08092第7章Feedback5作业
录 各章习题参考答案
附录各章习题参考答案第1章习题参考答案1. 答:ERP作为一个管理思想、信息技术和管理实践相结合的系统,既是一套管理思想,也是现代信息技术和管理实践结合的计算机系统,从管理思想来讲,ERP是由美国著名的计算机技术咨询和评估集团Garter Group Inc.提出的一整套企业管理系统体系标准,其实质是在MRPⅡ(Manufacturing Resources Planning,“制造资源计划”)的基础上进一步发展而成的面向供应链(Supply Chain)的管理思想;从软件产品而言,ERP是综合应用了客户机/服务器体系、关系数据库结构、面向对象技术、图形用户界面、第四代语言(4GL)、网络通讯等信息产业技术成果,以ERP管理思想为灵魂的软件产品;从管理系统而言,ERP 又是整合了企业管理理念、业务流程、基础数据、人财物力、计算机硬件和软件于一体的企业资源管理系统。
2. 答:按照时间顺序,ERP的形成大致可以划分基本MRP(物料需求计划)阶段、闭环MRP阶段、MRPⅡ(制造资源计划)阶段以及ERP(企业资源计划)阶段。
3. 答:在存在安全库存的情况下,订货点的计算公式为:订货点=物料消耗平均速度×订货提前期+安全库存由于订货点法有两个假设:一是企业物料均衡消费,另一个是订货提前期稳定。
这两个假设有局限性,因此,当物料消耗加快的时候,采用订货点法就会消耗掉物料的安全库存,出现物料的短缺;反之,当该物料消耗减慢时,仍然按照通过均衡消费假设计算得到的订货点和订货批量进行订货的话就会出现物料的超储与积压。
当订货提前期延长会导致缺货的发生;而订货提前期缩短则会导致积压和超储。
4. 答:MRP逻辑流程图见图1-4。
MRP计算需要输入的信息包括:(1)“要生产什么”是指企业在一定计划时段内,需要生产完工的产品数量、品种、规格及完成时间,在MRP系统中是指独立需求的生产计划(包括需求量和需求时间)。
(2)“要用到什么”是指要完成单位独立需求件所需要的配件、部件、原材料等物料的品种、规格、数量及需求时间。
《资源与运营管理》平时作业二参考答案
《资源与运营管理》平时作业一参考答案个人招聘方案:一、现状调查出现问题:本部门有两名员工提出离职处理意见:评估本部门整体的需求,需要做如下的工作:1.了解本部门工作的紧张程度;2.保持工作效率和服务水平需要面临的问题;3.维持现有的工作效率是否需要开展轮班制度;z通过以上分析,发现本职位不可空缺,同时考虑到人力资源部门要进行压缩人员编制,准备只申请招聘一名员工。
时间:10——15天二、招聘前的准备工作立即向人力资源管理部门提出用人申请,然后通过全面的工作分析,搜集岗位相关的各种信息,建立岗位描述,以及草拟该岗位人员规范,协助人力资源部门拟定招聘广告,吸引合适的侯选人。
三、招聘通过对员工简历的筛选及兴趣事的甄别,选出最终参加面试的侯选人。
四、面试1.面试前的准备工作:确定面试的类型;确定面试人员;确定面试的时间和地点;制度面试的提纲;2.进行面试,对面试人员打分,逐一筛选3.面试结果汇总4.决定招募哪些人五、新员工一周工作计划(新员工就职事项)1.熟悉公司的工作状况2.介绍相关工作及联系配合部门3.工资待遇情况4.工作规定5.相关档案资料备齐六、试用期考核(新员工试用1—3个月)按照人力资源部门的试用期考核表,对新员工的各个方面进行考核,对考核合格人员,继续聘用,并签订合同,对考核不合格人员解聘。
团队合作备忘录:一、在新员工与团队合作的试用期阶段的各项工作考核是否达到了预期的效果,也就是说该员工是否能在团队的工作中得到适应,并促进团队工作的顺利进行,如果在此期间效果不佳,检查找出问题的根源,并制订相应的措施。
二、根据头三个月的工作绩效,制订下一阶段的工作计划,并对团队人员进行相应的知识技能培训,为达到预期效果做好各项准备工作,或者给团队的每个人都制订工作计划,并要求完成程度比例和绩效奖罚制度,以调动团队工作的积极性。
四、考核反馈及下一步工作方案。
《资源与运营管理》平时作业二参考答案b)[5b:3经过调查,本单位存在一些健康与安全的问题的隐患。
第二次课后练习参考答案(第四章到到第九章)
第四章案例1 BZ公司采购经理工作日记1、第一阶段——市场试水阶段。
侧重点是:市场推广和宣传,扩大知名度,通过代理的方式将自己的产品原装进口到中国。
采购工作重点应放在产品质量上,当然也要注意什么时候采购、采购多少等问题,因为这个阶段是公司扩大知名度的阶段,所以一定要注意产品的质量;第二阶段——投资设厂阶段。
侧重点是:为满足客户的要求,企业的生产以装配为主。
该阶段公司业务欣欣向荣,采购任务加大,但又不能盲目采购,采购工作重点是:采购什么、采购多少、何时采购上,对于一些采购前置期较长的零部件,根据以往的销售情况酌情加大库存量。
第三阶段——供应商国产化阶段。
侧重点是:降低产品成本,提高企业的综合竞争力,采购工作重点就转移到寻找、培养和管理高水平的国内供应商以适应更加激烈的市场竞争和更高的客户需求,巩固和提高本企业的市场占有率。
2、BZ公司处理X-280加急订单的策略:通过与客户和供应商的协商,使得BZ公司的交货时间推迟,供应商的供货时间提前,成本增加是必然的但不是最值得考虑的,最重要的是要实现公司的承诺,所以采取了最快的供应方法让客户的货物尽早到达。
如何避免:P67(事后总结)3、BZ公司应该和WX-280温控器供应商建立供应商合作伙伴关系。
供应商合作伙伴关系最初的表现形式是采购商的注意力转移到不仅关心成本,更注重供应商的产品质量与交货的及时性。
而供应商管理进入真正的战略合作伙伴关系阶段的标志则是采购商主动帮助、敦促供应商改进产品设计,促使供应商主动为自己的产品开发提供技术支持。
对这类物资的采购策略:1) 采购管理的重心,要求最高水平的采购能力2) 多为定制的,很难利用规模采购压低成本3) 签订中长期的合约,建立供应战略联盟4) 实时监控,确保高的服务水平和有效的成本控制5) 强调将这类产品的竞争优势最大化,持续的技术革新,优良质量等,不断提高其增值能力。
4、总经理对于加急采购时间的态度是不合理的。
1)虽然销售部是企业利润的创造者,但企业也必须通过相关的培训机制来提高业务人员的专业素质,通过绩效考核机制和风险机制来明确销售部的职责;2)同时,也应该给予供应部门一定的权限反过来对于销售预测做出相应的预警和提示。
第七单元团队学习课后作业
“个人与团队管理”课程考核练习第七单元:团队学习一、组织目标和发展目标第62页。
1.某组织的一个目标是“每天至少能够接待25名需要咨询的客户”,这个组织目标可以生成若干个发展目标,与此相关的发展目标不包括()。
(A)月底之前,提高对问题的诊断能力(B)到下个月,要熟练掌握文件处理程序(C)月底之前要形成一套完整的规范标准(D)成为行业的领军者2.天际公司制定了“明年产品市场占有率提高5%”的目标,与此相关的发展目标可能是()。
(A)到今年8月底,全面提高销售人员的沟通能力(B)今年十月份,邀请一些销售精英到公司做演讲(C)今年年底,举办一次管理人员的培训(D)明年年初,开展一场各地销售水平的比赛3.乐和超市制定了“明年的平均客流量比今年提高5%”的目标,与此相关的发展目标可能是()。
(A)提高货品上架率(B)每月组织一次对公关部的培训(C)提高公关部的宣传能力(D)在一个月内,招聘两名销售主管4.关于发展目标和组织目标,说法不正确的是()。
(A)组织目标一般是直接目标或实际目标(B)发展目标是对技能、知识和能力的要求(C)只要组织需求得到确认,一个组织目标可以生成若干个发展目标(D)发展目标和组织目标没差别二、正式审查和非正式审查第75页。
1.审查学员的学习效果的方式分为正式审查和非正式审查两种,非正式审查是指()。
(A)根据事先制定的调查问卷,对学员进行提问(B)通过观察学员的上课情况,了解学习活动的进展(C)与个别学员交流,了解他们的学习情况、所学的知识、工作的进展等(D)通过电子邮件、通知通告等方式,获取学员的学习情况2.在非正式审查过程中,做法不正确的是()。
(A)主动倾听学员的诉说(B)采用封闭式提问,要求学员按照领导的想法做(C)赞扬并鼓励学员(D)就学员的学习情况征求他们的意见3.在非正式审查过程中,做法正确的是()。
(A)对于学习过程中一些琐碎的事不用询问(B)在学员遇到困难时,直接告诉他们要做什么(C)根据事先制定的调查问卷,对学员进行提问(D)如果没有多余的时间或者不熟悉相关内容,可以将任务委派给团队中时间较充裕并且了解主题的成员4.在培训结束后,团队领导常常以非正式的方式与个别学员进行交谈。
第七章 作业排序(生产运作与管理,陈荣秋)
星期一 星期二 星期三 星期四 星期五
4 工人1 4 3 3 4 4 2 2 3 3
星期六 星期日
1 1 2 * 2 * 2 * 1 1 * 0 * * *
工人2
工人3 工人4
3 2
1 0
2 1
0 0 *
3 2 1
1
1 0
* 0 0
2 2 1
0
*
1 1 1
0
工人5
作业 1、有7个作业必须全部进行A和B两种作业,顺序是先A后B。 用约翰逊规则决定各作业的顺序。 工件 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 (小时)
单班次问题: 1、保证工人每周有两个休息日; 2、保证工人每周有两个休息日为连休。
启发式算法:
第一步:从每周的人员需求量中,找出全部具有最少人员需求量 的两个连续日,再从中找出两日需求量总和最小者; 第二步:指定一名人员在上述两日休息,从其余准备安排该人员 工作的各日的人员需求量中减去1人的需求量; 第三步:重复第一、二步
Hale Waihona Puke 三、优先调度规则事例 在理论方面,排序问题的难度随着机床数量的增加而增大,而 不是随需加工的作业数量的增加而增大。 (一)n个作业单台机床的排序 零件 所需标准加工时间(h) 顾客预计取货时间(h) A 8 10 B 6 12
C D E
15 3 12
20 18 22
用SPT规则得出的作业排序 加工 开始 加工 结束 流程 预计取 实际取 提前小 拖延 顺序 工作 时间 工作 时间 货时间 货时间 时数 时间 D B A 0 3 9 3 6 8 3 9 17 3 9 17 18 12 10 18 12 17 15 3 7
生产作业排序对最终使用者或消费者无直接影响 (二)排序内容 服务要定义服务交易的时间和地点 制造业仅仅定义产品生产的操作步骤
管理学第9版练习题集附答案解析7
管理学第9版练习题集附答案解析7Chapter 7 Foundations of PlanningTRUE/FALSE QUESTIONSWHAT IS PLANNING?1.Planning is concerned with how objectives are to be accomplished, not what is to be accomplished.2.If a manager refuses to write anything down or share his plans with others in the organization, he is nottruly planning.WHY DO MANAGERS PLAN?3.Planning provides direction to managers and nonmanagers alike.4.Even without planning, departments and individuals always work together, allowing organizations tomove efficiently toward its goals.5.Research indicates that nonplanning organizations always outperform planning organizations.HOW DO MANAGERS PLAN?6.Goals are the foundation of organizational planning.7.Most businesses have only one objective: to make a profit.8.Most companies’ go als can be classified as either strategic or financial.9.Strategic goals are related to the financial performance of the organization.10.An organization’s real goals are often quite irrelevant to what actually goes on.11.Operational plans specify the details of how the achievement of the overall objectives is to be obtained.12.Long term used to mean anything over three years, butnow it means anything over one year.13.Short-term plans are those covering one year or less.14.Directional plans have clearly defined objectives.ESTABLISHING GOALS AND DEVELOPING PLANS15.An integrated network of goals is sometimes called a means-end chain.16.In MBO, or management by objectives, goals are often less well-defined, giving managers andemployees more flexibility to respond to changing conditions.17.In a typical MBO program, successful achievement of objectives is reinforced by performance-basedrewards.18.An MBO program consists of four elements: loose goals, participative decision making, an explicit timeperiod, and performance feedback.19.Studies of actual MBO programs find mixed results in terms of its effects on overall employeeperformance and organizational productivity.20.In times of dynamic environmental change, well-defined and precisely developed action plans enhanceorganizational performance.21.A well-designed goal should be measurable and quantifiable.22.Goals that are too easy to accomplish are not motivating and neither are goals that are not attainableeven with exceptional effort.23.The second step in goal setting is to determine the goals individually or with input from others.24.The more the current plans affect future commitments,the longer the time frame for which managersshould plan.CONTEMPORARY ISSUES IN PLANNING25.Planning is a waste of time in a volatile environment.26.A major argument against formal plans can’t replace intuition and creativity.27.It’s not enough for managers just to plan. They have to start setting goals.28.In today’s dynamic business environment, successful firms recognize that planning is an ongoingprocess, not a tablet of rules cast in stone.29.Managers must be able to follow through with plans even if conditions change.30.Effective planning in dynamic environments means flattening the organizational hierarchy. MULTIPLE-CHOICE QUESTIONSFor each of the following, choose the answer that most completely answers the question.WHAT IS PLANNING?31.Planning involves defining the organization’s goals, establishing an overall strategy for achieving thosegoals, and developing a comprehensive set of plans _____________.a.as to which shift will perform what work functionsb.to determine which manager will be in charge of which departmentc.for organizational work activitiesd.to establish the quality and quantity of work to be accomplished32.In informal planning, __________ sharing of goals withothers in the organization.a.everything may be written down, but there is little or nob.everything is written down, and there isc.nothing is written down, and there is little or nod.nothing is written down; therefore management does a lot of/doc/818945174.html,rmal planning is _________.a.performed at the lowest organizational levelb.general and lacks continuityc.developed in informal meetings at a resortd.specific and is developed by the middle managers