电池电动车外文文献翻译、中英文翻译、外文翻译

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新能源汽车外文文献翻译

文献出处：Moriarty P, Honnery D. The prospects for global green car mobility[J]. Journal of Cleaner Production, 2008, 16(16): 1717-1726.原文The prospects for global green car mobilityPatrick Moriarty, Damon HonneryAbstractThe quest for green car mobility faces two major challenges: air pollution from exhaust emissions and global climate change from greenhouse gas emissions. Vehicle air pollution emissions are being successfully tackled in many countries by technical solutions such as low-sulphur fuels, unleaded petrol and three-way catalytic converters. Many researchers advocate a similar approach for overcoming transport's climate change impacts. This study argues that finding a technical solution for this problem is not possible. Instead, the world will have to move to an alternative surface transport system involving far lower levels of motorised travel.Keywords：Green mobility; Fuel efficiency; Alternative fuels; Global climate change; air pollution1. IntroductionProvision of environmentally sustainable (or green) private transport throughout the world faces two main challenges. The first is urban and even regional air pollution, particularly in the rapidly growing cities of the industrialising world. The second is global climate change, caused mainly by rising concentrations of greenhouse gases (GHGs) in the atmosphere. These two barriers to green car mobility differ in several important ways. First, road traffic air pollution problems are more localised, because of the short atmospheric lifetimes of most vehicle pollutants and . Thus regional solutions are often not only possible, but also essential – Australian cities, for example, can (and must) solve their air pollution problems themselves. Matters are very different for global climate change. Except possibly for geo-engineering measuressuch as placing large quantities of sulphate aerosols in the lower stratosphere or erecting huge reflecting mirrors in space, one country cannot solve this problem alone. Climate change is a global problem. Nevertheless, it is possible for some countries to ‘freeload’ if the majority of nations that are important GHG emitter。

直流电动机中英文对照外文翻译文献

中英文对照外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)外文文献：DC Motor CalculationsOverviewNow that we have a good understanding of dc generators, we can begin our study of dc motors. Direct-current motors transform electrical energy into mechanical energy. They drive devices such as hoists, fans, pumps, calendars, punch-presses, and cars. These devices may have a definite torque-speed characteristic (such as a pump or fan) or a highly variable one (such as a hoist or automobile). The torque-speed characteristic of the motor must be adapted to the type of the load it has to drive, and this requirement has given rise to three basic types of motors: 1.Shunt motors 2. Series motors 3. Compound motors Direct-current motors are seldom used in ordinary industrial applications because all electric utility systems furnish alternating current. However, for special applications such as in steel mills, mines, and electric trains, it is sometimes advantageous to transform the alternating current into direct current in order to use dc motors. The reason is that the torque-speed characteristics of dc motors can be varied over a wide range while retaining high efficiency. Today, this general statement can be challenged because the availability of sophisticated electronic drives has made it possible to use alternating current motors for variable speed applications. Nevertheless, there are millions of dc motors still in service and thousands more are being produced every year.Counter-electromotive force (cemf)Direct-current motors are built the same way as generators are; consequently, a dc machine can operate either as a motor or as a generator. To illustrate, consider a dc generator in which the armature, initially at rest, is connected to a dc source E s by means of a switch (Fig. 5.1). The armature has a resistance R, and the magnetic field is created by a set of permanent magnets.As soon as the switch is closed, a large current flows in the armature because its resistance is very low. The individual armature conductors are immediately subjected to a force because they are immersed in the magnetic field created by the permanent magnets. These forces add upto produce a powerful torque, causing the armature to rotate.Figure 5.1 Starting a dc motor across the line.On the other hand, as soon as the armature begins to turn, a second phenomenon takes place: the generator effect. We know that a voltage E o is induced in the armature conductors as soon as they cut a magnetic field (Fig. 5.2). This is always true, no matter what causes the rotation. The value and polarity of the induced voltage are the same as those obtained when the machine operates as a generator. The induced voltage E o is therefore proportional to the speed of rotation n of the motor and to the flux F per pole, as previously given by Eq. 5.1:E o = Zn F/60 (5.1)As in the case of a generator, Z is a constant that depends upon the number of turns on the armature and the type of winding. For lap windings Z is equal to the number of armature conductors.In the case of a motor, the induced voltage E o is called counter-electromotive force (cemf) because its polarity always acts against the source voltage E s. It acts against the voltage in the sense that the net voltage acting in the series circuit of Fig. 5.2 is equal to (E s - Eo) volts and not (E s + E o) volts.Figure 5.2 Counter-electromotive force (cemf) in a dc motor.Acceleration of the motorThe net voltage acting in the armature circuit in Fig. 5.2 is (E s- E o) volts. The resulting armature current /is limited only by the armature resistance R, and soI = (E s- E o)IR (5.2)When the motor is at rest, the induced voltage E o= 0, and so the starting current isI = E s/RThe starting current may be 20 to 30 times greater than the nominal full-load current of the motor. In practice, this would cause the fuses to blow or the circuit-breakers to trip. However, if they are absent, the large forces acting on the armature conductors produce a powerful starting torque and a consequent rapid acceleration of the armature.As the speed increases, the counter-emf E o increases, with the result that the value of (E s—E o)diminishes. It follows from Eq. 5.1 that the armature current / drops progressively as the speed increases.Although the armature current decreases, the motor continues to accelerate until it reaches a definite, maximum speed. At no-load this speed produces a counter-emf E o slightly less than the source voltage E s. In effect, if E o were equal to E s the net voltage (E s—E o) would become zero and so, too, would the current /. The driving forces would cease to act on the armature conductors, and the mechanical drag imposed by the fan and the bearings would immediately cause the motor to slow down. As the speed decreases the net voltage (E s—E o) increases and so does the current /. The speed will cease to fall as soon as the torque developed by the armature current is equal to the load torque. Thus, when a motor runs at no-load, the counter-emf must be slightly less than E s so as to enable a small current to flow, sufficient to produce the required torque.Mechanical power and torqueThe power and torque of a dc motor are two of its most important properties. We now derive two simple equations that enable us to calculate them.1. According to Eq. 5.1 the cemf induced in a lap-wound armature is given byE o = Zn F/60Referring to Fig. 5.2, the electrical power P a supplied to the armature is equal to the supply voltage E s multiplied by the armature current I:P a = E s I (5.3)However, E s is equal to the sum of E o plus the IR drop in the armature:E s = E o + IR (5.4)It follows thatP a= E s I= (E o + IR)I=E o I + I2R (5.5)The I2R term represents heat dissipated in the armature, but the very important term E o I is the electrical power that is converted into mechanical power. The mechanical power of the motor is therefore exactly equal to the product of the cemf multiplied by the armature currentP = E o I (5.6)whereP = mechanical power developed by the motor [W]E o= induced voltage in the armature (cemf) [V]I = total current supplied to the armature [A]2. Turning our attention to torque T, we know that the mechanical power P is given by the expressionP = nT/9.55 (5.7)where n is the speed of rotation.Combining Eqs. 5.7,5.1, and 5.6, we obtainnT/9.55 = E o I= ZnFI/60and soT =Z F I/6.28The torque developed by a lap-wound motor is therefore given by the expressionT =Z F I/6.28 (5.8)whereT = torque [N×m]Z = number of conductors on the armatureF = effective flux per pole [Wb]*/ = armature current [A]6.28 = constant, to take care of units[exact value = 2p]Eq. 5.8shows that we can raise the torque of a motor either by raising the armature current or by raising the flux created by the poles.Speed of rotationWhen a dc motor drives a load between no-load and full-load, the IR drop due to armature resistance is always small compared to the supply voltage E s. This means that the counter-emf E s is very nearly equal to E s.On the other hand, we have already seen that Eo may be expressed by the equationE o = Zn F/60Replacing E o by E s we obtainE s = Zn F/60That is,wheren = speed of rotation [r/min]E s = armature voltage [V]Z = total number of armature conductorsThis important equation shows that the speed of the motor is directly proportional to the armature supply voltage and inversely proportional to the flux per pole. We will now study how this equation is applied.Armature speed controlAccording to Eq. 5.8, if the flux per pole F is kept constant (permanent magnet field or field with fixed excitation), the speed depends only upon the armature voltage E s. By raising or lowering E s the motor speed will rise and fall in proportion.In practice, we can vary E s by connecting the motor armature M to a separately excited variable-voltage dc generator G . The field excitation of the motor is kept constant, but the generator excitation I x can be varied from zero to maximum and even reversed. The generator output voltage E s can therefore be varied from zero to maximum, with either positive or negative polarity. Consequently, the motor speed can be varied from zero to maximum in either direction. Note that the generator is driven by an ac motor connected to a 3-phase line. This method of speed control, known as the Ward-Leonard system, is found in steel mills, high-rise elevators, mines, and paper mills.In modem installations the generator is often replaced by a high-power electronic converter that changes the ac power of the electrical utility to dc, by electronic means.What happens to the dc power received by generator G? When G receives electric power, it operates as a motor, driving its own ac motor as an asynchronous generator!* As a result, ac power is fed back into the line that normally feeds the ac motor. The fact that power can be recovered this way makes the Ward-Leonard system very efficient, and constitutes another of its advantages.Rheostat Speed ControlAnother way to control the speed of a dc motor is to place a rheostat in series with the armature . The current in the rheostat produces a voltage drop which subtracts from the fixed source voltage E s, yielding a smaller supply voltage across the armature. This method enables us to reduce the speed below its nominal speed. It is only recommended for small motors because a lot of power and heat is wasted in the rheostat, and the overall efficiency is low. Furthermore, thespeed regulation is poor, even for a fixed setting of the rheostat. In effect, the IR drop across the rheostat increases as the armature current increases. This produces a substantial drop in speed with increasing mechanical load.中文译文：直流电动机的计算概述现在，我们对直流发电机有一个很好的了解，我们可以开始对直流电动机的研究了。

