英美文学选读翻译 维多利亚时期
自考英美文学选读-(中英文对照)
Part one: English LiteratureChapter1 The Renaissance period（14世纪至十七世纪中叶）文艺复兴1. Humanism is the essence of the Renaissance.人文主义是文艺复兴的核心。
2. the Greek and Roman civilization was based on such a conception that man is the measure of all things.人文主义作为文艺复兴的起源是因为古希腊罗马文明的基础是以“人”为中心，人是万物之灵。
3. Renaissance humanists found in then classics a justification to exalt human nature and came to see that human beings were glorious creatures capable of individual development in the direction of perfection, and that the world they inhabited was theirs not to despise but to question, explore, and enjoy.人文主义者们却从古代文化遗产中找到充足的论据，来赞美人性，并开始注意到人类是崇高的生命，人可以不断发展完善自己，而且世界是属于他们的，供他们怀疑，探索以及享受。
4. Thomas More, Christopher Marlowe and William Shakespeare are the best representatives of the English humanists.托马斯.摩尔，克利斯朵夫.马洛和威廉.莎士比亚是英国人文主义的代表。
The Victorian Period (维多利亚时期)
• The Victorian age was also a great one for non-fictional prose.
orian value; Irish question (爱尔兰的问题);bad working
condition ; Inequality Between
men and women ; Karl Marx’s theory (卡尔·马克思理论);
unsettling of Religious belief (令人不安的宗教信仰)
• American Notes 《美国札记》（1842） • Martin Chuzzlewit 《马丁·瞿述伟》（1843） • Dombey and Son 《董贝父子》（1848） • David Copperfield 《大卫·科波菲尔》（1852）
Features of Dickens’ Novels 狄更斯文学创作的特色
Sharp social criticism. 尖锐的社会批评
Gentle humanitarian. 温和的人道主义
vivid outward portrayal 生动的人物塑造
Humorous and Pungent irony 幽默辛辣的讽刺
Reform bill （改革法案）of 1832; Chartist Movement（宪章运动）.
Mid-Victorian period: economic prosperity
and relative stability
自考英美文学选读 教材翻译
自考《英美文学选读》教材的中文翻译第一部分：英国文学上古及中世纪英国文学简介自从有人类历史记载以来,英伦三岛遭遇过三次外族入侵。
岛上最早的居民是凯尔特人,此后古罗马人、盎格鲁一萨克森人及法国诺曼底公爵纷至沓来,在英伦三岛各领风骚若干年。
古罗马人的入侵没有在这片土地上留下深远的影响,而后两者则不同了。
盎格鲁一萨克森人将日尔曼族语言及文化根植在岛上,而诺曼底人则带来了地中海文明的清新浪潮,所谓地中海文明包括希腊文化,罗马的法律,以及基督教。
正是这两次外族入侵所附带的文化影响为日后英国文学的兴起与发展提供了富足的源泉。
英国文学史的上古时期起于大约公元450年,止于1066年,即诺曼征服的那一年。
这一时期定盎格鲁一萨克森文明兴盛的时期。
这些日尔曼族部落来自北欧,带来了盎格鲁一萨克森语言,也就是现代英语的原形基础,除此之外,还带来了特别的诗歌传统。
他们的诗歌神韵中集合了粗狂豪勇的气度及悲情哀挽的风格。
总体来讲,流传至今的英国上古诗歌可分为两大类:宗教诗和世俗诗。
宗教诗的主题大多以《圣经》为基础。
比如《创世纪甲本》与《创世纪乙本》以及《出埃及记》都源于《圣经》的《旧约全书》;而《十字架之梦》则以《新约全书》为典故。
在《十字架之梦》这首诗中,耶稣基督被刻画成一位青年战士,勇往直前,拥抱死亡与胜利,而那善良的十字架自身则承受起基督所有的苦难与重负。
除了这些宗教诗歌,上古的英格兰诗人还创作了伟大的民族史诗《贝尔武夫》以及其它众多的短篇抒情诗。
这些世俗诗歌中虽然没有基督教教义,但它们唤起了盎格鲁一萨克森人对环境的严酷及人类命运的不幸的感知。
其中《流浪者,狄奥尔》、《航海者》和《妻子的抱怨》是当时世俗诗中的佼佼者。
诗文中的语气和基调深受北海恶劣气候的影响,生活惨淡无望,诗人的口气中带出大量宿命论的成份,尽管同时也显得勇敢而坚定。
《贝尔武夫》,英国上古诗歌的典型,在今天被誉为盎格鲁一萨克森的民族史诗。
尽管如此,诗中主人公及背景都与英国无关,这首叙事诗讲述的故事发生在北欧斯堪狄那维亚半岛。
The Victorian Age英国文学维多利亚时期
Queen Elizabeth & Queen Victoria
1st, on the throne for a long period of time 2nd, England developed rapidly both politically and economically 3rd, literature flourished
维多利亚女王性格鲜明，秉性真挚。她忠于职守，具有治国之才； 她不仅把时光消磨在工作上，也消磨在为家务操劳上；她忠于自己的丈 夫，对子女要求严格，成为一代楷模。她的不懈努力，不仅使英国的文 学，艺术、科学昌盛，经济繁荣，英国的生活方式（如英国贵族的下午 茶）也从那时候开始成为世界各国人民所追逐仿效的对象。“维多利亚 时代”被许多英国人所怀念。
维多利亚女王的名字，象征着一个时代。在维多利亚统治期间，英 国国民空前团结，英国成为一个强大的帝国，并不断壮大发展。这是女 王给英国人留下的最好遗产，也是对她一生政绩最有力的评价。极少有 坐上帝位的女人，能像维多利亚一样，如此出色地完成了女王的职责， 同时又拥有如此平凡的作为女人的幸福。她统治的时期，特别是1851 年以后，在英国历史上被称为维多利亚时代。她在位的六十余年正值英 国自由资本主义由方兴未艾到鼎盛、进而过渡到垄断资本主义的转变时 期，英国极度强盛，经济、文化空前繁荣，科学、艺术都有很大的发展， 君主立宪制得到充分成熟，维多利亚女王的名字成了英国和平与繁荣的 象征。
1837年，18岁的女王维多利亚登基，新女王在继位之前的日记中写 道：既然上帝把我置于这个国家的王位上，我将尽力履行自己的职责。 我尚年轻，可能在许多方面缺乏经验，但我肯定，几乎无人像我这样怀 着为国为民的良好意愿和真切希望。女王充分实现了自己的诺言：她在 其一生中模范地履行了立宪君主的职责，因此深受国民的爱戴；她还是 那个时代道德风尚的典范，她是贤妻，又是良母，是典型的大家闺秀， 也是优秀的一家主妇。她自己生活严谨，工作刻苦，对别人又充满责任 感。在许多国人眼中，她就是那个时代的缩影，她漫长的63年在位时期 则是国家繁荣昌盛的顶峰。维多利亚在位时期，被称作“维多利亚时 代”，在英国所有国王中，她享有盛誉，这不是因为她做出了什么轰动 的事业，而是因为她什么都不做，而仅仅恪守立宪君主的本分，做她那 个时代的表率。
英美文学选读-英国维多利亚时期
1） Features of the Victorian Literature Victorian literature， as a product of its age， naturally took on its quality of magnitude & diversity. It was many-sided & complex， & reflected both romantically & realistically the great changes that were going on in people''s life & thought. Great writers & great works abounded. （2） Features of Victorian novels In this period， the novel became the most widely read & the most vital & challenging expression of progressive thought. While sticking to the principle of faithful representation of the 18th-century realist novel， novelists in this period carried their duty forward to the criticism of the society & the defense of the mass. Although writing from different points of view & with different techniques， they shared one thing in common， that is， they were all concerned about the fate of the common people. They were angry at the inhuman social institutions， the decaying social morality as represented by the money-worship & Utilitarianism & the widespread misery， poverty & injustice. Their truthful depiction of people''s life & bitter & strong criticism of the society had done much in awakening the public consciousness to the social problems & in the actual improvement of the society. Victorian literature， in general， truthfully represents the reality & spirit of the age. The high-spirited vitality， the down-to-earth earnestness， the good-natured humor & unbounded imagination are all unprecedented. In almost every genre it paved the way for the coming century， where its spirits， values & experiments are to witness their bumper harvest.
