2012年1月广东省英语教育 英语语言学真题(06422)
2012年高考英语试题-广东卷[Word版][无答案]
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2012年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试（广东卷）A英语本试卷共三部分，共12页。
满分135分,考试用时120分钟。
I . 语言知识及应用（共两节，满分45分）第一节: 完形填空（共15小题；每小题2分，满分30分）阅读下面短文，掌握其大意，然后从1―15各题所给的A、B、C和D项中选出最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该题涂黑。
We all know that some things are obviously right. For example, it is right to be 1 to other people. It is also right to look after the environment. Some things are 2 wrong, too. For instance, we should not hurt or bully(欺负) others, nor should we litter. Rules often tell us what is right or wrong..Rules can help the public make the right 3 ,and remain safe. Car drivers have to obey traffic regulations that tell them the right things to do on the road to avoid crashes. Cyclists who give signals before turning or stopping help prevent 4 .If people follow rules without taking other matters into consideration, it will be 5 for them to form what is sometimes called a “black and white” view. For example, they may believe that people should always tell the truth, and that lying is 6 acceptable. Such people always stick to their views, even if it means that they may get into 7.Sometimes it may not be so easy to know 8 what is right or wrong. Some people choose not to eat meat because they believe that it is 9 to eat animals, but others argue that they can eat meat and 10 be kind to animals; some insist that stealing is always wrong, but others think that one does not need to feel so 11 when stealing some food to eat, if he lives in a really poor area and he is 12.Rules help us live together in harmony, because they show us the right way to _13_ others. However, some people argue that rules may be __14_, having observed that rules change all the time , and that some schools have some regulations and others have different ones ----so who is to _ 15____ what is right ?1. A .kind B. sensitive C. fair D. generous2. A .equally B. slightly C. clearly D .increasingly3. A .suggestions B. conclusions C. turns D. choices4. A. accidents B. mistakes C .falls D .deaths5. A . interesting B. vital C. easy D. valuable6. A. seldom B. rarely C. merely D. never7. A. trouble B. power C. prison D. control8. A. roughly B. eventually C. deliberately D. exactly9. A. awful B. cruel C. unhealthy D. unnecessary10. A . still B. even C. later D .somehow11. A. nervous B. anxious C. afraid D. guilty12. A. begging B .starving C .growing D .wandering13. A. follow B. instruct C. treat D. protect14. A . disgusting B. confusing C .unsafe D . unimportant15 . A. predict B explain C. decide D. consider第二节语法填空（共10小题; 每小题1.5分，满分15分）阅读下面短文，按照句子结构的语法性和上下文连贯的要求，在空格处填入一个适当的词或使用括号中词语的正确形式填空，并将答案填写在答题卷标号为16-25的相应位置上。
广东自考英语语言学真题
2011 年 1 月广东省高等教育自学考试英语语言学问卷课程代码06422）I.Blank-filling (20%)Fill in the following blanks with a word ,whose initial letter has been given.1.The 3 branches of phonetics are labeled articulatory phonetics ,auditory phonetics ,anda__________ phonetics.2.When 2 different forms are identical in every way except for one sound segment which occurs inthe same place in the strings ,they are said to be in a m_________ pair .3.R__________ motivation refers to the fact that learners learn a second language for external purposes .ter Noam Chomsky prefers this innate endowment as UG ,i.e. U_____ Grammar.5. In "NP（→Deg )A(pp)", the dots in the rule indicate that other c options are available .6.The articulatory apparatus of human being are contained in 3 important areas :the p______ cavity，the oral cavity ,and the nasal cavity.7.L________ refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community .8.H________ refers to the sense relation between a more general ,more inclusive word and a more specific word .9.The description of a language at a given point in time is a s______ study.10.The study of how speakers of a language use sentences to effect successful communication is called p_________.11.The structure corresponding to the final syntactic output of the sentence which results from appropriate transformations is called s______ structure.12.The term d________, first used by Ferguson in 1959,refers to a sociolinguistic situation similar to bilingualism .13.Learners' independent system of the second language which is of neither the second language is known as i______.14.The sound ［ p］ in pit is pronounced with a strong puff of air, which is said to be a________.15.C_______ model states that in word comprehension words are analyzed by hearers from beginningto end.16.S______ is concerned with the inherent meaning of the linguistic form and is the collection of allthe features of the linguistic form .17.Major lexical categories are Noun, Verb , Adjective , and P___________.18.S_______ is the sub-field of linguistics that studies the relation between linguistic and society between the uses of language and social structures.19.P________ is concerned with the progress of language comprehension and production.20.Linguistics studies not any particular language ,but languages in g____.II. Multiple choice(20%)Choose the best answer to the following items.21.__refers to the study of the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed .A.SyntaxB. EtymologyC. LexicologyD. Morphology22.___ aims to discover how speech sounds in a language form patterns and how these sounds are used to convey meaning in linguistic communication .A. PhoneticsB. PhonemicsC. PhonologyD. Phonotacticsnguage ___ refers to a natural ability for learning a second language.A. aptitudeB. competenceC. performanceD. attitude24.___ is a personal dialect of an individual speaker that combines elements regarding regional ,social, gender, and age variations .25.A(n) ___ is a word formed by combining parts of other words , e.g. smog .A. back -formationB. blendC. abbreviationD. clipping26.The traditional and the only way to study the brain in the past was through ____ studies .A. experimentalB. surgicalC. autopsyD. observational27.___ refers to the phenomenon that words having different meanings have the same form ,i.e. Different words are identical in sound or spelling ,or in both .A. PolysemyB. SynonymC. HomophoneD. Homonymy28.The arrow in the phrase structure rule "S→ NP VP " is read as ___.A. is equal toB. generatesC. hasD. consists of29.___ of neighbouring sound is , for the most part ,caused by articulatory or physiological progress .A. AssimilationB. FormalizationC. DerivationD. Patterning30.The drive that people learn a foreign language because of the wish to identify with the target cultureis called ____ motivation .A. instrumentalB. resultativeC. integrativeD. intrinsic31There are different types of affixes pr morphemes .The affix "ed" in the word "learned" is known asa(n) __.A.derivational morphemeB. free morphemeC. inflectional morphemeD. free form32.If a linguistic study aims to describe and analyzed the language people actually use ,it is said to be ___A. descriptiveB. prescriptiveC. synchronicD. diachronic33.Transformational Generative Grammar was introduced by __ in 1957.A. L. BloomfieldB. F. SaussureC. N. ChomskyD.M.A.K Halliday34.Of the following sound combination ,only ___ is permissible according to the sequential rules in English .A. mibleB. bmilC. imlbD. ilbm35Which of the following English words is formed by clipping ?C. baby-sitD. disco36 Of the following words ,____ belongs to the open class word .A. emaiB. butC. theD. they37The sense relation for the pair of words "doctor and patient "is__ A. synonymy B. hyponymy C. antonymy D. homonymy38In learning a foreign language,instances of mother tongue interference can be found act the level of ___.A. pronunciationB. vocabularyC. syntaxD. all of the above39According to F .de Saussure,____ refers to the system of language .A. langueB. paroleC. competenceD. performance40.The utterance "We 're already working 25 hours a day, 8 days a week " obviously violates the maxim of ___A. qualityB. quantityC. relationD. mannerIII. True of false judgement (20%)Judge whether the following statements are true orfalse .Write T in ye corresponding bracket for a true statement and F for a false one .41.Damage to parts of the brain in front of the central sulcus will cause fluent aphasia .42.D-structure is formed by the XP rule in accordance with the head's supercanonization properties .43.An illocution act is the act performed by or resulting from saying something .It is the consequenceof the utterance .44.The LAD was described as an imaginary "black box "which is said to contain rules that arespecific only to human languages .ponential analysis is a way proposed by the structure semantics to analyze lexical word meaning .46.Garden path sentence is an awkward sentence that misleads the speakersand takes them down the garden path to a wrong direction .47.Acronyms are words derives from the initials and ending of several words .48.Diglossia refers to the dialect having to do with separation brought about by different socialconditions.49.In daily life people often see the situation in which adult speak differently when talking to littlechildren ,they use a special speech called motherese.50.Phonology is the study of how speech sounds are produced by human speechorgans IV. Explain the following notions briefly (25%)51.broad transcription vs narrow transcription52.selection restriction53.speech act theory54.Critical Period Hypothesis55.Draw a tree diagram for the surface structure of "A man will find the dog"V. Write a passage of 120-150 words on the following topic .