial that those new plants be environmentally sound.26.An argument made by supporters of smoking was that[A].there was no scientific evidence of the correlation between smoking and death.[B].the number of early deaths of smokers in the past decades was insignificant.[C].people had the freedom to choose their own way of life.[D].antismoking people were usually talking nonsense.27. According to Bruce Alberts,science can serve as[A].a protector.[B].a judge.[C].a critic.[D].a guide.28.What does the author mean by“paralysis by analysis”(Last line,paragraph4)[A].Endless studies kill action.[B].Careful investigation reveals truth.[C].prudent planning hinders.[D].Extensive research helps decision-making.29.According to the author,what should the Administration do about[A].Offer aid to build cleaner power plants.[B].Raise public awareness of conservation.[C].Press for further scientific research.[D].Take some legislative measures.30.The author associates the issue of global warming with that of smoking because[A].they both suffered from the government's negligence.[B].a lesson from the latter is applicable to the former.[C].the outcome of the latter aggravates the former.[D].both of them have turned from bad to worse.本文由“育明考博”整理编辑。
中央民族大学考博英语阅读真题及其解析
中央民族大学考博英语阅读真题及其解析Directions:Read the following four texts.Answer the questionsbelow each text by choosing A,B,C,D.Mark your choice on ANSWERSHEET 1.(40points)Text1In order to“change lives for the better”and reduce“dependency,”George Orbome,Chancellor of the Exchequer,introduced the“upfront work search”scheme.Only if the joblessarrive at the jobcentre with a CV register for online job search,andstart looking for work will they be eligible for benefit-and then theyshould report weekly rather than fortnightly.What could be morereasonable?（PS:The way to contact yumingkaobo TEL:si ling ling-liu liu ba-liu jiu qi ba QQ:772678537) More apparent reasonableness followed.There will now be aseven-day wait for the jobseeker’s allowance.“Those first few daysshould be spent looking for work,not looking to sign on.”he claimed.“We’re doing these things because we know they help people say offbenefits and help those on benefits get into work faster”Help?Really?On first hearing,this was the socially concerned chancellor,trying to change lives for the better,complete with“reforms”toan obviously indulgent system that demands too little effort from thenewly unemployed to find work,and subsides laziness.What motivatedhim,we were to understand,was his zeal for“fundamentalfairness”-protecting the taxpayer,controlling spending andensuring that only the most deserving claimants received theirbenefits.Losing a job is hurting:you don’t skip down to the jobcentre with a song in your heart,delighted at the prospect of doubling your income from the generous state.It is financially terrifying, psychologically embarrassing and you know that support is minimal and extraordinarily hard to get.You are now not wanted;you support is minimal and extraordinarily hard to get.You are now not wanted;you are now excluded from the work environment that offers purpose and structure in your life.Worse,the crucial income to feed yourself and your family and pay the bills has disappeared.Ask anyone newly unemployed what they want and the answer is always:a job.But in Osborneland,your first instinct is to fall into dependency —permanent dependency if you can get it—supported by a state only too ready to indulge your falsehood.It is as though20years of ever-tougher reforms of the job search and benefit administration system never happened.The principle of British welfare is no longer that you can insure yourself against the risk of unemployment and receive unconditional payments if the disaster happens.Even the very phrase“jobseeker’s allowance”—invented in1996—is about redefining the unemployed as a“jobseeker”who had no mandatory right to a benefit he or she has earned through making national insurance contributions.Instead,the claimant receives atime-limited“allowance,”conditional on actively seeking a job; no entitlement and no insurance,at£71.70a week,one of the leastgenerous in the EU.真题解析：文章概括：政府大臣Grorge Osbome提出了一个项目帮助失业的人找工作。
中央民族大学经济学院中国少数民族经济专业考博参考书考博分数线专业课真题
中央民族大学经济学院中国少数民族经济专业考博参考书考博分数线专业课真题一、专业的设置中央民族大学经济学院每年招收博士生12人，下设中国少数民族经济专业，分为11个方向，樊胜岳的民族地区资源开发与经济协调发展；黄健英的民族经济现代化研究；李克强的中国财政经济理论与民族地区财政政策研究；李澜、罗莉的西部大开发与民族地区经济发展战略研究；宋才发的民族地区经济法律制度研究；王文长的民族地区经济发展研究；谢丽霜的区域投融资与民族地区经济发展；杨思远的当代中国经济与少数民族经济理论研究；张丽君的民族经济与区域发展战略研究。
二、招生专业、人数及考试科目招生专业中国少数民族经济本专业备注招生导师（或导师组）研究方向考试科目导师备注樊胜岳民族地区资源开发与经济协调发展①1001英语或1002俄语或1003日语②2002理论经济学③3002中国少数民族经济拟招收普通计划生1人黄健英民族经济现代化研究①1001英语或1002俄语或1003日语②2002理论经济学③3002中国少数民族经济拟招收普通计划生1人李克强中国财政经济理论与民族地区财政政策研究①1001英语或1002俄语或1003日语②2002理论经济学③3002中国少数民族经济拟招收普通计划生1人李澜西部大开发与民族地区经济发展战略研究①1001英语或1002俄语或1003日语②2002理论经济学③3002中国少数民族经济拟招收普通计划生1人罗莉西部大开发与民族地区经济发展战略研究①1001英语或1002俄语或1003日语②2002理论经济学③3002中国少数民族经济拟招收普通计划生1人宋才发民族地区经济法律制度研究①1001英语或1002俄语或1003日语②2002理论经济学③3002中国少数民族经济拟招收普通计划生1人王文长民族地区经济发展研究①1001英语或1002俄语或1003日语②2002理论经济学③3002中国少数民族经济拟招收普通计划生1人谢丽霜区域投融资与民族地区经济发展①1001英语或1002俄语或1003日语②2002理论经济学③3002中国少数民族经济拟招收普通计划生1人杨思远当代中国经济与少数民族经济理论研究①1001英语或1002俄语或1003日语②2002理论经济学③3002中国少数民族经济拟招收普通计划生1人张丽君民族经济与区域发展战略研究①1001英语或1002俄语或1003日语②2002理论经济学③3002中国少数民族经济拟招收普通计划生2人少数民族骨干计划招生专业中国少数民族经济本专业备注招生导师（或导师组）研究方向考试科目导师备注李克强中国财政经济理论与民族地区财政政策研究①1001英语或1002俄语或1003日语②2002理论经济学③3002中国少数民族经济拟招收少数民族骨干计划生1人骨干计划考生的定向生源省区：云南、内蒙古、广西、其它类、宁夏三、导师介绍樊胜岳,男,1962年1月生,蒙古族,山东省郯城县人。
中央民族大学考博英语阅读题精解
中央民族大学考博英语阅读题精解Read the following text.Choose the best word(s)for each numberedblank and mark A,B,C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1.