电动汽车用蓄电池的技术状况及发展前景外文文献翻译、中英文翻译、外文翻译

Technical status and development prospect of battery forelectric vehicleWith the rapid development of the automobile industry, it has promoted the development of the industry and the development of economy and transportation. However, the defects of energy consumption, environmental pollution inherent in the traditional internal combustion engine automobile has been affected and perplexing people's life and social development, with the development of society and technology, protect the environment and conserve resources with the rising, a new generation of electric vehicles and electric vehicles as no pollution and energy new traffic tools diversified configuration, in recent years has aroused widespread concern and has been greatly developed. One of the jobs of Beijing to make the 2008 Olympic Games a green Olympic Games is to replace the current internal combustion engine with environmentally friendly electric vehicles.Electric vehicle with electric drive, driving without emission (or low emission), low noise, energy conversion efficiency is much higher than the internal combustion engine, and the electric vehicle has the advantages of simple structure, low operation cost, safety is better than that of internal combustion engine. But electric vehicles still exist in higher prices, continued driving mileage is short, the dynamic performance is poor, and these problems are closely related and power supply technology, the practical difficulties of electric vehicles still in power technology, especially the battery (chemical power technology). At present, the key factor restricting the development of electric vehicles is the power battery is not ideal, and the development of electric vehicle competition, the most important thing is to develop the competitive power battery.Electric vehicle power battery and starter batteries different, it is a longtime continuous medium current discharge, or to discharge (starting, acceleration), and to use the main deep circulation. The basic requirements for battery electric vehicles can be summarized as follows: 1, high energy density and high power density; 2; 3, longer cycle life; 4, good charge and discharge performance of battery; 5, good consistency; 6, the price is low; 7, convenient use and maintenance etc..The current research and development of electric vehicle batteries including lead-acid batteries, nickel metal batteries, lithium ion battery, high temperature sodium batteries, metal air battery, super capacitor, super capacitor and the flywheel battery has better development prospect of fuel cell and solar cell.1, lead-acid batteryLead acid battery has a history of more than 100 years, it is widely used as the starting power source of internal combustion engine. The positive and negative electrodes of lead acid battery are two lead oxide and lead, and the electrolyte is sulfuric acid. Lead acid batteries can also be divided into two categories, namely, water injection lead-acid batteries and valve regulated lead-acid batteries. The former is cheap, but the need for frequent maintenance, added electrolyte; the excess gas safety control valve, sealing the battery in charging or abnormal work in automatic regulation of free maintenance, more in line with the requirements of electric vehicles. Generally speaking, the lead-acid battery has the advantages of good reliability, easy access to raw materials, low price, etc., and the specific power can basically meet the power requirements of electric vehicles. But it has two major shortcomings: first, the lower energy, the quality and volume is too large, and a charging mileage shorter; the other is a short service life, the use of high cost. Because of the lead-acid battery technology is relatively mature, the lead-acid battery further improved after will remain the main source of electric vehicle in the nearfuture, electric vehicles are being developed by the advanced lead-acid battery mainly has the following several kinds: horizontal bipolar lead-acid batteries, sealed lead-acid battery, coil type electric pole lead-acid battery etc..2, nickel metal batteriesA nickel cadmium battery and Ni MH battery two main nickel metal batteries currently used in electric cars. Compared to cadmium nickel battery and lead-acid battery, can achieve energy than 55Wh/kg, than the power of 200W/kg, the cycle life of 2000 times, and can fast charge, although the price of lead-acid battery 4 to 5 times, but because of its life in the field of energy use and advantages, so the long-term practical use cost is not high. However, due to its heavy metal cadmium, in the use of no attention to recycling, it will form environmental pollution, many developed countries have restricted the development and use of nickel cadmium batteries. The Ni MH battery is a green nickel battery, the positive and negative poles were nickel hydroxide and hydrogen storage alloy material, there is no heavy metal pollution problems, and in the work process does not appear to increase or decrease the electrolyte phenomenon, the battery can be sealed design. NiMH batteries in energy, improve the specific power and cycle life than nickel cadmium batteries, electric vehicle charging using a Ni MH battery after the mileage has reached 600 kilometers, currently in Europe and the United States has achieved mass production and use. The principle and characteristics of Ni MH battery is suitable for electric vehicle use, it has been listed as a short-term and medium-term preferred electric vehicle power battery, but it also has the price is too high, poor uniformity (especially the capacity and voltage between high speed and deep discharge the battery and the difference), self discharge rate high performance level and practical requirements and gap, these problems affect the Ni MH battery is widely used in electric vehicles.3, lithium ion batteryLithium ion battery is a high capacity rechargeable battery developed in 90s, to more than the Ni MH battery stored energy, high energy density, long cycle life, low self discharge rate, no memory effect and environmental pollution, is a hot topic in today's energy storage technology research, the main research focus on three aspects of large capacity, long life life and safety. Lithium ion batteries, cathode materials of lithium ion in the crystal lattice can diffuse freely, when the battery is charged, lithium ion released from cathode, embedded into the anode, and discharge state, namely in the charge discharge cycle process, with the help of the electrolyte of lithium ion battery in reciprocating motion between the poles to transfer the power can. Lithium ion battery electrode for lithium metal oxide and lithium storage materials, according to the different electrolyte, lithium ion battery can be generally divided into two kinds of lithium-ion battery lithium ion battery and lithium polymer battery.4, high temperature sodium batteryHigh temperature sodium batteries mainly include sodium nickel chloride battery (NaNiCl2) and sodium sulfur battery two. Sodium nickel chloride battery was invented in 1978, the positive electrode is a solid state NiCl2, the negative electrode is liquid Na, the electrolyte is a solid beta -Al2O2 ceramics, the charge and discharge of sodium ions through the ceramic electrolyte between the positive and negative electrode drift. Sodium nickel chloride battery is a kind of new energy battery, it has high specific energy (more than 100Wh/kg), no self discharge effect, resistance to overcharge and overdischarge, quick charging, safe and reliable, but its high working temperature (250-350 DEG C), and the internal resistance and the temperature, electric current and charging state therefore, need to have the heating and cooling system. The sodium sulfur battery is generally optimistic about the recent electric car battery, it has been the U.S. Advanced Battery Consortium(USABC) listed as interim development of electric vehicle battery, sodium sulfur batteries with high specific energy, but its peak power is low, and the battery working temperature of approximately 300 DEG C, sodium and sulfur the melting has potential toxicity, corrosion also limits the reliability and lifetime of the battery.5, zinc air battery (Zinc-air)The zinc air battery is a kind of high energy battery, which can be used to replace the car charging mode. The positive electrode is Zinc, the negative electrode is Carbon (the oxygen in the air), the electrolyte is KOH. Zinc air battery with high specific energy (200Wh/kg), free maintenance, resistance to harsh working environment, the advantages of clean and safe and reliable, but it has less power than the (90W/kg), cannot store the regenerative braking energy, short service life, can output high current and difficult to charge deficiency. In general to compensate for its shortcomings, the use of zinc air battery electric vehicles will be equipped with other batteries (such as nickel cadmium batteries) to help start and accelerate.6, super capacitorSupercapacitor is a kind of energy storage device, which is a kind of electrochemical capacitor, which has the advantages of both battery and traditional physical capacitance. Super capacitor battery and other often combined application of power supply of the electric vehicles, electric vehicles can meet the requirements of power without reducing the performance of the battery, the use of super capacitor, will reduce the requirement of the automobile on the large current discharge of storage battery, reduce battery volume and prolong the service life of the accumulator to. The development of super capacitors with high specific energy, high specific power, long life, high efficiency and low cost, can improve the dynamic performance of commercial electric vehicles (especially the acceleration capability), economy and drivingrange. According to the different electrode materials, super capacitors can be divided into carbon super capacitor (double layer electrochemical capacitance) and metal oxide super capacitor two categories.7, flywheel batteryFlywheel battery is a new concept battery which was put forward in 90s. It breaks through the limitation of chemical battery and realizes energy storage by physical method. Flywheel battery is a battery with a kinetic mechanical way to store energy, which is composed of motor / generator, power conversion, electronic control, flywheel, magnetic bearing and vacuum shell components, has the advantages of high power ratio, high energy ratio, high efficiency, long life and good environmental adaptability. Motor in flywheel battery, when charging the motor to motor drive in the form of operation, external power supply, the motor drives the flywheel rotating at high speed (up to 200000rpm), which is used to power the flywheel battery "charge" increase the rotational speed of the flywheel so as to increase its energy; discharge, motor is in the generator operation state, in the flywheel driven by the output electric energy, mechanical energy (kinetic energy) to complete the conversion of electrical energy. To develop a practical flywheel battery for electric vehicles, it is necessary to further improve its safety and reduce costs.8, fuel cellFuel cell is a kind of storage in the chemical energy of fuel and oxidant through the electrode reaction directly into electrical energy generating device, the basic principle of it is the inverse process of chemical reaction of electrolysis of water, the oxyhydrogen reaction to generate electricity, water and heat. It has no rotating parts, no noise, long service life, high reliability, good maintenance performance does not need to be burned, and the actual efficiency can reach 2 to 3 times the ordinary internal combustion engine, and the final product is water, achieve truly clean and renewable, no emissionsrequirements, is the preferred energy in twenty-first Century. Moreover, the fuel cell does not need to be charged as long as other batteries, it just need to refuel as much as the car refueling. According to the U.S. ABI research firm predicts that in 2011 the global fuel cell vehicle production will reach 2 million 400 thousand, accounting for about 4.3% of the world's total automobile production, the Japanese government plans to popularize fuel cells within the next ten years. December 2002, Japan's Toyota Corporation has delivered the first batch of commercial fuel cell electric vehicles to the Japanese government. The fuel cell consists of positive and negative electrodes, the catalyst layer and the electrolyte composition, according to the different electrolytes, the fuel cell can be divided into several types of phosphoric acid, proton exchange membrane, alkaline, molten carbonate and solid oxide, at present only in proton exchange membrane fuel cell is the most suitable for the use of electric vehicles, China successfully developed "China the first hydrogen powered car" is the use of proton exchange membrane fuel cell. A more complete fuel cell system consists of the following components: fuel handling, fuel cells, DC AC converters and thermal management.9, solar cellsSolar cell is a device that converts light energy into electrical energy. Solar energy has been widely used in the fields of lighting, household appliances, power generation, traffic signals, geology, space and so on. At present, some institutions have also been developed using solar battery electric car, but also exists as the solar cell photoelectric conversion efficiency is not high, the price is too high, the battery system more complex configuration problems in the near future, only as a supplement to power electric cars, but also the production of application is not large, but the solar energy as an inexhaustible, clean the inexhaustible energy, research and application of it will make a lot progress.At present, the electric vehicle is in another climax, the development of electric vehicle technology, focusing on two aspects of energy storage technology and power drive system technology. Electric vehicle driving system is relatively fast development of technology, so with the development and breakthrough of energy storage technology, with low cost, high energy density and high power density power battery and low cost, light weight。

