西方汉学答案
2024年汉语言本科-20世纪欧美文学史考试历年真题常考点试题3带答案
2024年汉语言本科-20世纪欧美文学史考试历年真题常考点试题带答案卷I一.综合检测题(共100题)1.布尔加科夫的小说《大师与玛格丽特》中的“大师”,其实是指作品中的()。
A.—位画家B.—位作家C.一个魔术师D.—位音乐家2.德国作家亨利希·曼的长篇小说《臣仆》的副标题是:_____。
3.在厄普代克的“兔子四部曲”中,表现主人公哈里在美国50~60年代大剧变和动荡前的惶惶不安、内容最为深刻的作品是()。
A.《兔子,跑吧》B.《兔子回家》C.《兔子富了》D.《兔子安息》4.法国后期象征主义诗人瓦莱里的代表作品是()。
A.《海滨墓园》B.《豹——在巴黎植物园》C.《恶之花》D.《醉舟》5.法国作家安德烈·纪德最重要的长篇小说为_____。
()。
A.萨拉B.苔丝C.安娜D.玛丽7.标志象征主义流派诞生的《宣言》的作者是诗人()。
A.爱伦·坡B.莫里亚斯C.拉马丁D.马拉美8.美国作家约翰·斯坦贝克主要因小说_____而荣获1962年诺贝尔文学奖。
9.《布登勃洛克一家》10.俄国形式主义学派11.简述20世纪法国现实主义文学呈现出的新特点。
12.20世纪20~30年代英国左翼青年作家的领袖、20世纪英国最伟大的诗人是()。
A.叶芝B.奥凯西C.奥登D.奥威尔13.“境遇剧”14.简述奥尼尔的戏剧创作的几个阶段,请分别举出一部代表作。
15.弗吉尼亚·伍尔夫的意识流小说_____以两个从未谋面的男女主人公的意识流作为结构中心,构成两条平行而又相互交叉的意识流线索,体现了《尤利西斯》对她的影响。
16.《西线无战事》是一部著名的反战小说,它的作者是()。
A.黑塞B.巴比塞C.雷马克D.马尔罗17.20世纪60年代初,索尔仁尼琴发表了揭露个人崇拜时期种种不正常的社会现象的中篇小说,题为()。
A.《癌病房》B.《古拉格群岛》C.《第一圈》D.《伊凡·杰尼索维奇的一天》18.奥尼尔的戏剧创作大致可以分为哪几个阶段?请举出各阶段的一部代表作品。
中西文化比较答案
1与文化的关系特别密切的地理环境要素不包括()。
A、地形B、地质C、气候D、资源正确答案:B2西方国家的民主政治其实是().•A、人民政治•B、精英政治•C、帮主政治•D、阶级政治正确答案:C3在()时期,国人对于国粹和西化同时持有排斥态度。
•A、五四时期改革开放时期•C、新生活运动时期•D、文革时期正确答案:D4印欧语系的语言不可能引导文化向()发展。
•A、逻辑型•B、抽象型•C、理智型•D、理论型正确答案:D5下列人物中,对于汉字持肯定态度的是()。
•A、郝尔德鲁迅•C、钱玄同•D、德里达正确答案:D6西方哲学倡导()。
•A、气一元论•B、精神论•C、原子论•D、客观论正确答案:C7中国产生了专制皇权,从某种程度上来说是为了制约传统中国太强的()。
•A、自由自治意识人生哲学思考•C、平等民主心态•D、官本位思想正确答案:C8乔姆斯基提出描写语言学的缺陷在于()。
•A、描写局限性•B、描写及时性•C、描写主观性•D、描写无止境正确答案:D9关于催眠术,说法正确的是()。
•A、实际上是并不存在的被控制的人做出行为时是可以感觉到被控制的•C、催眠性的语句只有被充分相信了才能起到相应的作用•D、任何人都有自由使用催眠性语言的权力正确答案:C10中国古代对于官员着装、行为的规定主要是为了()。