for their department34.In formal planning, _________.a.specific goals covering a period of years are definedb.specific goals are developed and not writtenc.general goals are developed and not writtend.general goals covering an unspecified period of years are defined35.Formal planning involves which of the following aspects?a.developing general objectivesb.planning for up to one yearc.writing objectivesd.distributing the plan to all managerial employeesWHY DO MANAGERS PLAN?36.The effect of planning on managers is that it forces them to _______________.a.react to changeb.consider the impact of changec.respond indiscriminatelyd.develop bureaucratic response models37.Planning can’t eliminate change. Managers plan in order to ___________.a.be prepared for when changes in management at the top occursb.anticipate changes and develop the most effective response to changesc.decide what needs to be done when a change in environments happend.have the appropriate materials available when the demand for them comes about38.Planning gives direction, reduces the impact of change, minimizes waste and redundancy, and__________.a.establishes the workloads for each of the departmentsb.sets the basis used for promotion of individuals within the organizationc.eliminates departments that are not needed within the pland.sets the standards used in controlling39.Studies of performance in organizations that plan have reached ___________.a.somewhat negative conclusions regarding the benefits of planningb.generally mixed conclusions regarding the benefits of planningc.generally negative conclusions regarding the benefits of planningd.generally positive conclusions regarding the benefits of planning40.The quality of the planning process and the appropriateimplementation of the plans probably___________.a.don’t contribute to high performance nearl y as much as the extent of planningb.contribute more to high performance than does the extent of planningc.contribute less to high performance than does the extent of planningd.should be studied more to factually determine which contributes the most41.In studies in which formal planning did not lead to higher performance, ____________.a.the external environment often was the culpritb.management’s execution of the plans was most often the reason for failurec.employees’ implementation of the plans was th e primary re ason for failure/doc/818945174.html,ck of communication was most often the reason for failure/doc/818945174.html,ernmental regulations, powerful labor unions, and other critical environmental forces constrainma nagers’ options and __________ the impact of planning on an organization’s pe rformance.a.reduceb.increasec.neutralized.don’t affectHOW DO MANAGERS PLAN?43.Planning is often called the primary managementfunction because it ____________.a.offers some basis for future decision makingb.creates the vision for the organizational members to work towardc.establishes the basis for all the other functionsd.sets the tone for the organizational culture44.Planning involves two important elements: ___________.a.goals and decisionsb.goals and plansc.plans and decisionsd.goals and actions45.Goals are objectives, __________.a.and we use the two terms interchangeablyb.but goals are long term, and objectives are short termc.but goals are used by top management, and objectives are used by first-level managementd.but goals are used in reference to profits, and objectives are used in reference to production output46.Plans are documents that outline how goals are going to be met and ___________.a.define which department has what responsibilities needed to accomplish the goalsb.tell what materials and processes are necessary to fulfill the goalsc.identify how much capital is required to complete the goalsd.describe resource allocations, schedules, and other necessary actions to accomplish the goals47.__________ can evaluate whether an organization is successful.a. A goal is the only measure thatb.No single measurec.Plans are also a measure thatd.Stakeholders are the only groups that48.When managers emphasize one goal, they ___________.a.assure that the one goal will be accomplished even above the established levelb.ignore other goals that must also be reached if long-term success is to achievedc.make the goal easier to be accomplished by all organizational membersd.deny the organizational members the opportunity to grow and develop/doc/818945174.html,ing a single objective can result in unethical practices because managers ____________.a.want to satisfy the stockholders of the organizationb.will manipulate the outcomes reported to assure that the one objective is achievedc.will ignore other important parts of their jobs in order to look good on that one measured.will use overtime to accomplish that single objective without reporting it50.Official statements of what an organization says and what it wants its various stakeholders to believe arereferred to as ___________.a.real goalsb.stated goals/doc/818945174.html,mitted goals/doc/818945174.html,prehensive goals51. The conflict in stated goals exists because organizations respond to a variety of _______________.a.stakeholdersb.external environments/doc/818945174.html,ernmental regulationsd.stockholders52.Which of the following is true concerning an organization’s stated objectives?/doc/818945174.html,anizations issue identical objectives to all constituents./doc/818945174.html,anizations typically have internal and external sets of objectives./doc/818945174.html,anizations may issue different objectives to stockholders, customers, employees, and the public.d.Stated objectives are usually in line with short-term actions.53.What should a person do to understand what the real objectives of the organization are?a.observe organizational members’ actionsb.attend a stockholders’ annual meetingc.read their annual reportd.watch television news reports54.The most common ways to describe organizational plans are by their frequency of use, time frame,specificity, and ___________.a.quantifiabilityb.flexibilityc.breadthd.attainability55.When we categorize plans as being directional versus specific, we are categorizing them by____________.a.breadthb.specificityc.frequency of used.depth56.When we categorize plans as being single-use versus standing, we categorize them by ____________.a.breadthb.specificityc.frequency of used.time frame。
创业学第三版第七章贺尊答案
创业学第三版第七章贺尊答案1、员工培训根据培训组织形式的分类,不包括()。
[单选题]A、正规学校B、短训班C、非正规大学D、单项培训(正确答案)2、( )可以实现培训资源的充分利用。
[单选题]A.激发受训者的积极性B.聘请优秀的培训师币C.培训方法的创新D.培训时间的开发与用(正确答案)3、在进行人员筛选时,体检适宜在()进行。
[单选题]A、初次筛选后B、所有筛选方法使用之后(正确答案)C、背景调查后D、面试后4、下列关于爱岗敬业的说法中,你认为正确的是()。
[单选题]A、市场经济鼓励人才流动,再提倡爱岗敬业已不合时宜B、即便在市场经济时代,也要提倡“干一行,爱一行,专一行”(正确答案)C、要做到爱岗敬业就应一辈子在同一岗位上无私奉献D、在现实中,我们不得不承认,“爱岗敬业”的观念阻碍了人们的择业自由5、资源需求模型按照()核算企业培训成本[单选题] *A.培训所需资源B.会计成本科目(正确答案)C.培训作业流程D.有形资本消耗6、()是指让受训者在预定时期内变换工作岗位,使其获得不同岗位的工作经验的培训方法。
[单选题]A 工作指导法B、特别任务法C、工作轮换法(正确答案)D、现场培训法7、在市场经济中,企业在决定劳动投入规模时,以取得()为决策准则。
[单选题] *经济效益社会效益最低成本最大利润(正确答案)8、企业员工培训与开发系统在“培训计划”后,下一步流程是()。
[单选题]A、教学设计(正确答案)B、需求确认C、实施培训D、培训反馈9、在生产要素市场,()是生产要素的需求方。
[单选题] *居民户市场劳动者企业(正确答案)10、根据所采用的培训方式,脱产培训成本可分为()。
[单选题]A、分阶层脱产培训成本和分专业脱产培训成本B、企业内部脱产培训成本和企业外部脱产培训成本(正确答案)C、学历培训成本和更新技能培训成本D、短期脱产培训成本和长期脱产培训成本11、极端个人主义的本质是()。
[单选题]A、人的自私的天然本性B、坚持个人利益高于其他利益(正确答案)C、奉行今朝有酒今朝醉的处世哲学D、脱离集体12、津贴和补贴是员工工资的一种补充形式,其特点不包括()。
feedback
详细解释1. 现代科学技术的基本概念之一。
产生于无线电工程技术,后来成为研究生物、社会和生产技术等领域的自动调节现象的重要原理。
反馈就是被控制的过程对控制机构的反作用,这种反作用影响这个系统的实际过程或结果。
通过反馈概念可以深刻理解各种复杂系统的功能和动态机制,进一步揭示不同物质运动形式间的共同联系。
2. 指在电子管或晶体管电路中,把输出电路中的一部分能量送回输入电路中,以增强或减弱输入讯号的效应。
3. 指在通讯系统中,从“输出”或受话人那里间接地报回“输入”或信号源,可以提供关于传递效率的信息的那些信号。
理由《铁血》:“旋风般的工作效率和信息灵敏的反馈系统绝非一日形成。
”4. 指上述信息的传递。
《文汇报》1983.10.5:“市场信息反馈网络……负责收集整理重点工业产品的质量数据和用户意见,及时反馈给工厂企业,提出改进质量的意见。
”5. 生理学指由受控部分发出反馈信息影响控制部分活动的过程,称为反馈。
编辑本段信息反馈概述反馈可分为负反馈和正反馈。
前者使输出起到与输入相反的作用,使系统输出与系统目标的误差减小,系统趋于稳定;后者使输出起到与输入相似的作用,使系统偏差不断增大,使系统振荡,可以放大控制作用。
对负反馈的研究是控制论的核心问题。
①把放大器的输出电路中的一部分能量送回输入电路中,以增强或减弱输入讯号的效应。
增强输入讯号效应的叫正反馈;减弱输入讯号效应的叫负反馈。
正反馈常用来产生振荡;负反馈能稳定放大,减少失真,因而广泛应用于放大器中。
②医学上指某些生理的或病理的效应反过来影响引起这种效应的原因。
起增强作用的叫正反馈;起减弱作用的叫负反馈。
③(信息、反映等)返回:市场销售情况的信息不断~到工厂。
传播学上的反馈:指传播过程中受传者对收到的信息所作的反应,获得反馈讯息是传播者的意图和目的,发出反馈是受传者能动性的体现。
反馈计算模型:开平方公式X(n + 1) = Xn + (A / Xn ? Xn)1 / 2.例如,A=5:5介于2的平方至3的平方;之间。
08092第7章Feedback4自激
实验波 形
高频 干扰 或产 生了 轻微 高频 振荡
马草原 mcycumt@
Copyright by Dr. Ma, Cao yuan of China University of Mining and Technology
7.6.1 负反馈放大电路的自激及稳定工作条件: 负反馈放大电路的自激及稳定工作条件:
2. 原因
在低频段或高频段,若存在 一个频率f0,且当 f= f0 时附 加相移为±π,则
& & & X i' = X i + X f
在电扰动下,如合闸通电,必含有频率为f0的信号, 对于f = f0 的信号,产生正反馈过程
& & & & X o ↑→ X f ↑→ X i' ↑→ X o ↑↑
输出量逐渐增大,直至达到动态平衡,电路产生了 自激振荡。
谢谢大家! 谢谢大家!
