英语学习 GRE作文Argument模板+错误分类 必备

弃我去者，昨日之日不可留
乱我心者，今日之日多烦忧
Argument Example
调查
1, Selective sample:样本选择，一部分被排除在外
One major problem is about the sample the author studied in the survey. the author considers only...(selective sub-groups) although (the sub-groups the author studied) do constitute a significant part of (the whole general population), however, (many other sub-groups)are actually excluded from the survey. Perhaps...or...without ruling out all the possibilities above, the author could not make any general conclusion about...merely based on (selective sub-groups).
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2, Quantity of the sample样本数量
( pointing out that the current sample is too small in its size)(the fact cited by the author) could hardly illustrate the assumption that... because the author provides only N samples of (the general population),however, (the limited sample) might not be representative of the whole general group. thus we cannot accept the author’s conclusi on that...before he/she could provide more statistic data about (the situation of other sub-groups).
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3, Do the statistics make any difference:调查只调查了部分情况，忽略了一部分
The information provided by the author is insufficient for the author to reach the conclusion. the survey only studies the situation of ...(an(some) insignificant case(s)), however, many other more essential cases (related to the final conclusion) were ignored in the survey.(we need to know the condition of some other cases about which we care more/ the current case studied in the survey makes little sense on the final conclusion, the author should provide some more important information about the case he studied. )Lacking further studies on these important issues, the author could not hastily conclude that...merely based on the insignificant study.
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5, Who conducted the survey:结果扭曲，调查者为了自己的利益
The reliability of the survey is also open to doubt due to the organization who conducted the survey. (the organization)has vested interest in the final decision/conclusion which was based on the result of the survey, and thus might distort the actual answers of the respondents.(the institution/individuals may benefit greatly from the result if the result was interpreted as was currently ) Thus, the author should cite a survey which is conducted by an independent institution to convince us that (the assumption).
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6, When was the survey conducted:时间变化
The effectiveness of the result of the survey cited by the author as main evidence is also open to doubt. The survey was conduct (during a special period, or a long time ago), thus may not reflect the current situations accurately. It is true that ( the survey may reflect the opinions or situations of respondents at the
time when it was conducted), but people’s opinion toward (the subject surveyed)may have changed greatly during the past time (or, while this fact could not sufficiently illustrate that (the general group) will also...all the time)(many factors that could influence the validity of the survey will change in the future, or respondents may act differently during the period when the survey was conducted, thus the result of the survey could not represent the all-time situation. )
Thus, a more recent survey, if a survey is needed at all, should be provided to sufficiently illustrate the author’s assumption that...
7, Vague data:数据模糊—没有基数
The information concerning ...is not accurate enough for us to evaluate the actual condition of ...
The author only informs us that (the percentage/fraction of sub-groups which...but we do not know the base amount of (the general group) (if the base amount or corresponding fractions vary, the conclusion would be different. )For lack of detailed information about ( the base amount / fraction of) ... we can hardly assess ...
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The author does not provide complete information concerning ...in illustrating that ...The author only informs us that... but what we care more about is that... which is not provided by the author. (some other substantial information are needed for us to assess the soundness of the argument, and the conclusion would vary greatly when other conditions varied. ) For lack of detailed information about ... we can hardly evaluate ...
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9, Are the respondents forthright when answering the questions:回答者不真实
The reliability of the respondents...answers to the survey’s question is not sufficiently justified to support the conclusion...There is possibility that the respondents may not tell the truth about..(answering the questions honestly may lead to some undesirable consequences for the respondents, thus they may evade the crucial point, or even lie in their answers. ) Under such circumstances, it is almost impossible for us to expect the respondents to provide accurate information about their opinion toward...
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10, Are the respondents representative:回答者没有代表性
We should also notice that the respondents studied in the survey may not represent the general group of ...We all know that in many cases, people who are interested in ...might be generally more likely to respond to the survey than other people are, or are more willing to express their own opinions and positions on the issue of ...
(other people who did not respond may hold a totally different position toward the issue studied, and the author should include those people in the study to present a more convincing result. )Without considering the situation of other groups of people, the result of the survey in itself could not justifiably illustrate that ...
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比较
11, False analogy:错误类比AB，A适合B
In the argument the author recommends A to carry out same (policies, actions, solutions on ... as B, but the analogy between them might be unsubstantiated. The author fails to illustrate that A and B are similar enough at every aspect and are indeed comparable. While it is true that A and B share some common ground on ...there are still some obvious differences between them. (many differences exist between A and B and these differences may well render the policies(actions, solutions, etc) proved to be effective for A might not have the same effectiveness for B )
Before A decide to copy B’s experienc es, the author should take these differences into account and make careful study on the comparability of the two (cities, companies, schools, etc).