(15%)56. What are the major views concerning the study of meaning ?部分参照答案：1. acoustic2. minimal3. Resultative4. Universal5. complement6. pharyngeal7. Langue8. Hyponymy 10. pragmatics12. diaglossia 13. Interlanguage 14. aspirated15. Cohort16. Sense 17. Preposition 18. Siciolinguistics 19. Psycholinguistics 20. general21. D 24.A 25. B 26. C31. C 34. A2011 年 10 月广东省高等教育自学考试英语语言学问卷（课程代码06422）I.Blank-filling (20%)Fill in the following blanks with a word, whose initial letter has been given.1.The totality of linguistic varieties possessed by an individual constitutes his linguistic r_______.2.I________ motivation refers to learners learning the second language for enjoyment or pleasure from learning.3.The phonetic transcription, n______ transcription ,is normally used by phoneticians to giveminute and detailed descriptions of speech sounds.4. The way that new words are coined from already existing words by“ subtracting” an be part of the old word is called b_______.5.The meaning of a word can be dissected into meaning components called semantic f_______.6.In addition to social changes, one of the most pervasive sources of language change seems to bethe continual process of cultural t________ across generations.7.P______ is the study of sounds used in linguistic communication.8.When the vocal cords are drawn wide apart to let air go through without vibration, the soundsthus produced are v_________.9.The social group that is singled out for any special study is named as the s_______ community.10.According to N. Chomsky, c________ refers to the ideal user ’ sknowledge of the rules of his language .11.P_____ refers to the realization of langue in actual use.12.The notion of c_______ is essential to the pragmatic study of language.13.Damage to parts of the left cortex behind the central sulcus results in a type of aphasia called f_____ aphasia.14.The c__________ view of meaning is based on the presumption that one can derive meaning fromor reduce meaning to observable contexts.15.Lexical d________ task is a kind of experiment psycholinguistics employ to investigate lexical access.16.A theory which explicitly employs the notion “ concept” isthe semantic t________ proposed by Ogden and Richards in their book The Meaning of Meaning.17. Clear [ l ] and dark [ l ] are allophones of the same one phoneme /l/. They never take the same position in sound combinations, thus they are said to be in c_________ distribution.18. Since there are often intermediate forms between the two members of an antonymous pair, so they are called g________ antonyms.19.S_______ is concerned with the inherent meaning of the linguistic form.20.A t_______ experiment is a technique that is used to study the determinants of sentence processing difficulty.II. Multiple choice(15%)Choose the best answer to the following items.21.Changes in a language are changes in the grammar of the speakers of the language. This means that phonemes,_______, words and grammatical rules may be borrowed , added , lost or altered.A. phrasesB. sentencesC. morphemesD. utterance22. The consonant [ f ] in English can be correctly described as having the following phonetic features :A. voiceless, bilabial, stopB. voiceless, labiodental, fricativeC. voiced , bilabial, stopD. voiced, labiodental, fricative23.The study of language as a whole is often called ______.A. universal linguisticsB. common linguisticsC. prescriptive linguisticsD. general linguistics24.In the phrase structurerule“ S→ NP VP，”the arrow can be read as _______.A. is equal toB. consists ofC. hasD. generates25.The illocutionary point of _____is to express the psychological state specified in the utterance.A. representativesB. commissivesC. expressives D declarations26.Transformational Generative Grammar was introduced by _____ in 1957.A. L. BloomfieldB. F. SaussureC. N. ChomskyD.M.A.F. Halliday27._____ motivation occurs when the learner desires to learn a second language because of the wish to identify with the target culture.A. InstrumentalB. FunctionalC. IntegrativeD. Social28.While different words may have the same or similar meaning , the same word may have more than one meaning. This kind of words are called _________.A. polysemic wordsB. homographsC. homonymsD. synonyms29.The term _____ linguistics may be defined as a way of referring to the approach which studies language changes over various periods of time and at various historical stages.A. synchronicB. diachronicC. comparativeD. historical comparative30.Speech act theory was originated with the British philosopher ____ in the late 50 ’ s of the 20A. M.A.F. HallidayB. L. Bloomfield C . J. Searle D. J. Austin31.If the linguistic study aims to lay down rules for correct and standard behavior in using language ,it issaid to be _______.A. descriptiveB. prescriptiveC. synchronicD. diachronic32.In the case of spit, the consonant [ p ] is said to be _____.A. aspiratedB. voicedC. unaspiratedD. unprounceable33.What the element -“es ” indicates is third person singular ,present tense ,the element-ed ” past tense, “and “-ing ” progressive aspect .Since they are the smallest units of language and meaningful ,they are also _______.A. phonemesB. phonesC. allophonesD. morphemes34.Synoymous are classified into several kinds .This kind to which ‘ lass ‘’girlbelong’isandcalled ___ synonyms.A. stylisticB. dialectalC. emotiveD. collocational35.In a speech community People have something in common _____: a language or a particular variety of language and rules for using it..B. linguisticallyC. culturallyD. pragmaticallyIII. True of false judgement (20%)36.The interactionist view holds that language develops as a result of the complex interplay betweenthe human characteristics of the child and the environment in which the child develops .37. A creole is said to be formed when a pidgin has become the primary language of a speechcommunity ,and is acquired by the children of that speech community as their native language .38.Garden path sentence is an awkward sentence that misleads the speakers and takes them downthe garden path to a wrong direction .39. A phoneme is the smallest linguistic unit of sound that can distinguish two words .40.Register refers to the type of utterance which is selected as appropriate to the type oftypology .41.Phonology studies the functioning of the speech sounds.42.Predication analysis was proposed by the British linguist J. Searle to analyze the meaning ofutterance .43.Specifiers have both special semantic and syntactic roles since they help make more precise the meaning of the head and mark a phrase boundary.44.Different language offer people different ways of expressing the world around, they think and speak differently, this is also known as linguistic relativity.45.Metacognitive strategies deal with the wayside learners interact or communicate with other speakers, native or non-native .IV. Explain the following notions briefly (25%)46.derivational morpheme47.IPA( International Phonetic Alphabet)48.cultural transmission49.Deep Structure vs. Surface Structure50.The naming theoryV. Essay question (20%)51. According to Austin ,what are the three acts a person is possibly performing while making an utterance ? Give an example.参照答案ology 13. fluent21. C 22. B 24. B 28. A42. F 43. T 45. F46.Morphemes that change the meaning or lexical category of the words to which they attach. 47. Itis a standardized and internationally accepted system of phonetic transcription.48.While human capacity for language has a genetic basis, i.e., we were all born with the ability to ac quire language, the details of any language system are not genetically transmitted, but instead have to be taught and learned.Language is passed on from one generation to the next through teaching and learning, rather than by i nstinct 49. The first, formed by the XP rule in a accordance with the head's subcategorization propertie s ,is called deep stmcture.The second, corresponding to the final syntactic form of the sentence which results from appropriate tr ansformations, is called surface structure50.One of the oldest notions concerning meaning, and also a very primitive one, was the naming theor y proposed by the ancient Greek scholar Plato. The words used in a language are taken to be labels of t he objects they stand for.51. locutionary act ------the act of uttering words, phrases, clauses. It? s an act of conveying literal meaning by means of syntax, lexicon, and phonology. Namely .,the act of s aying something :the utterance of a sentence with determinate sense and reference.(言内行为指的是用句子来表达，报告，描绘。