电动车的发展英文文献

英文原文：The History of the Electric CarIntroduced more than 100 years ago, electric cars are seeing a rise in popularity today for many of the same reasons they were first popular.Whether it’s a hybrid, plug-in hybrid or all-electric, the demand for electric drive vehicles will continue to climb as prices drop and consumers look for ways to save money at the pump. Currently more than 3 percent of new vehicle sales, electric vehicles sales could to grow to nearly 7 percent -- or 6.6 million per year -- worldwide by 2020, according to a report by Navigant Research.With this growing interest in electric vehicles, we are taking a look at where this technology has been and where it’s going. Travel back in time with us as we explore the history of the electric car.THE BIRTH OF THE ELECTRIC VEHICLEIt’s hard to pinpoint the invention of the electric car to one inventor or country. Instead it was a series of breakthroughs -- from the battery to the electric motor -- in the 1800s that led to the first electric vehicle on the road.In the early part of the century, innovators in Hungary, the Netherlands and the United States -- including a blacksmith from Vermont -- began toying with the concept of a battery-powered vehicle and created some of the first small-scale electric cars. And while Robert Anderson, a British inventor, developed the first crude electric carriage around this same time, it wasn’t until the second half of the 19th century that French and English inventors built some of the first practical electric cars.Here in the U.S., the first successful electric car made its debut around 1890 thanks to William Morrison, a chemist who lived in Des Moines, Iowa. His six-passenger vehicle capable of a top speed of 14 miles per hour was little more than an electrified wagon, but it helped spark interest in electric vehicles.Over the next few years, electric vehicles from different automakers began popping up across the U.S. New York City even had a fleet of more than 60 electric taxis. By 1900, electric cars were at their heyday, accounting for around a third of all vehicles on the road. During the next 10 years, they continued to show strong sales.THE EARLY RISE AND FALL OF THE ELECTRIC CARTo understand the popularity of electric vehicles circa 1900, it is also important to understand the development of the personal vehicle and the other options available. At the turn of the 20th century, the horse was still the primary mode of transportation. But as Americans became more prosperous, they turned to the newly invented motor vehicle -- available in steam, gasoline or electric versions -- to get around.Steam was a tried and true energy source, having proved reliable for powering factories and trains. Some of the first self-propelled vehicles in the late 1700s relied on steam; yet it took until the 1870s for the technology to take hold in cars. Part of this is because steam wasn’t very practical for personal vehicles. Steam vehicles required long startup times -- sometimes up to 45 minutes in the cold -- and would need to be refilled with water, limiting their range.As electric vehicles came onto the market, so did a new type of vehicle -- the gasoline-powered car -- thanks to improvements to the internal combustion engine in th e 1800s. While gasoline cars had promise, they weren’t without their faults. They required a lot of manual effort to drive -- changing gears was no easy task and they needed to be started with a hand crank, making them difficult for some to operate. They were also noisy, and their exhaust was unpleasant.Electric cars didn’t have any of the issues associated with steam or gasoline. They were quiet, easy to drive and didn’t emit a smelly pollutant like the other cars of the time. Electric cars quickly became popular with urban residents -- especially women. They were perfect for short trips around the city, and poor road conditions outside cities meant few cars of any type could venture farther. As more people gained access toelectricity in the 1910s, it became easier to charge electric cars, adding to their popularity with all walks of life (including some of the “best known and prominent makers of gasoline cars” as a 1911 New York Times article pointed out).Many innovators at the time took note o f the electric vehicle’s high demand, exploring ways to improve the technology. For example, Ferdinand Porsche, founder of the sports car company by the same name, developed an electric car called the P1 in 1898. Around the same time, he created the world’s first hybrid electric car -- a vehicle that is powered by electricity and a gas engine. Thomas Edison, one of the world’s most prolific inventors, thought electric vehicles were the superior technology and worked to build a better electric vehicle battery. Even Henry Ford, who was friends with Edison, partnered with Edison to explore options for a low-cost electric car in 1914, according to Wired.Yet, it was Henry Ford’s mass-produced Model T that dealt a blow to the electric car. Introduced in 1908, the Model T made gasoline-powered cars widely available and affordable. By 1912, the gasoline car cost only $650, while an electric roadster sold for $1,750. That same year, Charles Kettering introduced the electric starter, eliminating the need for the hand crank and giving rise to more gasoline-powered vehicle sales.Other developments also contributed to the decline of the electric vehicle. By the 1920s, the U.S. had a better system of roads connecting cities, and Americans wanted to get out and explore. With the discovery of Texas crude oil, gas became cheap and readily available for rural Americans, and filling stations began popping up across the country. In comparison, very few Americans outside of cities had electricity at that time. In the end, electric vehicles all but disappeared by 1935.GAS SHORTAGES SPARK INTEREST IN ELECTRIC VEHICLES Over the next 30 years or so, electric vehicles entered a sort of dark ages with little advancement in the technology. Cheap, abundant gasoline and continued improvement in the internal combustion engine hampered demand for alternative fuel vehicles.Fast forward to the late 1960s and early 1970s. Soaring oil prices and gasoline shortages -- peaking with the 1973 Arab Oil Embargo -- created a growing interest in lowering the U.S.’s dependence on foreign oil and finding homegrown sources of fuel. Congress took note and passed the Electric and Hybrid Vehicle Research, Development, and Demonstration Act of 1976, authorizing the Energy Department to support research and development in electric and hybrid vehicles.Around this same time, many big and small automakers began exploring options for alternative fuel vehicles, including electric cars. For example, General Motors developed a prototype for an urban electric car that it displayed at the Environmental Protection Agency’s First Symposium on Low Pollution Power Systems Development in 1973, and the American Motor Company produced electric delivery jeeps that the United States Postal Service used in a 1975 test program. Even NASA helped raise the profile of the electric vehicle when its electric Lunar rover became the first manned vehicle to drive on the moon in 1971.Yet, the vehicles developed and produced in the 1970s still suffered from drawbacks compared to gasoline-powered cars. Electric vehicles during this time had limited performance -- usually topping at speeds of 45 miles per hour -- and their typical range was limited to 40 miles before needing to be recharged.ENVIRONMENTAL CONCERN DRIVES ELECTRIC VEHICLES FORWARD Fast forward again -- this time to the 1990s. In the 20 years since the long gas lines of the 1970s, interest in electric vehicles had mostly died down. But new federal and state regulations begin to change things. The passage of the 1990 Clean Air Act Amendment and the 1992 Energy Policy Act -- plus new transportation emissions regulations issued by the California Air Resources Board -- helped create a renewed interest in electric vehicles in the U.S.During this time, automakers began modifying some of their popular vehicle modelsinto electric vehicles. This meant that electric vehicles now achieved speeds and performance much closer to gasoline-powered vehicles, and many of them had a range of 60 miles.One of the most well-known electric cars during this time was GM’s EV1, a car that was heavily featured in the 2006 documentary Who Killed the Electric Car? Instead of modifying an existing vehicle, GM designed and developed the EV1 from the ground up. With a range of 80 miles and the ability to accelerate from 0 to 50 miles per hour in just seven seconds, the EV1 quickly gained a cult following. But because of high production costs, the EV1 was never commercially viable, and GM discontinued it in 2001.With a booming economy, a growing middle class and low gas prices in the late 1990s, many consumers didn’t worry about fuel-efficient vehicles. Even though there wasn’t much public attention to electric vehicles at this time, behind the scenes, scientists and engineers -- supported by the Energy Department -- were working to improve electric vehicle technology, including batteries.A NEW BEGINNING FOR ELECTRIC CARSWhile all the starts and stops of the electric vehicle industry in the second half of the 20th century helped show the world the promise of the technology, the true revival of the electric vehicle didn’t happen until around the start of the 21st century. Depending on whom you ask, it was one of two events that sparked the interest we see today in electric vehicles.The first turning point many have suggested was the introduction of the Toyota Prius. Released in Japan in 1997, the Prius became the world’s first mass-produced hybrid electric vehicle. In 2000, the Prius was released worldwide, and it became an instant success with celebrities, helping to raise the profile of the car. To make the Prius a reality, Toyota used a nickel metal hydride battery -- a technology that was supported by the Energy Department’s research. Since then, rising gasoline p rices and growingconcern about carbon pollution have helped make the Prius the best-selling hybrid worldwide during the past decade.(Historical footnote: Before the Prius could be introduced in the U.S., Honda released the Insight hybrid in 1999, making it the first hybrid sold in the U.S. since the early 1900s.)The other event that helped reshape electric vehicles was the announcement in 2006 that a small Silicon Valley startup, Tesla Motors, would start producing a luxury electric sports car that could go more than 200 miles on a single charge. In 2010, Tesla received at $465 million loan from the Department of Energy’s Loan Programs Office -- a loan that Tesla repaid a full nine years early -- to establish a manufacturing facility in California. In the short time since then, Tesla has won wide acclaim for its cars and has become the largest auto industry employer in California.Tesla’s announcement and subsequent success spurred many big automakers to accelerate work on their own electric vehicles. In late 2010, the Chevy V olt and the Nissan LEAF were released in the U.S. market. The first commercially available plug-in hybrid, the V olt has a gasoline engine that supplements its electric drive once the battery is depleted, allowing consumers to drive on electric for most trips and gasoline to extend the vehicle’s range. In comparison, the LEAF is an all-electric vehicle (often called a battery-electric vehicle, an electric vehicle or just an EV for short), meaning it is only powered by an electric motor.Over the next few years, other automakers began rolling out electric vehicles in the U.S.; yet, consumers were still faced with one of the early problems of the electric vehicle -- where to charge their vehicles on the go. Through the Recovery Act, the Energy Department invested more than $115 million to help build a nation-wide charging infrastructure, installing more than 18,000 residential, commercial and public chargers across the country. Automakers and other private businesses also installed their own chargers at key locations in the U.S., bringing today’s total of public electricvehicle chargers to more than 8,000 different locations with more than 20,000 charging outlets.At the same time, new battery technology -- supported by the Energy Department’s Vehicle Technologies Office -- began hitting the market, helping to improve a plug-in electric vehicle’s range. In addition to the battery technology in nearly all of the first generation hybrids, the Department’s research also helpe d develop the lithium-ion battery technology used in the V olt. More recently, the Department’s investment in battery research and development has helped cut electric vehicle battery costs by 50 percent in the last four years, while simultaneously improving the vehicle batteries' performance (meaning their power, energy and durability). This in turn has helped lower the costs of electric vehicles, making them more affordable for consumers.Consumers now have more choices than ever when it comes to buying an electric vehicle. Today, there are 23 plug-in electric and 36 hybrid models available in a variety of sizes -- from the two-passenger Smart ED to the midsized Ford C-Max Energi to the BMW i3 luxury SUV. As gasoline prices continue to rise and the prices on electric vehicles continue to drop, electric vehicles are gaining in popularity -- with more than 234,000 plug-in electric vehicles and 3.3 million hybrids on the road in the U.S. today.THE FUTURE OF ELECTRIC CARSIt’s hard to tell where the future will take electric vehicles, but it’s clear they hold a lot of potential for creating a more sustainable future. If we transitioned all the light-duty vehicles in the U.S. to hybrids or plug-in electric vehicles using our current technology mix, we could reduce our dependence on foreign oil by 30-60 percent, while lowering the carbon pollution from the transportation sector by as much as 20 percent.To help reach these emissions savings, in 2012 President Obama launched the EV Everywhere Grand Challenge -- an Energy Department initiative that brings together America’s best and brightest scientists, engineers and businesses to make plug-in electric vehicles more as affordable as today’s gasoline-powered vehicles by 2022. Onthe battery front, the Depar tment’s Joint Center for Energy Storage Research at Argonne National Laboratory is working to overcome the biggest scientific and technical barriers that prevent large-scale improvements of batteries.And the Department’s Advanced Research Projects Age ncy-Energy (ARPA-E) is advancing game-changing technologies that could alter how we think of electric vehicles. From investing in new types of batteries that could go further on a single charge to cost-effective alternatives to materials critical to electric motors, ARPA-E’s projects could transform electric vehicles.In the end, only time will tell what road electric vehicles will take in the future.中文译文：电动车的历史介绍了100多年前，电动汽车的第一次流行在今天看来有越来越多的相同的原因。

关于电动汽车中英文对照资料

Electric VehiclesAs the world's continuing energy crisis, and war and oil consumption and energy ----- car full with the amount of increase, decrease energy day by day, one day it will disappear without a trace. Oil is not living resources. Oil consumption in the net must be to find a substitute before. With the development of technology and social progress, it was the invention of electric vehicles. Electric cars will become the ideal means of transport.Calvary in the development of the world have achieved fruitful results, especially with the computer and automotive electronic technology and the rapid development of the information age. Electronic control technology is widely used in motor vehicles, automotive applications, electronic devices has become increasingly diverse, electronic technology not only to improve and enhance the tradition of quality and performance of electric vehicles, but also improve the car's power, fuel economy , reliability, and the purification of exhaust gas emissions. Widely used in automotive electronic products not only reduces costs, and reduce maintenance complexity. From the engine's fuel injection ignition, air control, emission control, faultself-diagnosis to the body aids are commonly used by the electronic control technology, can be said that the development of future cars mainly mechanical and electrical integration. Widely used in automotive electronic control ignition system with electronic control of the major fuel injection system, ignition system, electronic control, electronically controlled automatic transmission, electronically controlled anti-skid (ABS / ASR) control system, electronic control suspension system, electronically controlled power steering system , vehicle dynamics control system, airbag system, active seat belt systems, electronic control automatic air conditioning system, leadThere are GPS navigation systems, etc.. With the quick response of these systems car, functionality, high reliability, is to ensure the engine power and reduces fuel consumption, and they meet emissions regulations standards.Car is essential to modern means of transport. The electric car has brought us fun things to us can be a hard day of physical and mental relaxation. Take for instance automatic transmission, the car is moving, you can not step on the clutch pedal, you can achieve automatic transmission and the engine will not turn off, so effectively improve the convenience of driving to reduce driver fatigue. Mainly by the torque converter automatic transmission, gear transmission, oil pump, hydraulic control system, Electronic control system, oil cooling system, etc..Electronically controlled suspension is used to buffer the main road to face the body of the impact and reduce vibration to ensure ride comfort and handling stability. When the car driving on uneven road car chassis and according to the road to a high degree of automatic adjustment. When the vehicle height higher than the set low, on to the inflatable air chamber or tank or oil-filled. If it is the contrary, they put the oil gas or diarrhea. To ensure the level of car travel, improving driving stability. Power steering system with variable power can significantly change due to the efficiency and status of the driver, so widely used in electric vehicles. VDC on the car has a vitalrole in its performanceAccording to need to take the initiative to change the wheel to brake the car motion state, so that the best driving car status and control performance, and increase the car's adhesion, control and stability. Other than that, 4WS, 4WD has significantly increased ,the value and performance of electric vehicles simultaneously improve. ABS to reduce braking distances and a shift operation ability to maintain effective driving directions to improve the stability while reducing tire wear. Airbag in a great program to protect the driver and passenger safety, reducing car collision on the driver and passenger cushion to protect the lives over to the purpose.Intelligent electronics in the car to make the car to promote safe driving and other higher level functions. Through a variety of sensors for automatic driving. In addition to those outside the Smart Car is equipped with a variety of sensors can be fully aware of traffic facilities and the environment information and can readily determine whether the vehicles and drivers at risk, with self-seeking way, navigation, collision avoidance, toll collection and other functions. Improve the safety during transport, to reduce driver fatigue manipulation to enhance passenger comfort. Of course, battery electric vehicles is the keyElectric vehicle batteries are: lead-acid batteries, nickel cadmium batteries, sodium sulfur batteries, sodium sulfur batteries, lithium batteries, zinc - air batteries, flywheel batteries, fuel cells and solar batteries. In many kinds of batteries, fuel cells, is by far the most promising vehicles which the power source of energy shortage. Clean and efficient fuel cell with characteristics different from other batteries, it does not need charging, as long as the external continuous supply of fuel, can be a continuous and stable power. Fuel cell vehicles (FCEV) is comparable with the dynamic performance of internal combustion engine vehicles, the emissions, fuel economy is better than internal combustion vehicles.With the computer and electronic products continue to open-class ride, electric car technology has matured and improved, making driving safer, convenient, flexible and comfortable. Now, the electric car from the ordinary consumer from very far, only a few people in a hurry fashionable it. Electric cars can really traditional fuel vehicles to compete in the future automotive market will eventually be electric cars and smart cars are replaced. This is only a matter of time that day will come for. ABS, GPS, 4WS, 4WD, and various new age electronics and modern high performance vehicles, understanding composition, perfect match,Bring our unparalleled precision driving comfort and driving safety.电动汽车作为世界上持续的能源危机，战争和石油消费的增加，与汽车数量的能源-----充分，能源日益减少，有一天它会消失得无影无踪。

电动汽车中英文对照外文翻译文献

电动汽车中英文对照外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)电动车：正在进行的绿色交通革命？随着世界上持续的能源危机，战争和石油消费以及汽车数量的增加，能源日益减少，有一天它会消失得无影无踪。