•A、彰显朝廷气度•B、区分官员品级•C、做出表率作用•D、约束官员行为正确答案:C11影响印欧语系语言押韵的音节是()。
•A、单音节开音节•C、多音节•D、闭音节正确答案:C12()认为,劳心者治人,劳力者治于人。
•A、亚里士多德•B、苏格拉底•C、柏拉图•D、安提西尼正确答案:A13黑格尔提出的唯心主义提倡的是()。
•A、思维原型•C、理论•D、精神正确答案:D14佛教认为,唯心所现的()。
•A、有生有灭•B、有生无灭•C、无生有灭•D、无生无灭正确答案:D15中国古代政治社会三大制约机制不包括()。
•A、暴力制约机制法律制约机制•C、血缘制约机制•D、道德制约机制正确答案:C16针对于西方来说,分析地形对文化的影响时应该选取的区域是()的产生区域。
漫谈西方汉学
西方汉学人所共知,东方学、汉学是西方殖民国家在向外扩张时期发展起来,号称是东方学家、汉学家的学者群体所建立的知识体系。
他们把他们的探讨和认知加到了他们塑造的对象上,东方学、汉学成为认知者对认知对象所施加的一种思想加工。
直到本世纪50年代,美国研究梁启超,赢得莫扎特式史学家之美称的学者雷文森(J. Levenson)的著作,仍被恒慕义(A. R. Hummel)口批评为中国只是存在于雷氏自己头脑中的中国。
无待赘言,当时东方学家、汉学家再现的事实以及他们再现事实的表达方式既然主要是他们的思想的加工,必然或多或少存在对原本的误读,不尽符合实际真象,此其一。
他们所从事的再现,由于是再现,也不可能摆脱再现者使用的语言和语境的局限,不可能摆脱他们所从属的文化、社会、政治环境或政治立场的宰制,此其二。
因此,他们所理解和塑造的对象存在错误和盲域是无可避免的。
要求他们“政治上正确”和“勿意、勿必、勿固、勿我”是不可能的。
特别是他们的理论架构,殆难摆脱欧洲中心、西方优越,正如中国在西方冲击下也难于摆脱“中学为体”一样。
这种情况如影逐形,如水就壑,既在研究过程中导致种种偏颇、扭曲,也在表述中掺杂上种种先入之见。
1969年,福柯(M.Foucault)发表了《知识考古学》。
影响所及,使西方学者,包括社会学家、历史学家,热烈地讨论了一阵子社会宰制、知识为权力所决定等问题。
六七十年代,在意识形态非殖民化时期,阿拉伯世界陆续刊行一些著作,谴责西方学者为殖民主义张目的罪过。
1987年,赛伊德(Ed.Said)发表《东方主义——西方的东方观》推波助澜,促成东西文化相互关系、特别是权力与知识两者之间的关系的又一轮激辩。
随着探讨的深入,人们发现西方的东方学和殖民主义之间的关系并不像福柯提出“力量就是知识”(power is knowledge)用以代替培根的名言“知识就是力量”(knowledge is power)那样简单。
一、西方学者的东方学、汉学著作的价值显然各有不同。
中西翻译简史第1、3、5章部分课后习题答案
(完整word版)中西翻译简史第1、3、5章部分课后习题答案亲爱的读者:本文内容由我和我的同事精心收集整理后编辑发布到文库,发布之前我们对文中内容进行详细的校对,但难免会有错误的地方,如果有错误的地方请您评论区留言,我们予以纠正,如果本文档对您有帮助,请您下载收藏以便随时调用。
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最后最您生活愉快 ~O(∩_∩)O ~第一章1.“翻译”的词源学含义给我们带来什么样的启示?(P6)答:从翻译的词源可以看出,(1)印欧语言比其他语言更强调相似性,特别是在早期的宗教典籍翻译中甚至要求一致性。