英美文学选读作者和作品对照
Areopagitica论出版自由
Chapter 2新古典主义时期
I．John Bunyan
The Pilgrim’s Progress天路历程
Grace Abounding to the Chief of Sinners罪人头目的赫免
The Life and Death of Mr. Badman拜德门先生生死录
Cavalry Crossing a Ford
Song of Myself
草叶集
名主展望
有个天天向前走的孩子
骑兵过河
自我之歌
Herman Melville
赫尔曼.麦尔维尔
Bartleby, The Scrivner
The Confidence Man
Billy Budd
Moby Dick
巴特尔比
自信者
The Merry Wise of Windsor温莎的风流娘儿们
Two Tragedies:
Romeo and Juliet罗米欧与朱丽叶
Julius Caesar凯撒
Hamlet
Othello
King Lear
Macbeth
Antony and Cleopatra安东尼与克里佩特拉
Troilus and Cressida, and Coriolanus特洛伊勒斯与克利西达
比利.巴德
莫比.迪克
Mark Twain
马克.吐温
The Adventures of Tom Sawyer
Adventures of Huckleberry Finn
A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur’s Court
英美文学选读翻译 维多利亚时期
英美文学选读翻译（英语专业自考）第四章维多利亚时期从时间上讲,维多利亚文学时期恰好与维多利亚女王1836年至1901年执政期相吻合,这一时段是英国历史上最光辉灿烂的时段。
维多利亚执行初期,英国面临着飞速的经济发展及严重的社会问题。
1832年改革法案通过后,国家政权从腐朽没落的贵族手中移向新兴的中产阶级工业资本家,不久,大工业革命高潮迭起,各种科技发明与技术创新为国家经济带来新生力量,如火车、蒸汽船、纺织机器、印刷机器等。
英国一度成为"世界工厂",通过向海外发展市场与剥削殖民地的各种资源积累了大量财富。
19世纪中期英国成为全世界的经济第一强国。
但在这繁荣与财富下掩盖的是工人阶级的贫困与不幸,为了谋生连妇女和儿童都要受雇到艰险肮脏的工厂矿山去卖苦力。
日趋尖锐的阶级矛盾终于引发了1836至1848年著名的英国宪章运动。
工人阶级团结一致推出《人民宪章》,要求政府保障人权,改善生活与工作环境。
运动席卷了几乎所有城市。
这次运动尽管在1848年衰落下去,但却取得了一定成就,同时也标志着工人阶级的觉醒。
接下来的20年,英国相对繁荣稳定。
中产阶级的生活显示出有前途、受尊敬、很富有的特点。
人民整体也追求一种热情、自尊、谦逊、爱国的民族精神,而维多利亚女王也正是这些品格的榜样。
这时道德与常理这些被浪漫主义时代遗弃多年的主题,又回到了文学主流中来。
但19世纪最后三十年中,大英帝国与维多利亚价值观都逐渐走向衰落。
在海外英国虽然还是最大的殖民者,有着不可敌胜的经济、军事实力,但它的领袖地位已经开始面临正在崛起的德国的挑战,与美国的竞争也伤害了英国的经贸垄断地位。
国内的爱尔兰民族问题悬而未决,日益壮大的无产阶级打破了辉格党与托利党之间的政治制衡。
维多利亚价值观在世纪末失去了光彩,原先谦和、体面的生活方式也被放纵与挥霍所取代。
这种世纪末伤感在唯美主义者奥斯卡·王尔德(1854-1900)与沃尔特·培特(1839-1894)的作品中有很好的体现。
维多利亚时代The Victorian Age
Factory Children
• • • Mill owners said that they had to keep their prices down. That was why workers' hours had to be long, and wages low. Women and children got lower wages than men, so the owners employed a lot of women and children. Children as young as six or seven worked up to fourteen hours a day in the mills. Their pay was about three shillings (15p) a week. Many were killed or injured by the moving parts of the machines they had to clean. Others were maimed by a foreman's fist or strap. Sadly, many of them were forced to work by their own parents. Their fathers were out of work, and the family needed the few shillings that they could earn. Some decent employers paid their workers a fair wage. Some even built good houses for them, and ran schools for their children. Some mill-owners took part in a movement for factory reform. Most mill-owners were against the reformers, though. They said that shorter hours for children would put up their costs, and bring them to ruin. Mill-owners did not obey Parliament's first acts cutting mill hours. But an act passed in 1833 said that inspectors would enforce the law. The act banned all children under nine from cotton mills. Children over nine were allowed to work, but there were strict controls on their hours. By 1847, ten hours per day was the limit for boys and all female workers.