Key Point
Copyright by Dr. Ma, Cao yuan of China University of Mining and Technology
马草原 mcycumt@
幅值平衡条件 相位平衡条件
& & AF= − 1
AF = 1 & & ϕ A + ϕ F = ( 2 n + 1) π
( n 为整数 )
由于电路通电后输出量有一个从小到大直至稳幅的 过程,起振条件为
&& AF > 1
Copyright by Dr. Ma, Cao yuan of China University of Mining and Technology 马草原 mcycumt@
全部记分作业答案
全部记分作业答案The document was prepared on January 2, 2021第一章导论单项选择1. 以下哪个行业所生产的产品是以无形产品为主 D.服务业2. 对由输入到产出间的这一中间转换过程进行设计、运行和改进的管理是A. 运营管理3.运营管理的主要任务是C.建立高效的产品和服务的制造系统4. 在设计产品质量时要确定质量标准,质量标准主要取决于B. 产品所面对的消费者需求5. 企业如果能够迅速改变产品设计、产品组合以及产品批量,反映了企业的C.柔性程度高二、多项选择1. 与制造业的产品相比,服务业的产品主要是A.无形的B. 不可见的C.难以形成库存D.生产过程与消费过程合二为一E. 产品质量主要通过消费进行感知2. 运营管理的输入的主要资源有A.人力资源B.设备和物料C资金D.信息与技术E.能源和土地3.运营管理的主要内容包括A. 运营系统设计的管理C. 运营系统运行过程的管理E. 运营过程改进的管理4.运营系统设计的内容包括A.产品和服务的设计B.流程的设计C.设施的选址D.设施的布置5. 运营系统的运行过程的管理主要包B.运营计划C. 库存管理D. 质量管理E.项目管理6. 影响企业竞争优势的主要因素有A. 成本B. 质量C. 柔性D. 服务E. 时间和环保第二章产品与服务设计一、单选题1.宜家家具的设计很巧妙,可以通过不同组合变化为多种功能的家具,也可以根据使用者的不同需要及喜好改变摆放方式,这种产品设计的方式是A. 模块化设计2. 丰田汽车公司在开发某种新型汽车的过程中,负责该车销售的销售人员也参加开发小组的工作.销售人员要定期对用户进行访问,及时将这些信息反馈给产品开发小组,并对新车性能的设计提出建议,这种产品设计的方式是B. 协同产品设计3. 利用科学技术的新发明所生产的、与原有产品完全不同的产品是指D. 创新产品4.质量功能展开QFD的核心特征是D. 倾听和理解顾客的要求5. 银行的储蓄业务除了提供传统的柜面服务之外,还可以通过自动柜员机、网上银行等多种渠道向顾客提供相同功能的金融服务,这种服务的类别属于C. 渠道开发型服务6. 在服务蓝图中,发生在幕后、围绕支持前台员工活动展开的行为是C. 后台员工行为7. 服务业设计的焦点集中在D. 研究如何传递服务的运营流程上二、多选题1. 影响产品与服务设计的因素包括A.顾客的需求B.技术的可行性C.竞争对手的状况D. 相关法律问题E.相关道德问题2. 产品与服务设计的主要趋势A.模块化设计B.个性化定制C.协同产品设计D.计算机辅助设计E.绿色设计3.绿色产品设计包A.绿色材料选择设计B.绿色制造过程设计C.产品可回收性设计D.产品的可拆卸性设计E.绿色包装设计4. 新产品开发的过程包A.概念的产生B. 产品筛选C. 初步产品设计D.原型试制5. 产品开发的模式主要有C. 串行模式E. 并行模式6. 一个完整的质量屋包A顾客需求及技术需求B.关系矩阵C.竞争分析D.技术需求相关矩阵E.技术评估7. 服务蓝图包括A.顾客行为B.前台员工行为C. 后台员工行为D.支持过程8.服务设计的内容主要包括A.服务过程的设计B.服务传递过程设计第三章流程设计一、单项选择1. 运营流程类型中对员工技能要求很低,但效率最高的是A.流水线型2.适用于产品或服务的品种繁多,需求量很少,运作必须保持高度的灵活性,以满足不同的任务要求,这种流程的类型是B. 单件小批量型3.在产品生命周期的导入期,由于产品的变化比较大,因此比较适合的运营流程是A.项目型4.产品的生命周期进入哪个阶段后,产量保持相对的稳定,生产流程也很少发生变动C. 成熟期5. 对于和顾客一般接触程度的服务来说,运作的重点在于C. 能够控制这个流程6. 银行运用自动柜员机,使顾客在服务过程中发挥较大作用来改善服务过程,这种服务流程属B.自助服务方式二、多项选择1.按照产品或服务的产出量来分运营流程可以分为A大量流水型B单件小批量型C成批轮番型D项目型2. 影响流程设计的因素A.产品与服务需求的性质B自制与外购决策C.资源柔D.资金情况E.接触顾客的程度3. 在服务性企业中,服务流程的方式有A. 流水线服务方式C. 自助服务方式E. 个体服务方式4. 对于与顾客接触程度较低的服务来说,要求B员工具备一定的文字和语言能力C.运作的重点是一般性介绍E.管理创新的重点在于计算机办公自动化5. 对于与顾客有较高接触程度的服务来说,要求A. 员工具有良好的沟通判断能力D. 运作的侧重点在于用户E. 管理创新的重点在于用户与员工沟通6. 服务流程的设计过程主要包A确定企业本身服务类型B.决定企业运作过程中的要素配置与组合C.确定企业与竞争对手的差异D.服务系统的设计动态化第四章设施选址与设施布置一、单选题1. 许多制造企业也把工厂建到消费市场附近,以降低运费和损耗,这体现了设施选择的什么原则B接近用户原则2. 适用于产品标准化程度高的设施布置类型是B. 产品布置3. 将工艺上同类或相似性能的设备集中在同一固定地点的设施布置类型是A. 工艺布置4. 适用于汽车维修部的设施布置类型是C. 定位布置5. 从运营的角度看,服务企业设施布置设计的总体目标是D. 确保顾客与工作人员的流入和流出的便捷二、多选题1. 设施选址的基本原则包括A费用最低原则B.接近用户原则D.长远发展原则E. 分散与集中相结合原则2. 设施选址的基本问题包括两个层次的决策问题,主要是A.“选区”问题D.“定址”问题3. 影响制造业选址决策的定量分析因素主要包括A. 配送成B.劳动力成本C.原料供应D.土地成本E.建筑成本4影响服务业选址的因素主要包括A平均家庭收入B人口密度C顾客流量D与竞争对手的相对位置E基础设施条件5. 设施布置需要遵循的基本原则A物流的合理化B设施占用空间最小C设施布置的灵活性D设施布置的系统协调性E作业环境的和谐6. 服务业企业设施布置设计中必须考虑的特有因素有A设施布置设计必须减少服务后台的运营面积B顾客在接受服务过程中的现场体验感第五章运营计划一、单选题1. 在制造业企业中,主要用于确定每次订货所需的产品数量和交货日期的计划类型是C主生产计划2. 主生产计划的对象主要是A. 具有独立需求的物料和比较重要的物料3. MRP系统的主旨是B. 使合适的物料在合适的时间到达合适的地点4.大批量生产多使用专业化的机器设备,并按照产品原则布置,其典型的排序方法是A.有限负荷、前向排序5.一般而言,小批量生产的产品种类较多,自动化程度较低,其典型的排序方法是C. 无限负荷、前向排序6. 服务企业往往通过哪种方式对顾客进行排程,以控制顾客到达时间,从而有效利用服务能力D. 预约系统二、多选题1. 企业生产计划环境的外部因素主要A.竞争者B原材料C.消费者需求D.外部能力E. 经济环境2. 企业主生产计划的基本策略有B. 追逐策略D. 稳定劳动力水平策略E. 平准策略3. 企业生产能力选择策略有A库存调节策略B改变劳动力数量和改变工作时间C外包策略D使用临时员工E改变“自制还是外购”的决策4. MRP需要输入的内容是B主生产计划产品出产计划MPSD物料清单产品结构文件E. 库存状态文件5.企业在安排生产作业排序时,其目标有A保证按时交货B保证流程时间最短C使在制品的库存最少D使设备和劳动力的利用率最高E使其闲置时间最少6.服务业作业计划目标的实现途径有C.通过影响顾客的需求对顾客进行排程D通过对服务系统进行有效的排序第六章库存管理一、单选题1. 企业为持有和保管库存而发生的成本支出为A. 持有成本2. 在定期控制系统中,企业补充库存的订货方法为B. 每经过一个固定的时间间隔,企业就发出一次订货将现有库存补充到一个最高水平3. 在ABC分类法中,B类库存品的确定标准是累计品目百分数为20%—30%,而平均资金占用额累计百分数为B. 20%—30%4.库存品的ABC管理方法中,对于A类物品的管理策略有D. 按最优订货批量,采用定期订货的方式5. 根据经济订货批量模型,当每次的订货费用增大时,经济订货批量应该A. 增大二、多选题1. 库存的作用有A防止短缺,适应市场变化B防止中断,保持生产均衡C缩短订货提前期D降低生产成本和采购成本2.库存的成本包括A. 持有成本B. 准备成本D. 订货成本E. 缺货成本3. 库存管理的目标有A. 库存成本最低B. 库存保证程度最高C. 不允许缺货D. 限定资金E. 快捷4. 任何库存控制系统都需要考虑的问题是A. 库存检查的时间间隔是多长C.补充订货的时间如何确定E. 每次订货的数量是多少5. ABC分类法的实施步骤有A. 收集数据B处理数据C制作ABC分析表D根据ABC分析表确定分类E根据ABC分类结果,对ABC三类物品采取不同的管理策略6. 供应商管理VMI的实施方法有A建立顾客情报信息系统B建立销售网络管理系统C建立供应商与分销商的合作框架协议D组织机构的变革第七章质量管理一、单选题1.ISO是哪个组织的简称 D.国际标准化组织2.实行全面质量管理,放在第一位的应该是D.用户需求3.质量管理发展的最初阶段——质量检验阶段,对产品质量的检验方式为B.成品100%全检验4.统计质量控制阶段的主要特点是A.用统计学的技术和工具进行质量控制5.表示质量特性波动与其潜在原因关系的图称为C.因果图C二、多选题1.5S管理包括的主要内容有A.整理B.整顿C.清扫D.清洁E.素养2.全面质量管理最核心的特征是A.全员参与的质量管理B.全过程的质量管理C.全面的质量管理3.服务质量差距模型反映了产生服务质量问题的主要原因,具体包括的内容有A管理层认识差距B服务质量规范差距C服务传递的差距D市场信息传播的差距E服务质量感知差距4.推行6管理可以采用的DMAIC过程,主要包括A界定DefineB测量MeasurementC分析AnalysisD.改进ImprovementE控制Control5.常用的质量统计分析方法有A.排列图B.因果图C.直方图D.分层图E.散点图第八章项目管理一、单选题1. 对于一些诸如石油化工、核能和军事类等项目,应该注重A. 以质量为中心2. 在纯项目的组织结构中C. 独立的项目小组负责项目中的全部工作3. 在项目的组织结构中,专业化程度最高的组织形式是D. 矩阵制4. 在三点时间估计法中,最乐观时间指的是B. 在最有利的条件下顺利完成一项活动所需要的时间5.在网络图中,关键路径是指A. 最早开始的那条路径二、多选题1项目的特点有A. 项目的目的性B.项目的长期性C项目的约束性D项目的不确定性2.项目管理的主要目标有C. 质量D. 成本E. 进度3. 项目成功与否,取决于以下哪些关键因素A正确选择项目B选择合适的项目负责人C选择项目承担单位D对项目进行规划E. 组织管理4. 网络计划方法的步骤有A项目分解B确定各种活动之间的先后关系C估计活动所需的时间D计算网络参数,确定关键路线E优化、监控、调整5在网络图中,对于每一个活动需要确定的时间有A最早开始时间C最迟开始时间D最早结束时间E最迟结束时间6在进行时间优化时,缩短关键路线上活动时间的途径A利用平行、交叉作业缩短关键活动的时间C在关键路线上赶工第九章准时生产与精细生产一、单选题1. 准时生产制的出发点是A. 不断消除浪费,进行永无休止的改进2丰田公司所讲的“准时”的概念是指B从供应商到企业生产的全部环节中,物料要按照需要按时离开和到达指定地点3. 准时生产制中的“浪费”指的是D凡是超出增加产品价值所必需的绝对最少的物料、机器和人力资源的部分4. 看板管理系统中,“取货指令”的使用规则是C. 后一道工序按照“看板”到前一道工序去领产品二、多选题1. 准时生产制JIT的哲理有A. 准时生产C. 消除浪费E. 持续改善2. 准时生产的实现是通过A. 拉动式的生产系统C. 看板控制E. 均衡生产3准时生产的特征有A拉动式的生产方式B零废品和零库存C具有多个制造单元D生产具有柔性E同供应商建立良好合作关系4. JIT系统的柔性体现在A. 柔性的设备B人员的柔性D流程的柔性E产品的柔性5. 精细生产的内容包括A. 与用户的关系B. 新产品开发C. 准时生产制D. 与供应商的关系6. 精细生产方式与大量生产方式的不同之处在于A优化范围不同B对于库存的态度不同C业务控制观不同D质量观不同E对人的态度不同第十章业务流程再造一、单项选择题1.业务流程再造分析的单位是C.业务流程C2.“流程再造”追求的是D.合理规范的业务流程3.主张对企业的业务流程作根本性的思考和彻底性重建的是B.BPR4.主张对业务流程通过逐步优化实现渐进式的再造的是A.BPI5.主张对企业的流程进行持续不断地规范管理,持续性地对业务流程进行修正的是C.BPM二.多项选择题1.业务流程再造的原因是A.现有业务流程存在诸多弊病,效率低下D.企业面临全新的挑战2.业务流程再造的作用在于B减少成本C全面提升产品质量D提高服务质量和水平E企业贴近市场3.业务流程再造的关键成功因素包括A核心管理层的优先关注B企业的战略引导C可度量的重组目标D可行的实施方法E持续的资金支持4.流程再造的原则有A.以顾客为中心B全面关注业务流程的系统优化E从上到下的整体联动效应5.流程再造的主要方法有A合并相关工作或工作组B流程各步骤按其自然顺序进行C模糊组织界线E根据同一业务在不同工作中的地位设置不同工作方式判断题及答案1. 运营管理就是对由输入到产出间的这一中间转换过程的设计、运行和改进过程的管理.√2. 纯服务并不多见,心理咨询是其中之一√3. 快递公司的包裹速递、救护车的急救服务体现了企业的柔性能力.X理由:体现了服务速度4. 上海大众推出PASSAT2008款、2009款以及2010款的系列车型的轿车属于换代产品.X 理由:属于派生产品5. 部分地采用新技术、新结构或新材料,从而使产品的功能、性能或经济指标有显着改变的产品是派生产品.如美国英特尔公司从286.386.486.奔腾、奔腾2、奔腾3到奔腾4的微处理器.X 理由:是换代产品6. 产品开发串行模式的目标为是提高质量、降低成本、缩短产品开发周期和产品上市时间.X 理由:是并行模式7成批轮番型运营流程的优势是其强大的柔性,能充分满足顾客定制化的需求X 理由:是项目型运营流程的优势8. 资金流分析方法的基本思想认为不创造价值的那一些工艺步骤是一种浪费,应该将其删除或是尽量缩短.比如产品储存、产品转移、质量检查等.X理由:这是物流分析方法的基本思想9. 流水线服务方式通过让顾客在服务过程中发挥较大作用来改善服务过程.X 理由:是自助服务方式10. 对于与顾客接触程度高的服务来说,运作的重点在于企业的员工.X理由:运作的重点在于用户.11. 设施选址的“选区”问题,即根据区域和企业的具体情况确定设施的具体位置X 理由:是设施选址的“定址”问题12. 设施布置的定位布置类型适用于产品不能移动的项目.√13. 医院的化验科、放射科、内科、外科、药房的设施分别位于医院的特定区域,需要这些服务的病人必须走到相应服务的区域,这种设施布置的方式被称为对象布置的方式.X 理由:这种设施布置方式称为工艺布置的方式14. 在运营计划体系中,物料需求计划是连接产、供、销的桥梁,可以将独立的需求转化为内部的计划信息.X 理由:主生产计划是连接产、供、销的桥梁.15.无限负荷系统是根据每一个订单所需的调整和运行时间,对每种资源进行详细的排序,它明确的规定了在工作日的每一时刻,每一种资源设备、人员等要做的工作. X 理由:是有限负荷系统.16. 后向排序系统是指系统接受一个订单后,对完成订单所需要的作业按照从前向后的顺序进行排序X理由:是前向排序系统17. 在定期控制系统中,企业连续不断的监视库存余量的变化,当库存余量下降到订货点时, 就向供应商发出固定批量的订货请求.X 理由:是定量控制系统18. 和定期控制系统相比,最大最小系统在每次检查库存时都要订货.X 理由:最大最小系统不一定在每次检查库存时都订货.19.5S管理是指对各生产要素所处状态不断进行整理、整顿、清洁、清扫和提高素养的活动的过程,5S管理水平的高低代表着管理者对现场管理认识的高低.√20.当企业能够达到6σ的质量水平时,每百万次产品的缺陷为340个.X 理由:当企业能够达到6σ的质量水平时,每百万次产品的缺陷为个. 21.管理层认识差距是指管理层对顾客期望的感知与服务质量标准的差异,即服务企业制订的服务质量规范未能准确反映出管理层对顾客期望的理解.X 理由:这是服务质量规范差距.22. 市场信息传播差距是指实际传递服务与服务质量标准的差距.X 理由:这是服务传递差距23. 项目是为创造独特的产品、服务或成果而进行的长期性工作.X 理由:项目是为创造独特的产品、服务或成果而进行的临时性工作.24. 关键路径是在诸多网络路径中,总时间最长的那一条路径.√。
西工大作业集-ERP原理与应用作业集
第一章测试题一.填空题1:对于ERP的基本概念,可以从管理思想、_______和_______三个层面进行理解。
答案软件产品。
管理系统2:ERP在国内20多年的应用历程,可以将其划分为启蒙期、_______、发展期_______和_______。
答案导人期。
普及期3:ERP中的R代表资源,其除了传统的人、财和物之外,还应该包括_______。
答案信息4:企业信息化工作大体上可以划分为三个方面的内容:工程技术领域、生产制造领域和_______。
答案企业管理领域5:企业信息化的核心是_______。
答案对信息资源的开发利用6:实施ERP可使制造企业获得明显的_______效益和_______效益。
答案直接。
间接7:现代制造业的主要特征是_______和_______的融合。
答案信息技术。
制造业二.多选题1:关于企业信息化,下列表述正确的有_______。
(A)企业信息化的核心是对信息资源的开发利用(B)很多企业都以ERP系统的实施作为企业信息化的开始(C)企业制造过程的信息化是指产品设计和生产的自动化(D)以工业化带动信息化是我国工业发展的基本战略之一答案ABC2:ERP的特点有_______。