2012年广东高考英语试卷及答案解析详细
2012年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试（广东卷）A英语I语言知识及应用（共两节，满分45分）第一节完形填空（共15小题；每小题2分，满分30分）阅读下面短文，掌握其大意，然后从1~15各题所给的A、B、C和D项中，选出最佳选项。
We all know that some things are obviously right. For example, it is right to be ___1___ to other people. It is also right to look after the environment. Some things are ___2___ wrong, too. For instance, we should not hurt or bully(欺负) others, nor should we litter. Rules often tell us what is right or wrong.Rules can help the public make the right ___3___, and remain safe. Car divers have to obey traffic regulations that tell them the right things to do on the road to avoid crashes. Cyclists who give signals before turning or stopping help prevent ___4___.If people follow rules without taking other matters into consideration, it will be ___5___ for them to form what is sometimes called a “black and white” view. For example, they may believe that people should always tell the truth, and that lying is ___6___ acceptable. Such people always stick to their views, even if it means that they may get into ___7___.Sometimes it may not be so easy to know ___8___ what is right or wrong. Some people choose not to eat meat because they believe that it is ___9___ to eat animals, but other argue that they can eat meat and ___10___ be kind to animals; some insist that stealing is always wrong, but others think that one does not need to feel so ___11___ when stealing some food to eat, if he lives in a really poor area and he is ___12___.Rules help us live together in harmony, because they show us the right way to ___13___ others. However, some people argue that rules may be ___14___, having observed that rules change all the time, and that some schools have some regulations and others have different ones —so who is to ___15___ what is right ?1. A. kind B .sensitive C. fair D. generous2. A. equally B. slightly C. clearly D. increasingly3. A. suggestions B. conclusions C. turns D. choices4. A. accidents B mistakes C. falls D. deaths5. A. interesting B. vital C. easy D. valuable6 .A. seldom B. rarely C. merely D. never7. A. trouble B. power C. prison D. exactly9. A. awful B. cruel C. unhealthy D. unnecessary10. A. still B. even C. later D. somehow11. A. nervous B. anxious C. afraid D. guilty12. A. begging B. staving C. growing D. wandering13. A. follow B. instruct C. treat D. protect14. A. disgusting B. confusing C. unsafe D. unimportant15. A. predict B. explain C. decide D. consider第二节语法填空（共10小题，每小题1.5分，满分15分）阅读下面短文，按照句子结构的语法性和上下文连贯的要求，在空格处填入一个适当的词或使用口号中词语的正确形式填空，并将答案填写在答题卡标号为16~25的相应位置上。
2012年全国高考英语试题及答案-广东卷
2012年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试（广东卷）A英语本试卷共12页，三大题，满分135分。
考试用时120分钟。
I 语言知识及应用（共两节，满分45分）第一节完形填空（共15小题；每小题2分，满分30分）阅读下面短文，掌握其大意，然后从1~15各题所给的A、B、C和D项中，选出最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。
We all know that some things are obviously right. For example, it is right to be 1 to other people. It is also right to look after the environment. Some things are 2 wrong, too. For instance, we should not hurt or bully (欺负) others, nor should we litter. Rules often tell us what is right or wrong..Rules can help the public make the right 3 , and remain safe. Car drivers have to obey traffic regulations that tell them the right things to do on the road to avoid crashes. Cyclists who give signals before turning or stopping help prevent 4 .If people follow rules without taking other matters into consideration, it will be 5 for them to form what is sometimes called a “black and white” view. For example, they may believe that people should always tell the truth, and that lying is 6 acceptable. Such people always stick to their views, even if it means that they may get into 7 .Sometimes it may not be so easy to know 8 what is right or wrong. Some people choose not to eat meat because they believe that it is 9 to eat animals, but others argue that they can eat meat and 10 be kind to animals; some insist that stealing is always wrong, but others think that one does not need to feel to 11 when stealing some food to eat, if lives in a really poor area and he is 12 . Rules help us live together in harmony, because they show us the right way to _ 13 _other .However, some people argue that rules may be __14 , having observed that rules change all the time , and that some schools have some regulations and other have different ones -- so who is to_15___ what is right ?1. A. kind B. sensitive C. fair D. generous2. A. equally B. slightly C. clearly D. increasingly3. A. suggestion B. conclusions C. turns D. choices4. A. accidents B. mistakes C. falls D. deaths5. A. interesting B. vital C. easy D. valuable6 .A. seldom B. rarely C. merely D. never7. A. trouble B. power C. prison D. control8. A. roughly B. eventually C. deliberately D. exactly9. A. awful B. cruel C. unhealthy D. unnecessary10. A. still B. even C. later D. somehow11. A. nervous B. anxious C. afraid D. guilty12. A. begging B. staving C. growing D. wandering13. A. follow B. instruct C. treat D. protect14. A. disgusting B. confusing C. unsafe D. unimportant15. A. predict B. explain C. decide D. consider第二节语法填空（共10小题，每小题1.5分，满分15分）阅读下面短文，按照句子结构的语法性和上下文连贯的要求，在空格处填入一个适当的词或使用口号中词语的正确形式填空，并将答案填写在答题卡标号为16~25的相应位置上。
2012年1月广东省英语教育-英语语言学真题(06422)
2012年1月广东省英语教育-英语语言学真题(06422)2012年1月广东高等教育自学考试英语语言学问卷(06422) 150分钟I.Blank-fiiling (20%) 'Fill in the following blanks with a word, whose initial letter has been given.1 .If the linguistic study aims to lay down rules for "correct and standard" behavior in using language ,i.e. to tell people what they should say and what they should .not say ,it is said to be p ____________. .2.A d__________ study of language is a historical study; it studies the historical development of language over a period of time.3.According to Saussure，l________ refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community.4.D_______ means that language can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of the speaker.5.If we transcribe the speech sounds with letter-symbols only，we are adopting the b , transcription.6.A p________ is an abstract unit, not a particularsound，but it can be realized by a certain phone in a certain phonetic context.7.When pitch，stress and sound length are tired to the s_______ rather than the word in isolation, they are collectively known as intonation.8. The m________unit of meaning is traditionally called a morpheme.9. Inflectional morphemes are bound morphemes that are for the most part purelyG_______ markers，signifying such concepts as tense，number, case and so on.10.Phrases that are formed of more than one word usually contain three elements : head , specifier , and c _______ .11 .Concerning the study of meaning, the conceptualist view holds that there is no direct link between a linguistic form and what it refers to, rather , in the interpretation of meaning they are linked through the mediation of c_____ in the mind.12.The sense relation between "sofa" and "furniture" is called h_______ .13.C_____ is generally considered as constituted by theknowledge shared by the speaker and the hearer . It is an essential notion to the pragmatic study of language. 