这也就是为什么在西方的翻译理论中“对等”观念会起到核心作用,而要表示自有翻译时,则会使用其他术语如“改编”的原因。
(2)很多语言中,“翻译”与“口译”使用不同的术语,意味着这是两种完全不同的活动。
“口译”比“翻译”更强调“调停”。
(3)不同的语言对翻译观念的阐释方式也不同,并非所有的阐释都像印欧语言中那样强调保存同一性。
斯特科尼提出翻译的符号学特征具有三个方面共性:相似性,差异性与调停。
这些共性可以看作是所有翻译都具有的特征,但“翻译”一词的确切含义不是预先给定,一劳永逸的,也不是不证自明的,它需要在对历史上翻译过程与翻译结果的研究中去发现。
3、三大宗教典籍的翻译存在哪些差异?答:(1)《圣经》是世界上印数最多、发行最广、翻译语种最多的书籍,也是被联合国工人为对人类影响最大、最深的一本书。
对西方社会的精神信仰和行为方式影响尤其巨大,与希腊神话同为打开西方精神世界的钥匙。
《圣经》除了是一本宗教典籍之外,它本身还是一部重要的文学作品,它的一本几乎是欧洲大多数民族语言的第一范本。
阅读《圣经》各种一本的人如此之多,甚至连研究它的著作也是汗牛充栋,以至于形成了一种专门的学问,即“圣经解释学”。
(2)印度佛经原无写本,初期翻译主要靠外来僧人凭记忆口授。
译者受中国传统宗教尤其是道家“得道成仙”观念的影响,往往是以道家的哲学名词,概念来比附佛学。
西方经典阅读课后答案
西方经典阅读课后答案1、单选题:西方文学的范围包括选项:A:埃及文学B:印度文学C:日本文学D:法国文学答案:【法国文学】2、单选题:属于西方文学中“希腊传统”的作品不包括选项:A:圣经B:俄狄浦斯王C:伊利亚特D:奥德赛答案:【圣经】3、单选题:文艺复兴时期的西方作家不包括选项:A:歌德B:塞万提斯C:拉伯雷D:莎士比亚答案:【歌德】4、单选题:19世纪西方现实主义作家不包括选项:A:哈代B:托尔斯泰C:但丁D:易卜生答案:【但丁】5、单选题:自文艺复兴运动至19世纪晚期,西方国家先后经历过的文学思潮有选项:A:人文主义、浪漫主义、古典主义、启蒙主义、现实主义B:人文主义、浪漫主义、现实主义、古典主义、启蒙主义C:人文主义、古典主义、现实主义、浪漫主义、启蒙主义D:人文主义、古典主义、启蒙主义、浪漫主义、现实主义答案:【人文主义、古典主义、启蒙主义、浪漫主义、现实主义】6、单选题:下列对于“西方文学”表述不正确的是:()选项:A:包括西半球的所有文学B:发展历程约2800年C:与东方文学相对D:泛指基督教文化区域的文学答案:【包括西半球的所有文学】7、多选题:西方文学的两大源头包括:()选项:A:古埃及B:古希腊C:古罗马D:古希伯来"答案:【古希腊;古希伯来"】8、单选题:下列对于西方文学流派发展顺序排列正确的是:()选项:A:文艺复兴-启蒙主义-古典主义-浪漫主义-现实主义B:文艺复兴-古典主义-启蒙主义-浪漫主义-现实主义C:古典主义-文艺复兴-启蒙主义-浪漫主义-现实主义D:古典主义-文艺复兴-浪漫主义-启蒙主义-现实主义答案:【文艺复兴-古典主义-启蒙主义-浪漫主义-现实主义】9、多选题:下面学习西方文学的方法与“关联阅读”有关的是:()选项:A:将文学作品与雕塑、绘画、电影等其他艺术形式相联系B:将作品与所属时代、思潮流派等的一般特征相印证C:考察中西文学的影响关系或共通性D:对文学作品进行细致深入的文本细读答案:【将文学作品与雕塑、绘画、电影等其他艺术形式相联系; 将作品与所属时代、思潮流派等的一般特征相印证;考察中西文学的影响关系或共通性】10、多选题:下列哪些作品属于“西方文学”:()选项:A:《伊利亚特》B:《源氏物语》C:《神曲》D:《傲慢与偏见》答案:【《伊利亚特》;《神曲》;《傲慢与偏见》】1、单选题:荷马史诗《伊利亚特》中所用的饰词“佩琉斯之子”是指谁?