(10points)What does it mean to say that we live in a world of persuasion?It means that we live1competing interests.Your roommate’s need tostudy for an exam may take2over pizza.Your instructor may have goodreasons not to change your grade.And the3of your romantic interestmay have other options.In such a world,persuasion is the art of getting others to givefair and4consideration to our point of view.When we persuade,wewant to influence5others believe and behave.We may not alwaysprevail—other points of view may be more persuasive,6on the Gengduo yuan xiao wan zheng zhen ti ji qi jie xi qing lian xi quan guomian fei zi xun dian hua:si ling ling liu liu ba liu jiu qi ba,huojia zi xun qq:qi qi er liu qi ba wu san qi listener,the situation,and the merits of the case.But when we practice the art of persuasion,we try to7that our position receives the attention it deserves.Some people,however,8to the very idea of persuasion.They mayregard it as an unwelcome intrusion9their lives or as a manipulationor domination.10,we believe that persuasion is11—to live is topersuade.Persuasion may be ethical or unethical,selfless or selfish,12or degrading.Persuaders may enlighten our minds or13on ourvulnerability.Ethical persuasion,however,calls14sound reasoningand is sensitive to the feelings and needs of listeners.Suchpersuasion can help us15the wisdom of the past to the decisions we now must make.16,an essential part of education is learning to17 the one kind of persuasion and to encourage and practise the other.18its personal importance to us,persuasion is essential to society.The19to persuade and be persuaded is the foundation of the American political system,guaranteed by the First Amendment20the Constitution.1.[A]on[B]among[C]for[D]by2[A]priority[B]advantage[C]control[D]place3.[A]objection[B]projection[C]project[D]object4.[A]unbiased[B]unprejudiced[C]favorable[D]favorite5.[A]what[B]which[C]why[D]how6.\[A\]living\[B\]depending\[C\]resting\[D\]insisting7.\[A\]ensure\[B\]assure\[C\]insure\[D\]reassure8.\[A\]agree\[B\]object\[C\]confront\[D\]consent9.\[A\]onto\[B\]of\[C\]to\[D\]into10.\[A\]In contrast\[B\]In particular\[C\]For instance\[D\] As a result11.\[A\]prominent\[B\]invariable\[C\]evident\[D\]inevitable12.\[A\]embarrassing\[B\]inspiring\[C\]upgrading\[D\] innovating13.\[A\]prey\[B\]rest\[C\]put\[D\]fall14.\[A\]for\[B\]up\[C\]off\[D\]on15.\[A\]apply\[B\]contribute\[C\]transfer\[D\]connect16.\[A\]However\[B\]Conversely\[C\]Furthermore\[D\] Therefore17.\[A\]resist\[B\]perform\[C\]insist\[D\]restrain18.\[A\]Beyond\[B\]Except\[C\]Including\[D\]Excluding19.\[A\]power\[B\]authority\[C\]ability\[D\]right20.\[A\]to\[B\]for\[C\]on\[D\]in1.【答案】B本题考查介词的用法。
中央民族大学考博英语模拟真题及其解析
中央民族大学考博英语模拟真题及其解析Gandhi’s pacifism can be separated to some extent from his otherteachings.(46)Its motive was religious,but he claimed also for itthat it was a definite technique,a method,capable of producingdesired political results.Gandhi’s attitude was not that of mostWestern pacifists.Satyagraha,(47)the method Gandhi proposed andpracticed,first evolved in South Africa,was a sort of nonviolentwarfare,a way of defeating the enemy without hurting him and withoutfeeling or arousing hatred.It entailed such things as civil Geng duoyuan xiao wan zheng zhen ti ji qi jie xi qing lian xi quan guo mianfei zi xun dian hua:si ling ling liu liu ba liu jiu qi ba,huo jiazi xun qq:qi qi er liu qi ba wu san qi disobedience,strikes,lyingdown in front of railway trains,enduring police charges withoutrunning away and without hitting back,and the like.Gandhi objectedto“passive resistance”as a translation of Satyagraha:in Gujuruti,it seems the word means“firmness in the truth.”(48)In his earlydays Gandhi served as a stretcher-bearer on the British side in theBoer War,and he was prepared to do the same again in the war of1914-1918.Even after he had completely renounced violence he washonest enough to see that in war it is usually necessary to take sides.Since his whole political life centred round a struggle for nationalindependence,he could not and,(49)indeed,he did not take thefruitless and dishonest line of pretending that in every war bothsides are exactly the same and it makes no difference who wins.Nordid he,like most Western pacifists,specialize in avoiding awkward questions.In relation to the war,one question that every pacifist had a clear obligation to answer is:“What about the Jews?Are you prepared to see them exterminated?”(50)I must say that I have never heard,from any Western pacifist,an honest answer to this question, though I have heard plenty of evasions,usually of the“you’re another”type.But it so happens that Gandhi was asked a somewhat similar question in1938and his answer was on record in Mr.Louis Fisher’s Gandhi and Stalin.According to Mr.Fisher,Gandhi’s view was that the German Jews ought to commit collective suicide,which “would have aroused the world and the people of Germany to Hitler’s violence.”答案46.其动机是宗教性质的，但他也说这是一种明显的技巧，一种方法，它可以产生预期的政治效果。
民族大学历年考博试题
中央民族大学法学院04年考博真题综合课（法理学，民族学，民族理论与民族政策）1、发展民族经济的重要意义2、市场经济对少数民族传统文化法律保护的影响3、中华法系专业课1、民族法学的理论体系2、现代化对民族法制的影响中央民族大学法学院05年考博真题综合课（法理学，民族学，民族理论与民族政策）1、民族区域自治制度的完善2、国际法上的少数人如何理解3、少数民族传统文化（文化权利）的保护专业课1、和谐社会与民族区域自治2、和谐社会对民族法制的影响3、保护少数民族权利的正当性中央民族大学法学院06年考博真题综合课（法理学，民族学，民族理论与民族政策）1、简析民族主义。
40分2、试论中国民族识别的主要依据、实践经验及其历史意义。
30分3、结合《民族自治法的若干规定》（2005年5月9日），谈谈我国的立法体制、立法原则及其该法规的作用及意义。
30分专业课1、论我国民族法的法律渊源。
（30分）2、论自治权。
（30分）3、论民族自治地方经济发展的法律保障。
（40分）中央民族大学法学院07年考博真题综合课（法理学，民族学，民族理论与民族政策）1、民族学理论体系及其发展2、人类学研究方法对民族法学研究的意义3、民族地区社会主义新农村建设的法律保障。
专业课1、文化多元主义2、人权法的价值3、民族团结与国家统一。
中央民族大学法学院08年考博真题综合课（法理学，民族学，民族理论与民族政策）1、民族问题的基本解决方式及其在我国的实践。
（40分）2、试述保障民族文化多样性的重要意义。
（30分）3、评述法律的本质是在社会物质生活条件基础上，以国家意志形式表现出来的阶级性与社会性的统一。
（30分）专业课1、论述民族平等权及其法律保障。
（25分）2、试论民族法理论的研究方法。
（25分）3、从少数民族生存权和发展权的角度，论述建立民族区域自治制度的必然性。
（25分）4、试述民族自治地方立法权的性质及其特征。
（25分）中央民族大学法学院2009年博士研究生入学考试复试真题专业课1、论散杂居少数民族权益的法律保障2、论对人口较少数民族的法律保障3、论民族法学的学科特点。
中央民族大学考博英语阅读理解真题及其解析
中央民族大学考博英语阅读理解真题及其解析When prehistoric man arrived in new parts of the world，somethingstrong happened to the large animals；they suddenly became extinct.Smaller species survived，the large，slow-growing animals were easygame，and were quickly hunted to extinction.Now something similar could be happening in the oceans that theseas are being over-fished has been known for years what researcherssuch as Ransom Myers and Boris Worm have shown is just how fast thingsare changing.They have looked at half a century of data from fisheriesaround the world.Their methods de not attempt to estimate the actualbiomass（the amount of living biological matter）of fish speciesin particular parts of the ocean，but rather changes in that biomassover time.According to their latest paper published in Nature，Gengduo yuan xiao wan zheng kao bo ying yu zhen ti ji qi jie xi huo kaobo fu dao ti yan qing lian xi quan guo mian fei zi xun dian hua:siling ling liu liu ba liu jiu qi ba,huo jia zi xun qq:qi qi er liuqi ba wu san qi the biomass of large predators（animals that killand eat other animals）inanes fishery is reduced on average by80%within15years of the start of exploitation.In some long-fishedareas，it has halved again since then Dr.Worm acknowledges that thesefigures are conservative，one reason for this is that fishingtechnology has improved Today‘s vessels can find their prey usingsatellites and sonar，which were not available50years ago that meansa higher proportion of what is in the sea is being caught，so thereal difference between present and past is likely to be worse thanthe one recorded by changes in catch sizes.In the early days，too，longlines would have been more saturated with fish.Some individuals would therefore not have been caught，since to baited hooks would have been available to trap them，leading to an underestimate of fish stocks in the past.Furthermore，in the early days of longline fishing，a lot of fish were lost to sharks after they had been hooked. That is no longer a problem，because there are fewer sharks around noise.Dr.Myers and Dr.worm argue that their work gives a correct baseline，which future management efforts must take into account. They believe the date support an idea current among marine biologists，that of the“shifting baseline”。