英美文学选读-维多利亚时期资料
8. The Modern Echo of English Literature--Victorian PeriodVictorian Era:The Victorian era of British history was the period of Queen Victoria's reign from 20 June 1837 until her death on 22 January 1901. It was a long period of peace, prosperity, refined sensibilities and national self-confidence for Britain. Some scholars date the beginning of the period in terms of sensibilities and political concerns to the passage of the Reform Act 1832.Queen Victoria:Queen Victoria married her first cousin, Prince Albert, in 1840. Their nine children and 26 of their 34 grandchildren who survived childhood married into royal and noble families across the continent, tying them together and earning her the nickname "the grandmother of Europe".Golden Jubileejubilee ['dʒu:bli:] n.纪念或者庆典（特别指周年的）In 1887, the British Empire celebrated Victoria's Golden Jubilee.Diamond JubileeOn 23 September 1896, Victoria surpassed her grandfather George III as the longest-reigning monarch in English, Scottish, and British history. The Queen requested that any special celebrations be delayed until 1897, to coincide with her Diamond Jubilee.Movie: The Young Victoria 《年轻的维多利亚女王》Summaries•The Victorian era was a period of dramatic change that brought England to its highest point of development as a world power.•The early Victorian period (1830~48) saw the opening of Britain’s first railway and its first Reform Parliament, but it was also a time of economic distress. •Although the mid-Victorian period (1848~70) was not free of harassing problems, it was a time of prosperity, optimism, and stability.•In the later period (1870~1901) the costs of Empire became increasingly apparent, and England was confronted with growing threats to its military and economicpreeminence.•The common perception of the period is the Victorians are “prudish, hypocritical, stuffy, [and] narrow-minded”•The extreme inequities between men and women stimulated a debate about women’s roles known as The Woman Question.Literature of the Victorian Period:The drive for social advancement frequently appears in literature. This drive may take many forms. It may be primarily financial, as in Charl es Dickens’s Great Expectations 《远大前程》. It may involve marrying above one’s station, as in Charlotte Bronte’s Jane Eyre《简·爱》. It may also be intellectual or education-based. Typically, any such attempt to improve one’s social standing must be accompanied by “proper” behavior (thus helping to provide the period with its stereotype).维多利亚时期被文史家们分为三个阶段：维多利亚早期（1832~1848）、维多利亚中期（1848~1870）和维多利亚晚期（1970~1891）。
2021年自考《英美文学选读》(英)维多利亚时期：Charles Dickens
2021年自考《英美文学选读》（英）维多利亚时期：CharlesDickensI.Charles Dickens1. 一般识记His Life & Literary CareerCharles Dickens (1812-1870) was born at Portsmouth. His father， a poor clerk in the Navy Pay office，was put into the Marsalsea Prison for debt when young Charles was only 12 years old. The son had to give up schooling to work in an underground cellar at a shoe-blacking factory - a position he considered most humiliating. We find the bitter experiences of that suffering child reflected in many of Dickens’s novels. In 1827，Charles entered a lawyer’s office，& two years later he became a Parliamentary reporter for newspapers. From 1833 Dickens began to write occasional sketches of London life，which were later collected & published under the title Sketches by Boz (1836)。
Soon The Posthumous Papers of the Pickwick Club (1836-1837) appeared in monthly installments. And since then，his life became one of endless hard work. In his later years，he gave himself to public readings of his works，which brought plaudits & comfort but also exhausted him. In 1870，this man of great heart & vitality died of overwork，leaving his last novel unfinished.2. 识记His Major WorksUpon his death，Dickens left to the world a rich legacy of 15 novels & a number of short stories. They offer a most complete & realistic picture of English society of his age & remain the highest achievement in the 19th-century English novel. In nearly all his novels，behind the gloomy pictures of oppression & poverty，behind the loud humor & buffoonery，is his gentleness，his genial mirth，& his simple faith in mankind.The following is a list of his novels & other collections in three periods：(1) Period of youthful optimistSketches by Boz (1836); The Posthumous Papers of the Pickwick Club (1836-1837); Oliver Twist (1837-1838); Nicholas Nickleby (1838-1839); The Old Curiosity Shop (1840-1841); Barnaby Rudge(1841)(2) Period of excitement & irritationAmerican Notes (1842); Martin Chuzzlewit (1843-1845); A Christmas Carol (1843); Dombey & Son (1846-1848); David Copperfield (1849-1850)(3) Period of steadily intensifying pessimismBleak House (1852-1853); Hard Times (1854); Little Dorrit (1855-1857); A Tale of Two Cities (1859); Great Expectations (1860-1861); Our Mutual Friend (1864-1865); Edwin Drood (unfinished)(1870)3. 领会Distinct Features of His Novels(1) Character Sketches & ExaggerationIn his novels are found about 19 hundred figures，some of whom are really such “ typical characters under typical circumstances，” t hat they become proverbial or representative of a whole group of similar persons.As a master of characterization，Dickens was skillful in drawing vivid caricatural sketches by exaggerating some peculiarities，& in giving them exactly the actions & words that fit them：that is，right words & right actions for the right person.(2) Broad Humor & Penetrating SatireDickens is well known as a humorist as well as a satirist. He sometimes employs humor to enliven a scene or lighten a character by making it (him or her) eccentric，whimsical，or laughable. Sometimes he uses satire to ridicule human follies or vices，with the purpose of laughing them out of existence or bring about reform.(3) Complicated & Fascinating PlotDickens seems to love complicated novel constructions with minor plots beside the major one，or two parallel major plots within one novel. He is also skillful at creating suspense & mystery to make the story fascinating.(4) The Power of ExposureAs the greatest representative of English critical realism，Dickens made his novel the instrument of morality & justice. Each of his novels reveals a specific social problem.4. 领会His Literary Creation & Literary AchievementsCharles Dickens is one of the greatest critical realistic writers of the Victorian Age. It is his serious intention to expose & criticize in his works all the poverty，injustice，hypocrisy & corruptness he saw all around him. In his works，Dickens sets a full map & a large-scale criticism of the 19th-century England，particularly London. A combination of optimism about people & realism about society is obvious in these works. His representative works in the early period include Oliver Twist，David Copperfield & so on.His later works show a highly conscious modern artist. The settings are more complicated; the stories are better structured. Most novels of this period present a sharper criticism of social evils & morals of the Victorian England，for example，Bleak House，Hard Times，Great Expectations & so on. The early optimism could no more be found.Charles Dickens is a master story-teller. His language could，in a way，be compared with Shakespeare’s. His humor & wit seem inexhaustible. Character-portrayal is the most outstanding feature of his works. His characterizations of child (Oliver Twist，etc.)，some grotesque people (Fagin，etc.) & some comical people (Mr. Micawber，etc.) are superb. Dickens also employs exaggeration in his works. Dickens’s works ar e also characterized by a mixture of humor & pathos.5. 应用Selected ReadingAn Excerpt from Chapter III of Oliver TwistThe novel is famous for its vivid descriptions of the workhouse & life of the underworld in the 19th-century London. The author’s intimate knowledge of people of the lowest order & of the city itself apparently comes from his journalistic years. Here the novel also presents Oliver Twist as Dickens’s first child hero & Fagin the first grotesque figure.This section，Chapter III of the novel，is a detailed account of how he is punished for that “ impious & profane offence of asking for more” & how he is to be sold. At three pound ten，to Mr. Gamfield，the notorious chimneysweeper. Though we can afford a smile now & then，we feel more the pitiable state of the orphan boy & the cruelty & hypocrisy of the workhouse board.。
英美文学选读-作者及年代
英美文学选读复习：英美文学选读时代,年代和作者及其作品大纲列表（英国文学部分）文学名词：讽喻Allegory 如《仙后》白体诗Blank Verse 人文主义humanism 玄学派Metaphysical如约翰邓恩文艺复兴Renaissance 十四行诗sonnet18英美文学选读：英美文学选读时代,年代和作者及其作品大纲列表（英国文学-新古典主义）文学名词：启蒙运动The Enlightenment 崇尚理性，平等和科学，主张人有能力完善自己，完善社会新古典主义Neoclassicism17世纪末到18世纪中叶主宰了英国文学的一种古典主义倾向哥特式小说Gothic Novel以魔法，神秘，超自然因素为主要特色的一种小说，运用鬼混，怪物以及诸如旧城堡，地牢，墓场等背景造成一种险恶，可怕的氛围。