(A)包含客户/服务架构(B)应用开放系统制作(C)支持和优化企业内部的协同运作和财务过程(D)是一套面向具体行业的应用系统答案ABCD3:ERP的概念可以从_______层次进行理解。
(A)管理思想(B)软件产品(C)管理系统(D)管理方法答案ABC4:ERP中的资源包含_______。
(A)人(B)财(C)物(D)信息答案ABCD5:ERP中的“P”是指计划,其所包含的计划层次有_______。
(A)经营规划(B)销售与运作规划(C)主生产计划 (D)物料需求计划(E)车间作业及采购计划答案ABCDE6:企业经营规划的目标,通常是以_______来表达。
(A)资金量(B)实物量(C)产量(D)信息置答案A7:ERP的管理思想主要体现在_______。
七章习题集
第七章工作分析一、教学目的和要求通过本章学习,要求学生了解工作分析及相关的基本概念、作用和意义;掌握工作分析的基本流程和各个阶段的主要内容,熟练应用所学分析方法和基本知识对某一岗位进行分析,并撰写出规范的工作说明书。
二、教学重点和难点重点:工作分析的基本概念和作用;工作分析的步骤和常用的工作分析的方法;工作说明书的编写难点:工作分析个阶段的具体内容及相关资料的收集和整理;工作分析方法的掌握和利用。
三、教学内容本章主要介绍了工作分析及相关概念、工作分析的步骤和工作分析的基本方法。
(一)工作分析概述1、工作分析的含义工作分析,也叫做职位分析、岗位分析,它是指了解组织内的一种职位并以一种格式把与这种职位有关的信息描述出来,从而使其他人能了解这种职位的过程。
具体来说,工作分析就是要为管理活动提供与工作有关的各种信息,这些信息可以用6个w和1个H加以概括。
2、工作分析的基本要素3、工作分析主要解决的问题:工作规范和工作说明4、工作分析的作用和意义(二)工作分析的具体实施1、工作分析的步骤一般来说,工作分析的整个过程要经过以下几个步骤来完成:准备阶段、调查阶段、分析阶段和完成阶段。
2、工作说明书的编写一般来说,一个内容比较完整的工作说明书都要包括以下几个具体的项目:职位标识、职位概要、履行职责、业绩标准、工作关系、使用设备、工作的环境和工作条件、任职资格和其他信息。
(三)工作分析的方法1、定性的方法四、练习与答案(一)单项选择题1.工作分析是指:()A工作描述B了解一种职位并以一定格式把与职位有关的信息描述的过程(对)C工作规范D工作要求2.工作:是指:()A一个职位B职责类似的职位所形成的组合(对)C多个职位D职业3.职业是指:()A由同一组织中的相似工作组成的工作集合B由同一组织中的不同工作组成的工作集合C由不同组织中的相似工作组成的跨组织工作集合(对)D由不同组织中的不同工作组成的跨组织工作集合4.职业生涯是指:()A不同的人在工作生活中所经历的一系列职位、工作或职业B一个人在其工作生活中所经历的一系列职位、工作或职业(对)C多个人在工作生活中所经历的一系列职位、工作或职业D所有人在工作生活中所经历的一系列职位、工作或职业5.任务是指:()A是对一个人所从事的事情所做的具体描述(对)B是对组织从事的事情所做的具体描述C是对群体从事的事情所做的具体描述D是对人们从事的事情所做的具体描述6.职责是:()A指工作活动中为达到某一目的而由相关行动直接组成的集合B指工作活动中的行动集合C由某人在某一方面承担的一项或多项任务组成的相关任务集合(对)D由组织承担的任务集合7.职位是:()A由一个人完成的一项或多项相关任务组成的集合B由多个人完成的一项或多项相关任务组成的集合C由多个人完成的一项或多项相关职责组成的集合D由一个人完成的一项或多项相关职责组成的集合(对)8.职务是指:()A主要职责在重要性和数量上相当的一组职位的统称(对)B不同职责的一组职位的统称C具有相应职责的一个职位D在主要职责上与其他人不同的一个职位9.工作描述是:()A反映了职位对承担工作活动的人的基本要求B对人们完成工作活动所必须具备的知识、技能的说明C对人们完成工作活动须具备的能力和其他特征的说明D关于职位所从事或承担的任务、职责以及责任的说明(对)10.工作规范就是:()A工作说明B反映职位对承担特定工作活动的人的基本要求(对)C工作描述D关于职位所从事或承担的任务、职责以及责任的说明11.工作实践法是指:()A由工作分析人员直接观察所需分析的工作,以搜集相关信息的方法B由工作分析人员亲自从事所需研究的工作,以搜集相关信息的方法(对)C由工作分析人员与工作的承担者面谈收集信息的一种方法D由工作分析人员将问题制作成问卷让员工填写的方式来搜集信息的方法12.工作日志法就是:()A由工作分析人员记录工作过程,然后提取所需资料的一种方法B由员工记录工作过程,然后提取所需资料的一种方法C由上级记录员工工作过程,然后提取所需资料的一种方法D由任职者本人记录工作过程,然后提取所需资料的一种方法(对)【参考答案】1B 2B 3C 4B 5A 6C 7D 8A 9D 10B 11B 12D(二)多项选择题1.一般来说,工作分析的整个过程要经过以下几个步骤:()A准备阶段 B调查阶段C分析阶段 D完成阶段E反馈阶段2.在工作分析的准备阶段,其主要完成以下哪些任务:()A确定工作分析的目的和用途 B成立工作分析小组C具体实施分析 D对工作分析人员进行培训。
《管理学基础》作业指导(新版) .doc
《管理学基础》作业指导(新版)作业1——二、综合实践题(60分)项目:走访一家组织及其管理者。
内容:选择一家企业、医院、学校或者政府机关等组织,与管理人员进行谈话,观察并了解他们的工作。
完成以下问题:1、他属于哪一层次的管理者?2、他在组织中担任的职务。
3、他管理的下级人员的数量。
4、他认为胜任其工作所必需的技能。
5、观察他如何安排一天的工作,并记录下来。
作业指导:完成这道作业要结合第一章“管理与管理学”的内容。
其中:第1问结合“管理者的分类”(P6-7);第4问结合“管理技能”(P10-11)范例:下面是福建电大开放教育学院升大教学点学员惠子的作业(仅供参考。
这份作业的不足主要在于,缺少所学理论知识的运用及阐述):1,他属于哪一层次的管理者?他是属于某食品公司的中层管理者。
2,他在组织中担任的职务。
他在公司担任的职务为财务经理。
3,他管理的下级人员的数量。
他所管理的下级人员的数量:4人。
4,他认为胜任其工作所必需的技能。
认为胜任其工作所必需的技能:1.全面系统的财务、会计、审计知识;2.熟悉国家和地方经济法规,保障企业生产和经营持续健康的发展;3.具备良好的组织协调能力及表达能力;4.丰富的企业管理经验。
5,观察他如何安排一天的工作,并记录下来。
对他的工作观察记录:8:30-10:00:公司例会内容:总结上个月的工作情况,汇总上个月工作中发现的问题,部署安排本月的工作。
10:00-11:30内容:对各部门报送的本月份财务预算表进行审核,并上递财务总监。
14:00-17:30部门工作事宜内容:检查上月《现金日记账》和《现金日报表》所反映的金额和事项是否确实存在,有无遗漏;会计报表日“账账”(现金日记账与总账)、“账表”(现金日记账与现金日报表)、“账实”(账面金额与实际库存)是否相符。
检查现金的支出在会计报表上的披露是否恰当。
及其他部门相关事宜。
作业2——综合分析题(100分)项目:分析某行业的竞争状况。
第8-9章作业讲评new
第八章至第九章作业讲评同学们好,第5次作业包括第八章和第九章的内容,请大家进入在线测试,再做作业。
每次作业为过程性测评的依据。
本作业相当于题库,在线测试时,题目的顺序会随机出现。
一、完成作业需具备的知识本次测试内容涵盖第八章和第九章的内容,需要同学们在学习第八章和第九章的内容后再做练习。
第八章需要阅读教材以下内容:(1)信息与企业管理的相关概念(2)企业信息系统的几种类型(3)企业信息系统的结构(4)企业信息系统建设(5)企业信息系统开发了解:信息管理与企业管理的关系;企业信息系统安全保障与质量管理;企业信息化发展阶段;企业信息管理者配置内容与标准理解:企业信息系统结构;企业信息系统战略规划与规划方法;企业信息系统开发;企业信息化原则;企业信息化主要任务掌握:企业信息管理概念、分类;企业信息管理特征;企业信息管理内容;企业信息管理原则;企业信息系统概念、功能、类型、研究意义与发展历程;企业信息化内涵;企业信息化基本方式第九章需要阅读教材以下内容:(1)信息政策的相关概念(2)信息法律的概念与体系(3)信息道德的概念与建设了解:信息道德规范的内容,加强网络信息道德教育的途径理解:信息法规的体系,信息政策与信息法规的关系掌握:信息政策、信息法规、信息道德的相关概念二、以往易出现的问题(1)企业信息化应该包括技术信息化、()、人员信息化三个方面的内涵。
A.服务信息化B.设备现代化C.资金电子化D.业务信息化E.管理信息化分析:技术信息化、管理信息化和人员信息化是整个企业信息化建设过程中不可分割、不可替代、不可或缺的三个组成部分。
企业信息化提升企业竞争力的作用、机制表现为:技术信息化是提升企业竞争力的基础和前提,决定提升企业竞争力可能达到的最高水平;管理信息化是提升企业竞争力所不可缺少的手段;人员信息化是提升企业竞争力的核心,决定企业竞争力能够达到的实际水平。
应该选择E(2)企业信息系统开发应具备以下条件:()。
2课后作业
6.提供领导信息和建议✔
7.催促、监督、反馈×
8.对外联系、宣传工作✔
9.本部门评估、考核×
素质能力
1.组织协调能力×
2.表达能力(书面+口头)✔
3.专业知识认识、全面✔
4.善于发现问题×
5.交流协调✔
6.有工作计划能力×
7.领导能力×
8.学习能力✔
9.活动策划能力×
其他
无要求
XXX提升计划
开始时光
截至时光
目标
计划主意
xx年x月x日
xx年x月x日
清晰详细
可实现
可衡量
JD解析
岗位名称
行政主管
基础背景
学历:统招本科及以上✔
专业:无要求
经历:5年以上行政经验,3年以上行政管理经验×
证书:无要求
岗位职责
1.文件起草✔
2.安顿公司日常后勤工作×
3.规则制度建立、修订、执行、监督×
4.协助建立行政办公费用的预算并控制预算✔
作业要求:
1.寻找一个或多个目标企业、目标岗位的招聘信息。
2.逐条阅读岗位描述,按照基础背景(学历、专业、经历、证书)、岗位职责、素质能岗位需求在后方打上“✔”,对未满意的岗位需求打上“×”。
4.对于未满意的岗位需求,筛选出重要的岗位需求按照Smart原则制定好计划。
XXX提升计划
开始时光
截至时光
目标
计划主意
xx年x月x日
xx年x月x日
规定期限内熟练使用excel中常用函数:Vlookup、sumif、
数据分列
1.每个函数天天练习5次,练习一周。
2.一周后,每个函数天天做一次测试,确切率必须达到100%。
质量管理作业
全球粮食价格正在逼近2008年——最近一次粮食危机时的高位。
英国《金融时报》大宗商品记者哈维尔•布拉斯认为,天气因素和美元疲软都是造成粮价高企的原因。
而要避免危机重现,我们要靠“天公作美”,也需要俄罗斯、乌克兰等农业大国提高产量。
(2010-12-07)/ 注意:中文译“搭”或“达”要求:自组独立完成、根据提示找资料,用书本理论知识分析这些资料,撮文形式不限、可结合图片说明、中英文字、可列举你找到的有价值的资料、要求2000字,第15周周一打印提交(不同班同学成组的写清楚班别学号姓名)。
虽然文章形式可以自定,但内容要回答以下问题:(5M1E资料:造成产品质量的波动的原因主要有6个因素:a) 人(Man):操作者对质量的认识、技术熟练程度、身体状况b) 机器(Machine):机器设备、工夹具的精度和维护保养状况c) 材料(Material):材料的成分、物理性能和化学性能等;d) 方法(Method):这里包括加工工艺、工装选择、操作规程e)测量(Measurement):测量时采取的方法是否标准、正确;f) 环境(Enviromen)工作地的温度、湿度、照明和清洁条件由于这五个因素的英文名称的第一个字母是M和E,所以常简称为5M1E。
6要素只要有一个发生改变就必须重新计算)1.这个物流系统的成功因素在哪里?提示:内因、外因(5M1E、价格、成本(人力成本、硬件成本、管理成本)、员工管理;器材、流程、技术;人们生活习惯、铁路系统、可替代产品的竞争)2.在这个案例里,“质量”是什么?3.在这个案例里,“产品”是什么?4.在这个案例里,“顾客”是什么?(内部顾客、外部顾客)5.简述这系统的CUSTOMERS SERVICES, TRANSPORTATION, INFORMATION.6.你认为在新科技条件下,如何提高这个物流系统的效率及扩大它的营业总量?这行业的经营要留意什么市场情况的变化?Mumbai's tiffin carriers deliverNew Delhi- Some 5,000 semi-literate lunch-box carriers, called "dabbawalas" have built up a near-perfect record of service over the past 120 years, delivering home-cooked food to more than 200,000 people in the western Indian city Mumbai. During that colourful history, they have been courted by British royalty, lectured Microsoft management, and have become a case study for major business schools, including Harvard.The dabbawalas, part of the The Mumbai Tiffin Box Suppliers Association (MTBSA), claim that during the organization's 120 years of operation, they have made just one error in 16 million transactions.That one acknowledged mistake took place in 2005, when Mumbai was lashed by heavy rains and floods and a rookie dabbawala could not make one of his deliveries.It's an error rate which surpasses the benchmark that blue-chip telecom and IT companies like Motorola, Genpact, Wipro, Infosys and IBM have set for their products, the president of the MTBSA, Raghunath Medage, told Deutsche Presse-Agentur dpa.The out-of-the-box solutions of dabbawalas have captivated Britain's Prince Charles, who invited two of them to his wedding with Camila Parker Bowles. They have also taught Virgin Atlantic supremo Sir Richard Branson a thing or two about service with a smile.And starting this year, their business style will be studied across India by high school students.Dabbawalas are in textbooks because a day in their life starts with braving Mumbai's heat, humidity and peak-hour traffic, reaching the homes of students, entrepreneurs of small businesses, managers, especially bank staff, and mill workers. This wide assortment of customers prefers to buy their tiffin, or mid-day meal, from dabbawalas for reasons of economy, hygiene, caste and dietary restrictions, as well as thathome-cooked taste.Each day, between 8:30-9 am, the dabbawalas collect food in dabbas (lunch-boxes), each of which is color-coded to identify its owner and destination.Then the dabbawala puts all the dabbas onto a wooden crate, which he lugs on his head or uses a pushcart, moving fast using a combination of bicycle, train and his two feet to reach his destination.At various intermediary stations, dabbas are hauled onto platforms from exclusive trains and bogies and sorted for distribution.At Mumbai's downtown stations, the last link in