石油并不是可再生资源。

在石油消耗枯竭之前必须找到一种能源与之替代。

随着科技的发展和社会进步，电动车的发明将会有效的缓解这一燃眉之急。

电动汽车将成为理想的交通工具。

面临能源成本居高不下、消费者和政府更加重视环境保护的情况下，世界汽车制造商正加大对可替代能源性混合动力汽车技术的开发投资。

该技术能极大削减燃料消费，减少温室气体排放。

许多人把目光投向了日本和美国的汽车制造商，关心他们开发混合动力和电池电动车的进展情况。

丰田普锐斯一跃成为世界上销量最好的混合动力车。

美国的新兴汽车制造商，Tesla Motors，推出了该公司首部电池电力车，名为Tesla Roadster。

截至2010年底，通用汽车公司计划推出备受赞誉的V olt混合动力汽车，而克莱斯勒公司最近已经宣布同样的计划正在进行之中。

目前，中国在新能源汽车的自主创新过程中，坚持了政府支持，以核心技术、关键部件和系统集成为重点的原则，确立了以混合电动汽车、纯电动汽车、燃料电池汽车为“三纵”，以整车控制系统、电机驱动系统、动力蓄电池/燃料电池为“三横”的研发布局，通过产学研紧密合作，中国混合动力汽车的自主创新取得了重大进展。

形成了具有完全自主知识产权的动力系统技术平台，建立了混合动力汽车技术开发体系。

混合动力汽车的核心是电池（包括电池管理系统）技术。

除此之外，还包括发动机技术、电机控制技术、整车控制技术等，发动机和电机之间动力的转换和衔接也是重点。

从目前情况来看，中国已经建立起了混合动力汽车动力系统技术平台和产学研合作研发体系，取得了一系列突破性成果，为整车开发奠定了坚实的基础。

截止到2009年1月31日，在混合动力车辆技术领域，中国知识产权局受理并公开的中国专利申请为1116件。

外文翻译外文文献英文文献国内混合动力汽车发展

China Hybrid Electric Vehicle DevelopmentWith the depletion of oil resources, increase awareness of environmental protection, hybrid vehicles and electric vehicles will become the first decades of the new century, the development of mainstream cars and automobile industry become the consensusof all of the industry. The Chinese government also has the National High Technology Research and Development Program (863 Program) specifically listed, including hybrid vehicles, including electric cars of major projects. At present, China's independent innovation of new energy vehicles in the process, adhere to the government support to core technology, key components and system integration focusing on the principles established in hybrid electric vehicles, pure electric vehicles, fuel cell vehicles as a "three vertical "To vehicle control systems, motor drive systems, power battery / fuel cellfor the "three horizontal" distribution of R & D, through close links between production cooperation, China's independent innovation of hybrid cars has made significant progress.With completely independent intellectual property rights form the power system technology platform, established a hybrid electric vehicle technology development. Is the core of hybrid vehicles batteries (including battery management system) technology. In addition, also include engine technology, motor control, vehicle control technology, engine and electrical interface between the power conversion and is also the key. From the current situation, China has established a hybrid electric vehicle power system through Cooperative R & D technology platforms and systems, made a series of breakthroughs for vehicle development has laid a solid foundation. As of January 31, 2009,Technology in hybrid vehicles, China Intellectual Property Office to receive and open for the 1116 patent applications in China. In 1116 patent applications, invention 782 (authority for the 107), utility model for the 334.Mastered the entire vehicle key development, the formation of a capability to develop various types of electric vehicles. Hybrid cars in China in systems integration, reliability, fuel economy and other aspects of the marked progress in achieving fuel economy of different technical solutions can be 10% -40%.Meanwhile, the hybrid vehicle automotive enterprises and industrial R & D investment significantly enhanced, accelerating the pace of industrialization. Currently, domestic automakers have hybrid vehicles as the next major competitive products in the strategic high priority, FAW, Dongfeng, SAIC Motor, Changan, Chery, BYD, etc. have put a lot of manpower, material resources,Hybrid prototyping has been completed, and some models have achieved low-volume market.FAW GroupDevelopment Goal: By 2012, the Group plans to build an annual capacity of 11,000 hybrid cars, hybrid bus production base of 1000.FAW Group since 1999 and a new energy vehicles for theoretical research and development work, and the development of a red car performance hybrid sample. "15" period, the FAW Group is committed to the national "863" major project in the "red card in series hybrid electric vehicle research and development" mission,officially began the research and development of new energy vehicles. Beginning in 2006, FAW B70 in the Besturn, based on the technology for hybrid-based research, the original longitudinal into transverse engine assembly engine assembly, using a transverse engine and dual-motor hybrid technology. At the same time, FAW also pay close attention to the engine, mechanical and electrical integration, transmission, vehicle control networks, vehicle control systems development, the current FAW hybrid electric car has achieved 42% fuel saving effect, reached the international advanced level.Jiefang CA6100HEV Hybrid Electric BusFAW "Liberation brand CA6100HEV Hybrid Electric Bus" project is a national "863" electric vehicle major projects funded project, with pure electric drive, the engine alone drives (and charge), the joint drive motor starts the engine, and sliding regenerative braking 5 kinds of basic operation. The power hybrid electric bus and economy to the leading level, 38% fuel economy than traditional buses, emissions reduced by 30%.Red Flag CA7180AE hybrid carsRed Flag hybrid cars CA7180AE according to the national "863 Plan" is thefirst in complete with industrial prospects of the car, it is built on the basisof red car with good performance and operational smoothness.Series which is a hybrid sedan, the luxury car ,0-100km acceleration time of 14s, fuel-efficientthan traditional cars by about 50%, Euro 川emission standard.Besturn B70 hybrid carsBesturn B70 Hybrid cars using petrol - electric hybrid approach. Dual motor power system programs, mixed degree of 40/103, is all mixed (Full-Hybrid, also known as re-mixed) configurations. Besturn B70 Hybrid cars are petrol versioncosts two to three times Besturn models, mass production will be gradually reduced after the costs, even if this hybrid version Besturn market, the price certainly higher than the existing Besturn models, but high the price of petrol will not exceed 30% version of Besturn models.SAICDevelopment Goals: 2010 launch in the mixed hybrid cars, plug-in 2012, SAIC strong mix of cars and pure electric cars will be on the market.In the R & D on new energy vehicles, SAIC made clear to focus on hybrid, fuel cell for the direction, and speed up the development of alternative products. Hybrid vehicles, fuel cell vehicles, alternative fuel vehicles as a new energy strategy SAIC three key.2010 SAIC Roewe 750 hybrid cars in the mix will be put on the market, during the World Expo in Shanghai, SAIC will put 150 hybrid cars in the Expo Line on the River Run. 2012 Roewe 550 plug-in hybrid cars will be strong market, the current car's power system has been launched early development and progress.Apply the new hybrid bus moving on the 1stApply the new hybrid bus moving on the 1st Academy of Engineering by the SAIC and Shanghai Jiaotong University and other units jointly developed with independent intellectual property rights. Existing cities in the Sunwin Bus Power platform, "the new dynamic application No. 1" uses a parallel hybrid electric vehicle drive program, so that hybrid electric vehicle operating conditions in the electric air-conditioning, steering, braking and other accessoriesstill able to work without additional electric system, while use of super capacitors, to improve starting power,braking energy recovery efficiency, thereby enhancing vehicle dynamic performance, reduce fuel consumption. Car length 10m, width 2.5m, high-3.2m, can accommodate 76 people.Roewe 750 hybrid carsRoewe 750 hybrid cars in the mixed system with BSG (Belt drive start generating one machine), with "smart stop zero-emission" and "environmental protection and the power of both the" two prominent features of a top speed of 205 km / h, the maximum added driving range of up to 500 km. As for the industrialization of SAIC's first own-brand hybrid car, the Roewe 750 hybrid integrated hybrid fuel-efficient cars can achieve rates of around 20%.Dongfeng Motor GroupDevelopment Goals: Plans move into 33 billion in 10 years to develop a range of environmentally friendly hybrid vehicles, including cars.EQ7200HEV hybrid carsEQ7200HEV hybrid cars are "863" project of major projects and major strategic projects of Dongfeng Motor Corporation. The car is EQ7200-U model (Fengshen Bluebird cars) is based on an electronically controlled automatic transmission with innovative electromechanical coupling in parallel programs, configure DC brushless motor and nickel-hydrogen batteries, plans to "10 5 "during the industrialization. In dustrializatio n, the vehicle cost more tha n EQ7200 cars in crease in cost W 30%.EQ61100HEV Hybrid Electric BusEQ61100HEV electric hybrid bus by Dongfeng Vehicle Company Limited Joint Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, China Textile Co., Ltd. and Hunan sharp Electromechanical Technology Co., Ltd. jointly developed Shenzhou. EQ61100HEV hybrid electric bus with switched reluctance motor, Cummins ISBe1504 cylinder common rail electronic injection diesel engine, new chassis design of the system, electronically controlled automatic transmission and innovative electromechanical coupling parallel program. In the annual output reached 200, the vehicle cost more tha n the in crease in automobile engine equipped with 6CT W 30%.China ChanganDevelopment Goals: the next three years, the formation of different grades, different purposes, carry a different system of mixed platforms, weak mix of scale, strong mixed industrial R & D capabilities, covering commercial, A grade, B grade, C grade products. 2014 will achieve sales of new energy vehicles 150 000 2020 sales of new energy vehicles for more than 500,000."Eleventh Five-Year Plan" period, Chang-an increased investment in clean energy vehicles, a diversified energy technologies to carry out exploratory research. Environmental protection through energy-saving models continues to introduce new technology to lead the industry to upgrade and fully utilize and mobilize global resources,Chang'an in the middle hybrid cars, hybrid cars and other technological strength of the field are explored. Chang's first hybrid car long Anjie Xun HEV was successfully listed in June 2009; the first batch of 20 hybrid taxis Long An Zhixiang in January of this year officially put into operation in Chongqing.CheryDevelopment Goals: after 2010, more than half of Chery's products carry different levels of hybrid systems.From 2003 to 2008, mainly mixed with moderate Chery hybrid cars and energy saving system development, and industrialization; Chery in Wuhu, a taxi has been carried out on probation, fuel consumption will be reduced by 10% to 30% to reach Europe IV Standard. Since 2004, Chery hybrid cars mainly for the development of strong and industrialization. Chery hybrid car fuel consumption target to reach 100 km 3 liters, to reach Europe and the United States emissions regulations.Chery A5BSGChery A5BSG is a weak parallel hybrid electric car, using fuel engines, electric engines complementary mode, the two different power sources in the car while driving to work together or separately, through this combination to achieve the least fuel consumption and exhaust emissions, in order to achieve fuel efficiency and environmental protection purposes. Compared with the conventional car, the car in urban conditions can save 10% -15% of fuel and reduce carbon dioxide emissions by about 12%, while costs increased by only about 25% -30%.Chery A5ISGChery A5 ISG hybrid power system consists of "1.3L gasoline engine + 5-speed manual transmission +10 kW motor +144 V Ni-MH battery," the composition of the battery system used by the Johnson Controls developed "plug-in" nickel metal hydride (Ni-MH), motor with permanent magnet synchronous motor and with the motor control system, inverter and DC / DC converters. The system enables the vehicle power to 1.6L displacement level and rate of 30% fuel savings and significantly reduce the emissions of Euro V standards.Cherry A3ISGChery A3 ISG has 1.3L473F gasoline engine and equipped with 10KW motor. By gasoline engines and electric motors with torque overlay approach to dynamic mixed to provide the best vehicle power operating efficiency and energy saving environmental protection goals. Chery A3 ISG also has Stop_Restart the idling stop function such as flame start to start (BSG function), to reduce red light in the vehicle stopped or suspended when the fuel consumption and emissions expenses.FY 2BSGFY 2 BSG carry 1.5LSQR477F inline four-cylinder engine configuration BSGstart / stop and so one electric motor, red light in the vehicle stopped thedriver into the gap, it will automatically enter standby mode to turn off the engine, starting moments after the entry block automatically start the engine. FY 2 BSG vehicle average fuel consumption than the 1.5L petrol cars reduce about 5-10%, average fuel consumption can be reduced up to 15%.BYD AutoDevelopment Goal: to electric cars as a transitional mode, the electric car as the ultimate goal, the development of new energy cars BYD.BYD follow the "independent research and development, independent production, independent brand" development path, and the "core technology, vertical integration" development strategy, as the transition to dual-mode electric vehicles, electric vehicles as the ultimate goal, the development of BYD new energy vehicles.国内混合动力汽车发展随着石油资源的枯竭、人们环保意识的提高，混合动力汽车及电动汽车将成为新世纪前几十年汽车发展的主流，并成为我国汽车界所有业内人士的共识。