中央民族大学历史文化学院考博参考书-考博分数线-专业课真题
育明 考博分校 资料来源： 中央民族大学考博资料、辅导课程咨询育明考博李老师
尚衍斌 赵令志
元史及西北民 ①1001 英语或 1002 俄语或 1003 日语②2013 中国通史 拟招收普通计划生 2 人
族史
（1840 年以前）③3015 北方民族史
①1001 英语或 1002 俄语或 1003 日语②2013 中国通史 拟招收普通计划生 1 人 满族史、清史
黄义军，女，汉族，湖北天门人。先后毕业于南京大学历史学系、北京大学考古文 博学院、北京大学城市与环境学院历史地理研究所，获历史学学士、硕士学位及地理学 博士学位。曾任湖北省文物考古研究所副研究馆员、《江汉考古》编辑部主任。现任中 央民族大学历史文化学院教授、博士生导师。
雷虹霁，女，汉族，历史系副教授，硕士研究生导师，籍贯陕西省西安市，1969 年 7 月生于辽宁省沈阳市。1987 年入天津南开大学历史系博物馆学专业学习。1991 年 获历史学学士学位后，师从史树青、傅玫教授继续攻读博物馆学专业中国古代物质文化 研究方向硕士学位，1994 年获南开大学历史学硕士学位。同年 7 月至中央民族大学历史 系中国古代史教研室工作至今。1997 年 9 月起师从陈连开教授在职攻读博士学位，2002 年获历史学博士学位。
优秀教师（2008 年度）。现为历史文化学院教授，博士生导师，副院长，中国古代史教 研室主任，中国明史学会理事、中国农民战争史研究会理事,戚继光研究会顾问，北京 东岳书院顾问。
杨楠，男，祖籍浙江杭州。1996 年到中央民族大学历史系工作，现为教授、博士生 导师。先后被选拔为哈佛大学（燕京学社）访问学者。
李德龙、男，汉族，1956 年生。北京人。先后毕业于首都师范大学获历史系（今历 史文化学院）、中央民族大学历史系（今历史文化学院），获历史学学士、硕士、博士 学位。留学日本一年。现任中央民族大学历史文化学院教授、博士生导师，中央民族大 学图书馆馆长。
中央民族大学哲学与宗教学学院考博参考书-考博分数线-专业课真题
育明 考博分校 资料来源： 中央民族大学考博资料、辅导课程咨询育明考博李老师
教学学院副院长，现任中央民族大学科学研究处处长，“比较经学与宗教间对话”创新 引智基地主任，研究专长：《旧约》圣经、宗教间对话。
育明教育考博分校解析：考博如果能够提前联系导师的话，不论是在备考信息的获 取，还是在复试的过程中，都会有极大的帮助，甚至是决定性的帮助。育明教育考博分 校经过这些年的积淀可以协助学员考生联系以上导师。
邹吉忠，男，1964 年生，重庆人，中央民族大学教授、博士生导师。1992 年、2000 年，邹吉忠先后于武汉大学、北京师范大学获哲学硕士和博士学位，曾在华东师范大学、 北京大学、澳大利亚国立大学进修访学。现任怀化市委常委、副市长。
王文东，1970 年生，汉族，中国人民大学哲学系伦理学硕士、博士，现任中央民族 大学教师，哲学与宗教学系研究生导师，从事古代礼学、伦理史、民族宗教伦理学的教 学和研究。
邹吉忠
政治哲学
①1001 英语或 1002 俄语或 1003 日语②2001 哲学综 拟招收普通计划生 1 人
合③3001 马克思主义哲学原著
优先招收硕博连读生
招生专业
中国哲学
本专业备注
招生导师（或导
师组）
研究方向
考试科目
导师备注
王文东
中 国 古 代 哲 ①1001 英语或 1002 俄语或 1003 日语②2001 哲学
育明 考博分校 资料来源： 中央民族大学考博资料、辅导课程咨询育明考博李老师
年北京大学哲学系哲学硕士（美学专业），1985 年入中国社会科学院研究生院，师从著 名学者李泽厚教授，1988 年获哲学博士学位（美学专业）。现任中央民族大学哲学与宗 教学系教授、博士生导师，中国社会科学院研究员，美国哈佛大学高级访问学者
中央民族大学民族学与社会学学院《618考古学通论》历年考研真题汇编（含部分答案）
目 录2012年中央民大618考古学通论考研真题（含部分答案）2009年中央民族大学考古学通论考研真题2007年中央民族大学618考古学及博物馆学考研真题2007年中央民族大学考古学通论考研真题2006年中央民族大学431考古学通论考研真题2005年中央民族大学436考古学通论考研真题2012年中央民大618考古学通论考研真题（含部分答案）一、名词解释1．考古学文化答：考古学文化是指考古发现中观察到的属于同一时代、分布于同一地区、且具有共同特征的一定数量的遗存。
其命名方法一般是以第一次发现的有代表性遗存所在地名的最小单位命名，如仰韶文化、大汶口文化、龙山文化等；过去曾以发现的典型器物命名，如细石器文化、彩陶文化、黑陶文化等。
同一考古学文化遗存中，一般应包括同样形式的生产工具、生活用具、住宅、制作技术等因素。
每一考古学文化的内涵是一有机的整体，显示其背后有着共同的文化传统。
2．三期论答：三期论是指从年代学方法入手，根据石、青铜和铁技术发展的框架确立了三个连续发展的阶段，将古物按照这一序列进行早晚的分类。
汤姆森的三个阶段分期的学说，创立了相对年代的思想和理论基础。
没有这种相对年代的思想，史前考古学就绝对跳不出古物学的窠臼，古物学也就只能停留在单纯描述古物的工作上。
正因为如此，汤姆森的三期论被称为“史前学的基础”和“现代考古学的柱石”。
3．元谋猿人答：元谋猿人是迄今所知中国境内年代最古老的原始人类。
因发现地点在云南元谋县上那蚌村西北小山岗上，定名为“元谋直立人”，俗称“元谋人”。
考古学家认为，“元谋人”北上越过金沙江，到甘肃、青海成为古羌戎人，继续往东北越过白令海峡进入美洲，成为印第安人的祖先。
4．曾侯乙墓答：曾侯乙墓是战国时期曾侯乙的一座墓葬，呈“卜”字形，位于湖北随州城西两公里的擂鼓墩东团坡上。
葬于公元前433年或稍后，1978年发掘。
墓坑开凿于红砾岩中，为多边形竖穴墓。
南北16.5米，东西21米。
中央民族大学少数民族语言文学系考博参考书-考博分数线-专业课真题
中央民族大学少数民族语言文学系考博参考书-考博分数线-专业课真题
一、专业的设置
中央民族大学少数民族语言文学系每年招收博士生 19 人，下设语言学及应用语言
学、中国古典文献学、中国少数民族语言文学、比较文学与世界文学。
其中语言学及应用语言学专业下设丁石庆的人类语言学；关辛秋的双语与双语教
育；胡素华的语言类型学；刘岩的现代语音学；罗自群的历史比较语言学；王远新的社
会语言学；赵小兵的计算语言学；周国炎的应用语言学。
中国古典文献学专业下设张铁山的民族文献与非物质文化研究；朱崇先的古籍整理
与传统文化研究。
中国少数民族语言文学专业下设李锦芳的汉藏语系语言；钟进文的中国少数民族文
资料来源育明教育官网：（考博分校） 考博考试信息、辅导课程可咨询育明教育考博分校
育明 考博分校 资料来源： 中央民族大学考博资料、辅导课程咨询育明考博李老师
考博资料获取、复习经验可咨询叩叩：八九叁，二肆壹，二二陆，专业知识的来源也不 能局限于对参考书的研读，整个的备考当中考生还需要阅读大量的 paper，读哪一些、 怎么去读、读完之后应该怎么做，这些也会直接影响到考生的分数。
第四，导师的信息。导师的著作、研究方向、研究课题、近期发表的论文及研究 成果，另外就是为研究生们上课所用的课件笔记和讨论的话题。这些都有可能成为初复 试出题的考察重点。同时这些信息也是我们选择导师的时候的参照依据，当然选择导师 是一个综合性的问题，还应当考虑到导师的研究水平、课题能力、对待学生的态度和福 利等等。
学研究。
比较文学与世界文学专业下设汪立珍的民间文艺学、民族文学比较；赵志忠的多民
族文学比较研究。
2004-2014年中央民族大学l历年博士英语作文题目+范文
Calamity Brings Out One’s Best Qualities(2005)A famous saying goes that “calamity brings out one’s best qualities”, by which is meant that adversity or misfortunes can force one to work at his best and make unexpected achievements. More often than not, people living in comfort would feel contented and find no need to strive or achieve. However, when calamity befalls, he loses what he used to depend on. Therefore, his potential might be tapped and realized, leading to his success.Actually, history abounds with examples of people achieving success after they ran across a calamity or calamities. For instance, Confucius, the earliest and greatest educator in Chinese history, completed his famous work Spring and Autumn only after he met a series of setbacks and experienced bitterness of life. Another case in point might be Hua Y anjun, or Abing, the well-known folk musician in recent China. As a blind man, he lived at the lowest level of the society before liberation. But it might just be his sufferings that had brought out his best qualities as a musician and enabled him to create the most reputable erhu melody, his masterpiece The Moon in Two Springs.The same is true in scientific research. This does not mean that all the scientists have experienced calamities in their life. But it does refer to the fact that most of them lead a simple and even modest life as calamities have made it be. In that way, they can focus all their attention and energy on what they research, which lead to their achievements.In short, calamity does not mean the end of life. On the contrary, it might arouse people’s fever to fight. We do not have to seek or create calamities, but we do have to have the sense of responsibility and work for the interest of the nation and the whole mankind society.[Calamity brings out one’s best cha ractersJust as the sweet-smelling,which is of the plum blossom,is from the coldest winder training , the calamity is contributing to an important extent to the development of one’s characters .It's said that two views about calamity are in our society. Some people consider it a beneficial for one’s bring-up, but some think it not. Why ?(这里加点儿什么，感觉到这里突然断掉了。
中央民族大学考博英语答案及写作范文