英雄双韵体诗Heroic couplet英美文学选读：英美文学选读时代,年代和作者及其作品大纲列表（英国文学-浪漫主义）拜伦式英雄Byronic hero 是拜伦塑造的一种典型人物形象，常常出身显贵，傲慢而神秘英美文学选读：英美文学选读时代,年代和作者及其作品大纲列表（英国文学-维多利亚）功利主义Utilitarianism检验伦理观念的方法就是看它是否对社会有用戏剧独白Dramatic monologue决定论Determinism人的行为和事件都是由决定它们的种种因素控制和导致的一种信仰或理论（Eliot的决定论有两个原因：内因和外因）自然主义Naturalism流行于19世纪晚期，在宇宙中人是被他所生存的环境和遗传因素控制的一种生物英美文学选读复习：英美文学选读时代,年代和作者及其作品大纲列表（现代部分）英美文学选读复习：英美文学选读时代,年代和作者及其作品大纲列表（美国部分）浪漫主义时期：加尔文主义Calvinism 通过上帝的特殊恩典的输入而获得有限的赎罪美国清教主义American Puritanism 那些由于各种原因来到新大陆并在美国定居下来的清教徒们的信仰和习俗超验主义transcendentalism 相信人能够通过直觉认识真理，或者超越感官获得知识自由诗体Free verse 有节奏的诗行长短不一，不符合任何固定的一样个牧师或传统的押韵体系。
中英对照英美文学知识大全
Songs and (乔治•赫伯特)
the saint of the Metaphysical school (“玄学派诗圣”);
The Temple《神殿》
11. Andrew Marwell (安德鲁•马韦尔)
- octosyllabic & heroic couplet (八音节英雄双韵体)
5. Sir Thomas Malory (托马斯•马洛礼)
Le Morte d’Arthur《亚瑟王之死》
三、文艺复兴时期的英国文学 (15世纪末 – 17世纪中期)
1. Humanism – classic culture
ParadiseLost(blank verse, 旧约);Paradise Regained(新约);
Samson Agonistes《力士参孙》(poetical drama, closet drama)
4. John Bunyan (约翰•班扬)
The Pilgrim’s Progress《天路历程》- 宗教寓言, Vanity Fair
An Essay of Dramatick Poesie《论戏剧诗》
新古典主义
6. Alexander Pope (亚历山大•蒲柏)
Pastorals;The Rape of the Lock《卷发遇劫记》;The Dunciad《愚人记》;Essay on Criticism;Essay on Man; 翻译了The Iliad,The Odyssey
7. Richard Steel & Joseph Addison
(理查德•斯蒂尔 & 约瑟夫•艾迪生)
维多利亚时期【英文】
Queen Victoria The Industrial Revolution Child Labour Word box Sources
Queen Victoria
The house of Hanover Queen Victoria
Victoria aged four Victoria (1819-1901) Queen of Great Britain and Ireland and of dependencies overseas (187-1901) and (from 1876) Empress of India. The last of the House of Hanover, she was the only child of George III’s fourth son, Edward, Duke of Kent. She came to the throne in 1837 on the death of her uncle, William IV. She was guided in the performance of her duties as a monarch by the Prime Minister, Lord Melbourne. Her marriage to Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha in 1840 was to prove a happy one ; his early death in 1861 was a blow from which she never fully recovered and her withdrawal from public life during the early years of the withdrawal did not enhance her popularity. Benjamin Disraeli persuaded her to take her place once more in the life of the nation, but it was largely at her own instigation that she was declared Empress of India by the Royal Titles Act of 1876. By the 1880s she had won the respect and admiration of her subjects at large. The Golden and Diamond Jubilees were great imperial occasions. Her death in 1901 marked the end of an era to which she had given her name, the Victorian Age, during which Britain had become the world’s leading industrial power at the centre of the British Empire. Queen Victoria at her coronation
湖北自考《英美文学选读》重点总结
上古及中世纪英国文学Old and Medieval English literature上古：450 to 1066 中世纪;1066-14世纪中叶CeltsOld English poetry: the religious group and the secular oneBeowulf: national epic poem Chaucer introduced from F rance the rhymed s tanzas of various types to English poetry to replace the Old English alliterative verse.<The Canterbur y Tales >The father of English poetry English Homer In the medieval period ：use narrative verse of prose to tell stori es of knightly adventures or other heroic deeds.第一章文艺复兴时期the RenaissancePeriod 14th andmid-17th centuries Humanism is the essence of theRenaissance. Golden AgeIt started in ItalyHenry VIII Defender of the FaithBible in English ancient Romanand Greekculture classstruggle Petrarchpoetry and poetic dramaElizabethan dra madramatists: Christopher Marlowe ,Willia m Shakespeare andBen Jonson3威廉莎士比亚William Shak espeare 1564-1616Playwrights , dramatist, poets 1591-1611was i n t he prime of his dramati c career.38plays 戏剧154sonnets 十四行诗 2 long poems叙事诗Stratford-on-A von“University w i ts”“an upstart crow”Sonnet18 : meditation eter nal beauty origin:Italy<Hamlet>“to be,or not t o be-that is the question”<the merchant of V eni ce> against Christians /Jews.Tw o narrative poems <venus and Adonis> <the rape of lucrece> Tragedies: <hamlet> <Othello> <k ing lear> <Macbeth><re meo and Juliet> <Julius casear>Six comedies:<a midsummer night‟s dream> <the merchant of Venice> <much ado about nothing> <sa you like it> <twelfth night> <the merry wives of Windsor><all‟s well that ends well> <measure for measure e>Romantic tragicomedi es: <[eroc;es> <Cymbeline> <The Winter‟s T ale> <the T e mpest>Romantic tragedy <Romeo and Juliet> tragedy but optimistic 乐观spirit.1 a play in t he play2 borrow plots from other stories such sa Roman,Greekand ancient myth.3 several threads running through the play4 combination of tragic and comic elements.Writing style:1 trimendous vocabulary(16,000words,invent words) 2literary devices(allit erat eion头韵，simile明喻，metaphor暗喻)3 use poetry in his playThe theme of the sonnet:1 express love and praise to a young man2 immortali ze beauty through verses3friendship or betrayal of friendship6约翰弥尔顿John Milton 1608-1674A Catholic family天主教Latin blind .<P Lost>失乐园masterpiece.a story taken from “the old Testament” ,a long epic divided into 12 book s ,taken from the Bible.the theme is “fall of man”The main idea:to beg for me rcy and worship his power were more shamefull and disgrace full than this downfall.<Samson Agonists>the most powerfull dramatic poem on the Gree k model.Three group: A the early poeticworks B the middle prosepamphletsC the last great poemsThe fre edom of the will is thek e ystone of Milton‟s creed.<Paradise Regained>第二章新古典主义时期the NeoclassicalPeriod1660-1798(18t hcentury)人社会动物industrial revolution工业革命the RestorationGothic Novel:1 content: magic, supernaturallelements, ghost s, monsters.2setting: old castle, graveyard, dardforest3atomsphere:horribleThe enlightenmen t movement（theage of reason ）：启蒙运动It was a progressive in telle ctuall进步知道份子movement which flourishedin F ranc e a nd swept the w holewestern Europe at the time. Itsenlighten the wholeworld with the light of modernphilosophical and artistic ideas.哲学和艺术思想The enlightenerscelebrated reason or rationality,equality and scienc e,理性平等科学and they also advocated universaleducation.全民普及教育1约翰班杨John Bunyan 1628-168818年坐牢，Christianity基督教<the pilgrim’s progress>”the vani tyfair”is the most successfulreligious allegory 宗教寓言i n theEnglish langua ge.Me taphor暗喻-life as a journeysearch for spiritual salvationStyle: Moded after the Bible,language:e asy to read,colloquial,concrete and concise form:allegorian form,reallystic,true to life.3丹尼尔笛福Daniel defoe1660-1731butcher‟s fa mily 卖肉家庭Englishmiddle –class<Robinson Crusoe>masterpiece,Robinson is the empire builder,thepioneer colonist.The theme:A man‟s strugglees against natureB glorifyication of the bourgeois menwho has the courage and will to facehardship and determineation toimprove his livelihood.C glorifyication of labor(Robinsonlives on hi s own hands)笛福的创作特点：Defoe w as a ver ygood story-telle r.he had a gift fororganizing minute details in such avivid w a y that his stories could beboth credible可信and fascinating神奇.his sentences ar e sometimesshort,crisp 短小干脆and pl ain,andsometimes long and rambling,w hichleave on the reader an impression ofcasual narration.his language issmooth,easy,colloquial口语andmostly vernacula r方言.there isnothing artificeial in his language: itis common English at its best.4乔纳森斯威夫特Jonathan Sw ift1667-1745<a tale of a tub><the battle of the books><Gulli ver’s travels>th e greatestsatiric w or k<a modest proposal>a greatest andbitter est satire.Lilliput yahoos bitter satire5亨利菲尔丁Henry F ield ing1707-1754Born of an old aristocratic family.老贵族家庭“father of the Englishnovel”“the third-person nar ration”第三人称叙述<the histor y of TomJones ,afoundling> “prose homer”散文荷马”comic epic in prose”散文体喜剧史诗:1 the descryiption in a grand style ofclassic epic.”classic epic”has:A a great hero Bcalls on Muses Cgive a list of na mes of gods Dcompare s mall fights to great wars.2 use verifyied language t o narrate asmall fight3 different figure of speech .esp,irony讽刺,hyperbole夸张<the histor y of Amelia>费尔丁的语言特色：Fielding‟slanguage is easy, unlaboured andfamil iar,自然流畅通俗易懂butextremely vivid and vigorous. Hissentences are always distinguished bylogic逻辑性and rhythm,韵律性andhis structure carefully planed towardsan inevitable ending. His works arealso noted for lively,dramatic dialogues戏剧性对话and other theat ricaldevices such as suspendse,悬念coincidence巧合and unexpectedness.出人意料第三章浪漫主义时期theRomantic Periodis an age ofpoetry.1798-1832人的孤单状态P assi ve , old and conservative :“lak e poets”William Wordsw or th Rober t South eySamuel Taylor ColeridgeActi ve , young and revolutionar y:Byron Shelly Keats1威廉布莱克William Blak e1757-1827候看见过天使，他父亲死后他弟弟也死了，神秘主义。
英美文学-维多利亚时期学
A Christmas Carol: Introduction
Mr. Scrooge does not know that when he gets home that night, he will have some different visitors—
visitors he may not be able to ignore so easily.