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12, Incomplete comparison /selective comparison /ex parte information:错误对比AB，A不一定比B 好
The author hastily implies that A is superior to B in ... but the comparison between A and B is incomplete. The author only compares ... however, there are myriad of factors which, if differ in these cases, would bring about totally different result for the comparison. (many other factors would influence the result while ignored by the author in the argument ) Without any further consideration about these factors, the author could not convince us that (A is better than B in certain aspect)merely based on an incomplete comparison.
13, Confusing comparison and variation:只对比了一部分的变化or vice versa.
In the argument the author provides the variation in ...to illustrate that ...Although the variation in ...could partly prove that ... however, we all know that to demonstrate ...the comparison between A and B is actually more convincing and necessary.:(the comparison between those entities could be more convincing in illustrating the conclusion ) Lacking comparison between ... we could not assess if ...
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Incomplete comparison/exparte information:
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14, Unrelated concepts:偷换概念
In illustrating the assumption that ...the author commits a fallacy of hasty generalization.: The author cites A to prove B, however, A is not a good indication of B. (there are basic differences between A and B, thus A could not be properly used to illustrate B ) The author ought to make careful and clear differentiation between A and B before we could evaluate if the inference that ...is justified.
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15, Changing scopes:偷换范围
The fact that ...could sufficiently substantiate the conclusion that...since the argument is based only on
(some special cases) and the author does not differentiate between the ...of (different subjects) .Although the author’s inference that ...might be true for some cases, for example, ...Unfortunately, this is not true of every individual (in the general group).(other subjects may have totally different situation thus the author’s infere nce could not be properly applied to them. ) Unless the author can demonstrate that (the condition of other subjects is similar to that of the case studied), the general conclusion cannot be reached merely basing on these special and limited cases.
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16, Inferring a future condition from a past condition:过去不能推未来
In the argument the author suggests that we can (solve current problems or achieve current goals) through methods which have successfully solved the same kind of problems in the past.There is a hidden assumption assumed by the author that all conditions and factors upon which the effectiveness of (the method) depend have remained unchanged during the past (N years).However, many factors could have been changed during the past years. (many conditions and factors could have varied, which might render the solutions which were proved to be effective in the past might not have the same effectiveness in current days or in the future. )Without taking into account all these constantly changing factors, the author could not convince us that the proposed solution could be used to solve current problems successfully.
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30, Lack of controlled experiment/ comparison:没考虑其他变量
The author unfairly assumes that it is ...that resulted in ... The causal relationship is convincing only if the author could demonstrate that all other factors that might affect ...remained constant during the same period.(pointing out that corresponding controlled experiment is needed, or explaining how the experiment should be conducted.)
Specifically, we need to know (the experiment result of one group of the subjects), Without appropriate comparison between A and B, the assumption that ...is unwarranted.
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解决办法
17, Sufficiency and necessity of a solution:解决办法不够有力
The author assumes that the proposed actions are both sufficient and necessary for (achieving certain goal).To solve the problem successfully, many other fundamental requirements must be fulfilled. (many other important works must be done. ) Furthermore, many other available methods besides (the author’s proposal) could also be used to achieve the same purpose. (many other effective methods could also be adopted. )Before the author make a careful and thorough comparison between the effectiveness of his own proposal and other possible methods, the author’s proposal should not be hastily carried out.
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18, Failing to consider the feasibility of the conclusion:解决办法没有可行性
The feasibility of the arguer’s proposal can also be cast doubt on. The proposal relies on an assumption that (the proposal could be successfully carried out)however, the assumption might be unwarranted due to some critical obstacles. (possible obstacles to the effectiveness of the solution. )Unless the author could demonstrate that those obstacles could be effectively overcome, the proposal might be practically unfeasible.
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19, Failing to weigh the advantage and disadvantage thoroughly:没考虑解决方法带来的坏处
In claiming that ... the author needs to do more comprehensive research on both positive and negative effects of the proposal. Although the proposal could be adopted to (solve the problem) to a certain degree, however, carrying out the proposal may actually bring about more harmful effects.(possible harmful effects ignored by the author. )
Under such scenario, adopting the author’s proposal would harm, rather than benefit, (the author’s purpose).