中央民族大学考博英语答案及写作范文Section I:Use of English(10points)1.B2.A3.D4.B5.C6.A7.D8.C9.B10.D11.D12.B13.C14.D15.A16.C17.B18.A19.A20.CSection II:Reading Comprehension(60points)Part A(40points)21.C22.D23.A24.A25.B26.A27.C28.D29.A30.B31.D32.B33.B34.A35.C36.B37.B38.D39.A40.CPart B(10points)41.C42.E43.A44.B45.GPart C46.可以说，任何社会制度的价值在于它对扩大和改进经验方面的影响，但是这种影响并不是它原来的动机的一部分。
47.一种制度的副产品，只是逐步被注意到的，而这种效果被视为实施这种制度的一个指导性因素更加缓慢得多。
（PS:The way to contact yumingkaobo TEL:si ling ling-liu liu ba-liu jiu qi ba QQ:772678537)48.在和他们接触的时候，虽然容易忽略我们的行动对他们的倾向的影响，但是也不像与成年人打交道那么简单。
49.既然我们的主要任务在于使年轻人参与共同生活，我们禁不住考虑我们是否在形成获得这种能力的力量。
50.因此，我们可以在上面所考虑的广阔的教育过程之内区别出一种比较正规的教育，即直接的教导或学校教育。
SectionⅢWritingPart A51.参考范文Dear editor，I am writing this letter to advise you of the pressing situation we are facing now.As we know,being accustomed to using plastic bags in our daily life,some of us still take the“white pollution”for granted.Plastic bags have become the indispensible part of our life, and the“white pollution”now is a ubiquitous phenomenon,which greatly worsens our environment.To save the situation from further aggravating,I would like to suggest that:firstly,our government should make a set of laws to punish the groups and individuals who are still polluting the environment;secondly,new technologies should be used to produce degradable and renewable materials;thirdly,the local media can make full use of its own influence to intensify the publicity in order to enhance people’s awareness of environment protection.I hope that my suggestions are helpful.Thank you for your attention!Sincerely yours，Li MingPart B52.参考范文In the drawing,what first appears in front of us is a huge spider web,to which innumerable people are attached,like the catch of the owner of the web.What is more ironic is they are imprisoned in respective cabins,choosing contacting on line rather than communicating face to face.There is no doubt that the Internet provides us with considerable convenience.However,it drives too many individuals to be addicted to the fictional experience,and hence forget the traditional and most efficient communication method.Indifference has become a not uncommon phenomenon in the modern world.The following reasons may contribute to the phenomenon.To begin with,people in mounting numbers,who are vividly called netters,indulge in on-line activities,because science and technology develop too fast for people to adapt to them.The Internet,in particular,moving forward at an unimaginable speed,provides people with a convenient tool of getting in touch with others,which lacks weighing its correctness. Moreover,the fierce competition also plays a role of forcing people to fear the situation,which results in people’s habit of wallowing in the unreal world.Hence,it is high time that we highlighted the imperative of face-to-face communication between people.The joint efforts of the specialists,the netters and the educators are needed to cultivate the whole society with the essentiality.Only in this way can we expect a healthy development of the relationship among individuals.本文由“育明考博”整理编辑。
2020年中央民族大学公共管理考博真题及热点案例分析
2020年中央民族大学公共管理考博真题及热点案例分析育明教育大印老师2019年9月1日星期日【博一学姐解析】育明教育大印老师（V153********）研究发现，北大人大清华北师大北航南开中山武大复旦等院校行政管理考博越来越趋向于考察热点问题，尤其是政策热点问题，比如产业政策争论、垃圾分类、放管服改革等，所以，大家一定要多看一些热点方面的参考书，如下所示：《公共管理学》，李国正，首都师范大学出版社，2018年版；《公共政策分析》，李国正，首都师范大学出版社，2019年版；《公共管理学：考点热点与真题解析》，首都师范大学出版社，2020年版；《公共政策分析：考点热点与真题解析》，首都师范大学出版社，2020年版；此外，最近几年行管考研考博对研究方法也越来越重视，推荐以下书目：《社会调研研究方法教程》，袁方，北京大学出版社，2006年版。
【2020-2021年行政管理考博热点案例整理及分析】计划生育二孩政策17年开始五中全会公报允许普遍二孩政策。
全会公报指出：促进人口均衡发展。
坚持计划生育的基本国策，完善人口发展战略。
全面实施一对夫妇可生育两个孩子政策。
提高生殖健康、妇幼保健、托幼等公共服务水平。
中国人生育“二孩”的意愿与行为《“十三五”全国计划生育事业发展规划》要求，到2020年我国总和生育率要从当前的1.6提高到1.8。
2015年10月，我国全面放开二孩政策。
至此，实施了30多年的独生子女政策正式宣布终结。
2014年，全国65岁以上的老年人达到1.37亿人，占总人口比例为10.1%。
按照人口统计学标准，65岁以上人口占比达到7%即为进入老龄化社会。
中国已经处于深度老龄化阶段。
然而，全面二孩政策的效果却远不及预期。
曾经有着“多子多福”思想的中国人，为什么如今却不愿生育更多子女？中国人到底是不想生，还是生不起？（1）为什么放开二孩效果不好-配套措施；执行、评估这块低生育意愿、高生育成本我将分三个部分进行作答。
中央民族大学2005年招收攻读博士学位生入学考试试题11月22日更新
中央民族大学2005年招收攻读博士学位生入学考试试题11月22日更新：中央民族大学2005年招收攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题科目：101英语（答案请写在答题纸上，写在试卷上无效）Part ⅠListening Comprehension (15 minutes, 15 points)Section A (I point each)Directions: In this section, you will hear nine short conversations between two speaker. At the end of each conversation, a third voice will ask a question about what was said. The conversation will be spoken only once. Choose the best answer from the four choices given by writing the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet.1. [A]. Allen has a lot of money.[B] . Allen’s money is inadequate.[C]. Allen will have enough money soon[D]. Allen is not a qualified applicant.2. [A]. Susan will probably dislike the picture.[B]. Susan is younger than what she looks in the picture.[C]. That picture matters a lot to Susan.[D]. That picture beautifies Susan3. [A]. To the woman’s dormitory.[B]. To the test room.[C]. To the theater.[D]. To the man’s house.4. [A]. The woman’s suitcase is not big enough.[B]. The woman’s suitcase has got lost.[C]. The man’s suitcase is lighter.[D]. The woman’s suitcase lacks a lock.5. [A]. What the massage said.[B]. What the man’s name is.[C]. Where the message is now.[D]. What the woman said.6. [A]. He is very glad to have got the new job.[B]. He is very busy at his new job.[C]. His new position is not permanent.[D]. He is unhappy about the new job.7. [A]. It would be the best to hire someone to do the work.[B]. They should forget about the work.[C]. They should put it off till tomorrow.[D]. They should do the job together.8. [A]. She is well interested in the sound card.[B]. She has got the sound card already.[C]. She thinks the card sounds impressive.[D]. She doesn’t have much interest in the sound card.9. [A]. She thanks the man for his kind words.[B]. She wants the man to be reasonable.[C]. The man may try the cookies if he wants.[D]. The man may get cookies delivered to his home.Section B (1 point each)Directions: In this section, you will hear 2 short passages. At the end of each passage, there will be three questions. Both the passage and the questions will be read to you only once After each question, there will be a pause. During the pause, you must choose thebest answer from the four choices given by writing the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet.10. [A]. They contracted the disease by contacting with the infected people.[B] . They contracted the disease by breathing the contaminated dust.[C]. They contracted the disease by drinking the contaminated water.