the chain, a final relay of dabbawalas fans out to take the dabbas to their respective owners.Dabbawalas, each on an average catering to about 35 customers every day, collect, deliver, and return 200,000 two-kilogram lunch-boxes daily in Mumbai. They earn the equivalent of between 7.50 and 8.70 US dollars per month from each of their customers.The money they earn goes into a cooperative pool, from which they are paid an average monthly salary of 124-148 dollars.MTBSA takes in about 9 million dollars annually, much of which is used by the co-operative to provide low-cost loans to the carriers and for running costs.What's most amazing about their logistics is that they achieve very high quality with zero documentation, no sophisticated technology for tracking the movement of the lunch boxes and no motor vehicle for transport, other than the suburban train service, pushcarts and bicycles.Dabbawalas have been invited to deliver lectures to organizations like Accenture, the Reserve Bank of India, the Confederation Of Indian Industries (CII), and to the cream of India's management and engineering institutes.Shantanu Moitra, a consultant with Pricewaterhouse Coopers, said the the secret to the dabbawalas' success is the combination of "low-cost suburban train service that covers the entire Mumbai city, a close-knit family of dabbawalas from the same sect, competitive collaboration between groups,entrepreneurship, technical efficiency in logistics management, and a flat oraginasational structure."To create a feeling of ownership, each dabbawala has to bring some capital with him - including two bicycles (100 dollars), a wooden crate for the lunch-boxes (50 dollars), at least one set of white cotton loose shirt and pants (15 dollars), and the trademark white Gandhi hat (0.5 dollars).Hiring is selective because dabbawalas consider themselves to be the descendants of soldiers of the legendary 17th century Maharashtrian warrior-king Shivaji, who fought the British empire in pre-Independence India. They are hired from within a select Varkari sect in the western Indian state Maharashtra. "We believe in employing people from our own community. So whenever there is a vacancy, elders recommend a relative from their village," said Madhba, a dabbawala from Maharashtra.An 8th grade education is a recent pre-requisite, although out of 5,000 dabbawalas, about 85 per cent are illiterate. The remaining 15 per cent are educated up to 8th grade."Our system accommodates those who didn't or couldn't finish their studies. But we have people who have studied up to high school who couldn't find respectable jobs," said Medage. "Farming earns a pittance, compelling us to move to the city. And the tiffin service is a business of repute since we are not working under anyone. It's our own business, we are partners, it confers a higher status in society," said Sambhaji, another dabbawala, of whom only four are women."We earn more than many educated graduates," added dabbawala Khengle.The dabbawalas were given ISO quality certification last year. They also earned recognition from the Guiness Book of World Records and Ripley's Believe It Or Not.They are also proud to have avoided going on strike for the last 120 years, while producing near-zero carbon emissions, said MTBSA president Madage..What you can learn from a dabbawalla?A Six Sigma Quality Certification endorsed by Forbes magazine, a fan club that includes Prince Charles and Richard Branson (owner of the Virgin empire) -- this guest lecture was definitely going to be unlike any other we have had on campus at NITIE, Mumbai.The speakers were not your regular pinstripe,suit-clad, swanky corporate types who are oftenspotted in B-school auditoriums, spewing management jargon.Raghunath Megde and Gangaram Talekar, president and secretary respectively of the Nutan Mumbai Tiffin Box Suppliers Charity Trustof Mumbai, were here to share their mantras on 'Time Management' and 'Supply Chain Management'.Popularly known as Mumbai's dabbawallas, they were here to explain how their establishment managed to supply, without any hitches,2,00,000 lunch boxes everyday in the busy metropolis of Mumbai.Note: The Six Sigma quality certification was established by the International Quality Federation in 1986, to judge the quality standards of an organisation. According to an article publishedin Forbes magazine in 1998, one mistake for every eight million deliveries constitutes Six Sigma quality standards.Food for thoughtBefore cutting to the management mantras, let's understand a few facts about our dabbawallas. Their mission is to serve their customers -- who are mainly office goers -- by delivering their lunch boxes at their doorstep on time.They have 5,000 people on their payroll to ensure the prompt delivery of lunchboxes within Mumbai; these 'delivery boys' travel by local trains and use bicycles or walk to reach every nook and corner of Mumbai.The lunch boxes are delivered exactly at 12.30 pm. Later, the empty boxes are collected and taken back to the homes, catering services or hotels before 5 pm. In fact, the next time you forget to strap on your watch before leaving for office, don't be surprised to find it in the lunchbox container brought by the dabbawalla from your home!On an average, every tiffin box changes hands four times and travels 60-70 kilometres in its journey to reach its eventual destination.Each box is differentiated and sorted along the route on the basis of markings on the lid, which give an indication of the source as well as the destination address.The management perspectiveMegde's presentation was in chaste Hindi. We got to know much about the operational aspects of the process.From this, I deduced that dabbawallas are a prime example of management guru Michael Porter's Five Forces Theory at work.According to Manav Malik, a first year student of NITIE, "Porter's theories, which are the basis for classical management principles, define the scope and nature of competition a company faces to attain leadership. Surprisingly, the dabbawalas are following these veryprinciples in spite of their ignoranceof the same."These are as follows:i. Threat of new entrants:According to Porter, the threat newentrants is dangerous to anyorganisation as it can take away themarket share the organisation enjoys.Started in 1880, the experience curve of the 125-year-old dabbawalla service serves as a huge entry barrier for potential competitors.Besides, it would be difficult to replicate this supply chain network that uses Mumbai's jam-packed local trains as its backbone.ii. Current competition: Porter's five forces theory states that strategy is determined by a unique combination of activities that deliver a different value proposition than competitors or the same value proposition in a better way.The dabbawallas do face competition from fast food joints as well as office canteens. However, since neither of these serve home food, the dabbawallas' core offering remains unchallenged.They have also tied up with many catering services and hotels to cater to the vast number of office goers.iii. Bargaining power of buyers: The delivery rates of the dabbawallas are so nominal (about Rs 300 per month) that one simply wouldn't bargain any further.Also, their current monopoly negates any scope of bargaining on the part of their customers.Thus, we encounter a perfect win-win combination for the customers as well as the dabbawallas.iv. Bargaining power of sellers: The dabbawallas use minimum infrastructure and practically no technology, hence they are not dependent on suppliers. Since they are a service-oriented organisation, they are not dependent on sellers to buy their product. Hence, sellers do not assume any prominence as would be the case in aproduct-oriented