外文文献原文和翻译---蓄电池

DescriptionTechnical FieldThe present invention relates to a power source system having a power accumulator for supplying when a commercial power source oe other interruptible power source breaks down,a power supply control method Of the power source system,a power supply control program Of the power source system,a computer readable recoding medium having power supply control program Of the power source system recoded thereon.Background ArtIn recent years ,a power accumulator has drawn wide attention and been used as backup power source.A backup power source is changed when a commercial power source operated normally,and continues supply power to equipment in place of the commercial power source when commercial power source has a defect.Examples of such a backup power source include a UPS（Uninterruptive Power Source）.By instantaneously switching the commercial power source to an output of the backup power source in case of power outage,a computer or a storage unit in use,as well as network equipment such as a server are prevented from being stopped.Such a backup power source combined with the power accumulator is controlled to maintain residual capacity representing the state of charge at a high level.In this system,generally because surplus power is charged in power accumulator efficiently by a power generation action of an electric motor,charge|discharge control is performed so that the SOC does not exceed 100%.In order to supply power to the electric motor when necessary,charge|discharge control is performed so that the SOC does not decrease to 0(zero).Specially,normally in power accumulator,the control is performed so that the SOC fluctuates within a range of 20% to 80%.With regard to elevators,on the other hand,a hybrid elevator that has a cage and a counterweight to inhibit unnecessary power consumption during the operation of hybrid elevator has been developed.Such a hybrid elevator utilizes the power of its battery at the time of power outage,so that in case of power outage or other abnormal state during of operation of the hybrid elevator,the power for driving the elevator is supplied from a power source to carry the elevator to the nearest floor or any floor and safely retrieve the passage from the stage.The following method is proposed as a method for controlling an automatic landing device of the elevator.Patent Document 1,for example,discloses a method for detecting the output voltage ,output current,and a temperature of a battery power source to perform a rescue operation in response to the power supply capacity of the battery power source.Here,as a method for calculating the power supply capacity,a method for calculating the power supply capacity from the open voltage,internal resistance,and minimum voltage(operable voltage) of the battery power source is generally known ,as shown is equation (1) below.The minimum voltage used for calculating the power supply capacity is set with a certain degree of margin,in view of the life of the battery power source .Power Supply Capacity= minimum voltage*(open voltage - minimum voltage)\internal resistance (1)Moreover,the hybrid elevator has to always secure energy amount for carrying the elevator to a necessary floor in case of emergency during the normal operation of commercial power source ,and thereon a large power accumulator with a large capacity required.In the method disclosed in Patent Document 1,the output voltage and the voltage set value are compared with each other by a discharge time and discharge state of the battery is detected by the magnitude relation there between to control the operation of the elevator.Therefore,when the power supply capacity of the battery power source is low,the power supply capacity will be lost,thereby stopping the power supply from the battery.In this case,because charging of the battery power source is started after the interruptible power source returns ,and the rescue operation is conducted upon completion of the charging,the elevator cannot be carried to the nearest floor to perform rescue operation in the case of an abnormal situation of the interruptible power source.As a result,the passengers remain trapped in the elevator.Moreover,when the interruptible power source is stopped due to disaster like as in the hybrid elevator,it is necessary for the backup power source to ensure the minimum power supply capacity for enabling minimum operation. Consequently,because a margin becomes necessary in the capacity of the backup power source,a large power accumulator is necessary.In addition,the minimum voltage used for calculating the power supply capacity has a margin,in view of the life property.Therefore,the value of the actual power supply capacity is smaller than the that of the primary power supply capacity of the power accumulator.Disclosure of inventionAn object of the present invention is to provide a power source system capable of realizing at least the minimum backup function ,increasing the life duration of a power accumulator,and reducing the size of the power accumulator by temporarily improving the power supply capacity of a power accumulator when an interruptible power source is stopped by disaster or the like.The present invention also provide a power supply control method of the power source system ,a power supply control program Of the power source system and a computer readable recoding medium having power supply control program Of the power source system recoded thereon.A power source system according to an aspect of the present invention has:a power unit for supplying power to a load service;a power accumulator for supplying the power to a load service in place of the power unit when the power unit is stopped,and a controller for controlling power supply from the power accumulator to a load service;wherein the controller sets an operable voltage,which is determined as an output voltage foe ending discharge of the power accumulator,at a first voltage when the power unit is operated,and sets the operable voltage at a second voltage lower than the first voltage when the power unit is stopped ,thereby increasing the power supplied to the load device by the power accumulator.According to the power source system described above,the power supply capacity of the power accumulator can be improved by reducing the operable voltage of the power accumulator when the power unit is stopped,the operable voltage being set during the normal operation of the power unit.Furthermore,because the operable voltage of the power accumulator is reduced after the power unit is stopped,and the number of the times that the power accumulator is over-discharged duo to the decrease in the operable voltage can be prevented from increasing.,the life duration of the power accumulator can be increased.In addition,the size of the power accumulator can be reduced because it is not necessary to increase the capacity of the power accumulator beforehand in the light of an increase in power supply when the power unit is stopped.Brief description pf the drawings:[Fig.1 ] Fig.1 is a block diagram showing a configuration of a power source system according to Embodiment 1 of the present invention.Best Mode For Carrying the invention.(Embodiment 1)Fig.1 is a block diagram showing a configuration of a power source system according to Embodiment 1 of the present invention.As shown in Fig.1,a power source system 10 according to the present invention has an interruptible power source 100,a load device 200,a power accumulator 300,a charge|discharge control device 400,a power supply control device 500,and an electric control unit 600.The interruptible power source 100 is ,for example ,a commercial power source,such as a generator having an engine as a source of power.The power accumulator 300 stores surplus power from the interruptible power source 100 and regenerative electric power generated by the load device 200,and supplies the stored electric power to the load device 200 according to need.The power accumulator 300 is configured by connecting N number of electric power accumulation element blocks B1,B2,......BN in series.Each of the electric power accumulation element blocks B1,B2,......BN is configured electrically connecting a plurality of electrical storage elements 301 series.An alkaline storage battery such as a nickel hydride battery ,an organic battery such as a lithium-ion battery ,and an electrical double layer capacitor can be used as each of the electrical storage elements 301 .Note that the number N of electric power accumulation element blocks and the the number of the electrical storage elements 301 are not particularly limited.The power accumulator 300 has a predetermined range of operating voltage determined beforehand ,so that the battery characteristics,life duration and reliability of the power accumulator 300 are not degraded.Operable voltage,which is the minimum voltage (final voltage) of this operating voltage range is the voltage for ending discharge of the power accumulator 300 .During the normal operation ,when the output voltage of the power accumulator 300 falls below the operable voltage,discharge of the power accumulator 300;namely,power supply from he power accumulator 300,is stopped.However,power supply from the power accumulator 300 is possible until the output voltage of the power accumulator 300 falls below the operable voltage;namely,by reducing the operable voltage.In this case,the power accumulator 300 is over-discharged temporarily,but the the battery characteristics and the like of thepower accumulator 300 are not impinged so long as the discharge of the power accumulator 300 is executed without degrading the the battery characteristics,life duration and reliability of the power accumulator 300.The charge|discharge control device 400 controls charge|discharge of the power accumulator 300.The charge|discharge control device 400 is connected to the interruptible power source 100,load device 200 and power accumulator 300,and controls the charge from the interruptible power source 100 to the power accumulator 300 and the discharge from the power accumulator 300 to the load device 200.When consumption current of the load device 200 increases drastically or the electric power required by the load device 200 exceeds predetermined value , The charge|discharge control device 400 discharges the insufficient electric power from the power accumulator 300 to the load device 200 .The charge|discharge control device 400 performs the charge|discharge control such that the SOC of the power accumulator 300 normally falls within an approximate range of 20% to 80%.However,a load leveling power source or a plug-in hybrid vehicle that effectively utilizes night power is charged when the SOC is 100%,and is discharged when the load device thereof requires energy.The power supply control device 500 controls power supply from the power accumulator 300 to the load device 200 when the interruptible power source 100 is stopped.The total control ECU 600 is connected to the charge|discharge control device 400 and the power supply control device 500 to control the entire power source system 10 .Next,the power supply control device 500 of the power source system 10 according to Embodiment 1 of the present invention is described. In Fig.1 the power supply control device 500 has a voltage measuring part 501,a current measuring part 502, a temperature measuring part 503,a communication 504 ,and a controller 520.外文参考文献翻译描述：科学领域：该项发明和一种当商业性供电或其他间断电源损坏时拥有提供电源供应的的动力蓄电池，一种电源系统的电源供应控制程序，一个拥有电源系统已经刻录好的程序的电源控制程序的计算机的可读记录媒介。

毕业设计电动车电池参考文献英文

IntroductionElectric vehicles (EVs) have gained significant attention in recent years due to their potential to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and dependence on fossil fuels. The battery is a crucial component of an electric vehicle, as it provides the energy required for propulsion. A well-designed and efficient battery system is essential for the success of an EV.This research paper aims to explore the various aspects of electric vehicle batteries for a graduation project on electric vehicle battery design. The paper discusses the different types of batteries used in electric vehicles, their characteristics, advantages, and challenges. Additionally, it touches upon the battery management system, charging infrastructure, and future advancements in electric vehicle batteries.Types of Electric Vehicle Batteries1.Lithium-ion Batteries: Lithium-ion batteries are the mostcommonly used batteries in electric vehicles due to their highenergy density, long cycle life, and lightweight characteristics.They provide a good balance between performance, cost, and safety.A comprehensive investigation of the structure, working principle,and limitations of lithium-ion batteries is essential fordesigning an optimized battery system.2.Nickel-Metal Hydride (Ni-MH) Batteries: Ni-MH batteries werewidely used in electric vehicles before the emergence of lithium-ion batteries. They offer a relatively lower energy density thanlithium-ion batteries but have better thermal stability, whichensures safer operation. A comparative analysis between lithium-ion and Ni-MH batteries can aid in choosing the appropriatebattery for the design project.3.Solid-State Batteries: Solid-state batteries are a promisingalternative to traditional lithium-ion batteries. They utilizesolid electrolytes instead of liquid electrolytes, providinghigher energy density, improved safety, and faster chargingcapabilities. Although still under development, solid-statebatteries hold great potential for the future of electric vehicles.Battery Management System (BMS)The Battery Management System (BMS) is responsible for monitoring and controlling the battery’s performance, safety, and lifespan. A well-designed BMS ensures the optimal operation of the battery system, preventing overcharging, undercharging, and excessive discharge. It provides accurate state-of-charge (SOC) and state-of-health (SOH) estimations, which are crucial for maximizing the battery’s efficiency.The BMS consists of various components, including sensors, control algorithms, and battery balancing circuits. In-depth research on BMS architecture, functionality, and control strategies is necessary to design an effective battery management system for the electric vehicle.Charging InfrastructureThe availability of a robust charging infrastructure is essential for widespread adoption and convenience of electric vehicles. The research project should explore the different types of charging stations, including:1.Level 1 Charging: Level 1 charging refers to standard householdoutlets (120V), which provide a slow charging rate but are widely accessible.2.Level 2 Charging: Level 2 charging utilizes dedicated chargingstations (240V). It offers a faster charging rate compared toLevel 1 and is commonly found in residential areas, workplaces,and public charging stations.3.DC Fast Charging: DC Fast Charging, also known as Level 3charging, provides rapid charging capabilities by directlydelivering DC power to the vehicle’s battery. These chargingstations are typically located along highways and major routes.The paper should discuss the importance of a well-established charging infrastructure and address potential challenges and solutions to the deployment of charging stations.Future AdvancementsThe field of electric vehicle batteries is continuously evolving, with ongoing research and advancements. It is crucial for the researchproject to explore future developments, such as:1.Advanced Lithium-ion Batteries: Researchers are constantlyworking on improving the energy density, charging speed, andsafety of lithium-ion batteries. Advancements in materials,electrode designs, and electrolytes are expected to result in more efficient and long-lasting batteries.2.Solid-State Batteries: As mentioned earlier, solid-statebatteries hold immense potential for the future of electricvehicles. The research should discuss the current challenges faced in commercializing solid-state batteries and potentialbreakthroughs that can lead to their widespread adoption.3.Beyond Lithium-ion: Besides solid-state batteries, alternativebattery chemistries like lithium-sulfur (Li-S) and lithium-air(Li-Air) batteries are being explored for their high energydensities. Understanding these emerging battery technologies canpave the way for future advancements in EV batteries.ConclusionDesigning an efficient and reliable battery system is crucial for the success of an electric vehicle. This research paper provides a comprehensive and detailed analysis of different types of electric vehicle batteries, their characteristics, and the importance of a well-designed battery management system and charging infrastructure. Furthermore, it explores future advancements in electric vehicle battery technologies. By understanding these aspects, the research project can aim to design an optimized electric vehicle battery system that contributes to a sustainable and greener transportation future.Note: The content provided above is a suggested structure for the research paper related to the topic of “Graduation Project - Electric Vehicle Battery”. Please add relevan t and specific details from appropriate academic references to complete the paper.。