[D]. They contracted the disease by cating the contaminated food.11. [A]. The virus destroys people’s nerve cells.[B]. The disease can not be treated with drugs.[C]. The pa tients didn’t go to see the doctor in time.[D]. The doctor didn’t treat the patients in time.12. [A]. More people are gathering to celebrate holidays.[B]. More and more people have moved to the South of Argentina.[C]. Weather changes.[D]. Environmental changes.13. [A]. Working in restaurants.[B]. Working in glass factories.[C]. Working as servants in people’s houses.[D]. Working in agriculture.14. [A]. They are very poor.[B]. They can get money from their children.[C]. They need their children’s help.[D]. They cannot find jobs themselves.15. [A]. To provide more job opportunities in developing countries.[B]. To place restrictions on child labor.[C]. To place restrictions on trade and products made by children.[D]. To provide more money for children’s education.Part ⅡCloze Test (10 points)Directions:For each numbered blank in the following passage, there are four choices marked A, B, C and D Choose the best one and mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET.Urban life has always involved a balancing of opportunities and rewards against dangers and stress: its 16 force is, in the broadest sense, money. Opportunities to make money mean competition and competition is stressful; it is often at its most17 in the largest cities, where opportunities are greatest. The 18 of huge numbers of people inevitably involves more 19 , more traveling, the overloading of public services and 20 to those deviants and criminals who are 21 to the rich pickings of great cities. Crime has always flourished in the 22 anonymity of urban life, but today’s ease of movement makes its 23 more difficult than ever; there is much 24 that its extent has a direct relationship to the size of communities. City dwellers may become 25 in their homes by the fear of crime around them.As a defense 26 these developments. City dwellers tend to use various 27 to try and reduce the pressures upon themselves: doors are kept locked; telephone numbers may be ex-directory; 28 outside the home are usually hurried, rather than a 29 of pleasure. There are other strategies, too, which are positively harmful to the 30 , for example, reducing awareness through drugs or alcohol 31 , all these defensive forms of behavior are 32 to society in general; they cause widespread loneliness and destroy the community’s concern33 its members. Lack of informal social contact and 34 to the misfortunes of others, if they are not 35 known to oneself, are amongst the major causes of urban crime.16. [A] challenging [B] motivating [C] mobilizing[D] interacting17. [A] infinite [B] intense [C] intensive [D] intricate18. [A] presence [B] encounter [C] combination [D] diffusion19. [A] dispute [B] quarrel [C] conflict [D] interference20. [A] confrontation [B] exposure [C] absorption [D] admission21. [A] compelled [B] driven [C] induced [D] drawn22. [A] particular [B] relative [C] moderate [D] inherent23. [A] management [B] isolation [C] commitment [D] control24. [A] inference [B] hypothesis [C] evidence [D] suspicion25. [A] trapped [B] blocked [C] surrounded [D] confined26. [A] of [B] against [C] toward [D] for27. [A] strategies [B] measures [C] steps [D] approaches28. [A] journeys [B] appointments [C] missions [D] performances29. [A] resource [B] clue [C] source [D] guarantee30. [A] city [B] inpidual [C] society [D] country31. [A] However [B] Therefore [C] Finally [D] Furthermore32. [A] beneficial [B] invalid [C] harmful [D] ineffective33. [A] for [B] over [C] with [D] to34. [A] ignorance[B] neglect [C] indifference [D] sympathy35. [A] mutually [B] personally [C] essentially [D] sociallyPart ⅢReading Comprehension (45 points)Directions:There are six passages in this part. Each passage is followed by 5 questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D Decide on the best choice and then mark your answer on the Answer Sheet.Passage OneNothing has become John Zeglis, chief executive of AT&T Wireless, quite as much as the decision to sell America’s third- biggest mobile-phone operator. A couple of months ago. The company’s shares were tradin g at below $7. valuing it at $18 billion, well below what it was worth when it was spun off from AT&T in 2001. But thanks to Mr Zeglis’s decision to put AT&T Wireless on the block a month ago, his shareholders will pick up around $15 a share following a fi erce bidding war between Vodafone, the world’s biggest mobile-phone company by revenues, and Cingular, America’s number two operator. Cingular won early on Tuesday February 17th. Its parents, SBC Communications and BellSouth. have thus realised their ambition of doubling their mobile revenues, giving them an alternative to the flat revenues in their core fixed-line markets. But the victory over Vodafone, which reduces the number of nationwide players to five, is unlikely to lessen the fierce competition in the American mobile market. And the $41 billion or so paid may prove to be cripplingly extravagant.Cingular already has plans for integrating AT&T Wireless. According to reports in the Wall Street Journal, Cingular will use its new acquisition to sell to the business market, though it will drop the brand, while Cingular itself concentrates o the consumer market. But AT&T Wireless is a weak business. It has made losses in half of the past ten quarters, and it has a seeminglyinsatiable appetite for capital. Moreover, its operations are inefficient: it is currently running two networks, an old one and a new one based on GSM, a more common global standard. Migration has not been as fast as expected, with just a fifth of customers using GSM. This means that Cingular will have to continue to bear the costs of running both networks, while forking out on marketing to speed up the transition.Ironically, apart from AT&T Wireless, the other winners in the bidding war appear to be its losers. Shares in NTT DoCoMo rose last Friday after it became clear that the Japanese market leader would not be bidding. Vodafone shareholders seem similarly relieved that it has lost out. Its shares fell on Monday as stories emerged that it had raised its bid to $38 billion, and appeared poised to win. However, the shares jumped by more than 7% on Tuesday morning after Vodafone announced that it had dropped out of the bidding. Quite apart from integrating AT&T Wireless and dealing with its numerous problems, if it had bought the firm Vodafone would have been forced by regulators to give up its 45% stake in Verizon Wireless, America’s leading mobile-phone operator. Whatever the strategic rationale for the acquisition, analysts said it would have been a financial disaster for Vodafone at anything above $30 billion.36. According to the text, Mr. Zeglis’s decision to sell AT&T Wireless[A] ruined his fame.