14. Idiolect is a p____ dialect of an individual speaker that combines elements regarding regional, social, gender, and age variations.15.APEC is an a___ derived from the initials of "Asian Pacific Economic Cooperation".16.According to Halliday ,”Language varies as it s f______ varies, it differs in different situations.”17.Sapir and Whorf ’ s studies show that the structure of the language people habitually use influences the ways they think and behave. This interdependence of language and t___ is known as Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis.18.While the first language is acquired s______ , the second or foreign language is more commonly learned consciously.19.Interlanguage refers to learners ’ i_____ system of the second language which is of neither the native language nor the second language, but a continuum or approximation from his native language to the target language.20.Learning strategies are learners’ conscious, goal-oriented and problem-solving based efforts to achieve learning e______ ,II．Multiple choice (20%)Choose the best answer to the following items.21 .Who among the following linguists looks at language from a psychological point of view and consider language to be a property of the mind of each individual?A. N. ChomskyB. F. de SaussureC. Leonard BloomfieldD. M. A.K. Halliday22.If a linguist is interested in what is said, not what he thinks ought to be said，he adopts a study of language .A. descriptiveB. prescriptiveC. scientificD. diachronic23.Which of the following words ends with a velar voiceless stop?A. godB. boxC. cockD. dog24.Which of the following words contains a back, open and unrounded vowel?A. godB. bootC. walkD. park-25.Which of the following is a glottal sound?A. [h]B.[k]C.[g]D. [ŋ]26.Which of the following indicates an implied message in what is said?A. The fall-rise tone. B .The falling tone. C. The rising tone. D. The rise-fall tone.27.The underlined morphemes in the following are all inflectional morphemes EXCEPT .A. tablesB. soonerC. painter’ sD. painter28 The sentence “We need more intelligent leaders.” is ambiguous, because the sentence may have different .A .deep structures B. surface structures , C. linear orders D. morphological structures .29.The pair of words "charge and rebuke is called .A. dialectal synonymsB. stylistic synonymsC. collocational synonymsD. semantically different synonyms30.The sense relation for the pair of words "above" and "below" is .A. synonymsB. hyponymyC. antonymyD. homonymy3l. X : John’ s bike needs repairing.Y : John has a bike.The sense relation between the above sentence is .A.X is synonymous with YB.X is consistent with YC.X presupposes YD.X entails Y32.The sentence "Yesterday Nancy lost her purse in the street ." may be analyzed as a case of ________ predication.A one-place B. two-place C. three-place D. no-place33.According to Searles ’ s classification of speech acts, which of the following is an instance representative? A. I fired you! B.I’m so sorry for the mess I have made.C. Your money or your life!D.I have never seen the man before.34.Change in negation rule belongs to change.A. soundB. morphologicalC. syntacticD. semantic35.A.Shall we get something for the kids?B: Yes .but I veto I-C-E-C-R-E-A-M.,Speaker B obviously violates the maxim of .A. quantityB. qualityC. relationD. manner36.Which of the following words is formed by means of blending? ,A. smogB.UNESCOC. baby-sit D .disco37.According to Halliday, tenor of discourse refers the of communication.A. subjectB. participantsC. situationD. means38.Conceming the behaviorist view of language acquisition, which of the following statements is NOT true?A. Language is taken as a set of behaviors.B. Language learning is a matter of imitation.C. Reinforcement is especially important for forming correct linguistic behavior.D. Behaviorism can better explain how children acquire complex language system.39.Instances of mother tongue interference can be found at the level of .A. pronunciationB. vocabularyC. syntaxD. pronunciation, vocabulary and syntax40. Strategies involved in analyzing, synthesis, and internalizing what has been learned belong to strategies.A. cognitiveB. metacognitiveC. socialD. communicativeIII. True or false judgement. (20%)Judge whether the following statements are true or false, write T for a true statement and F for a false one.41 .According to Saussure, what linguists should do is to abstract langue from parole, i. e. , to discover the regularities governing the actual use of language.42. Language is arbitrary in the sense that we can use words freely without the confinement of time and space.43. Inviting, suggesting, requesting, advising, warning, threatening, ordering are all specific instances of commissives .44. The surface structure and the deep structure of acertain sentence look the same when transformations are not necessary.45.Wh-movement can apply not only to wh-questions but also to relative clauses.46.In communication it will never be the case that what is grammatical is not acceptable, and what is ungrammatical may not be inappropriate.47.If the conversational participants do not strictly observe the four maxims of the Cooperative Principle, it is impossible for the conversation to go on.48.The same word may stir up different associations in people under different cultural speech comprehension.49.If a child is derived of linguistic environment , he or she is unlikely to learn a language successfully later on.50.The interlingual errors mainly result from faulty or partial learning of the target language, independent of the native language.IV. Explain the following notions briefly (25%)51 .What does "productivity" mean as one of the design features of human language?52. Illustrate assimilation rule53. Illustrate predication analysis with an example.54.What situation does bilingualism refer to?55. Explain Input Hypothesis by Krashen.V. Essay question ( 15%)56.Illustrate with examples how "sense” and "reference" differ from each other in lexical semantics. And howare they related to each other?部分参考答案（非官方答案，但大部分正确）：1. prescriptive2. diachronic3. langue4. Displacement5. broad6. phoneme7. sentence8. minimal9.grammatical 10. complement11.concepts 12. hyponymy 13. Context 14. personal 15. acronym16. function 17. thought 18. subconsciously 19. independent 20. efficiency21. A 22.A 23.C 24.D 25. A 26. D 27. D 28.D 29. C 30.C31. C 32.B 33.D 34. C 35.D 36. A 37.D 38.D 39.D 40.A41.T 42.F 43. F 44.T 45.T 46. F 47. F 48.F 49. T 50.F51. language is productive and creative in that it makes possible the construction and interpretation of new signals by its users.52. The “assimilation rule” assimilates one segment to another by “copying” a feature of a sequential phoneme, thus making the two phones more similar.53. The predication analysis, proposed by Leech, is a way to analyze the sentence meaning. A sentence, composedof a subject and predicate, is a basic unit for grammatical relation. The basic unit for meaning analysis is called predication, which is the abstraction of the meaning of a sentence.For example: It is hot.(no-place predication): (BE HOT) Children like sweets.( two-place predication) CHILDREN, SWEET(LIKE)John is ill. (one-place predication) : JOHN(BE ILL) 54. It has been observed that in some speech communities, two languages are used side by side with each having a different role to play; and language switching occurs when the situation changes. This constitutes the situation of bilingualism.55. Krashen assumed that there were two independent means or routes of SL learning: acquisition and learning.56. Sense is concerned with the inherent meaning of the linguistic form. It is the collection of all the features of the linguistic form; it is abstract and decontextualized .For example: the word “dog”is given the definition “a domesticated canine mammal ,occurring in many breeds that show a great variety in size an form.”Reference means what a linguistic form refers to in the real, physical world; it deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience. For example, if we say “The dog is sparking”, we must be talking about a certain dog existent in the situation; the word “dog” refers to a dog known to both the speaker and the hearer. This is the reference of the w ord “dog” in this particular situation. Relationship: Sense and reference are interdependent, because one would not normally know the one without having at least some knowledge of the other.。
高中英语真题-2012年普通高等学校全国统一考试英语试题(广东卷,解析版)
高中英语真题:2012年普通高等学校全国统一考试英语试题（广东卷，解析版）本试卷共三部分，共12页。
满分135分,考试用时120分钟。
I . 语言知识及应用（共两节，满分45分）第一节: 完形填空（共15小题；每小题2分，满分30分）阅读下面短文，掌握其大意，然后从1―15各题所给的A、B、C 和D项中选出最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该题涂黑。