Incomplete thought:
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Failing to weigh the advantage and disadvantage thoroughly:
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20, False dilemma:两者选一，没考虑其他解决办法
In explaining ... the author is presenting a false dilemma. The author simply assumes that (the situation would be either A or B), while the two...are not necessarily mutually exclusive.(many other solutions/explanations could be more justifiable.) Before ruling out all the possibilities above, the author could not convince us that there are only those two possible explanations for us to accept.
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因果关系
21, Non-causal relationship:没有因果关系，其他因素的影响
The author unfairly assumes that it is ...that resulted in ...:But we can find no concrete evidence to substantiate the inevitable relationship between ...and ...(many other factors could also lead to the result/the author should conduct controlled study to demonstrate the causal relationship )In short, the author could not hastily conclude that ...is the only possible reason for ...before taking above factors into account.
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22, Confusing the cause and the effect:不是A导致B，而是B导致A(少见)
In the process of reasoning the author assumes that A is the reason for B.However, the author may confuse the cause and the effect. (there is possibility that it is B that actually causes A )The author fails to rule out the possibility that (B results in A). Since the author has not adequately take this possibility into account, the assumption that ...is untenable.
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23, Confusing concurrence with causality:同时发生不为因果
The most important problem is the underlying assumption that it is ...that resulted in ... The author only points out that the two events occurred during the same period, however, we all know that merely a coincidence of two events could not sufficiently demonstrate a causal relationship between them. (many other factors could also lead to the result/the author should conduct controlled study to demonstrate the causal relationship )Many other factors could also lead to ... which might include ... Without ruling out such factors, we could not be convinced that ...is the actual cause of ...
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24, Post hoc, ergo propter hoc:前后发生不为因果
The author concludes that ...is responsible for ... the assumption is based on the mere fact that ...occurred after ...
however, the sequence of the two events, in itself, does not sufficiently prove that the former caused the later one.
(many other factors could also lead to the result/the author should conduct controlled study to demonstrate the causal relationship )...might has resulted from other factors, such as ...Without ruling out these possible scenarios, the author could not establish a causal relationship between ...and ...
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证据
25, Insufficient evidence:证据不足
The author claims that...by showing that....however, but this piece of information in itself is far from sufficient to demonstrate the assumption that...Although (the information provided by the author) may has some relation with ... (we need more critical important information about the case studied. ) More solid evidence are needed before we could be convinced that ...
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Failing to consider the credibility of the evidence:
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26, Unwarranted assumption/credibility of the evidence:无证据假设，攻击背景
The assumption that ...is open to doubt, since the author does not provide any single evidence to substantiate the assumption. (many other possibilities might render the assumption suspect. )Given other possibilities about... the author could not hastily assumes that...
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27, Definition critique:对某一专用名词没有解释，比如药
One problem involves the definition of ...The author fails to give a clear definition of ... thus we could not evaluate if...(the definition might be different from what we commonly consider the term to be )As we commonly accept, ually means ... Therefore, if ...is defined as ... then ... is irrelevant to (the author’s
conclusion)In one word, without a clear definition of ... it is impossible to assess the strength of the argument.
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28, Negative evidence:自相矛盾的证据
The author cites the evidence that ...to convince us that ...(the information provided by the author could be used to refute the author’s conclusion.)However, this piece of evidence may well suggest that... and could serve to refute the author’s assumptionThe author should provide more convincing information to reconcile this apparent self-contradictory claim.
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利润问题
29, Profit-cost analysis:
Even if the aut hor’s proposal could be carried out effectively, we still could not hastily assume that ...will necessarily earn a substantial profit, as the author predicted. To evaluate the profitability of ...we should consider the function of both revenue and expense. However, the author does not provide any single piece of information about the possible cost of (carrying out the author’s proposal).(many key steps of the proposal may involve great expense, if the cost of carrying out the proposal exceeds projected revenue, the institution would be profitless. )Without more information about production costs, it is impossible to assess whether (carrying out the author’s proposal will be profitable).
经济因素
30, Economical factors:通货膨胀+需求变化
Also, some economical factors should be taken into account in the argument. First, we need to know how much did the price of ...actually increase after adjustment for inflation.(if the rate of inflation exceeds the increase in the price of the product, then the increase is reasonable.)Second, the author fails to consider the variation in the demand for ... during the same period. If the supply of ...falls short of demand, then there is good reason for the increased price of ... The soundness of the speaker’s claim is significantly weakened by the lack of above-mentioned economical consideration.。