新能源汽车外文翻译文献

新能源汽车外文翻译文献Electric Cars: XXX?As the XXX crises。

wars。

and increasing oil n。

the need for alternative XXX not a renewable resource。

and we must find a replacement before XXX and social progress。

the n of electric cars XXX.Faced with high XXX costs。

growing XXX。

XXX and American automakers。

XXX Prius has e the world's best-selling hybrid car。

Tesla Motors。

a new American automaker。

has launched its first battery-powered car。

the Tesla Roadster。

As of the end of 2010.XXX hybrid car。

and XXX a similar plan is underway.Currently。

XXX vehicles。

XXX。

key components。

and system n。

They have established a research institute with "three verticals" of hybrid electric vehicles。

pure electric vehicles。

and fuel cell vehicles。

and "three horizontals" of vehicle controlsystems。

motor drive systems。

and power XXX industry。

同步电动机外文翻译文献

同步电动机外文翻译文献同步电动机外文翻译文献(文档含中英文对照即英文原文和中文翻译)Synchronous motorAbstract：In recent decades, with the power electronics, microelectronics technology and the development of modern controltheory, medium and small power motors in the industrial and agricultural production and people's daily lives are very broad application. Particularly in the township enterprises and household electrical appliances, need a large number of medium and small-power motors. Because of this motor development and wide application, its use, maintenance and repair work has become increasingly important，Here are just on the knowledge of synchronous motor1. Principle of operationIn order to understand the principle of operation of a synchronous motor, let us examine what happens if we connect the armature winding (laid out in the stator) of a 3-phase synchronous machine to a suitable balanced 3-phase source and the field winding to a D.C source of appropriate voltage. The current flowing through the field coils will set up stationary magnetic poles of alternate North and South.(for convenience let us assume as alient pole rotor, as shown in Fig. 50). On the other hand, the 3-phase currents flowing in the armature winding produce a rotating magnetic field rotating at synchronous speed. In other words there will be moving North and South poles established in the stator due to the 3-phase currents i.e at any location in the stator there will be a North pole at some instant of time and it will become a South pole after a time period corresponding to half a cycle. (after a time = 1/2f , where f = frequency of the supply). Let us assume that the stationarySouth pole in the rotor is aligned with the North pole in the stator moving in clockwise direction at a particular instant of time, as shown in Fig50. These two poles get attracted and Figure 50: Force of attraction between stator poles and rotor poles - resulting in production of torque in clockwise direction try to maintain this alignment ( as per L enz’s law) and hence the rotor pole tries to follow the stator pole as the conditions are suitable for the production of torque in the clockwise direction. However the rotor can not move instantaneously due to its mechanical inertia, and so it needs sometime to move. In the mean time, the stator pole would quickly (a time duration corresponding to half a cycle) change its polarity and becomes a South pole。

电动汽车历史与发展外文文献翻译、中英文翻译、外文翻译

车文化内涵和外延。汽车的发明改变世界，改变我们的生活，也改变人们的出行方式，它让我们的生活方式发生了翻天覆地的变化。目前，汽车已经分布全世界的各个角落，慢慢的汽车的文化、发展历史已经形成了一种文化。而且现在汽车已经进入了艺术领域，每年的的汽车展览，吸引了许多人们的眼光，大量的靓丽的汽车让人发现，原来汽车也可以制造的如此豪华、奢侈。生活就是这样，对任何生活方式的评价都是相对的，没有绝对的好与坏。这是一种观念，一种态度，更是一种文化关键词：电动汽车混合动力插件绿色历史
电动车发展史
1、法国汽车发展史
1
在汽车发展史上，法国人有着自己独特的地位。早在 1769 年，法国陆军技术军官居尼奥就在政府的支持下试制成功了世界上第一辆具有实用价值的蒸汽汽车，从而引发了世界性的研究和制造汽车的热潮。但随后到来的法国大革命却让法国的汽车研究中断了几十年,直到 1828 年,巴黎技工学校校长配夸尔制造了一辆蒸汽牵引汽车，其独创的差速器及独立悬挂技术至今仍在汽车上广泛应用着。法国出现第一辆汽油汽车是在 1890 年，由阿尔芒·标致创立的标致公司生产,一战前,标致的年产量达到 1.2 万辆,到 1939 年时年产量达 4.8 万辆.而 1915 年创办的雪铁龙汽车公司发展更快，在二十年代初年产量就突破 10 万辆，1928 年日产达汽车 400 辆,占全法汽车产量三分之一。另一创办于 1898 年的大型汽车厂雷诺汽车公司发展也很快，1914 年便形成了大规模生产，一战期间更是因军火生产而筹集了大量资金用于汽车生产。进入 80 年代，世界性的经济危机使法国汽车工业受到了一定的挫折，雷诺公司更是连年亏损， 1984 年产量急剧下降到 30 万辆，但几年后雷诺公司便恢复了元气，1999 年 3 月还收购了日产汽车公司 36.8%的股份，去年的产量达 229 万辆。法国汽车的总体特点就是车体较小而设计新颖，符合大众化的方向，因此在西欧成为家庭轿车的热门，雷诺的“丽人行”微型车在欧洲曾多次获销量第一。但是在豪华车、跑车领域，法国汽车公司就不如美、德、日等国汽车公司出色，这成为法国汽车业的遗憾。

锂电池外文资料译文

The design of the lithium battery charger IntroductionLi-Ion rechargeable batteries are finding their way into many applications due to their size, weight and energy storage advantages.These batteries are already considered the preferred battery in portable computer applications, displacing NiMH and NiCad batteries, and cellular phones are quickly becoming the second major marketplace for Li-Ion. The reason is clear. Li-Ion batteries offer many advantages to the end consumer. In portable computers,Li-Ion battery packs offer longer run times over NiCad and NiMH packs for the same form factor and size, while reducing weight. The same advantages are true for cellular phones. A phone can be made smaller and lighter using Li-Ion batteries without sacrificing run time. As Li-Ion battery costs come down, even more applications will switch to this lighter and smaller technology. Market trends show a continual growth in all rechargeable battery types as consumers continue to demand the convenience of portability. Market data for 1997 shows that approximately 200 million cells of Li-Ion will be shipped, compared to 600 million cells of NiMH. However, it is important to note that three cells of NiMH are equivalent to one Li-Ion cell when packaged into a battery pack. Thus, the actual volume is very close to the same for both. 1997 also marked the first year Li-Ion was the battery type used in the majority of portable computers, displacing NiMH for the top spot. Data for the cellular market showed a shift to Li-Ion in the majority of phones sold in 1997 in Europe and Japan.Li-Ion batteries are an exciting battery technology that must be watched. To make sense of these new batteries, this design guide explains the fundamentals, the charging requirements andthe circuits to meet these requirements.Along with more and more the emergence of the handheld electric appliances, to the high performance, baby size, weight need of the light battery charger also more Come more big.The battery is technical to progress to also request continuously to refresh the calculate way more complicatedly is fast with the realization, safety of refresh.Therefore need Want to carry on the more accurate supervision towards refreshing the process, to shorten to refresh time and attain the biggest battery capacity, and prevent°from the batteryBad.The AVR has already led the one step in the competition, is prove is perfect control chip of the next generation charger. The microprocessor of Atmel AVR is current and can provide Flash, EEPROM and 10 ADCses by single slice on the market Of 8 RISC microprocessors of the tallest effect.Because the saving machine of procedure is a Flash, therefore can need not elephant MASK ROM Similar, have a few software editions a few model numbers of stock.The Flash can carry on again to weave the distance before deliver goods, or in the PCB Stick after pack carry on weaving the distance throughan ISP again, thus allow to carry on the software renewal in the last one minute.The EEPROM can used for conservancy mark certainly coefficient and the battery characteristic parameter, such as the conservancy refreshes record with the battery that raise the actual usage Capacity.10 A/ Ds conversion machine can provide the enough diagraph accuracy, making the capacity of the good empress even near to its biggest capacity. And other project for attaining this purpose, possible demand the ADC of the exterior, not only take up the space of PCB, but also raised the system Cost.The AVR is thus deluxe language but 8 microprocessors of the designs of unique needle object" C" currently.The AT90S4433 reference The design is with" C" to write, the elucidation carries on the software design's is what and simple with the deluxe language.Code of C this design is very Carry on adjust easily to suit current and future battery.But the ATtiny15 reference design then use edit collected materials the language to write of, with Acquire the biggest code density.An electric appliances of the modern consumption mainly uses as follows four kinds of batteries:1.Seal completely the sour battery of lead( SLA)2.The battery of NiCd3.The NiMHhydrogen battery( NiMH)4.Lithium battery( Li- Ion)At right choice battery and refresh the calculate way need to understand the background knowledge of these batteries. Seal completely the sour battery( SLA) of lead seals completely the sour battery of lead to mainly used for the more important situation of the cost ratio space and weights, such as the UPS and report to the police the backup battery of the system. The battery of SLA settles the electric voltage to carry on , assist limits to avoid with the electric current at refresh the process of early battery lead the heat.Want ～only the electricity .The pond unit electric voltage does not exceed the provision( the typical model is worth for the 2.2 Vs) of produce the company, the battery of SLA can refresh without limit. The battery of NiCd battery of NiCd use very widespread currently.Its advantage is an opposite cheapness, being easy to the usage;Weakness is from turn on electricity the rate higher.The battery of NiCd of the typical model can refresh 1,000 times.The expired mechanism mainly is a pole to turn over.The first in the battery pack drive over.The unit that all turn on electricity will take place the reversal.For prevent°froming damage the battery wrap, needing to supervise and control the electric voltage without a break.Once unit electric voltage Descend the 1.0 Vs must shut down.The battery of NiCd carries on refresh in settling the electric current by forever . The NiMH hydrogen battery( NiMH) holds to shoot the elephant machine such as the cellular phone, hand in the hand that the importance measure hold equipments, the etc. NiMHhydrogen battery is anusage the most wide.This kind of battery permit.The quantity is bigger than NiCd's.Because lead to refresh and will result in battery of NiMH lose efficacy, carry on measuring by the square in refresh process with.Stop is count for much in fit time.Similar to battery of NiCd, the pole turn over the battery also will damage.Battery of NiMH of from turn on electricity the rate and is probably 20%/ month.Similar to battery of NiCd, the battery of NiMH also settles the electric current to refresh .Other batteries says compare in lithium battery( Li- Ion) and this texts, the lithium battery has the tallest energy/ weight to compare to compare with energy/ physical volume.Lithium batterySettle the electric voltage to carry on refresh with , want to have the electric current restrict to lead the heat in the early battery of refresh the process by avoid at the same time.When refresh the electric current Descend to produce the minimum electric current of the enactment of company will stop refresh.Leading to refresh will result in battery damage, even exploding.The safety of the battery refreshes the fast charge machine( namely battery can at small be filled with the electricity in 3 hours, is usually a hour) demand of the modern.Can to the unit electric voltage, refresh the electric current and the battery temperatures to carry on to measure by the square, avoid at the time of being filled with the electricity because of leading to refresh.Result in of damage.Refresh the method SLA battery and lithium batteries refreshes the method to settle the electric voltage method to want to limit to flow for the ever ; The battery of NiCd and battery of NiMHs refresh the method.Settle the electric current method for the ever , and have severals to stop the judgment method for refresh differently. Biggest refresh the electric current biggest refresh the electric current to have relation with battery capacity( C).Biggest usually refresh the electric current to mean with the number of the battery capacity.For example,The capacity of the battery for 750 mAhs, refresh the electric current as 750 mAs, then refresh the electric current as 1 C(1 times battery capacity).IfThe electric current to flow refresh is a C/40, then refreshing the electric current for the battery capacity in addition to with 40.Lead the hot battery refresh is the process that the electric power delivers the battery.Energy by chemical reaction conservancy come down.But is not all.The electric powers all convert for the sake of the chemistry in the battery ability.Some electric power conversions became the thermal energy, having the function of the heating to the battery.When electricity.After pond be filled with, if continue to refresh, then all electric powers conversion is the thermal energy of the battery.At fast charge this will make the battery.Heat quickly, if the hour of can not compare with stop refresh and then willresult in battery damage.Therefore, while design the battery charger, to the temperature.It is count for much that carry on the supervision combine to stop refresh in time.The discretion method battery stopped refresh of different and applied situation and work environment limitted to the choice of the method that the judgment stop refresh.The sometimes temperature allow of no.Measure easily, but can measure electric voltage, or is other circumstances.This text takes the electric voltage variety rate(- dV/ dt) as the basic judgment to stopThe method for refresh, but with the temperature and absolute electric voltage be worth for assistance and backup.But the hardware support that this text describe speaks as follows.The method of the havings of say. Time of t – this method that is the decision when stop refresh most in ually used for spare project of the hour of fast charge.Sometimes also be .Refresh(14- 16 Hour) basic project of the method.Be applicable to various battery.Stop refresh when the electric voltage of V – be the electric voltage to outrun the upper ually with the forever settle the electric current refreshes the match usage.The biggest electric current is decide by the battery, usually For the 1 C.For prevent°froming refresh the electric current leads to causes battery lead greatly hot, the restrict of the electric current at this time very key.This method Is a lithium battery basic to refresh and stop project. The actual lithium battery charger usually still continues into after attain biggest electric voltage Go the second stage refresh, to attain 100% battery capacity. For battery of NiCd and battery of NiMHs are originally method can Be the spare judgment stops refreshing the project. - The method exploitation that this judgment of the dV/ dt – electric voltage variety rate stops refresh negative electric voltage variety rate.For the battery of some types, be the battery to be filled with the subsequence Refreshing continuously will cause electric voltage descend. At this time this project was very fit.This method usually useds for the ever to settle the electric current to refresh, Be applicable to to the fast charge of the battery of NiCd and battery of NiMH. The electric current of I –is to refresh the electric current small in a certain the number that set in advance stop refresh. Usually used for the ever to settle the electric voltage to refresh the method.Be applicable to the SLA Battery and lithium battery.The T – temperature absolute zero can be the basis that battery of NiCd and battery of NiMHs stop refresh, but even suited for to be the backup project.Any battery for temperature to outrun initial value have to stop refresh.The basis that the dT/ dt –temperature rising velocity fast charge variety rate of the temperature of hour can be to stop refresh.Please consult the norm that the battery produces the company( battery of NiCdOf typical model be worth for the 1 oC/ min) the –be applicable to the battery of NiCd and battery of NiMHs.Need to stop refresh when the DT – outrun the temperature value of theenvironment temperature to be the bad battery temperature and the environment temperature to exceed the certain threshold.This method can be the battery of NiCd and The project that battery of SLA stops refresh.While refreshing in the cold environment this method compares the absolute zero to judge the method better.Because bigMost systems usually only have a temperature to stretch forward, have to will refresh the previous temperature to be the environment temperature. DV/ dt=0 –s zero electric voltages differ this method with- the method of dV/ dt is very and similar, and more accurate under the condition that electric voltage will not go up again. Be applicable to the NiCd Battery and battery of NiMH.This reference design completely carried out the battery charger design of latest technique, can carry on to various popular battery type quicklyRefresh but need not to modify the hardware soon, a hardware terrace carries out a charger product line of integrity.Need only Want to will refresh the calculate way to pass lately the ISP downloads the processor of FLASH saving machine can get the new model number.Show very muchHowever, this kind of method can shorten time that new product appear on market consumedly, and need a kind of hardware of stock only.This design provide The in keeping with SLA, NiCd, NiMH of the integrity and the database function of the battery of Li- Ion.锂电池充电器的设计介绍根据其尺寸，重量和能量储存优点，锂- 离子可再充电电池正在被用于许多的应用领域。