We all know that some things are obviously right. For example, it is right to be 1 to other people. It is also right to look after the environment. Some things are 2 wrong, too. For instance, we should not hurt or bully(欺负) others, nor should we litter. Rules often tell us what is right or wrong..Rules can help the public make the right 3 ,and remain safe. Car drivers have to obey traffic regulations that tell them the rig ht things to do on the road to avoid crashes. Cyclists who give s ignals before turning or stopping help prevent 4 .If people follow rules without taking other matters into consideration, it will be 5 for them to form what is sometimes called a “black and white” view. For example, they may believe that peop le should always tell the truth, and that lying is 6 acceptable. Such people always stick to their views, even if it means that th ey may get into 7.Sometimes it may not be so easy to know 8 what is right or w rong. Some people choose not to eat meat because they believ e that it is 9 to eat animals, but others argue that they can eat meat and 10 be kind to animals; some insist that stealing is a lways wrong, but others think that one does not need to feel so 11 when stealing some food to eat, if he lives in a really poor a rea and he is 12.Rules help us live together in harmony, because they show us t he right way to _13_ others. However, some people argue that r ules may be __14_, having observed that rules change all the ti me , and that some schools have some regulations and others have different ones ----so who is to _ 15____ what is right ?1. A .kind B. sensitive C. fair D. generous2. A .equally B. slightly C. clearly D .increasing ly3. A .suggestions B. conclusions C. turns D. choic es4. A. accidents B. mistakes C .falls D .deaths5. A . interesting B. vital C. easy D. valuable6. A. seldom B. rarely C. merely D. never7. A. trouble B. power C. prison D. control8. A. roughly B. eventually C. deliberately D. exact ly9. A. awful B. cruel C. unhealthy D. unnecess ary10. A . still B. even C. later D .somehow11. A. nervous B. anxious C. afraid D. guilty12. A. begging B .starving C .growing D .wande ring13. A. follow B. instruct C. treat D. protect14. A . disgusting B. confusing C .unsafe D . uni mportant15 . A. predict B explain C. decide D. consider本文是一篇说明文，说明规章有助于人们辨别是非，作出正确选择，也有助于人与人的和睦相处，但有时判断是非也不容易。
2012年全国高考英语试题及答案-广东卷
2012 年一般高等学校招生全国一致考试（广东卷） A英语本试卷共 12 页，三大题，满分135 分。
考试用时120 分钟。
I 语言知识及应用（共两节，满分45 分）第一节完形填空（共15 小题；每题 2 分，满分 30 分）阅读下边短文，掌握其粗心，而后从1~15 各题所给的 A、B、C 和 D 项中，选出最正确选项，并在答题卡大将该项涂黑。
We all know that some things are obviously right. For example, it is right to be 1 to otherpeople. It is also right to look after the environment. Some things are 2 wrong, too. For instance,we should not hurt or bully ( 欺凌 ) others, nor should we litter. Rules often tell us what is right orwrong..Rules can help the public make the right 3 , and remain safe. Car drivers have to obey trafficregulations that tell them the right things to do on the road to avoid crashes. Cyclists who give signalsbefore turning or stopping help prevent 4 .If people follow rules without taking other matters into consideration, it will be 5 for them toform what is sometimes called a “ black and white ” view. For example, they may believe that people should always tell the truth, and that lying is 6 acceptable. Such people always stick to their views,even if it means that they may get into 7 .Sometimes it may not be so easy to know 8 what is right or wrong. Some people choose not toeat meat because they believe that it is 9 to eat animals, but others argue that they can eat meatand 10 be kind to animals; some insist that stealing is always wrong, but others think that onedoes not need to feel to 11 when stealing some food to eat, if lives in a really poor area and he is12 . Rules help us live together in harmony, because they show us the right way to _ 13 _other .However, some people argue that rules may be __14 , having observed that rules change allthe time , and that some schools have some regulations and other have different ones -- so who is to_15___ what is right ?1. A. kind B. sensitive C. fair D. generous2. A. equally B. slightly C. clearly D. increasingly3. A. suggestion B. conclusions C. turns D. choices4. A. accidents B. mistakes C. falls D. deaths5. A. interesting B. vital C. easy D. valuable6 .A. seldom B. rarely C. merely D. never7. A. trouble B. power C. prison D. control8. A. roughly B. eventually C. deliberately D. exactly9. A. awful B. cruel C. unhealthy D. unnecessary10. A. still B. even C. later D. somehow11. A. nervous B. anxious C. afraid D. guilty12. A. begging B. staving C. growing D. wandering13. A. follow B. instruct C. treat D. protect14. A. disgusting B. confusing C. unsafe D. unimportant15. A. predict B. explain C. decide D. consider第二节语法填空（共10小题，每题 1.5 分，满分 15 分）阅读下边短文，依据句子构造的语法性和上下文连接的要求，在空格处填入一个适合的词或使用口号中词语的正确形式填空，并将答案填写在答题卡标号为16~25 的相应地点上。
2012年英语高考试题答案及解析-广东
2012年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试（广东卷）A英语解析本试卷共三部分，共12页。
满分135分,考试用时120分钟。
I . 语言知识及应用（共两节，满分45分）第一节: 完形填空（共15小题；每小题2分，满分30分）阅读下面短文，掌握其大意，然后从1―15各题所给的A、B、C和D项中选出最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该题涂黑。
We all know that some things are obviously right. For example, it is right to be 1 to other people. It is also right to look after the environment. Some things are 2 wrong, too. For instance, we should not hurt or bully(欺负) others, nor should we litter. Rules often tell us what is right or wrong..Rules can help the public make the right 3 ,and remain safe. Car drivers have to obey traffic regulations that tell them the right things to do on the road to avoid crashes. Cyclists who give signals before turning or stopping help prevent 4 .If people follow rules without taking other matters into consideration, it will be 5 for them to form what is sometimes called a “black and white” view. For example, they may believe that people should always tell the truth, and that lying is 6 acceptable. Such people always stick to their views, even if it means that they may get into 7.Sometimes it may not be so easy to know 8 what is right or wrong. Some people choose not to eat meat because they believe that it is 9 to eat animals, but others argue that they can eat meat and 10 be kind to animals; some insist that stealing is always wrong, but others think that one does not need to feel so 11 when stealing some food to eat, if he lives in a really poor area and he is 12.Rules help us live together in harmony, because they show us the right way to _13_ others. However, some people argue that rules may be __14_, having observed that rules change all the time , and that some schools have some regulations and others have different ones ----so who is to _ 15____ what is right ?1. A .kind B. sensitive C. fair D. generous2. A .equally B. slightly C. clearly D .increasingly3. A .suggestions B. conclusions C. turns D. choices4. A. accidents B. mistakes C .falls D .deaths5. A . interesting B. vital C. easy D. valuable6. A. seldom B. rarely C. merely D. never7. A. trouble B. power C. prison D. control8. A. roughly B. eventually C. deliberately D. exactly9. A. awful B. cruel C. unhealthy D. unnecessary10. A . still B. even C. later D .somehow11. A. nervous B. anxious C. afraid D. guilty12. A. begging B .starving C .growing D .wandering13. A. follow B. instruct C. treat D. protect14. A . disgusting B. confusing C .unsafe D . unimportant15 . A. predict B explain C. decide D. consider本文是一篇说明文，说明规章有助于人们辨别是非，作出正确选择，也有助于人与人的和睦相处，但有时判断是非也不容易。
广东省_2012年_高考英语真题(附答案)_历年历届试题(详解)
绝密★启用前试卷类型：A2012年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试（广东卷）英语本试卷共11页，三大题，满分135分，考试用时120分钟.注意事项：1．答卷前，考生务必用黑色字迹的钢笔或签字笔将自己的姓名和考生号、试室号、座位号填写在答题卡上。
用2B铅笔将试卷类型（A）填涂在答题卡相应位置上。
将条形码横贴在答题卡右上角“条形码粘贴处”。
2．选择题每小题选出答案后，用2B铅笔把答题卡上对应题目选项的答案信息涂黑，如需改动，用橡皮擦干净后，再选涂其他答案，答案不能答在试卷上。
3．非选择题必须用黑色字迹钢笔或签字笔作答，答案必须写在答题卡各题目规定区域内相应位置上；如需改动，先划掉原来的答案，然后再写上新的答案；不准使用铅笔和涂改液。
不按以上要求作答的答案无效。
4．考生必须保持答题卡的整洁。
考试结束后，将试卷和答题卡一并交回。
Ⅰ语言知识及应用(共两节。
满分35分)第一节完形填空(共15小题；每小题2分，满分30分)阅读下面短文，掌握其大意，然后从1~15各题所给的A、B、C和D项中，选出最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。