II. The literary features in the Victorian Period
Victorian literature naturally took on its quality of magnitude and diversity . It was many-sided and complex , and reflected both romantically and realistically the great changes that were going on in people‘s life and thought.
On a cold and foggy Christmas Eve sometime in the middle 1800s, Ebenezer Scrooge sits working in his office in London.
A Christmas Carol: Introduction
His clerk toils—seemingly endlessly—with hardly any fire to keep him warm.
Scrooge does not care.
A Christmas Carol: Introduction
Two gentlemen come by to ask for donations for the poor.
课外拓展 维多利亚时期名词解释
课外拓展（维多利亚时期名词解释）1. English critical realism:English critical realism o f the 19th century flourished in the forties and in the early fifties. The critical realists described with much vividness and artistic skill the chief traits of the English society and criticized the capitalist system from a democratic view point. The greatest English realist of the time was Charles Dickens. With striking force and truthfulness, he pictures bourgeois civilization, showing the misery and sufferings of the common people. Another critical realist, William Makepeace Thackeray, was a no less severe exposer of contemporary society. Thackeray’s novels are mainly a satirical portrayal of the upper strata of society. Other adherents to the method of critical realism were Charlotte and Emily Bronte, and Elizabeth Gaskell. In the fifties and sixties the realistic novel as represented by Dickens and Thackeray entered a stage of decline. It found its reflection in the works of George Eliot. Though she described the life of the laboring people and criticized the privileged classes, the power of exposure became weaker in her works. She seemed to be more morally than socially minded. The English critical realists of the 19th century not only gave a satirical portrayal of the bourgeoisie and all the ruling classes, but also showed profound sympathy for the common people.2. Victorian period:It refers to the era of Queen Victoria’s reign (1837~1901). The period is sometimes dated from 1832 (the passage of the first Reform Bill), a period of intense and prolific activity in literature, especially by novelists and poets, philosophers and essayists. Dramatists of any note are few. Much of the writing was concerned with contemporary social problems: for instance, the effects of the industrial revolution, the influence of the theory of evolution, and movements of political and social reform. The following are among the most not able British writers of the period: Thomas Carlyle, Elizabeth Barrett Browning, Alfred Tennyson, Charles Darwin, W. M. Thackeray, Robert Browning, Edward Lear, Charles Dickens, Anthory Trollope, Charlotte Bronte, Emily Bronte, Anne Bronte, George Eliot, John Ruskin, Matthew Arnold, George Meredith, Dante Gabriel Rossetti, Christina Rossetti, William Morris, Samuel Butler, Swinburne, Thomas Hardy, Robert Louis Stevenson, Henry Arthur Jones, Oscar Wilde.3. Autobiography:It is an account of a person’s life by him or herself. The term appears to have been first used by Southey in 1809. In Dr. Johnson’s opinion no man was better qualified to write his life than himself, but this is debatable. Memory may be unreliable. Few can recall clear details of their early life and most are therefore dependent on other people’s impressions, of necessity equally unreliable. Moreover, everyone tends to remember what he or she wants to remember. Disagreeable facts are sometimes glossed over or repressed, truth may be distorted for the sake of convenience or harmony and the occlusions of time may obscure as much as they reveal.4. Regional novel: A regional writer is one who concentrates much attention on a particular area and uses it and the people who inhabit it as the basis forhis or her stories. Such a locale is likely to be rural or provincial. Once established, the regional novel began to interest a number of writers, and soon the regions described became smaller and more specifically defined. For example, the novels of Mrs. Gaskell (1810~1865) and George Eliot (1819~1880) centered on the Midlands, and those of the Bronte sisters were set in Yorkshire. There were also “urban”or “industrial”novels, set in a particular town or city, some of which had considerable fame in the 19th century. Notable instances are Mrs. Gaskell’s Mary Barton(1848), Charles Dickens’s Hard Times (1854) and George Eliot’s Middlemarch (1871~1872).5. Dramatic monologue:Dramatic monologue is a kind of poem in which a single fictional or historical character other than the poet speaks to a silent “audience”of one or more persons. Such poems reveal not the poet’s own thoughts but the mind of the impersonated character, whose personality is revealed unwittingly; this distinguishes a dramatic monologue from a lyric, while the implied presence of an auditor distinguishes it from a soliloquy. Major examples of this form in English are Tennyson’s “Ulysses” (1842), Browning’s “Fra Lippo Lippi”(1855), and T. S. Eliot’s “The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock” (1917). Some plays in which only one character speaks, in the form of a monologue or soliloquy, have also been called dramatic monologues; but to avoid confusion it is preferable to refer to these simply as monologues or as monodramas.6. Psychological novel:It is a vague term to describe that kind of fiction which is for the most part concerned with the spiritual, emotional and mental lives of the characters and with the analysis of characters rather than with the plot and the action. Many novelists during the last two hundred years have written psychological novels.7. Künstlerroman: It is a novel which has an artist (in any creative art) as the central character and which shows the development of the artist from childhood to maturity and later. In English literature the most famous example of a Künstlerroman is James Joyce’s A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man. 8. Aestheticism: The term aesthetic has come to signify something which pertains to the criticism of the beautiful or to the theory of taste. An aesthete is one who pursues and is devoted to the “beautiful” in art, music and literature. And aestheticism is the term given to a movement, a cult, a mode of sensibility (a way of looking at and feeling about things) in the 19th century. Fundamentally, it entailed the point of view that art is self-sufficient and need serve no other purpose than its own ends. In other words, art is an end in itself and need not be (or should not be) didactic, politically committed, propagandist, moral or anything else but itself; and it should not be judged by any non-aesthetic criteria (e.g. whether or notit is useful).9. Naturalism:Naturalism is a post-Darwinian movement of the late 19th century that tried to apply the” laws” of scientific determinism to fiction. The naturalist went beyond the realist’s insistence on the objective presentation ofthe details of everyday life to insist that the materials of literature should be arranged to reflect a deterministic universe in which a person is a biological creature controlled by environment and heredity. Major writers include Crane, Dreiser, Norris, and O’Neill in America; Zola in France; and Hardy and Gissing in England. Crane’s “The Blue Hotel” (1898) is perhaps the best example in this text of a naturalistic short story.。
自考《英美文学选读》(英)维多利亚时期(2)-2
自考《英美文学选读》（英）维多利亚时期（2）-25. 应用Selected ReadingAn Excerpt from Chapter III of Oliver TwistThe novel is famous for its vivid descriptions of the workhouse & life of the underworld in the 19th-century London. The author’s intimate knowledge of peop le of the lowest order & of the city itself apparently comes from his journalistic years. Here the novel also presents Oliver Twist as Dickens’s first child hero & Fagin the first grotesque figure.This section，Chapter III of the novel，is a detailed account of how he is punished for that “ impious & profane offence of asking for more” & how he is to be sold. At three pound ten，to Mr. Gamfield，the notorious chimneysweeper. Though we can afford a smile now & then，we feel more the pitiable state of the orphan boy & the cruelty & hypocrisy of the workhouse board.II. The Bronte Sisters1. 一般识记Their lives & literary CareerCharlotte Bronte (1816-1855)，Emily Bronte (1818-1848)，& their gifted sister Anne Bronte (1820-1849)，came from a large family of Irish origin. Their father was a clergyman at Haworth，Yorkshire. When they were young，the Bronte sisters were sent to a school for clergymen’s daughters. The oldest two died there due to the poor & unhealthy conditions. This experience inspired the later portrayal of Lowood School in the novel Jane Eyre (1847)。
自考《英美文学选读》（英）维多利亚时期（3）
III. Alfred Tennyson 1.⼀般识记 His Life & Literary Career Alfred Tennyson （1809-1892） is certainly the most representative Victorian poet. His poetry voices the doubt & the faith， the grief & the joy of the English people in an age of fast social changes. He was born at Somersby， Linconshire， the fourth son of a rather learned clergyman. In 1827， he & his elder brother published Poems by Two Brothers. In this juvenile work the influence of Byron & an attraction to oriental themes were shown. He was educated at the Trinity College， Cambridge & published his first signed work Poems， Chiefly Lyrical （1830）there. In 1832， one year after he left Cambridge， he published Poems， which contained a variety of poems， beautiful in melody & rich in imagery. In 1842， his next issue of Poems came out， collected in the book are the dramatic monologue "Ulysses"， the epic narrative " Morte d''Arthur，" the exquisite idylls "Dora" & " The Gardener''s Daughter，" etc. In 1847，The Princess was published. Written in blank verse， it deals with the theme of women''s rights & position. In 1850，Tennyson was appointed the Poet Laureate & he published his greatest work In Memoriam. The rest years of Tennyson''s life was comfortable & peaceful， but he never stopped writing. In 1855， Tennyson published a monodrama Maud， a collection of short lyrics. Among the other works of his later period， "Rizpah，" "Enoch Arden，" " Merlin & the Gleam" & " Crossing the Bar" are worthy of note. 2.识记 His major poetic works & their theme 1） In Memoriam Presumably it is an elegy on the death of Hallam， yet less than half of its l00 pieces are directly connected with him. The poet here does not merely dwell on the personal bereavement. As a poetic diary， the poem is also an elaborate & powerful expression of the poet''s philosophical & religious thoughts - his doubts about the meaning of life， the existence of the soul & the afterlife， & his faith in the power of love & the soul''s instinct & immortality. Such doubts & beliefs were shared by most people in an age when the old Christian belief was challenged by new scientific discoveries， though to most readers today， the real attraction of the poem lies more in its profound feeling & artistic beauty than in the philosophical & religious reflections. The familiar trance-like experience， mellifluous rhythm & pictorial descriptions make it one of the best elegies in English literature. 