选项:A:赫克托尔B:阿基琉斯C:阿伽门农D:雅典娜答案:【阿基琉斯】2、单选题:《伊利亚特》以哪两个人物的矛盾为开端?选项:A:墨涅劳斯与帕里斯B:海伦与帕里斯C:阿基琉斯与赫克托耳D:阿基琉斯与阿伽门农答案:【阿基琉斯与阿伽门农】3、单选题:《伊利亚特》塑造了众多的人物形象,其中的一个核心人物是:选项:A:奥德修斯B:阿基琉斯C:阿伽门农D:海伦答案:【阿基琉斯】4、单选题:希腊神话中关于特洛伊战争起源的说法,错误的是选项:A:爱神帮助帕里斯拐走了斯巴达王的妻子海伦,这件事成为特洛伊战争的导火索B:三位出席婚礼的女神天后赫拉、智慧女神雅典娜、爱神阿芙洛狄忒都来争夺这个金苹果C:不和女神厄里斯在阿基琉斯父母的婚宴上扔下一个金苹果,上写“给最美的女神”D:赫拉、雅典娜与阿芙洛狄忒直接找到特洛伊王子帕里斯,强迫他把金苹果判给自己答案:【赫拉、雅典娜与阿芙洛狄忒直接找到特洛伊王子帕里斯,强迫他把金苹果判给自己】5、单选题:《伊利亚特》中的战争发生在:选项:A:希波战争期间B:迈锡尼文明时期C:伯罗奔尼撒战争期间D:亚历山大大帝东征期间答案:【迈锡尼文明时期】6、多选题:下列对史诗《伊利亚特》表述准确的是:()选项:A:采用的历史版本B:主题是“阿基琉斯的愤怒“C:描写了特洛伊战争的全过程D:采用的神话版本答案:【主题是“阿基琉斯的愤怒“;采用的神话版本】7、多选题:荷马史诗由以下那几部作品组成:()选项:A:《神曲》B:《奥德赛》C:《埃涅阿斯纪》D:《伊利亚特》答案:【《奥德赛》;《伊利亚特》】8、多选题:下列关于特洛伊表述正确的是:()选项:A:位于小亚细亚西岸,现土耳其境内B:公元前12世纪末发生与希腊交战C:经济发达,繁荣富足D:地处欧亚海陆交通要冲,代表东方答案:【位于小亚细亚西岸,现土耳其境内;公元前12世纪末发生与希腊交战;经济发达,繁荣富足;地处欧亚海陆交通要冲,代表东方】9、单选题:荷马史诗《伊利亚特》中所用的饰词“佩琉斯之子”是指()选项:A:赫克托尔B:阿基琉斯C:赫淮斯托斯D:阿伽门农答案:【阿基琉斯】10、多选题:在古希腊“金苹果”的传说中,哪三位女神向特洛伊王子帕里斯许诺:()选项:A:阿尔忒弥斯B:雅典娜C:赫拉D:阿芙洛狄忒答案:【雅典娜;赫拉;阿芙洛狄忒】1、单选题:但丁创作《神曲》时的处境与下列哪位诗人相似:选项:A:李白B:歌德C:荷马D:屈原答案:【屈原】2、单选题:在《神曲》开头拦住但丁去路的是:选项:A:狮、虎、豹B:狼、狮、豹C:狼、豺、虎D:狐、虎、熊答案:【狼、狮、豹】3、单选题:在地狱第九圈,撒旦的三张嘴中咬着的三个背叛者不包括选项:A:尤利西斯B:普鲁托斯C:卡西乌斯D:犹大答案:【尤利西斯】4、单选题:在1292-1293年之间,但丁把赞美贝雅特丽齐的诗歌用散文串联起来,结集为选项:A:《意大利遗事》B:《神曲》C:《新生》D:《论俗语》答案:【《新生》】5、单选题:《神曲·地狱篇》第五歌中,弗兰采斯加说“该隐狱在等候那个残害我们生命的人”,这个人是指