[B] disappointed its shareholders.[C] triggered a bidding war.[D] caused its share price to drop.37. The author thinks that Cingular’s victory in acquiring AT&T Wireless may[A] boost its flat revenues in the fixed-line markets.[B]make the competition in the mobile market more fierce.[C] cause other national players to go bankrupt.[D] make Cingular suffer due to the high price paid.38. It can be learned from the second paragraph that[A] the brand of AT&T Wireless is likely to be enhanced after being acquired.[B] AT&T Wireless’s weak business can be soon revived after being integrated.[C] AT&T Wireless’s current networks may become a burden for Cingular.[D] the cost of marketing to speed up transition will be unbearable for Cingular.39. By saying “Ironically, apart from AT&T Wirele ss. The other winners in the bidding war appear to be its losers” the author implies that[A] only AT&T Wireless benefits from the bidding war.[B] Cingular is the only real winner in the bidding war.[C] losing the bidding war turned out a good thing.[D] the losers should have won the bidding war.40. It can be inferred from the text that Vodafone shareholders[A] have been looking forward to the company’s success in the bid.[B]have already suffered loss due to the company’s failure in the bid.[C] don’t want the company to bid for AT&T Wireless.[D] don’t like the company to give up its stake in Verizon Wrieless.Passage 2Figures lie, as everyone knows, and liars figure. That should make economists especially suspect, since they rely heavily on statistics to try and resolve a wide range of controversies. For example, does a rise in the minimum wage put people out of work? Are stock market returns predictable? Do taxes influence whether a company pays pidends? In recent years, helped by cheaper, more powerful computers, and egged on bypolicy-makers anxious for their views, economists have analyzed reams of statistics to answer such questions. Unfortunately, their guidance may be deeply flawed.Two economists, Deirdre MeCloskey of the University of Illinois, and Stephen Ziliak of Roosevelt University, think their colleagues do a lousy job of making sense of figures, often falling prey to elementary errors. But their biggest gripe is that, blinded by statistical wizardry, many economists fail to think about the way in which the world really works.To be fair, statistics can be deceptive, especially when explaining human behavior, which is necessarily complicated, and to which iron laws do not apply. Moreover, even if a relationship exists, the wrong conclusions can be drawn. In medieval Holland, it was noted that there was a correlation between the number of storks living on the roof of house and the number of children born within it. The relationship was so striking that, according to the rules of math’s that govern such things, you could say with great confidence that the results were very unlikely to be merely random. Such a relationship is said to be “statistically significant”. But the Dutc h folklore of the time that storks somehow increased human fertility was clearly wrong.A failure to separate statistical significance from plausible explanation is all too common in economics, often with harmful consequences. In a past paper Professors McCloskey and Ziliak attacked other economists’ over-reliance on statistical rather than economic reasoning, and focused on one case in particular.In the 1980s, the American state of Illinois launched a program to keep people off the dole. Economists asked whether its costs outweighed its benefits. One study estimated that the program produced benefits that were more than four times as large as the costs. Although this seemed a good deal for taxpayers---and other tests seem to support this conclusion---the authors of the study rejected such a finding because they found that their estimate was not statistically significant. In other words, their results fell just short of 90%certainty---the usual, though ad hoc, rule of thumb for most economic work---of not being random.But far from this being an unusual case, Ms McCloskey and Mr Ziliak found that 70% of the papers published during the 1980s in the American Economic Review (AER), one of the most respected journals of the dismal science, failed to distinguis h between “economic” and “statistical” significance. They relied too much on numbers, and too little on economic reasoning.41. The author thinks that economists should[A] not rely on statistics to try and solve controversies.[B]not use computers to help them analyze statistics.[C] hold a skeptical attitude toward statistical figures.[D] provide definite answers to economic questions.42. According to Ms McCloskey and Mr Ziliak, many economists[A] often make good sense of statistic figures.[B]seldom make fundamental errors in analyzing figures.[C] often fail to find real meanings in statistic figures.[D] seldom realize the real nature of statistics.43. The author mentions the example of medieval Holland (Pare.3) to illustrate that[A] statistics cannot be used to explain complicated human behaviors.[B]conclusions should be based on statistically significant relationships.[C] a correlation that really exists may have come from random results.[D] a relationship that is statistically significant may lead to wrong conclusions.44. Professors McCloskey and Ziliak think that the finding of the study in lllinois[A] was contradictory to the reality.[B]had great economic significance.[C] had no statistical significance.[D] was based on economic reasoning.45. The author writes this text to[A] present Professors McCloskey and Ziliak’s latest work.[B]inform people that statistic figures are not reliable.