company.The strategy map framework in Porter's theory allows companies to identify and link together the critical internal processes and human, information and organisation capital that deliver the value proposition differently or better.Human capital is the greatest driving force in the dabbawalla community; as a result, they are not dependent on suppliers or technology, thus negating the seller's power in the equation.v. Threat of a new substitute product or service: As substitutes to home cooked food are not seen as a viable alternative in the Indian scenario, the threat to the dabbawalla service is not an issue at least in the foreseeable future.This gives them a leeway to probably expand their already existing network into newer cities as demand increases in these places as well.So, will these people next target the other metros in India? Only time will tell.Dabbawala methodology~ "Error is horror," said Talekar while explaining the operationalmotto. In the event of a dabbawalla meeting with an accident en route, alternative arrangements are made to deliver the lunch boxes.For example, in a group of 30 dabbawallas catering to an area, five people act as redundant members; it is these members who take on the responsibility of delivering the dabbas in case of any untoward happenings.~ The dabbawallas must be extremely disciplined. Consuming alcohol while on duty attracts a fine of Rs 1,000. Unwarranted absenteeism is not tolerated and is treated with a similar fine.~ Every dabbawalla gets a weekly off, usually on Sunday.~ The Gandhi cap serves as a potent symbol of identification in the crowded railway stations. Not wearing the cap attracts a fine of Rs 25.In fact, Richard Branson, the maverick businessman who is never shy to promote himself and the Virgin brand, donned a Gandhi topi and dhoti (the dabbawallas' signature dress code), during the launch of Virgin's inaugural flights to Mumbai.~ There are no specific selection criteria like age, sex or religion; however, I have never seen a female dabbawalla. The antecedents of the candidates are thoroughly verified and a new employee is takeninto the fold for a six-month probation.After that period, the employment is regularised with a salary of Rs 5,000 a month.~ It is interesting to note there is no retirement age, and any person can work till he is fit enough to carry on the tasks required of him.What we learnt~ "As management students, there was a lot that we learnt from this lecture," says Karthik A J, a first year management student at NITIE. " The belief that technology is indispensable to solve complex problems was shattered. FMCGs and other industries can learn a lot from the simple supply chain logistics and efficient reverse logistics (transfer of empty lunch boxes to the source location)," he adds.~ The concept of multi-level coding (colour coding on the lunch boxes for identification) and reverse logistics can be implemented in industries as diverse as soft drinks (where logistics becomes an important aspect, transporting the filled bottles to retailers and collecting empty bottles back to the plants), pharmaceuticals and other FMCG areas.For example, can the bar coding mechanism (a computerisedformat) which is prevalent and expensive, be simplified with just colour/ number coding?In small and medium scale organisations where bar coding systems would require a lot of resources, these systems can prove to be very efficient and cost effective.Moreover, the dependence on technology could be drastically reduced.~ The learning for a working executive are enormous too. Managers and executives alike spend a lot of their valuable time learning various concepts in people and time management. Newer mechanisms like Customer Relationship Management, etc, have been developed to assist executives in the same.But, in the midst of implementing technology and IT, basic principles in people management, sustainable relationship development and customer satisfaction have lost their meaning.Our friendly dabbawallas are a perfect example of an important principle of both business and management -- the thirst to serve customers in a simple yet effective fashion without falling into the technology trap. I think this is an aspect which needs to be re-learntand implemented in any organisation today.~ The most enduring lesson that we learnt was to put the customer ahead of everything else. It is said that when Prince Charles expressed a desire to meet them during his visit in 2003, the dabbawallas requested him to schedule the meeting such that it did not interfere with their mid-day delivery timings.Hot Potatoes: Pradip Thakker4,500 semi-literate dabbawalas collect and deliver 175,000 packages within hours. What should we learn from this unique, simple and highly efficient 120 year old logistics system? Hungry kya? What would you like: pizza from the local Domino‟s (30 minute delivery) or a fresh, hot meal from home? Most managers don‟t have a choice. It‟s either a packed lunch or junk food grabbed from a fast food outlet. Unless you live in Mumbai, that is, where a small army of …dabbawalas‟ picks up 175,000 lunches from homes and delivers them to harried students, managers and workers on every working day. At your desk. 12.30 pm on the dot. Served hot, of course. And now you can even order through the Internet.The Mumbai Tiffin Box Suppliers Association (MTBSA) is a streamlined 120 year old organization with 4,500 semi-literate members providing a quality door-to-door service to a large andloyal customer base. How has MTBSA managed to survive through these tumultuous years?Hungry kya? What would you like: pizza from the local Domino‟s (30 minute delivery) or a fresh, hot meal from home? Most managers don‟t have a choice. It‟s either a packed lunch or junk food grabbed from a fast food outlet. Unless you live in Mumbai, that is, where a small army of …dabbawalas‟ picks up 175,000 lunches from homes and delivers them to harried students, managers and workers on every working day. At your desk. 12.30 pm on the dot. Served hot, of course. And now you can even order through the Internet.The Mumbai Tiffin Box Suppliers Association (MTBSA) is a streamlined 120 year old organization with 4,500 semi-literate members providing a quality door-to-door service to a large and loyal customer base.How has MTBSA managed to survive through these tumultuous years? The answer lies in a twin process that combines competitive collaboration between team members with a high level of technical efficiency in logistics management. It works like this.After the customer leaves for work, her lunch is packed into a tiffin provided by the dabbawala. A color-coded notation on the handle identifies its owner and destination. Once the dabbawala has picked up the tiffin, he moves fast using a combination of bicycles, trains and his two feet.A BBC crew filming dabbawalas in action was amazed at their speed. “Following our dabbawala wasn‟t easy, our film crew quickly lost him in the congestion of the train station. At VictoriaTerminus we found other fast moving dabbawalas, but not our subject... and at Mr Bhapat‟s ayurvedic pharmacy, the lunch had arrived long before the film crew,” the documentary noted wryly. So, how do they work so efficiently?team workThe entire system depends on teamwork and meticulous timing. Tiffins are collected from homes between 7.00 am and 9.00 am, and taken to the nearest railway station. At various intermediary stations, they are hauled onto platforms and sorted out forarea-wise distribution, so that a single tiffin could change hands three to four times in the course of its daily journey.At Mumbai‟s downtown stations, the last link in the chain, a final relay of dabbawalas fan out to th e tiffins‟ destined