选项:A:该隐B:保禄D:祈安启托答案:【祈安启托】6、单选题:下列对于但丁生平的说法不正确的是:()选项:A:古罗马最伟大的诗人之一B:流亡时期创作了《神曲》C:35岁任佛罗伦萨行政官D:熟习拉丁语、修辞学和诗艺答案:【古罗马最伟大的诗人之一】7、单选题:但丁写作《神曲》的时间是:()选项:A:早年开始动笔中年完成B:被佛罗伦萨当局流放之后C:“人生中点”即35岁之时D:作佛罗伦萨行政长官之时答案:【被佛罗伦萨当局流放之后】8、单选题:但丁在《神曲》中所抒发的忧愤、思乡与爱国之情,同哪位中国诗人的创作处境相通:()选项:A:辛弃疾B:屈原C:杜甫D:文天祥答案:【辛弃疾】9、单选题:在《神曲》中,教皇卜尼法斯八世(1294-1303在位)被关在了地狱的第几层?()A:8B:9C:6D:7答案:【8】10、多选题:下列对于西方历史发展中的“中世纪“,说法不准确的是:()选项:A:时间长达1000年B:黑暗而愚昧C:始于东罗马帝国灭亡D:基督教占据文化主导地位答案:【黑暗而愚昧;始于东罗马帝国灭亡】。
(完整word版)中西翻译简史第12、14章课后习题部分答案
(完整word版)中西翻译简史第12、14章课后习题部分答案亲爱的读者:本文内容由我和我的同事精心收集整理后编辑发布到文库,发布之前我们对文中内容进行详细的校对,但难免会有错误的地方,如果有错误的地方请您评论区留言,我们予以纠正,如果本文档对您有帮助,请您下载收藏以便随时调用。
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最后最您生活愉快 ~O(∩_∩)O ~第十二章1、西方各国对中国文化典籍的翻译大致分为哪几个阶段?每个阶段的主要翻译对象和翻译特点是什么?1、18世纪以前,法国是汉学研究中心,主要的翻译对象是儒家经典。
特点法国的汉学研究和汉籍翻译的发达和普及程度很高。
1876年法兰西学院还专门设立了儒莲国际汉籍翻译奖,用以表彰为汉籍外译作出杰出贡献的各国翻译家。
2、19世纪在华殖民圈对中国文化典籍的翻译。
注重实用主义,儒家经典翻译更系统,更倾向于学术研究。
3、20世纪上半页,儒家经典翻译走向欧美,融入欧美文化,文学形式多种多样,有诗歌,散文等。
4、20世纪下半页,儒家经典翻译全译本多,汉语热逐渐慢下来,只有专家还在从事此方面的翻译。
3、试分析理雅各对儒家著作翻译的主要成就以及亚瑟韦利对儒家著作翻译的主要特点?自1843年起,19世纪最著名的英国汉学家理雅各开始主持《中国经典》的翻译工作,涉及儒家经典九种和道家经典2种,并各自附以原文、注释、结论撰写到出版均成体系,并安排多人参与助译。
1861年,“四书”译本依序字香港出版,为中国经典一、二卷。
在此后二十五年间,他陆续翻译出版了中国的《论语》,《大学》,《中庸》,《孟子》,《春秋》,《礼记》,《书经》,《孝经》,《易经》,《诗经》等儒家经典。
《中国经典》陆续出版后,子啊西方引起了轰动,欧美人士由此得以深入了解中国传统文化,理雅各也因在翻译上的成就与汉学研究方面的贡献,在当时国际汉学的中心巴黎获得了极高的赞誉。
理雅各的《中国经典》可以说是影响最为深远的儒家经典译著。
据统计,《中国经典》牛津大学修订版至少有9次重印,“四书”和《论语》一单行本付印也各有11次和6次。
英国文学和翻译答案
C.Such things will not be managed at this school.