[C] show that too many economists misuse statistics[D] argue that numbers and economic reasoning are equally important.Passage 3As NASA prepares to set twin robots loose on the Martian surface and makes plans to send another in 2007, the agency’s long term goal is clear: Determine whether the red planet does or over did harbor life.But the current search for life is necessarily limited to life as we know it, organisms dependent on liq uid water. A reader recently suggested that “we as humans are arrogant, simply believing that any other form of life will be just like us.”Researchers devoted to the search for extraterrestrial (ET) have a similar view. “Scientists” approach to finding life is very Earth-centric”, says Kenneth Nealson, a geobiologist at the University of SouthernCalifornia. “Based on what we know about life on Earth, we set the limits for where we might look on other planets”, Nealson said. Within that framewor k, however, there are extreme cases of life on Earth that suggest the range of places to look on frigid Mars. Nealson and his colleagues recently found the most extreme sort of organism in a salty liquid lake under the permafrost of Siberia. The organism, named cryopegella, can exist at colder temperatures than any previously discovered. Nealson’s team figures that if the ice at the polar caps of Mars warmed to liquid water, organisms like cryopegella could have awakened and repaired any damage that might have occurred to their various cellular components. That does not mean there are necessarily dormant microbes within the ice caps of Mars. But it does suggest a broader range of potential cradles for life.Other researchers agree, and a host of so-called “extremophile” discoveries on Earth in recent years indicate the polar regions of Mars might be prime hunting grounds. As on Earth, organisms there might be slathered in natural antifreeze or be able to go dormant for tens of thousands of years. Waiting for a brief thaw, their moment in the Sun. Meanwhile, scientists recognize that there could indeed be life elsewhere in the universe that does not require water. And some astrobiologists are trying to explore the possibilities.But it is a tough problem to ap proach. In looking for “life as we don’t know it”, it’s hard to even imagine what to expect.Life might or might not exist on Mars. If there are critters there, they might or might not be like bacteria on Earth. In laboratory conditions, scientists in 2001 were able to getone-celled organisms to incorporate an amino acid---a fundamental building block oflife---that no other known life uses. The discovery borders on the creation of artificial life, experts said. It also suggests that ET might operate by entirely different rules than those we’re used to.If life on Mars is fundamentally different from what scientists understand life to be, then current spacecraft and others in the works may well not recognize what’s right under their mechanical noses.46. According to the text, we human beings are arrogant because[A] we can send robots to Mars.[B]we are searching ET in the outer space.[C] we assume that life is all humanlike.[D] we believe we are the most intelligent life.47. According to Kenneth Nealson, scientists’ current approach to finding life is[A] limited. [B]costly. [C] centralized. [D] earthly.48. Nealson’s team’s discovery of extreme cases of life on Earth suggests that[A] there might be life on Mars that still remains dormant.[B]there might be ET in the universe that is like human beings.[C] there might be life that is beyond the range of our current search.[D] there might be ET elsewhere in the universe that does not require water.49. The purpose of the author mentioning scientists’ laboratory creation in 2001 is to emphasize the idea that[A] it is hard to imagine what ET is really like.[B]life might or might not exist on Mars.[C] it is possible to create artificial life.[D] Martians may live by entirely different rules.50. What is the best title of the text?[A] Does Mars Harbor Life?[B]If We Find ET, Will We Know It?[C] Will the Twin Robots Live Up to Us?[D] Why Search ET As We Don’t Know It?Passage4The announcement by South Korean scientists that they had created human embryos by cloning and extracted embryonic stem cells has raised concerns around the world.The technique, scientists at Seoul National University said, was not designed to make babies but to further the process known as therapeutic cloning, a possible treatment for a multitude of diseases.Advances in stem-cell technology have been hailed as holding potential cures for many crippling illnesses, such as diabetes, spinal cord injuries and Parkinson’s disease. According to the U.S. National Institutes of Health, stem cells can be manipulated by scientists to develop into many other human cells. But opponents say using embryos, even ones just several minutes old, is destroying a human life. Embryos are destroyed when stem cells are removed.Although cloning may be technically possible, the moral issues will be the great dilemma, said Arthur Kaplan, med ical ethicist and director of the University of Pennsylvania’s Center for Bioethics. “I think the big question is: If you make this kind of thing in a dish, have you created a human life?” Kaplan said. “Can you make something that people have strong moral views about in terms of destroying it, in order to benefit other people? And that’s going to be the key debate”.Kaplan said splitting the debate into two issues---cloning for making babies and cloning for research purposes---would help in making sensible policy. But may people believe all such experiments should be banned---both in the United States and around the world.Last year, a ban on human cloning passed the U.S. House of Representatives but failed to get approval by the Senate over questions of whether cloning for research purposes could be allowed. The United Nations decided at the end of last year to delay any decision on a human cloning ban for two years.“Reports of human cloning experiments undertaken in South Korea underscore the need for a co mprehensive national and international ban on all human cloning.” U.S. Senator Sam Brownback, a Kansas Republican, said in a statement. “Human cloning is wrong. It treats the youngest of humans as mere property and should be banned.”Some ethicists agreed. “Controversy continues to swirl around killing even long-abandoned human embryos for research”. John Kilner. President of the Chicago-based Center for Bioethics and Human Dignity, told Reuters. “The South Korean experiment disturbingly goes significantly further. It produces human embryos for the explicit purpose of fatally mining them to obtain bodily materials for experimental purposes.”However, groups calling for cures for specific diseases disagree, arguing that human embryos are destroyed daily in fertility clinics, in abortions and in natural miscarriages.51. The main idea of the text is[A] South Korea has made a new breakthrough in cloning technology.