2） Idylls of the Kin g （1842-1885） It is his most ambitious work which took him over 30 years to complete. It is made up of 12 books of narrative poems，based on the Celtic legends of King Arthur & his Knights of the Round Table. But it is not a mere reproduction of the old legend， though. It is a modern interpretation of the classic myth. For one thing， the moral standards & sentiments reflected in the poem belong to the Victorians rather than to the medieval royal people. For another， the story of the rise & fall of King Arthur is， in fact， meant to represent a cyclic history of western civilization， which ， in Tennyson''s mind ， is going on a spiritual decline & will end in destruction. 3.领会Artistic Features of His Poetry Tennyson is a real artist. He has the natural power of linking visual pictures with musical expressions， & these two with the feelings. He has perfect control of the sound of English， & a sensitive ear， an excellent choice & taste of words. His poetry is rich in poetic images & melodious language， & noted for its lyrical beauty & metrical charm. His works are not only the products of the creative imagination of a poetic genius but also products of a long & rich English heritage. His wonderful works manifest all the qualities of England''s great poets. The dreaminess of Spenser， the majesty of Milton， the natural simplicity of Wordsworth， the fantasy of Blake & Coleridge， the melody of Keats & Shelley， & the narrative vigor of Scott & Byron， —— all these striking qualities are evident on successive pages of Tennyson''s poetry. 4. 应⽤ Selected Readings （1） Break This short lyric is written in memory of Tennyson''s best friend， Arthur Hallam， whose death has a lifelong influence on the poet. Here， the poet''s own feelings of sadness are contrasted with the carefree， innocent joys of the children & the unfeeling movement of the ship & the sea waves. The beauty of the lyric is to be found in the musical language & in the association of sound & images with feelings & emotions. The poem contains 4 quatrains， with combined iambic & anapaestic feet. Most lines have three feet & some four. The rhyme scheme is a b c b. （2） Crossing the Bar This poem was written in the later years of Tennyson''s life. Although not the last poem written by Tennyson in his longcreative career， this poem appears， at his request， as the final poem in all collections of his works. The scene is sketched with a few strokes： sunset & the evening star， the twilight and the evening bell， & then the dark. The ship is ready to go out of the harbor. It will cross the bar & reach the vast open sea for the long voyage that it is to make. The allegory of the poem is clear. Tennyson is in the evening of life， & the "clear call" of death will come soon. But when he has crossed the border between life & death to go on that voyage beyond the bound of Time & Place， he hopes then to see his "Pilot，" God， face to face. From the moving imagery & the pleasant sound of the poem， we can feel his fearlessness towards death， his faith in God & an afterlife. （3） Ulysses In Greek mythology， Ulysses is the king of the Ithaca Island. He is the hero in many literary classics. In Homer''s Odessey （the Greek name for Ulysses）， Ulysses eventually arrives home after the ten-year Trojan war & another ten-year''s adventures at sea. However， according to Dante， Ulysses never returns to his home place Ithaca， but urges his men to go on exploring westward. Tennyson combines these two versions. In this poem， Ulysses is now three years back in his homeland， reunited with his wife Penelope & his son Telemachus， & resumes his rule over the land. But he will not endure the peaceful commonplace everyday life. Old as he is， he persuades his old followers to go with him & to sail again to pursue a new world & new knowledge. Written in the form of dramatic monologue， the poem not only expresses，through the mouth of the heroic Ulysses， Tennyson''s own determination & courage to brave the struggle of life but also reflects the restlessness & aspiration of the age. IV. Robert Browning 1.⼀般识记His life &Literary Career Robert Browning （1812-1889） was born in a well-off family & received his education mainly from his private tutor， & from his father， who gave him the freedom to follow his own interest. In 1833， he published his first poetic work Pauline，which brought great embarrassment upon him. But in his second attempt Sordello （1840）， he went too far in self-correction that the poem became so obscure as to be hardly readable. He even tried play writing but failed. All these frustrating experiences forced the poet to develop a literary form that suited him best & actually give full swing to this genius， i.e. the dramatic monologue. In 1846， Browning married Elizabeth Barrett， a famous poetess whose famous book of love poetry was Sonnets from the Portuguese. In 1869 Browing''s masterpiece， The Ring & the Book， came out. In 1889， Browning died & was buried in the Poet''s Corner， Westminster Abbey， beside Tennyson. 2.识记His major works Dramatic Lyrics （1842）， Dramatic Romances & Lyrics （1845）， Bells & Pomegranates （1846）， Men & Women （1855）， Dramatic Personae （1864）， The Ring & the Book （1868-1869） & Dramatic Idylls （1880） 3.领会Characteristic of The Ring & the Book： Dramatic M onologue In this poem， Browning chooses a dramatic moment or a crisis， in which his characters are made to talk about their lives， & about their minds & hearts. In "listening" to those one-sided talks， readers can form their own opinions & judgments about the speaker''s personality & about what has really happened. 4.领会Robert Browning''s artistic characteristics （1） The name of Browning is often associated with the term "dramatic monologue." Although it is not his invention， it is in his hands that this poetic form reaches its maturity& perfection. （2） Browning''s poetry is not easy to read. His rhythms are often too fast， too rough & unmusical （3） The syntax is usually clipped & highly compressed. The similes & illustrations appear too profusely. The allusions & implications are sometimes odd & far-fetched. All this makes up his obscurity. On the whole， Browning''s style is very different from that of any other Victorian poets. He is like a weather-beaten pioneer， bravely & vigorously trying to beat a track through the jungle. His poetic style belongs to the 20th-century rather than to the Victorian age. 5. 应⽤ Selected Readings： 1） My Last Duchess。