bellies. Lunch hour over, the whole process moves into reverse and the tiffins return to suburban homes by 6.00 pm.To better understand the complex sorting process, let‟s take an example. At Vile Parle Station, there are four groups of dabbawalas, each has twenty members and each member services 40 customers. That makes 3,200 tiffins in all. These3,200 tiffins have to be collected by 9.00 am, reached the station and sorted according to their destinations by 10.00 am when the …Dabbawala Special‟ train arrives.The railway provides sorting areas on platforms as well as special compartments on trains traveling south between 10.00 am and 11.30 am.During the journey, these 80 dabbawalas regroup according to the number of tiffins to be delivered in a particular area, and notaccording to the groups they actually belong to. If 150 tiffins are to be delivered in the Grant Road Station area, then four people are assigned to that station, keeping in mind one person can carry no more than 35-40 tiffins.During the earlier sorting process, each dabbawala would have concentrated on locating only those 40 tiffins under his charge, wherever they come from, and this specialization makes the entire system efficient and error-free. Typically it takes about ten to fifteen minutes to search, assemble and arrange 40 tiffins onto a crate, and by 12.30 pm they are delivered to offices.In a way, MTBSA‟s system is like the Internet. The Internet relies on a concept called packet switching. In packet switched networks, voice or data files are sliced into tiny sachets, each with its own coded address which directs its routing.These packets are then ferried in bursts, independent of other packets and possibly taking different routes, across the country or the world, and re-assembled at their destination. Packet switching maximizes network density, but there is a downside: your packets intermingle with other packets and if the network is overburdened, packets can collide with others, even get misdirected or lost in cyberspace, and almost certainly not arrive on time.elegant logisticsIn the dabbawalas‟ elegant logistics system, using 25 kms of public transport, 10 km of footwork and involving multiple transfer points, mistakes rarely happen. According to a Forbes 1998 article, one mistake for every eight million deliveries is the norm. How do they achieve virtual six sigma quality with zerodocumentation? For one, the system limits the routing and sorting to a few central points. Secondly, a simple color code determines not only packet routing but packet prioritizing as lunches transfer from train to bicycle to foot.who are the dabbawalas?Descendants of soldiers of the legendary Maharashtrian warriorking Shivaji, dabbawalas belong to the Malva caste, and arrive in Mumbai from places like Rajgurunagar, Akola, Ambegaon, Junnar and Maashi. “We believe in employing people from our own community. So whenever there is a vacancy, elders recommend a relative from their village,” says Madhba, a dabbawala.“F arming earns a pittance, compelling us to move to the city. And the tiffin service is a business of repute since we are not working under anyone. It‟s our own business, we are partners, it confers a higher status in society,” says Sambhaji, another dabbawa la. “We earn more than many padha-likha graduates,” adds Khengle smugly.The proud owner of a BA (Hons) degree, Raghunath Meghe, president of MTBSA, is a rare graduate. He wanted to be a chartered accountant but couldn‟t complete the course because of family problems. Of his three children, his daughter is a graduate working at ICICI, one son is a dabbawala and the younger son is still studying.Education till standard seven is a minimum prerequisite. According to Meghe, “This system accommodates those wh o didn‟t or couldn‟t finish their studies. It‟s obvious that those who score good marks go for higher education and not to do this job,but we have people who have studied up to standard twelve who couldn‟t find respectable jobs.” There are only two women dabbawalas.Apart from commitment and dedication, each dabbawala, like any businessman, has to bring some capital with him. Themini-mum investment is two bicycles (approximately Rs4,000), a wooden crate for the tiffins (Rs500), at least one white cotton kurta-pyjama (Rs600), and Rs20 for the trademark Gandhi topi.competitive collaborationMTBSA is a remarkably flat organization with just three tiers: the governing council (president, vice president, general secretary, treasurer and nine directors), the mukadams and the dabbawalas. Its first office was at Grant Road. Today it has offices near most railway stations.Here nobody is an employer and none are employees. Each dabbawala considers himself a shareholder and entrepreneur. Surprisingly MTBSA is a fairly recent entity: the service is believed to have started in the 1880s but officially registered itself only in 1968. Growth in membership is organic and dependent on market conditions.This decentralized organization assumed its current form in 1970, the most recent date of restructuring. Dabbawalas are divided into sub-groups of fifteen to 25, each supervised by four mukadams. Experienced old-timers, the mukadams are familiar with the colors and codings used in the complex logistics process.Their key responsibility is sorting tiffins but they play a critical role in resolving disputes; maintaining records of receipts and payments; acquiring new customers; and training junior dabbawalas on handling new customers on their first day.Each group is financially independent but coordinates with others for deliveries: the service could not exist otherwise. The process is competitive at the customers‟ end and united at the delivery end.Each group is also responsible for day-to-day functioning. And, more important, there is no organizational structure, managerial layers or explicit control mechanisms. The rationale behind the business model is to push internal competitiveness, which means that the four Vile Parle groups vie with each other to acquire new customers.building a clienteleThe range of customers includes students (both college and school), entrepreneurs of small businesses, managers, especially bank staff, and mill workers.They generally tend to be middle-class citizens who, for reasons of economy, hygiene, caste and dietary restrictions or simply because they prefer whole-some food from their kitchen, rely on the dabbawala to deliver a home cooked mid-day meal.New customers are generally acquired through referrals. Some are solicited by dabbawalas on railway platforms. Addresses are passed on to the dabbawala operating in the specific area, who then visits the customer to finalize arrangements. Today customers can also log onto the website toaccess the service.Service charges vary from Rs150 to Rs300 per tiffin per month, depending on location and collection time. Money is collected in the first week of every month and remitted to the mukadam on the first Sunday. He then divides the money equally among members of that group. It is assumed that one dabbawala can handle not more than 30-35 customers given that each tiffin weighs around 2 kgs. And this is the benchmark that every group tries to achieve.Typically, a twenty member group has 675 customers and earns Rs1,00,000 per month which is divided equally even if one dabbawala has 40 customers while another has 30. Groups compete with each other, but members within a group do not.It‟s common sense, points out one dabbawala.One dabbawala could collect 40 tiffins in the same time that it takes another to collect 30. From his earnings of betweenRs5,000 to Rs6,000, every dabbawala contributes Rs15 per month to the association. The amount is utilized for the community‟s upliftment, loans and