We all know that some things are obviously right. For example, it is right to be 1 to other people. It is also right to look after the environment. Some things are 2 wrong, too. For instance, we should not hurt or bully(欺负) others, nor should we litter. Rules often tell us what is right or wrong..Rules can help the public make the right 3 ,and remain safe. Car drivers have to obey traffic regulations that tell them the right things to do on the road to avoid crashes. Cyclists who give signals before turning or stopping help prevent 4 .If people follow rules without taking other matters into consideration, it will be 5 for them to form what is sometimes called a “black and white” view. For example, they may believe that people should always tell the truth, and that lying is 6 acceptable. Such people always stick to their views, even if it means that they may get into 7 .Sometimes it may not be so easy to know 8 what is right or wrong. Some people choose not to eat meat because they believe that it is 9 to eat animals, but others arguethat they can eat meat and 10 be kind to animals; some insist that stealing is always wrong, but others think that one does not need to feel to 11 when stealing some food to eat, if lives in a really poor area and he is 12 . Rules help us live together in harmony, because they show us the right way to 13 _ other .However, some people argue that rules may be __14_, having observed that rules change all the time , and that some schools have some regulations and other have different ones ----so who is to _15____ what is right ?1 A. kind B. sensitive C. fair D. generous2 A. equally B. slightly C. clearly D. increasingly3. A. suggestions B. conclusions C. turns D. choices4. A. accidents B. mistakes C. falls D. deaths5. A interesting B. vital C. easy D. valuable6 A. seldom B. rarely C. merely D. never7. A. trouble B. power C. prison D. control8. A. roughly B. eventually C. deliberately D. exactly9. A. awful B. cruel C. unhealthy D. unnecessary10. A. still B. even C. later D. somehow11. A. nervous B. anxious C. afraid D. guilty12. A. begging B. staving C. growing D. wandering13 A. follow B. instruct C. treat D. protect14. A. disgusting B. confusing C. unsafe D. unimportant15 A. predict B. explain C. decide D. consider第二节语法填空(共10小题；每小题1.5分，满分15分)阅读下面短文，按照句子结构的语法性和上下文连贯的要求，在空格处填入一个适当的词或使用括号中词语的正确形式填空，并将答案填写在答题卡标号为16～25的相应位置上。
2012年广东英语高考试题及答案
2012年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试（广东卷）A英语本试卷共12页，三大题，满分135分。
考试用时120分钟。
注意事项：1.答卷前，考生务必用黑色字迹的钢笔或签字笔将自己的姓名和考生号、试室号、座位号填写在答题卡上。
用2B铅笔将试卷类型（A）填涂在答题卡相应位置上。
将条形码横贴在答题卡右上角“条形码粘贴处”。
2.选择题每小题选出答案后，用2B铅笔把答题卡上对应题目选项的答案信息点涂黑，如需改动，用橡皮擦干净后，再选涂其他答案，答案不能答在试卷上。
3.非选择题必须用黑色字迹钢笔或签字笔作答，答案必须写在答题卡各题目指定区域相应位置上；如需改动，先划掉原来的答案，然后再写上新的答案；不准使用铅笔和涂改液。
不按以上要求作答的答案无效。
4.考生必须保持答题卡的整洁。
考试结束后，将试卷和答题卡一并交回。
I 语言知识及应用（共两节，满分45分）第一节完形填空（共15小题；每小题2分，满分30分）阅读下面短文，掌握其大意，然后从1~15各题所给的A、B、C和D项中，选出最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。
We all know that some things are obviously right. For example, it is right to be 1 to other people.It is also right to look after the environment. Some things are 2 wrong,too.For instance, we should not hurt or bully(欺负) others, nor should we litter. Rules often tell us what is right or wrong..Rules can help the public make the right 3,and remain safe. Car drivers have to obey traffic regulations that tell them the right things to do on the road to avoid crashes. Cyclists who give signals before turning or stopping help prevent 4 .If people follow rules without taking other matters into consideration, it will be 5 for them to form what is sometiomes called a “black and white” view. For example, they may believe that people should always tell the truth, and that lying is 6 acceptable. Such people always stickt to their views,even if it means that they may get into 7.Sometimes it may not be so easy to know 8 what is right or wrong. Some people choose not to eat meat because they believe that it is 9 to eat animals, but others argue that they can eat meat and 10 be kind to animals; some insist that stealing is always wrong,but others think that one does not need to feel to 11 when stealing some food to eat, if lives in a really poor area and he is 12. Rules help us live together in harmony, because they show us the right way to _13_ other .However,some people argue that rules may be __14_, having observed that rules change allthe time , and that some schools have some regulations and other have different ones ----so who is to _15____ what is right ?1 A .kind B .sensitive C fair D. generous2 A .equally B . slightly C eleraly D .increasingly3. A suggestiong B conclusions C turns D choices4. A accidents B mistakes C falls D deaths5. A interesting B vital C easy D valuable6 .A seldom B rarely C merely D never7. A trouble B power C prison D control8. A roughly B eventually C deliberately D exactly9. A awful B cruel C unheatlthy D unnecessayr10. A still B even C later D somehow11. A nervous B anxious C afraid D guilty12. A begging B staving C growing D wandering13 A follow B instrude C treat D protect14. A disgusting B confusing C unsafe D unimportant15 A predict B explan C decide D consider第二节语法填空（共10小题，每小题1.5分，满分15分）阅读下面短文，按照句子结构的语法性和上下文连贯的要求，在空格处填入一个适当的词或使用口号中词语的正确形式填空，并将答案填写在答题卡标号为16~25的相应位置上。
2012普通高等学校招生全国统一考试-英语(广东卷)答案
====Word行业资料分享--可编辑版本--双击可删====2012普通高等学校招生全国统一考试英语（广东卷）答案1～5 ACDAC 6～10 DADBA 11～15 DBCBC16. wearing 17. would buy 18. pleased 19. the 20. Although / Though21. harder 22. which 23. for 24. what 25. them26～30 BDACA 31～35 DCBDC 36～40 DCCBA 41～45 DADCB 46～50 FACBE基础写作：参考范文（一）Allan Stewart, an Australian old man, born on March 7, 1915, is already the holder of the world record for being the oldest graduate. He thinks it is never too late to challenge oneself to achieve something worthwhile. He got his first degree in 1936, later along with a doctor’s degree of medicine. He decided to study law in his eighties, and he got the master’s degree in 2006, which was his third degree. In 2012, he received his fourth degree by network learning, who was praised for his proper arrangement on his study schedule.参考范文（二）Here is a legendary Australian named Allan Steward, who was born on March 7, 1915. He holds such an amazing attitude towards learning, that is, it’s never too old to challenge oneself, that he has attained 4 degrees, the first of which was obtained in 1936. After getting his second degree, Doctor of Medicine, Mr. Steward decided to take up law in his eighties and in 2006 he succeeded in winning his third degree, which led him to set a world record of being the oldest holder of a master’s degree. He was awarded the fourth degree in 2012 by learning online. And he earned praise from his teachers for making good use of his time for learning in a proper and reasonable manner.读写任务：The passage is mainly about a retired teacher in poor health received a thanking letter from one of his students, an accountant working at a medical center, to whom she attributed(把…归因于) her success and expressed her gratitude.What a touching story, which reminds me of my favorite teacher, Jeffrey, who sets a wonderful example for his students to follow through the rest of their lives. And for me, Jeffrey is always a role model to look up to and learn from, whose energetic commitment(承担；承诺) to work always earns him respect and praise both from his colleagues and students. I feel fortunate to be blessed with such an excellent instructor who didn’t give me up when I failed so many times in English test. Instead, he patiently cultivated(培养) my interest in English, gave me timely help with my study, and praised me for my small progress. Little by little, I felt increasingly confident in myself and showed more and more enthusiasm in English learning. At last, I made up my mind to be an English teacher like him.In my eyes, a teacher should be the wind beneath the wings of students, helping them fly higher and faster. Rather than fill a pail(桶), a teacher should light a fire, inspiring students to develop their mind, character and skills, and empowering (授权；使能够)them to take control of their lives. In one word, a teacher should be a role model, exerting(产生；发挥) a far-reaching(深远的；广泛的) influence on the development of students.源-于-网-络-收-集。
2012年高考广东英语试卷解析-教师版
本试卷共12页，三大题，满分135分。
考试用时120分钟。
注意事项：1.答卷前，考生务必用黑色字迹的钢笔或签字笔将自己的姓名和考生号、试室号、座位号填写在答题卡上。
用2B铅笔将试卷类型（A）填涂在答题卡相应位置上。
将条形码横贴在答题卡右上角“条形码粘贴处”。
2.选择题每小题选出答案后，用2B铅笔把答题卡上对应题目选项的答案信息点涂黑，如需改动，用橡皮擦干净后，再选涂其他答案，答案不能答在试卷上。
3.非选择题必须用黑色字迹钢笔或签字笔作答，答案必须写在答题卡各题目指定区域相应位置上；如需改动，先划掉原来的答案，然后再写上新的答案；不准使用铅笔和涂改液。
不按以上要求作答的答案无效。
4.考生必须保持答题卡的整洁。
考试结束后，将试卷和答题卡一并交回。
I 语言知识及应用（共两节，满分45分）第一节完形填空（共15小题；每小题2分，满分30分）阅读下面短文，掌握其大意，然后从1~15各题所给的A、B、C和D项中，选出最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。