[B]clone report by South Korean scientists sparks fresh debate.[C] Sou th Korea’s research in human cloning meets oppositions of other countries.[D] Advances in stem-cell technology make it possible to apply cloning in actual therapies.52. Arthur Kaplan implies that[A] cloning can be used as a possible treatment for crippling illnesses.[B]no life should be destroyed in order to benefit other people.[C] human cloning and therapeutic cloning should be differentiated when making policy.[D] all cloning experiments should be banned around the world.53. Which of the following statements is not true?[A] The US House of Representatives agreed to ban human cloning,[B]The US Senate disapproved a ban on cloning for research purposes.[C] The UN has decided to ban human cloning but will not impose it in the following two year.[D] The UN will not decide whether or not to ban human cloning in the following two years.54. The word “underscore” in Line 1, Paragraph 7 most probably means[A] underline. [B]underlie. [C] undermine. [D] understate.55. Which of the following is an argument of the proponents of human cloning?[A] Using a laboratory created embryo for research is not destroying a life.[B]Cloning human embryos may benefit those who have lost their children.[C] A ban on human cloning failed to get approval by the US Senate.[D] Human embryos are destroyed daily in many other ways other than cloning. Passage 5Comcast, a cable-TV company, last week launched a hostile takeover bid for The Walt Disney Company, arguably America’s best-known entertainment company. Comcast is taking advantage of a particularly weak point in Disney’s history. Last month Disney’s most important business partner, Pixar, an animation studio, abandoned it. At the end of last year, two board members, Roy Disney and Stanley Gold, resigned and started a campaign to oust Michael Eisner, Disney’s boss. On the day that Comcast announced its bid, Disney’s executives started an investor conference in Florida, an occasion they had counted on to boost the company and its share price. The share price did indeed jump. But this was thanks to Comcast’s bid, initially worth $66 billion, rather than to any of Disney’s business plans.At its get-together with investors, the Disney high command behaved as if the Comcast bid had never happened. Indeed, the bidder’s name was barely mentioned, until Mr Eisner joked that “we’re buying Comcast” when asked about possible acquisitions. The D isney boss also argued against the sort of consolidation that media distributors like Comcast have pursued. Perhaps foreshadowing the arguments that Disney’s lobbyists will make in Washington, Mr Eisner said: “Concentration of distribution usually hurts th e small guy not the large player”.Mr Eisner’s dismissal of Comcast’s approach was backed up by Disney’s board, which formally rejected the hostile bid on Monday February 16th and expressed confidence in Mr Eisner’s leadership. However, the board also said it would “consider any legitimateproposal”. The problem was that Comcast’s all-share bid. Which by then had fallen in value to $60 billion, did not “refieet fully Disney’s intrinsic value and carnings prospects”.Mr Eisner’s rejection of merger talks was“unfortunate”, Comcast argued in a letter to him. Because strategically the deal makes sense. Putting Comcast, which has 21m cable subscribers, together with Disney, wrote Brian Roberts, president and chief executive of Comcast, would unite its distribution power and technology know-how with Disney’s peerless content businesses. Although the jury remains out on whether vertical integration really delivers value, other companies have already pursued such a strategy. Rupert Murdock’s News Corp, for instance, has satellite distribution plus its Fox content businesses. Time Warner unites cable with a film studio and television programming—as well as, thanks to its horribly bubbly merger with AOL in January 2000, the internet. But a merger between Comcast and Disney would create by far the biggestvertically-integrated entertainment giant of them all, with a market capitalization of over $120 billion, says Comcast, compared with Time Warner’s current $78 billion. There are no obvious competition grounds for blocking the proposed deal, since Comcast and Disney mostly operate in different businesses. However, the sheer size of the proposed company has prompted regulators and politicians to insist that they will scrutinize it aggressively.56. It can be inferred t hat Comcast’s timing for the bid is[A] shrewd. [B]impulsive. [C] ridiculous. [D] audacious.57. Mr. Eisner implies that the proposed merger of Comcast and Disney[A] would benefit Comcast only.[B]might do harm to Comcast.[C] could hurt many small investors.[D] might destroy Disney’s content business.58. Disney dismissed Comcast’s bid mainly because[A] its boss, Mr. Eisner is under attack for poor governance.[B]the hostile bid caused Disney’s share price to plummet.[C] Disney has already planned to acquire Comcast.[D] Disney’s board doesn’t think the bid legitimate.59. Rupert Murdock’s News Corp and Time Warner are mentioned to illustrate that。
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`中央民族大学2003年博士研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：汉藏语概论
一，国内外学术界对汉藏语系属分类存在什么分歧？指出争论的焦点，并谈谈你的看法。
（35分）
二，汉藏语的松紧元音有那些共时特征？在这些共时特征中有哪些能反映历史演变的线索？（30分）
三，分析藏缅语述宾结构的主要特征，并谈谈它对汉语述宾结构的研究有何启发？（30分）
2003年博士研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：语言学理论与方法
一、在下列题目中选做三个题目。
（每题20分）
（一）功能语言学派的代表人物马丁内提出的“语言经济原则”是不是一种有解释力的理论模式？
（二）确定语言亲属关系需要一定数量语义相通、语音相近的同源词材料，在选择这些材料时需要遵循那些原则？
（三）海里斯在《结构语言学方法》中提出了美国描写语言学分析语言的两个阶段、四个步骤。
请简述美国描写语言学分析语言的四个步骤。
（四）韩礼德（M.A.K.Halliday）的系统语言学理论有哪些主要特点？
四、简述语言学三个重要传统的贡献的局限。
三个重要传统提示：古印度传统。
古希腊传统。
阿拉伯传统
2004年语言学理论试题
1、心理语言学“内容派”的主张是什么？
2、谱系树分类与达尔文进化论的关系？
3、音系结构的平衡性与对称性与人的发音能力的不平衡性、不对称性的冲突会出现什么
样的结果？
4、社会语言学两个流派的主要任务、观点、内容。
还有一个题目我考过就忘了，是总共五题，选做四题，所以我只记得自己做过的四个题目。
凭记忆也许不能与原题完全一致，但基本内容不会有错。
2008年考博试题
一、中国语文概要题目：
1、简述汉语声调发展演变的特点。
20分
2、汉语结合非汉语研究具有什么有利的作用。
40分
3、介绍少数民族文字的起源、发展、和演变的特点。
40分
二、理论语言学题目：
一、名词解释。
23分
1、谱系树理论。
8分
2、内部拟测法和外部比较法。
10分
3、家族相似性构。
5分
二、简答题：42分
4、拟原始形式的方法和重点是什么？15分
5、沃尔夫确定应用材料的三原则。
12分
6、美国描写语言学的基本特点。
三、论述题
7、索绪尔语言符号的性质和语言符号的任意性原则。
15
8、实际说明一种语言学方法的运用。
20分。