marriage halls at concessional rates. All problems are usually resolved by association officials whose ruling is binding.Meetings are held office on the 15th of every month at the Dadar. During these meetings, particular emphasis is paid to customer service. If a tiffin is lost or stolen, an investigation is promptly instituted. Customers are allowed to deduct costs from any dabbawala found guilty of such a charge.If a customer complains of poor service, the association can shift the customer‟s account to another dabbawala. N odabbawala is allowed to undercut another.Before looking into internal disputes, the association charges a token Rs100 to ensure that only genuinely aggrieved members interested in a solution come to it with their problems, and the officials‟ time is n ot wasted on petty bickering.learningsLogistics is the new mantra for building competitive advantage, the world over. Mumbai‟s dabbawalas developed their home grown version long before the term was coined.Their attitude of competitive collaboration is equally unusual, particularly in India. The operation process is competitive at the customers‟ end but united at the delivery end, ensuring their survival since a century and more. Is their business model worth replicating in the digital age is the big questionDelhi not suitable for Mumbai's dabbawalas。
操作系统概念第七版7-9章课后题答案(中文版)
7.1假设有如图7.1所示的交通死锁。
a.证明这个例子中实际上包括了死锁的四个必要条件。
b.给出一个简单的规则用来在这个系统中避免死锁。
a.死锁的四个必要条件: (1)互斥;(2)占有并等待;(3)非抢占;(4)循环等待。
互斥的条件是只有一辆车占据道路上的一个空间位置。
占有并等待表示一辆车占据道路上的位置并且等待前进。
一辆车不能从道路上当前的位置移动开(就是非抢占)。
最后就是循环等待,因为每个车正等待着随后的汽车向前发展。
循环等待的条件也很容易从图形中观察到。
b.一个简单的避免这种的交通死锁的规则是,汽车不得进入一个十字路口如果明确地规定,这样就不会产生相交。
7.2考虑如下的死锁可能发生在哲学家进餐中,哲学家在同个时间获得筷子。
讨论此种情况下死锁的四个必要条件的设置。
讨论如何在消除其中任一条件来避免死锁的发生。
死锁是可能的,因为哲学家进餐问题是以以下的方式满足四个必要条件:1)相斥所需的筷子, 2 )哲学家守住的筷子在手,而他们等待其他筷子, 3 )没有非抢占的筷子,一个筷子分配给一个哲学家不能被强行拿走,4 )有可能循环等待。
死锁可避免克服的条件方式如下: 1 )允许同时分享筷子, 2 )有哲学家放弃第一双筷子如果他们无法获得其他筷子,3 )允许筷子被强行拿走如果筷子已经被一位哲学家了占有了很长一段时间4 )实施编号筷子,总是获得较低编号的筷子,之后才能获得较高的编号的筷子。
7.3一种可能以防止死锁的解决办法是要有一个单一的,优先于任何其他资源的资源。
例如,如果多个线程试图访问同步对象A•…E,那么就可能发生死锁。
(这种同步对象可能包括互斥体,信号量,条件变量等),我们可以通过增加第六个对象来防止死锁。
每当一个线程希望获得同步锁定给对象A•••E,它必须首先获得对象F的锁.该解决方案被称为遏制:对象A•••E的锁内载对象F的锁。
对比此方案的循环等待和Section7.4.4的循环等待。
这很可能不是一个好的解决办法,因为它产生过大的范围。
书后练习参考答案
《电子商务基础》(第二版)书后练习参考答案目录第1章电子商务概述 (1)第2章电子商务的分类与应用 (3)第3章电子商务的业务流程和主要环节 (4)第4章电子商务函电与电子邮箱 (6)第5章网上支付 (7)第6章电子商务物流 (10)第7章网络营销 (11)第8章电子商务网站建设 (12)第9章电子商务的安全保障体系 (15)第1章电子商务概述1.什么是电子商务?答:电子商务(英文简写为EC)是指利用计算机和网络通信技术进行的商务活动。
其内容包含两个方面,一是电子方式,二是商贸活动。
2.电子商务有哪些特征?答:电子商务作为现代经济活动中一种重要的手段,其本身具有以下特征:(1)普遍性特征;(2)方便性特征;(3)整体性特征;(4)安全性特征;(5)协调性特征。
3. 商务活动的实现需要哪些支持条件?答:电子商务活动实现需要很多方面支持,除了买家、卖家外,还要有银行或金融机构、认证机构、配送中心等机构的加入才行。
由于参与电子商务中的各方在物理上是互不谋面的,因此整个电子商务过程并不是物理世界商务活动的翻版,网上银行、在线电子支付等条件和数据加密、电子签名等技术在电子商务中发挥着重要的不可或缺的作用。
4. 商务产生和发展经历了几个阶段?答:电子商务产生于20世纪60年代,发展于20世纪90年代。
电子商务的发展经历了以下两个阶段:第一阶段 20世纪60年代—20世纪90年代:基于EDI 的电子商务;第二阶段 20世纪90年代以来:基于国际互联网的电子商务。
5. 电子商务产生依存的条件有哪些?答:电子商务的产生必然依存以下几个基本条件:(1)在商务活动中利用电子这种载体作为媒介来传递商务中的交易信息;(2)开始形成有利于电子商务发展的社会大环境;(3)商务的交易方式将由于电子技术的使用而得以改变;(4)越来越多的人采用或即将采用这种交易方式;(5)全社会已经有一个电子商务交易的技术环境和平台;(6)未来的经济增长将会以电子商务为新的热点;(7)经济全球化的步伐得以加快。
(完整word版)管理学_高教版_周三多主编_第二版__第八章习题
(完整word版)管理学_高教版_周三多主编_第二版__第八章习题第八章组织设计一、填空题1.组织设计涉及两方面的内容,在---------的基础上进行_____和__。
2.组织设计就是对组织的结构和活动进行___。
3.随着外部环境条件的日趋复杂,必须以___、___的观点来理解和重新设计新的组织。
4.组织设计的任务就是设计清晰的___,规划和设计组织中各部门的-------,确定组织中___、___、___的活动范围并编制___。
5.组织结构可以用___、___和___三种特性来描述。
6.组织纵向结构设计的结果是___,横向结构设计的结果是___。
7.组织设计的原则有___、___、___、___和___。
8.___是组织设计的基本原则。
9.部门设计根据的是--------标准,层次设计则是根据___的原则。
10.影响组织设计的主要因素有以下五个:___、___、___、___和___11.伍德沃德等根据制造业技术复杂程度把技术分为___、___和___12.技术受到两个方面的影响,即工作的___与___13.奎因和卡梅隆吧组织的生命周期分为四个阶段:___、___、___和___14.劳动分工要求组织活动保持高度的协调一致性,协调的有效方法是______15.在品种单一,规模较小的企业,按___进行组织分工是理想的部门划分形式。
16.当组织面临较高的环境不确定性,组织目标需要反映技术和产品双重要求时,___应该是一种理想的组织形式。
17.动态网络结构是以___为中心的,动态网络型组织有时也被称为“___”18.有效的___是决定组织中层级数目的最基本因素。
19.管理幅度是指___。
20.由于组织任务存在递减性,从最高的直接主管到最低的基层具体工作人员之间就形成了一定的层次,这种层次便称为___21.组织层级与组织幅度的互动关系决定了两种基本的组织结构形态:一种是___的组织结构形态,一种是___的组织结构形态。
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& A VF
& Vf R1 & = FV = & Vo R 2 + R 1
& A VF & Vo 1 R 2 + R1 = = = & & Vi FV R2
电压串联 负反馈
Copyright by Dr. Ma, Cao yuan of China University of Mining and Technology
马草原 mcycumt@
马草原 mcycumt@
反馈类型及判别方法总结
1.直流反馈与交流反馈 注意电容的“ 1.直流反馈与交流反馈——注意电容的“隔直通交”作用 直流反馈与交流反馈 注意电容的 隔直通交” 例题1:试判断下图电路中有哪些反馈支路,各是直流反 馈还是交流反馈?
Copyright by Dr. Ma, Cao yuan of China University of Mining and Technology
Copyright by Dr. Ma, Cao yuan of China University of Mining and Technology
马草原 mcycumt@
解: (1)电路电压并联负反馈。 (2)电路引入电压串联负反馈。 (3)电路改前:
& & = If = − 1 FG & V R
第七章 作业
作业P375 说明电路引入的反馈类型,找出反馈网络, 求出深度负反馈条件反馈放大电路增益及电 压增益。
Copyright by Dr. Ma, Cao yuan of China University of Mining and Technology
马草原 mcycumt@
P377 题7.2.2 如图电路能否实现规定功能?若不能如何改正?
AVF=100的放大电路
iL=vi/R的压控电流源
Copyright by Dr. Ma, Cao yuan of China University of Mining and Technology
马草原 mcycumt@
o
& A RF
f
& VO 1 = = = −R f & & Ii FG
& A VF
& & VO VO Rf = = =− & & ⋅R Vi I i b1 R b1
电路改后:
& R b2 Vf & = FV = & Vo R f + R b 2
& A VF
& VO R f + R b2 1 = = = & & Vi FV R b 2 马草原
+ R4
vO
Copyright by Dr. Ma, Cao yuan of China University of Mining and Technology
取样方式——电压反馈与电流反馈 3. 取样方式 电压反馈与电流反馈
电压反馈:反馈信号的大小与输出电压成比例。
电流反馈:反馈信号的大小与输出电流成比例。
马草原 mcycumt@
2.反馈极性: 2.反馈极性:正反馈与负反馈 反馈极性
判定方法——“瞬时极性法” 判定方法——“瞬时极性法” ——
对于串联反馈:输入量与反馈量作用在不同的两点上,若瞬时极性 相同为负反馈,瞬时极性相反为正反馈。 对于并联反馈:输入量与反馈量作用在同一点上,若反馈元件两端 瞬时极性相反为负反馈,瞬时极性相同为正反馈。 例题2:试判断下列电路中反馈支路的反馈极性。
电压并联负反馈
Copyright by Dቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ. Ma, Cao yuan of China University of Mining and Technology
马草原 mcycumt@
谢谢大家! 谢谢大家!
Key Point
Copyright by Dr. Ma, Cao yuan of China University of Mining and Technology
P377
题7.2.3
说明电路反馈类型。写出电路输出电流表示式。说明电路功能。 解:电流并联 负反馈
& R3 & = If = − FI & Io R2 + R
& IO R2 + R3 =− & Ii R3
3
& = − R IO
2
+ R R3
3
& = − R Ii
+ R R 3R 1
2
3
& Vi
压控电流源
判断方法——输出短路法: 假设输出端交流短路(RL=0),即UO=0,若反馈信号 消失了,则为电压反馈;若反馈信号仍然存在,则为电流 反馈。
Copyright by Dr. Ma, Cao yuan of China University of Mining and Technology
马草原 mcycumt@
Copyright by Dr. Ma, Cao yuan of China University of Mining and Technology
马草原 mcycumt@
例如图电路(1) Rf 引入什么类型的反馈?(2)若既要求提高 电路的输入电阻又降低输出电阻,图中连线应作哪些变动?(3) 连线前后的闭环电压增益是否相同?估算其数值。
i i 1 1
& A VF
& Io 1 1 = = =− & & Vi FR R e1 & Vo & o ⋅ R C 3 // R f 2 I = = & & V V
i i
R C3 // R f 2 =− Copyright by Dr. Ma, Cao yuan of China University of Mining and Technology R e1
马草原 mcycumt@
电流并联 负反馈
& & = If = − R e2 FI & Io R f + R e2
& & = Io = 1 = − R e2 + R f A IF & & Ii FI R e2 & Vo − & o ⋅ R C 2 R C 2 ( R e 2 + R f ) I = = = & & ⋅R V I R R
R1 vI + R2 vO RL
动画演示
Copyright by Dr. Ma, Cao yuan of China University of Mining and Technology 马草原 mcycumt@
R5 R3 R1 vI + R2
马草原 mcycumt@
& & = Io = 1 AGF & & Vi FR R e1 + R f 1 + R e3 = R e1R e3
Copyright by Dr. Ma, Cao yuan of China University of Mining and Technology 马草原 mcycumt@
& Vf & FR = = R6 & Io & & = Io = 1 = 1 A GF & & Vi FR R 6
io
马草原 mcycumt@
P376题7.2.1 (1)说明引入的两路反馈类型及各自的主要作用? (2)这两路反馈在影响放大电路性能方面出现何种矛盾? (3)为解决矛盾,将断开是否可行?为什么?你认为如何 解决矛盾? Rf1:电流串联负反馈 (4)估算电路的闭环增益。 增加输入电阻 Rf2:电压并联 负反馈 减小输入电阻 并提供T1直流基础 Rf2并电容?
模拟电子技术基础
Fundamentals of Analog Electronic Technology
中国矿业大学 马草原
第七章 作业
主要内容 ·反馈的基本概念、分类及特点
反馈的基本概念、4种反馈组态及其特点 负反馈放大电路增益的一般表达式 用瞬时极性法判别正、负反馈 正确判别反馈类型
·负反馈对放大电路性能的影响
串联反馈:反馈信号与输入信号加在放大电路输入回路 的两个电极。有:vd = vi -vF 并联反馈:反馈信号与输入信号加在放大电路输入回路 的同一个电极。有:
此时反馈信号与输入信号是电 流相加减的关系。
id = iI -iF
对于三极管来说,反馈信号与输入信号同时加在三极管的基 极或发射极,则为并联反馈;一个加在基极一个加在发射极则 为串联反馈。 对于运算放大器来说,反馈信号与输入信号同时加在同 相输入端或反相输入端,则为并联反馈;一个加在同相输入 端一个加在反相输入端则为串联反馈。
Copyright by Dr. Ma, Cao yuan of China University of Mining and Technology 马草原 mcycumt@
P377 题7.2.4 对如图电路进行正确连接,(1)引入电压串联 负反馈(2)电流并联负反馈(3)电流串联负反馈(4)电压并 联负反馈
例题3:试判断下列电路中引入的反馈是电压反 例题3:试判断下列电路中引入的反馈是电压反 3: 馈还是电流反馈。 馈还是电流反馈。
Copyright by Dr. Ma, Cao yuan of China University of Mining and Technology
马草原 mcycumt@
Copyright by Dr. Ma, Cao yuan of China University of Mining and Technology