The Victorian Age-福州英美文学翻译-译国译民翻译
Distinct Features of Dickens’ Novels
• 1) Character Sketches & Exaggeration In his novels are found about 19 hundred figures, some of whom are really such " typical characters under typical circumstances," that they become proverbial or representative of a whole group of similar persons.
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Critical realists reveal the social reality and criticize the injustice, poverty and religious hypocrisy.
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Features of English Critical Realism
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2) 1842-1850, the second period Period of excitement, irritation and frustration: Exposing the corrupting influence of wealth and power, optimism turned into dissatisfaction and irritation. Dickens’s naive optimism toward the capitalist society was profoundly shaken.
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Life in Victorian Age
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英美文学选读翻译（英语专业自考）第四章维多利亚时期从时间上讲,维多利亚文学时期恰好与维多利亚女王1836年至1901年执政期相吻合,这一时段是英国历史上最光辉灿烂的时段。
维多利亚执行初期,英国面临着飞速的经济发展及严重的社会问题。
1832年改革法案通过后,国家政权从腐朽没落的贵族手中移向新兴的中产阶级工业资本家,不久,大工业革命高潮迭起,各种科技发明与技术创新为国家经济带来新生力量,如火车、蒸汽船、纺织机器、印刷机器等。
英国一度成为"世界工厂",通过向海外发展市场与剥削殖民地的各种资源积累了大量财富。
19世纪中期英国成为全世界的经济第一强国。
但在这繁荣与财富下掩盖的是工人阶级的贫困与不幸,为了谋生连妇女和儿童都要受雇到艰险肮脏的工厂矿山去卖苦力。
日趋尖锐的阶级矛盾终于引发了1836至1848年著名的英国宪章运动。
工人阶级团结一致推出《人民宪章》,要求政府保障人权,改善生活与工作环境。
运动席卷了几乎所有城市。
这次运动尽管在1848年衰落下去,但却取得了一定成就,同时也标志着工人阶级的觉醒。
接下来的20年,英国相对繁荣稳定。
中产阶级的生活显示出有前途、受尊敬、很富有的特点。
人民整体也追求一种热情、自尊、谦逊、爱国的民族精神,而维多利亚女王也正是这些品格的榜样。
这时道德与常理这些被浪漫主义时代遗弃多年的主题,又回到了文学主流中来。
但19世纪最后三十年中,大英帝国与维多利亚价值观都逐渐走向衰落。
在海外英国虽然还是最大的殖民者,有着不可敌胜的经济、军事实力,但它的领袖地位已经开始面临正在崛起的德国的挑战,与美国的竞争也伤害了英国的经贸垄断地位。
国内的爱尔兰民族问题悬而未决,日益壮大的无产阶级打破了辉格党与托利党之间的政治制衡。
维多利亚价值观在世纪末失去了光彩,原先谦和、体面的生活方式也被放纵与挥霍所取代。
这种世纪末伤感在唯美主义者奥斯卡·王尔德(1854-1900)与沃尔特·培特(1839-1894)的作品中有很好的体现。
这些唯美主义文学家都极力推崇"为了艺术而艺术"的观点。
在意识形态方面,维多利亚时代经历了巨大的变革。
科学技术的大发展与各个领域的新发现打破了人们过去坚定的宗教信仰,宗教大厦开始坍塌。
达尔文的《物种起源》(1859〉与《人类的进化》(1871)都是动摇了传统信仰的理论基。
诗人丁尼生在长诗《悼念》中就明确表述了自己对宗教与上帝的怀疑。
另一方面,实用主义大行其道,任何事物都要经过实用的检验方可定其价值,由于物质进一步战胜精神。
《圣经》与《福音书》等宗教经典都被认为是过时的迷信,或干脆也要接受实用主义的检验。
这些观念都使得资本家进一步残酷剥削劳动人民,不再有精神道德上的顾虑。
狄更斯、卡利尔、拉斯金及许许多多有社会责任感的作家们都极力批驳实用拜金主义,尤其是它对文化道德的贬低及对人类情感的漠然。
维多利亚文学作为一个时代的产物,自然带有宏大与多样性的特点。
它是多侧面而且复杂的从各个角度,包括浪漫的与现实的反映了人民生活中的各种巨大变化,这个时代也诞生了一大批顶天立地的文学巨人。
这个时期,小说广泛流行,繁荣发展。
著名小说家有批判现实主义的狄更斯、萨克雷、勃朗蒂姐妹、哥斯凯尔夫人(1810-1865〉与特罗洛普(1815-1882)等人。
这些批判现实主义小说家一方面重新倡导18世纪的现实主义,一方面又肩负起批判社会,保卫人民利益的责任。
尽管他们的创作角度与风格各不相同,但共同特点是关心广大百姓的生活与命运,他们为不人道的社会机构、堕落的社会道德、拜金主义的盛行及大面积的贫困与不公深感愤慨。
他们作品中对人民生活的真实写照和对社会制度的无情批判唤醒了公众对社会问题与社会发展的意识。
在19世纪末还出现了一位勇敢的女性小说家乔治·埃略特与一个不仅揭露批判社会丑恶现象,还大胆向维多利亚传统道德观发起攻击的文学家哈代。
维多利亚时代还产生了许多伟大的散文家,如托马斯·卡利尔(1795-1881)、托马斯·B ·麦考和j(1800-1859)、马修·阿诺得(1822-lg88)、约翰·亨利·纽曼〈1801一」1890)、约翰·斯图亚特·米尔(1806一1873)、约翰·拉斯金〈1819一1900)以及托马斯·亨利·哈克斯雷(1825-1895)等。
其中许多人与批判现实主义小说家一道揭露抨击社会阴暗面,并在意识形态领域具有举足轻重的影响。
他们创作了大量重要的历史事件评述、宗教论文、散文及各种主题的演讲稿,同时他们将英国的散文与文学评论发展到一个新高点。
当时最有名的散文作品有卡利尔的《法国革命》(1837)与《宪章主义》(1840),麦考利的《英国历史》(1849-1861)拉斯金的五卷《现代画家》(1843一1860)及哈克斯雷的部分演讲稿。
维多利亚时期的诗歌具有风格标新、表达立异的特点,尝试这种改革的诗人有罗伯特·布朗宁,他创造了一种诗体小说,即把小说中对人物的塑造方式引用到诗歌中。
这使得诗体小说重点,从单纯对故事的叙述向人物内心世界的探究转变,使得维多利亚时期的诗歌带有心理分析的因素。
其余诗人,如丁尼生、马修·阿诺得、爱德华·菲兹杰拉德(1809-1883)、但丁·G ·罗塞提(1828-1882)及他的天才妹妹克利斯蒂娜(1830-1894)、杰拉德·M ·霍普金斯(1844-1889)和阿尔杰农·查尔斯·斯温伯思(1837-1909)都在诗歌改革方面大有尝试,为二十世纪的现代诗歌开辟了道路。
维多利亚时期文学,真实地反映了时代的现实与精神。
其中体现出的高度的活力,脚踏实地的精神,善意的幽默与无羁无绊的丰富联想都是空前的。
在所有文学领域,这一时期的作品都为新世纪的到来做好了准备。
第五章现代时期19世纪末到20世纪初,欧洲的自然科学与社会科学都有长足的发展,物质财富大量增加。
当自由资本主义进入垄断型经济时期,社会化大生产与生产资料私有制之间的矛盾便愈发激化,导致接连不断的经济危机与大范围失业,贫富分化走向极端。
由此引发的第一次世界大战削弱了大英帝国,使人民倍受其苦。
战后的经济萧条与精神失落使人民看清了资本主义背后的罪恶面孔。
而第二次世界大战更大幅度地摧垮了大英帝国,人民伤亡,经济倒退,殖民地在民族解放运动中也纷纷独立。
日不落帝国终于日薄西山了。
这一系列巨变在西欧产生了百花争放般的各家哲学思想。
19世纪中期,马克思、恩格斯开创了科学社会主义,为斗争中的无产资级指明了道路。
达尔文的进化论打击了人们的宗教信仰,"适者生存"说很大程度上推进了殖民主义与沙文主义。
爱因斯坦的相对论也完全更新了时间与空间的概念。
弗洛依德的精神分析法改变了人们对人性的认识。
德国哲学家亚瑟·叔本华的悲观主义与反理性哲学强调了人的意愿与直觉的重要性。
继承了叔本华的理论后,尼采更进一步地反叛理性主义与基督教精神,推崇强权与霸权。
亨利·伯格森在前人基础上创立了非理性哲学,强调创造力、直觉、非理性与无意识。
这些非理性哲学对英国现代派作家影响极为深远。
现代主义起源于怀疑论和对资本主义的幻想破灭。
一次大战的毁灭性灾难摧垮了人们对维多利亚道德标准的信奉。
新兴的非理性哲学与科技进步促使作家们对人性与人际关系进行新的探'索。
19世纪晚期法国的象征主义预示了现代主义的诞生。
一次大战后,所有的现代主义文学潮流都产生了:表现主义(强调自我表现,反对艺术的目的性)、超现实主义、未来主义、达达主义(颓废派文艺〉、意象主义以及意识流等等。
到二十世纪二十年代,这些潮流汇聚成一场浩大的现代主义变革运动,席卷了整个欧美。
这场运动中的杰出人物有卡夫卡、毕加索、庞德、韦伯恩,T·S·埃略特、乔依斯及弗洛尼亚·沃尔夫。
三十年代现代主义受到一定扼制。
但二战后,另一种形式的现实主义,即后现代主义,比如存在主义文学、荒诞派戏剧、新小说及黑色幽默,如雨后春笋涌现出来,其理论基础便是存在主义所讲的“世界是荒谬的,人生则是巨大的痛苦。
”现代主义以非理性哲学和精神分析原理作为理论基础。
现代派文学的主题便是反映人与自然、人与社会、人与人、人与自我之间被扭曲的、渐渐疏远的、病态的关系。
现代派作家更注重描写个人而非公众,强调主观而非客观。
他们都十分关注个人的内心世界,因此心理时间比实际时间显得更为重要。
他们的作品中过去、现在、未来都混合在一起在某个人的意识中同时出现。
现代主义从各方面看都是对现实主义的反叛。
它摒弃理性,而理性是现实主义的根基;它排斥永恒的客观的物质世界,而这些却是现实主义文学的创作源泉;通过倡导对文学新形式、新手法的自由试验,现代主义淡化了几乎所有传统的文学元素,如故事、情节、角色、按时间顺序的陈述等等,而这些却是现实主义文学的主体。
这样一来,现代主义作品常被称为反小说,反诗歌与反戏剧。
20世纪的英文诗歌成就非凡。
世纪初的托马斯·哈代及年轻一代的战时诗人都是现代主义诗歌的代表人物。
哈代在自己的诗歌与小说中表达了对贫苦人民深切的同情和对社会罪恶的极度厌恶。
一战时期的诗人们真实地揭露战争的残酷无理。
庞德、埃略特与叶芝成熟的诗作标志着现实诗歌的崛起。
从某种意义上讲,这是一场反叛维多利亚传统诗歌主题与形式的革命。
现代主义诗人们反对无病呻吟的浪漫与激情,提倡创作的新思想。
如使用日常百姓的语言,开创新的音韵格律,允许自由选题,并将粗确清晰、准确的形象引人诗歌。
三十年代出现了大规模经济危机、失业、以及纳粹的诞生。
面对这种严峻的社会环境,许多青年知识分子开始转向左翼,因而这一时期称为"红色的三十年代",其间的许多年轻诗人都在作品中展示了激进的政治热情及对法西斯的严正抗议。
五十年代,现实主义诗歌又开始回潮。
一代新人再次发起"运动",提倡理性、道义与传统的文学形式,公开反对现代主义思潮。
六十年代没有出现诗歌变革运动。
诗人与读者的选择趋于多样化。
诗人们也愈发注重个人风格而并非什么潮流。
二十世纪初的现实主义小说是维多利亚时代文学的延续,但这些作品对资本主义罪恶的揭露与批判力度在广与深两方面都有所减弱。
这一时期的现实主义小说家代表约翰·高尔斯华绥、H·G ·韦尔斯及阿诺得·贝奈特。
高尔斯华绥的弗尔塞特小说三部曲是二十世纪批判现实主义的代表作,作品揭露了腐败的资本主义世界。
H·G ·韦尔斯在他的社会讽刺小说中对"人物"的抱负与挫折进行了现实主义的探究。