1. A. kind B. sensitive C. fair D. generous2. A. equally B. slightly C. clearly D. increasingly3. A. suggestion B. conclusions C. turns D. choices4. A. accidents B. mistakes C. falls D. deaths5. A. interesting B. vital C. easy D. valuable6. A. seldom B. rarely C. merely D. never7. A. trouble B. power C. prison D. control8. A. roughly B. eventually C. deliberately D. exactly9. A. awful B. cruel C. unhealthy D. unnecessary10. A. still B. even C. later D. somehow11. A. nervous B. anxious C. afraid D. guilty12. A. begging B. staving C. growing D. wandering13. A. follow B. instruct C. treat D. protect14. A. disgusting B. confusing C. unsafe D. unimportant15. A. predict B. explain C. decide D. consider6. 答案为D考查副词因tell the truth与lying相对，而与always相对的应是never。
2012年高考英语(广东卷)解析
2012年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试（广东卷）英语解析第一节: 完形填空（共15小题；每小题2分，满分30分）We all know that some things are obviously right. For example, it is right to be 1 to other people. It is also right to look after the environment. Some things are 2 wrong, too. For instance, we should not hurt or bully(欺负) others, nor should we litter. Rules often tell us what is right or wrong..Rules can help the public make the right 3 ,and remain safe. Car drivers have to obey traffic regulations that tell them the right things to do on the road to avoid crashes. Cyclists who give signals before turning or stopping help prevent 4 .If people follow rules without taking other matters into consideration, it will be 5 for them to form what is sometimes called a “black and white”view. For example, they may believe that people should always tell the truth, and that lying is 6 acceptable. Such people always stick to their views, even if it means that they may get into 7.Sometimes it may not be so easy to know 8 what is right or wrong. Some people choose not to eat meat because they believe that it is 9 to eat animals, but others argue that they can eat meat and 10 be kind to animals; some insist that stealing is always wrong, but others think that one does not need to feel so 11 when stealing some food to eat, if he lives in a really poor area and he is 12.Rules help us live together in harmony, because they show us the right way to _13_ others. However, some people argue that rules may be __14_, having observed that rules change all the time , and that some schools have some regulations and others have different ones ----so who is to _ 15____ what is right ?1. A .kind B. sensitive C. fair D. generous2. A .equally B. slightly C. clearly D .increasingly3. A .suggestions B. conclusions C. turns D. choices4. A. accidents B. mistakes C .falls D .deaths5. A . interesting B. vital C. easy D. valuable6. A. seldom B. rarely C. merely D. never7. A. trouble B. power C. prison D. control8. A. roughly B. eventually C. deliberately D. exactly9. A. awful B. cruel C. unhealthy D. unnecessary10. A . still B. even C. later D .somehow11. A. nervous B. anxious C. afraid D. guilty12. A. begging B .starving C .growing D .wandering13. A. follow B. instruct C. treat D. protect14. A . disgusting B. confusing C .unsafe D . unimportant15 . A. predict B explain C. decide D. consider本文是一篇说明文，说明规章有助于人们辨别是非，作出正确选择，也有助于人与人的和睦相处，但有时判断是非也不容易。
06422英语语言学 — 新编简明英语语言学教程, 戴炜栋
06422英语语言学—新编简明英语语言学教程, 戴炜栋ContentsChapter 1 Introduction (1)Chapter 2 Phonology (5)Chapter 3 Morphology (8)Chapter 4 Syntax (9)Chapter 5 Semantics (12)Chapter 6 Pragmatics (16)Chapter 7 Historical linguistics (19)Chapter 8 Sociolinguistics (24)Chapter 9 Psycholinguistics (29)Chapter 10 Language Acquisition (32)Chapter 1 Introduction一、定义1.语言学LinguisticsLinguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language.2.普通语言学General LinguisticsThe study of language as a whole is often called General linguistics.3.语言languageLanguage is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.语言是人类用来交际的任意性的有声符号体系。
4.识别特征Design FeaturesIt refers to the defining properties of human language that distinguish it from any animal system of communication.语言识别特征是指人类语言区别与其他任何动物的交际体系的限定性特征。
1. Arbitrariness任意性2. Productivity多产性3. Duality双重性4. Displacement移位性5. Cultural transmission文化传递⑴arbitrarinessThere is no logical connection between meanings and sounds.P.S the arbitrary nature of language is a sign of sophistication and it makes it possible for language to have an unlimited source of expressions⑵ProductivityAnimals are quite limited in the messages they are able to send.⑶DualityLanguage is a system, which consists of two sets of structures, or two levels.⑷DisplacementLanguage can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of the speaker.⑸Cultural transmissionHuman capacity for language has a genetic basis, but we have to be taught and learned the details of any language system. this showed that language is culturally transmitted. not by instinct. animals are born with the capacity to produce the set of calls peculiar to their species.5.语言能力CompetenceCompetence is the ideal user’s knowledge of the rules of his language.6.语言运用performancePerformance is the actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic communication.语言运用是所掌握的规则在语言交际中的体现。
2012年广东高考英语试卷及答案解析详细
2012年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试（广东卷）A英语I语言知识及应用（共两节，满分45分）第一节完形填空（共15小题；每小题2分，满分30分）阅读下面短文，掌握其大意，然后从1~15各题所给的A、B、C和D项中，选出最佳选项。
We all know that some things are obviously right. For example, it is right to be ___1___ to other people. It isalso right to look after the environment. Some things are ___2___ wrong, too. For instance, we should not hurt orbully(欺负) others, nor should we litter. Rules often tell us what is right or wrong.Rules can help the public make the right ___3___, and remain safe. Car divers have to obey traffic regulations thattell them the right things to do on the road to avoid crashes. Cyclists who give signals before turning or stoppinghelp prevent ___4___.If people follow rules without taking other matters into consideration, it will be ___5___ for them to formwhat is sometimes called a “black and white” view. For example, they may believe that people should always tell the truth, and that lying is ___6___ acceptable. Such people always stick to their views, even if it means that theymay get into ___7___.Sometimes it may not be so easy to know ___8___ what is right or wrong. Some people choose not to eatmeat because they believe that it is ___9___ to eat animals, but other argue that they can eat meat and ___10___be kind to animals; some insist that stealing is always wrong, but others think that one does not need to feel so___11___ when stealing some food to eat, if he lives in a really poor area and he is ___12___.Rules help us live together in harmony, because they show us the right way to ___13___ others. However,some people argue that rules may be ___14___, having observed that rules change all the time, and that someschools have some regulations and others have different ones —so who is to ___15___ what is right ?1. A. kind B .sensitive C. fair D. generous2. A. equally B. slightly C. clearly D. increasingly3. A. suggestions B. conclusions C. turns D. choices4. A. accidents B mistakes C. falls D. deaths5. A. interesting B. vital C. easy D. valuable6 .A. seldom B. rarely C. merely D. never7. A. trouble B. power C. prison D. exactly9. A. awful B. cruel C. unhealthy D. unnecessary10. A. still B. even C. later D. somehow11. A. nervous B. anxious C. afraid D. guilty12. A. begging B. staving C. growing D. wandering13. A. follow B. instruct C. treat D. protect14. A. disgusting B. confusing C. unsafe D. unimportant15. A. predict B. explain C. decide D. consider第二节语法填空（共10小题，每小题 1.5分，满分15分）阅读下面短文，按照句子结构的语法性和上下文连贯的要求，在空格处填入一个适当的词或使用口号中词语的正确形式填空，并将答案填写在答题卡标号为16~25的相应位置上。
广东自考06422英语语言学复习课件
5. derivation
derivation: an affixational process that forms a word with a meaning and/or category distinct from that of its bases. Once formed, derived words become independent lexical items and receive their own entry in a speaker’s mental dictionary.
重点与难点
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. definition of linguistics definition of language traditional grammar and modern linguistics design features of language (5) functions of language (1. tripartite framework, three main functions: descriptive, expressive and social; 2. Jacobson's model, six functions: emotive, conative, referential, poetic, phatic communion and metalinguistic)
3. head (of a phrase)
5. broad transcription vs narrow
broad transcription: a way to transcribe speech sounds, using one letter to represent one sound narrow transcription: a way to transcribe speech sounds, adding diacritics to the letter symbols to show the fine differences between different pronunciation of the same sound.