关于电动车外文文献翻译、中英文翻译、外文翻译

地方官员常用的这样的借口来拒绝电动自行车：铅酸电池会污染环境；电动车会干扰机动车辆行驶，阻塞交通；特别是对公交系统造成巨大冲击。

积极为绿色交通奔走呼吁的请愿人士说，这些借口苍白无力，不过是试图去保护电动车的竞争者而已。

中国科学院著名理论物理学家，院士何祚庥一针见血地指出：“真正的原因就是来自利益集团的竞争。

”何院士在有关环境和能源政策的公共辩论中一向直言。

他说反对电动车的理由没有一条真正站得住脚：汽车上用的也是铅酸电池，他特别补充：“真正的污染源不是电动车，而是汽车。

”如果现有的交通运营者们和制造商们想与电动车竞争，就要为大众提供效率更高，价格更便宜，更清洁的交通工具。

但问题是，与其它竞争者相比，电动车厂商微不足道，特别是汽车产业，吸引了数十亿美元的外国投资。

在中国官方制定的五年计划中，汽车生产已经被列为“支柱产业”。

尽管面临着严酷的生存挑战，但电动自行车厂商们并没有退却，而是知难而进，并取得了惊人成功。

绿源电动车公司的董事长倪捷是代表电动车产业界的灵魂人物，他从一家小企业开始艰苦创业，以务实的态度开拓市场，并取得成规模的研究开发成果，对中国电动车的技术发展有独到的见解。

绿源电动公司一开始是从政府风险投资中分离出来的。

九年前，绿源现任总经理胡继红(倪捷的妻子)制造出第一台样机，绿源公司成立了，随后在倪捷和胡继红的领导下，公司改为私营，并且从最初的投资者手里买下了所有产权。

公司成长迅猛，去年业绩傲人，电动自行车和踏板电动车销量达到了12万辆，今年的销售目标是30万辆。

去寻找绿源，要从上海市一路南下，来到金华。

这是浙江省的一座城市，人口百万，工业重镇。

顺着金华市工业园的公路就可以找到绿源公司的总部。

倪捷的办公室坐落在办公楼的一角，宽敞舒适，是公司里为数不多的带暖气的房间之一，寒冷的二月里，这一点显得尤为突出。

倪捷烟不离手，喝着泡着浓浓的绿茶的广口杯，侃侃道来创业的艰辛与收获。

他说，在中国的大多数城市里，交通是个首要问题，电动车是昂贵的轿车和拥挤的公交车的首选替代品和补充品。

电动清洁电动车环保机械设备外文文献翻译、中英文翻译、外文翻译

中国地质大学长城学院本科毕业论文外文资料翻译系别：工程技术系专业： 11级机制6班姓名：赵强学号：052116252015年 3 月 20 日外文资料翻译译文中国Vies将成为世界领先的清洁电动车《纽约时报》记者：布拉德什发布时间： 2009年4月1日天津通过了一项计划，旨在三年之内把中国变成一个主要生产混合及全电动清洁电动车生产商，并在之后使其成为世界领先的电动清洁电动车和公共清洁电动车生产国。

从中国政府的上级部门提出的目标暗示，底特律的三大巨头，如今已是必须经过苦苦挣扎才能生存下去，并且在未来还将面临比今天更严厉的国际清洁电动车技术领域的激烈竞争。

“中国完全有能力在这一领域成为先导”，通用清洁电动车公司在中国政府政策执行官David Tulauskas说。

从某种程度上说，中国正在形成责任感。

而这种责任感是在美国，日本和其他国家使天然气动力车辆但却不考虑当前先进技术时才开始慢慢形成，中方希望在下一阶段能够有一飞跃。

日本是混合动力清洁电动车市场的领导者，现今运营电力和汽油，清洁电动车行业，如丰田Prius和本田Insight 。

美国一直落后于其他车辆。

通用清洁电动车的充电式油电混合车雪佛兰Volt将在韩国聚集在密歇根使用充电电池进口LG电子，预定在明年能在市场上销售。

但是，电动车可能无助于清除烟雾昏暗的天空或限制迅速增加全球变暖的气体的排放量。

我国获得四分之三的电力来自煤炭，与其他燃料相比它将排放出更多的煤烟和更多的温室气体。

中国的目的是除了要创造一个领先世界的制造和出口工业大国外，还要降低城市污染和减少中国对于中东和美国海军控制的海外旅游在石油上的依赖。

去年秋天，麦肯锡公司报告估计表明，取代汽油动力清洁电动车的相似尺寸电动清洁电动车在中国能够减少的温室气体排放量中只占百分之十九。

然而，通过改变位于城市郊区的清洁电动车排气管电厂烟雾排放源将大大减少城市污染。

除了制造业，补贴高达八点八○○美元正在向出租车船队和地方政府机构的13个中国城市购买的的每个混合或全电动车。

电动汽车发展：过去、现在与未来外文文献翻译、中英文翻译、外文翻译

至于汽车行业，汽油价格大幅上涨至超过2美元水平和市场对此类汽车的需求后，无声的绿色解决方案将经历重大转型。该行业推出更多的燃油高效HEV和较少污染的车辆进入市场。随着过去几年油价急剧上涨，这一现象推动了纯电动汽车的发展，重新吸引了汽车制造商和政府。
消费市场在替代燃料车辆以及HEV和电动车辆方面带来了显着的增长。 Polk＆Company进行的HEV研究表明，美国和西欧的HEV销售市场份额呈上升趋势。事实上，OEM厂商的HEV模型选择从2000年的两倍（Insight＆Prius）增长到今天的二十多岁。 2007年，HEV的销售量已经超过了30万辆HEV。来自OEM的HEV和电动车辆的进一步已知承诺将进一步改善HEV生产。增加插电式和电动汽车，将加强和加快目前的电气化趋势。
D.现代HEV发展
然而，在1999年至21世纪初期，纯电动汽车出现了一种新型的电动汽车。本田向美国市场推出首款HEV，本田Insight，为汽车行业带来了另一个里程碑。随着市场的接受和普锐斯的成功，HEV技术显示出成熟和潜力。福特在“曼哈顿坦克”活动期间推出了第一款美国混合动力电动汽车Escape SUV HEV，并在充气城市交通中注册了600英里/坦克，开启了HEV中美国新时代的竞争。截至2008年，HEV销售总额达到2.5％以上。深刻的是，丰田，本田和福特的下一代HEV已经在2009年引入了更新技术的进一步细化。燃油效率也有所提高。
三，结论
像许多新兴技术一样，电动汽车的开发和应用已经存在了很长时间，但直到最近，技术还没有真正起飞。尽管HEV是汽油车的良好替代品，并被媒体广泛宣传，但它只是作为中间步骤或近期解决方案的代表。政府法规和环境前景，特别是推动运输电气化的采用。电动车将是最终目标。事实上，随着OEM到2012年为终端消费者推出更多的电动汽车模型，电动汽车的展示将被广泛认可和认可。随着新型电动汽车的发展，同时也将引进电力电子技术相关技术的巨大机遇。利用这个机会，为绿色发展做出贡献。

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Battery electric vehicleFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopediaFor electric vehicles other than battery powered vehicles, see electric vehicle. For passenger electric vehicles, see electric car. For the batteries themselves, see electric vehicle battery.A battery electric vehicle (BEV), battery-only electric vehicle (BOEV) or all-electricvehicle is a type ofelectric vehicle (EV) that uses chemical energy stored in rechargeable battery packs. BEVs use electric motors and motor controllers instead of internal combustion engines (ICEs) for propulsion. They derive all power from battery packs and thus have no internal combustion engine, fuel cell, or fuel tank. BEVs include bicycles, scooters,skateboards, rail cars, watercraft, forklifts, buses, trucks and cars.Cumulative global sales of highway-capable light-duty pure electric vehicles passed the one million unit milestone in September 2016. As of December 2016, the world's top selling highway legal all-electric car in history is the Nissan Leafwith global sales of over 250,000 units, followed by the Tesla Model S with more than 158,000 units delivered worldwide.[1][2]Contents∙1Terminology∙2Vehicles by type∙ 2.1Rail∙ 2.2Electric bus∙ 2.2.1Thunder Sky∙ 2.2.2Free Tindo∙ 2.2.3First Fast-Charge, Battery-Electric Transit Bus ∙ 2.3Electric trucks∙ 2.4Electric vans∙ 2.5Electric cars∙ 2.6Special-purpose vehicles∙ 2.7Two- and three-wheeled vehicles∙ 2.8Electric boats∙3Technology∙ 3.1Motors∙ 3.2Motor controllers∙4See also∙5References∙6Further reading∙7External linksTerminologySee also: Hybrid electric vehicle, Plug-in hybrid, and Plug-in electric vehicleVehicles using both electric motors and internal combustion engines are examples of hybrid electric vehicles[3], and are not considered pure or all-electric vehicles because they cannot be externally charged (operate in charge-sustaining mode) and instead they are continually recharged with power from the internal combustion engine and regenerative braking.[4]Hybrid vehicles with batteries that can be charged externally to displace some or all of their internal combustion engine power and gasoline fuel are calledplug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEV), and run as BEVs during their charge-depleting mode. PHEVs witha series powertrain are also called range-extended electric vehicles (REEVs), such asthe Chevrolet Volt and Fisker Karma.Plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs) are a subcategory of electric vehicles that includes battery electric vehicles (BEVs), plug-in hybrid vehicles, (PHEVs), andelectric vehicle conversions of hybrid electric vehicles and conventional internal combustionengine vehicles.[4][5]In China, plug-in electric vehicles, together with hybrid electric vehicles are called new energy vehicles (NEVs).[6] However, in the United States, neighborhood electricvehicles (NEVs) are battery electric vehicles that are legally limited to roads with posted speed limits no higher than 45 miles per hour (72 km/h), are usually built to have a top speed of 30 miles per hour (48 km/h), and have a maximum loaded weight of 3,000 lbs.[7]Vehicles by typeThe concept of battery electric vehicles is to use charged batteries on board vehicles for propulsion. Battery electric cars are becoming more and more attractive with the advancement of new battery technology (Lithium Ion) that have higher power and energy density (i.e., greater possible acceleration and more range with fewer batteries) and higher oil prices.[8] BEVs include automobiles, light trucks, and neighborhood electric vehicles.Rail∙Battery electric railcars:Main article: Battery electric multiple unit∙Locomotives:Main article: Battery-electric locomotive∙Electric rail trolley:Main article: Cater MetroTrolleyElectric busMain article: Battery electric busChattanooga, Tennessee operates nine zero-fare electric buses, which have been in operation since 1992 and have carried 11.3 million passengers and covered a distance of 3,100,000 kilometres (1,900,000 mi), They were made locally by Advanced Vehicle Systems. Two of these buses were used for the 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta.[9][10]Beginning in the summer of 2000, Hong Kong Airport began operating a16-passenger Mitsubishi Rosa electric shuttle bus, and in the fall of 2000, New York City began testing a 66-passenger battery-powered school bus, an all-electric version of theBlue Bird TC/2000.[11] A similar bus was operated in Napa Valley, California for 14 months ending in April, 2004.[12]The 2008 Beijing Olympics used a fleet of 50 electric buses, which have a range of 130 km (81 mi) with the air conditioning on. They use Lithium-ion batteries, and consume about1 kW·h/mi (0.62 kW·h/km; 2.2 MJ/km). The buses were designed by the Beijing Institute of Technology and built by the Jinghua Coach Co. Ltd.[13] The batteries are replaced with fully charged ones at the recharging station to allow 24-hour operation of the buses.[14]In France, the bus electric phenomenon is in development, but some buses are already operating in numerous cities.[15] PVI, a medium company located in the Paris region, is one of the leader of the market with its brand Gepebus (offering Oreos 2X and Oreos 4X).[16]In the United States, the first battery-electric, fast-charge bus has been in operation in Pomona, California since September 2010 at Foothill Transit. TheProterra EcoRide BE35uses lithium-titanate batteries and is able to fast-charge in less than 10 minutes.[17]In 2014, the first production model all-electric school bus was delivered to the Kings Canyon Unified School District in California’s San Joaquin Valley. The bus was one of four the district ordered. This battery electric school bus, which has 4 sodium nickel batteries, is the first modern electric school bus approved for student transportation by any state.[18]The same technology is used to power the Mountain View Community Shuttles. This technology was supported by the California Energy Commission, and the shuttle program is being supported by Google.[19]Thunder SkyThunder Sky (based in Hong Kong) builds lithium-ion batteries used in submarines and has three models of electric buses, the 10/21 passenger EV-6700 with a range of 280 km (170 mi) under 20 mins quick-charge, the EV-2009 city buses, and the 43 passenger EV-2008 highway bus, which has a range of 300 km (190 mi) under quick-charge (20 mins to 80 percent), and 350 km (220 mi) under full charge (25 mins). The buses will also be built in the United States and Finland.[20]Free TindoTindo is an all-electric bus from Adelaide, Australia. The Tindo (aboriginal word for sun) is made by Designline International[21] in New Zealand and gets its electricity from a solarPV system on Adelaide's central bus station. Rides arezero-fare as part of Adelaide's public transport system.[22]First Fast-Charge, Battery-Electric Transit BusProterra's EcoRide BE35 transit bus, called the Ecoliner by Foothill Transit in West Covina, California, is a heavy duty, fast charge, battery-electric bus. Proterra's ProDrive drive-system uses a UQM motor and regenerative braking that captures 90 percent of the available energy and returns it to the TerraVolt energy storage system, which in turn increases the total distance the bus can drive by 31–35 percent. It can travel 30–40 miles on a single charge, is up to 600 percent more fuel-efficient than a typical diesel or CNG bus, and produces 44 percent less carbon than CNG.[23]Electric trucksMain article: Electric truckFor most of the 20th century, the majority of the world's battery electric road vehicles were British milk floats.[24]Electric vansIn March 2012, Smith Electric Vehicles announced the release of the Newton Step-Van, an all-electric, zero-emission vehicle built on the versatile Newton platform that features a walk-in body produced by Indiana-based Utilimaster.[25]Electric carsMain article: Electric carSee also: List of production battery electric vehicles and electric car use by countryAn electric car is a plug-in battery powered automobile which is propelled by electric motor(s). Although electric cars often give good acceleration and have generally acceptable top speed, the lower specific energy of production batteries available in 2015 comparedwith carbon-based fuels means that electric cars need batteries that are fairly large fraction of the vehicle mass but still often give relatively low range between charges. Recharging can also take significant lengths of time. For journeys within a single battery charge, rather than long journeys, electric cars are practical forms of transportation and can be recharged overnight.Electric cars have the potential of significantly reducing city pollution by having zero tail pipe emissions.[28][29][30] Vehicle greenhouse gas savings depend on how the electricity is generated.[31][32] With the current US energy mix, using an electric car would result in a 30 percent reduction in carbon dioxideemissions.[33][34][35][36] Given the current energy mixes in other countries, it has been predicted that such emissions would decrease by 40 percent in the UK,[37] 19 percent in China,[38] and as little as 1 percent in Germany.[39][40][not in citation given]Electric cars are expected to have a major impact in the auto industry[41][42] given advantages in city pollution, less dependence on oil, and expected rise in gasolineprices.[43][44][45] World governments are pledging billions to fund development of electric vehicles and their components. The US has pledged US$2.4 billion in federal grants for electric cars and batteries.[46] China has announced it will provide US$15 billion to initiate an electric car industry.[47]Cumulative global sales of highway-capable battery electric cars and vans passed the1 million unit milestone in September 2016.[3] The Renault-Nissan Alliance is the leadingall-electric vehicle manufacturer. The Alliance achieved the sales milestone of 350,000all-electric vehicles delivered globally in August 2016.[48] Ranking second is TeslaMotors with over 139,000 electric cars sold between 2008 and June 2016.[49][50]MotorsMain article: Traction motorElectric cars have traditionally used series wound DC motors, a form ofbrushed DC electric motor. Separately excited and permanent magnet are just two of the types of DC motors available. More recent electric vehicles have made use of a variety of AC motor types, as these are simpler to build and have no brushes that can wear out. These are usually induction motors orbrushless AC electric motors which use permanent magnets. There are several variations of the permanent magnet motor which offer simpler drive schemes and/or lower cost including the brushless DC electric motor.Motor controllersMain article: Motor controllerThe motor controller regulates the power to the motor, supplying either variable pulse width DC or variable frequency variable amplitude AC, depending on the motor type, DC or AC.1. Cobb, Jeff (2017-01-09). "Nissan's Quarter-Millionth Leaf Means It's TheBest-Selling Plug-in Car In History". . Retrieved 2017-01-10. As of December 2016, the Nissan Leaf is the world's best-selling plug-in car in history with more than 250,000 units delivered, followed by the Tesla Model S with over 158,000 sales, the Volt/Ampera family of vehicles with 134,500 vehicles sold, and the Mitsubishi Outlander PHEV with about 116,500 units sold through November 2016. These are the only plug-in electric cars so far with over 100,000 global sales.2.^ Jump up to:a b c Cobb, Jeff (2017-01-31). "Tesla Model S Is World's Best-SellingPlug-in Car For Second Year In A Row". . Retrieved2017-01-31. See also detailed 2016 sales and cumulative global sales in the two graphs.3.^ Jump up to:a b Shahan, Zachary (2016-11-22). "1 Million Pure EVs Worldwide: EVRevolution Begins!". Clean Technica. Retrieved 2016-11-23.4.^ Jump up to:a b David B. Sandalow, ed. (2009). Plug-In Electric Vehicles: What Rolefor Washington? (1st. ed.). The Brookings Institution.pp. 2–5.ISBN 978-0-8157-0305-1.See definition on pp. 2.5.Jump up^ "Plug-in Electric Vehicles (PEVs)". Center for Sustainable Energy,California. Retrieved 2010-03-31.6.Jump up^ PRTM Management Consultants, Inc (April 2011). "The China NewEnergy Vehicles Program - Challenges and Opportunities" (PDF). World Bank.Retrieved 2012-02-29. See Acronyms and Key Terms, pp. v7.Jump up^ "What is a neighborhood electric vehicle (NEV)?". AutoblogGreen.2009-02-06. Retrieved 2010-06-09.8.Jump up^ "-". Retrieved 30 May 2015.9.Jump up^ Downtown Electric Shuttle. Retrieved 18 August 2008.10.Jump up^ Success Stories. Retrieved 18 August 2008.11.Jump up^ Solectria Develops an All Electric Version of the Blue Bird TC2000.Retrieved 18 August 2008.12.Jump up^ Electric School Bus. Retrieved 18 August 2008.13.Jump up^ UNDP donates electric buses to Beijing Olympic Games. Retrieved 15August 2008.14.Jump up^ BIT Attends the Delivery Ceremony of the 2008 Olympic GamesAlternative Fuel Vehicles with its Pure Electric Bus. Retrieved 15 August 2008.15.Jump up^(French) http://avem.fr/index.php?page=bus16.Jump up^ "PVI, leader de la traction électrique pour véhicules industriels.".Retrieved 30 May 2015.17.Jump up^ Proterra Launches First Deployment of All-Electric, Zero-Emission Busesby Major Transit Agency. Retrieved October 2011.18.Jump up^ "New All-Electric School Bus Saves California District $10,000+ PerYear". CleanTechnica. Retrieved 2016-03-01.19.Jump up^ "Electric shuttle buses come to Mountain View, thanks to Motiv andGoogle". Silicon Valley Business Journal. 13 January 2015. Retrieved30 May 2015.20.Jump up^ "雷天温斯顿电池有限公司". Retrieved 30 May 2015.21.Jump up^ Andrew Posner (December 19, 2007). "When The Sun Shines DownUnder. . .It Powers a Bus". TreeHugger. Retrieved March 11, 2012.22.Jump up^ All-Electric, Solar-Powered, Free Bus!!! Archived 8 September 2009 atthe Wayback Machine.23.Jumpup^/index.php/mediacenter/companynews/proterra_launches_ first_deployment_of_all-electric_zero-emission_buses/24.Jump up^ "Escaping Lock-in: the Case of the Electric Vehicle". Cgl.uwaterloo.ca.Retrieved 2010-11-27.25.Jump up^ (2012-03-05). "Smith Electric Vehicle LaunchesProduction of All-Electric Newton™ Step Van". .Retrieved 2012-03-05.26.Jump up^ Energy Efficiency & Renewable Energy, U.S. Department ofEnergy and U. S. Environmental Protection Agency and (2017-03-24). "Find a car - Years: 2016–2017 - Vehicle Type: Electric". . Retrieved2017-03-26.27.Jump up^ Baker, David R. (2016-04-01). "Tesla Model 3 reservations top232,000". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved 2016-09-14.28.Jump up^ "Should Pollution Factor Into Electric Car Rollout Plans?".. 2010-03-17. Archived from the original on 24 March 2010.Retrieved 2010-04-18.29.Jump up^ "Electro Automotive: FAQ on Electric Car Efficiency & Pollution".. Retrieved 2010-04-18.30.Jump up^ "Clean Air Initiative". Archived from the original on 14 September 2016.Retrieved 30 May 2015.31.Jump up^ Notter, Dominic A.; Kouravelou, Katerina; Karachalios, Theodoros;Daletou, Maria K.; Haberland, Nara Tudela. "Life cycle assessment of PEM FC applications: electric mobility and μ-CHP". Energy Environ. Sci. 8(7): 1969–1985. doi:10.1039/c5ee01082a.32.Jump up^ Notter, Dominic A.; Gauch, Marcel; Widmer, Rolf; Wäger, Patrick; Stamp,Anna; Zah, Rainer; Althaus, Hans-Jörg (2010-09-01). "Contribution of Li-Ion Batteries to the Environmental Impact of Electric Vehicles".Environmental Science & Technology. 44 (17): 6550–6556.doi:10.1021/es903729a. ISSN 0013-936X.33.Jump up^ "Plug-in Hybrid Cars: Chart of CO2 Emis电池电动车电池电动车辆（BEV），仅电池电动车辆（BOEV）或全电动车辆是使用存储在可再充电电池组中的化学能的一种电动车辆（EV）。