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2012年1月广东高等教育自学考试英语语言学问卷(06422) 150分钟I.Blank-fiiling (20%) 'Fill in the following blanks with a word, whose initial letter has been given.1 .If the linguistic study aims to lay down rules for "correct and standard" behavior in using language ,i.e. to tell people what they should say and what they should .not say ,it is said to be p ____________. .2.A d__________ study of language is a historical study; it studies the historical development of language over a period of time.3.According to Saussure，l________ refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community.4.D_______ means that language can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of the speaker.5.If we transcribe the speech sounds with letter-symbols only，we are adopting the b , transcription.6.A p________ is an abstract unit, not a particular sound，but it can be realized by a certain phone in a certain phonetic context.7.When pitch，stress and sound length are tired to the s_______ rather than the word in isolation, they are collectively known as intonation.8. The m________unit of meaning is traditionally called a morpheme.9. Inflectional morphemes are bound morphemes that are for the most part purelyG_______ markers，signifying such concepts as tense，number, case and so on.10.Phrases that are formed of more than one word usually contain three elements : head , specifier , and c _______ .11 .Concerning the study of meaning, the conceptualist view holds that there is no direct link between a linguistic form and what it refers to, rather , in the interpretation of meaning they are linked through the mediation of c_____ in the mind.12.The sense relation between "sofa" and "furniture" is called h_______ .13.C_____ is generally considered as constituted by the knowledge shared by the speaker and the hearer . It is an essential notion to the pragmatic study of language.14. Idiolect is a p____ dialect of an individual speaker that combines elements regarding regional, social, gender, and age variations.15.APEC is an a___ derived from the initials of "Asian Pacific Economic Cooperation".16.According to Halliday ,”Language varies as its f______ varies, it differs in differen t situations.”17.Sapir and Whorf ’ s studies show that the structure of the language people habitually use influences the ways they think and behave. This interdependence of language and t___ is known as Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis.18.While the first language is acquired s______ , the second or foreign language is more commonly learned consciously.19.Interlanguage refers to learners ’ i_____ system of the second language which is of neither the native language nor the second language, but a continuum or approximation from his native language to the target language.20.Learning strategies are learners’ conscious, goal-oriented and problem-solving based efforts to achieve learning e______ ,II．Multiple choice (20%)Choose the best answer to the following items.21 .Who among the following linguists looks at language from a psychological point of view and consider language to be a property of the mind of each individual?A. N. ChomskyB. F. de SaussureC. Leonard BloomfieldD. M. A.K. Halliday22.If a linguist is interested in what is said, not what he thinks ought to be said，he adopts a study of language .A. descriptiveB. prescriptiveC. scientificD. diachronic23.Which of the following words ends with a velar voiceless stop?A. godB. boxC. cockD. dog24.Which of the following words contains a back, open and unrounded vowel?A. godB. bootC. walkD. park-25.Which of the following is a glottal sound?A. [h]B.[k]C.[g]D. [ŋ]26.Which of the following indicates an implied message in what is said?A. The fall-rise tone. B .The falling tone. C. The rising tone. D. The rise-fall tone.27.The underlined morphemes in the following are all inflectional morphemes EXCEPT .A. tablesB. soonerC. painter’ sD. painter28 The sentence “We need more intelligent leaders.” is ambiguous, because the sentence may have different .A .deep structures B. surface structures , C. linear orders D. morphological structures .29.The pair of words "charge and rebuke is called .A. dialectal synonymsB. stylistic synonymsC. collocational synonymsD. semantically different synonyms30.The sense relation for the pair of words "above" and "below" is .A. synonymsB. hyponymyC. antonymyD. homonymy3l. X : John’ s bike needs repairing.Y : John has a bike.The sense relation between the above sentence is .A.X is synonymous with YB.X is consistent with YC.X presupposes YD.X entails Y32.The sentence "Yesterday Nancy lost her purse in the street ." may be analyzed as a case of ________ predication.A one-place B. two-place C. three-place D. no-place33.According to Searles ’ s classification of speech acts, which of the following is an instance representative?A. I fired you!B.I’m so sorry for the mess I have made.C. Your money or your life!D.I have never seen the man before.34.Change in negation rule belongs to change.A. soundB. morphologicalC. syntacticD. semantic35.A.Shall we get something for the kids?B: Yes .but I veto I-C-E-C-R-E-A-M.,Speaker B obviously violates the maxim of .A. quantityB. qualityC. relationD. manner36.Which of the following words is formed by means of blending? ,A. smogB.UNESCOC. baby-sit D .disco37.According to Halliday, tenor of discourse refers the of communication.A. subjectB. participantsC. situationD. means38.Conceming the behaviorist view of language acquisition, which of the following statements is NOT true?A. Language is taken as a set of behaviors.B. Language learning is a matter of imitation.C. Reinforcement is especially important for forming correct linguistic behavior.D. Behaviorism can better explain how children acquire complex language system.39.Instances of mother tongue interference can be found at the level of .A. pronunciationB. vocabularyC. syntaxD. pronunciation, vocabulary and syntax40. Strategies involved in analyzing, synthesis, and internalizing what has been learned belong to strategies.A. cognitiveB. metacognitiveC. socialD. communicativeIII. True or false judgement. (20%)Judge whether the following statements are true or false, write T for a true statement and F for a false one.41 .According to Saussure, what linguists should do is to abstract langue from parole, i. e. , to discover the regularities governing the actual use of language.42. Language is arbitrary in the sense that we can use words freely without the confinement of time and space.43. Inviting, suggesting, requesting, advising, warning, threatening, ordering are all specific instances of commissives .44. The surface structure and the deep structure of a certain sentence look the same when transformations are not necessary.45.Wh-movement can apply not only to wh-questions but also to relative clauses.46.In communication it will never be the case that what is grammatical is not acceptable, and what is ungrammatical may not be inappropriate.47.If the conversational participants do not strictly observe the four maxims of the Cooperative Principle, it is impossible for the conversation to go on.48.The same word may stir up different associations in people under different cultural speech comprehension.49.If a child is derived of linguistic environment , he or she is unlikely to learn a language successfully later on.50.The interlingual errors mainly result from faulty or partial learning of the target language, independent of the native language.IV. Explain the following notions briefly (25%)51 .What does "productivity" mean as one of the design features of human language?52. Illustrate assimilation rule53. Illustrate predication analysis with an example.54.What situation does bilingualism refer to?55. Explain Input Hypothesis by Krashen.V. Essay question ( 15%)56.Illustrate with examples how "sense” and "reference" differ from each other in lexical semantics. And how are they related to each other?部分参考答案（非官方答案，但大部分正确）：1. prescriptive2. diachronic3. langue4. Displacement5. broad6. phoneme7. sentence8. minimal9.grammatical 10. complement11.concepts 12. hyponymy 13. Context 14. personal 15. acronym16. function 17. thought 18. subconsciously 19. independent 20. efficiency21. A 22.A 23.C 24.D 25. A 26. D 27. D 28.D 29. C 30.C31. C 32.B 33.D 34. C 35.D 36. A 37. D 38.D 39.D 40.A41.T 42.F 43. F 44.T 45.T 46. F 47. F 48.F 49. T 50.F51. language is productive and creative in that it makes possible the construction and interpretation of new signalsby its users.52. The “assimilation rule” assimilates one segment to another by “copying” a feature of a sequential phonem e, thus making the two phones more similar.53. The predication analysis, proposed by Leech, is a way to analyze the sentence meaning. A sentence, composed of a subject and predicate, is a basic unit for grammatical relation. The basic unit for meaning analysis is called predication, which is the abstraction of the meaning of a sentence.For example: It is hot.(no-place predication): (BE HOT)Children like sweets.( two-place predication) CHILDREN, SWEET(LIKE)John is ill. (one-place predication) : JOHN(BE ILL)54. It has been observed that in some speech communities, two languages are used side by side with each having a different role to play; and language switching occurs when the situation changes. This constitutes the situation of bilingualism.55. Krashen assumed that there were two independent means or routes of SL learning: acquisition and learning.56. Sense is concerned with the inherent meaning of the linguistic form. It is the collection of all the features of the linguistic form; it is abstra ct and decontextualized .For example: the word “dog”is given the definition “a domesticated canine mammal ,occurring in many breeds that show a great variety in size an form.”Reference means what a linguistic form refers to in the real, physical world; it deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience. For example, if we say “The dog is sparking”, we must be talking about a certain dog existent in the situation; the word “dog” refers to a dog known to both the speaker and the hearer. This is the reference of the word “dog” in this particular situation.Relationship: Sense and reference are interdependent, because one would not normally know the one without having at least some knowledge of the other.。