答案:B
您的答案:B
题目分数:2
此题得分:2.0
17.第18题
She is an absolutely one-man wife.
A.他全神贯注于事业,为他的家庭留下了很少的时间。
B.他对事业的全神贯注留给他家庭的时间很少。
C.他全神贯注于事业,因而与家人在一起的时间很少。
答案:C
您的答案:C
题目分数:2
此题得分:2.0
19.第20题
这具有重大的历史意义。
A.This is of historic significance.
B.This has great historic significance.
英国文学英国文学史文学翻译猜文学作品名字答案文学常识试题及答案英国文学作品英国文学简史文学人类学概说答案英国文学名著东方文学史作业答案
翻译
1.第1题
Every one of us, except my poor hoodwinked grandmother, heard of the bad news.
B.By now, we had become very intimate. We made no distinction between each other’s things. We dug our chopsticks into each other’s bowls for choosing pieces of meat.
14.第14题
张先生腋下夹着一本字典,手里端着茶杯,一边踱着步一边哼着一首流行歌曲。
西方人文经典 尔雅答案
:下列哪一位是《人类精神进步史纲要》的作者()。
:孔多赛
:孔多赛在法国革命时期属于()派别。
:吉伦特派
:早在启蒙运动之前,人权观念就已经是一个高度普遍化了的观念。()
:错误
:伟大的哲学家()说:“人生而自由,却无往不在枷锁之中”()。
:卢梭
:下列哪一位学者说过“我不同意你的意见,但是我愿意用生命来捍卫你发表自己意见的权利”()。
:正确
:《忏悔录》的作者是( )。
:奥古斯丁
:“人们一思考,上帝就发笑”出自( )。
:米兰·昆德拉
:西方文化传统的古典来源包括( )。
:古希腊文化#基督教文化#罗马文化
:在古希腊,理性和信仰之间的关系很大程度上呈现为雅典和耶路撒冷之间的关系。
:正确
:亚里士多德的思想里有些因素可以用来为基督教的某些论旨提出论证。
:可普遍化
:西方哲学史上自亚里士多德以来,第一个对因果关系理论做详细论证的哲学家是()。
:休谟
:“给我物质,我就能创造整个宇宙。”这句话出自下列哪一位()。
:康德
:以下哪一位说过:“己欲立而立人,己欲达而达人”()。
:孔子
:在康德看来,假言命令是功利主义道德行为的特点。()
:正确
:功利主义认为,道德是一种绝对命令。()
:正确
:马基雅维利认为政治是肮脏的,是为了达到目的不择手段的。
:正确
:珍珠港事件时期,美国的统治者是罗斯福。
:正确
:( )是《反潮流》的作者。
:赛亚·柏林
:《恶之花》的作者是( )。
:波多莱尔#波德莱尔
:以下观点中赛亚·柏林会赞同的是( )。
:多元论的传统
:一元论认为人世间值得人们追求和向往的美好价值,最终都是连为一体的。
中西翻译简史课后习题部分答案
中西翻译简史课后习题部分答案Company number【1089WT-1898YT-1W8CB-9UUT-92108】中西翻译简史第7、9、11章课后习题部分答案中国古代重要的科技翻译作品有哪些有何特点天文、历法、数学、医学等,中国古代的科技翻译始于东汉末年,不过与翻译佛经的”译场“不同,这些翻译往往由译僧独自完成,所译内容也比较零散,是佛经翻译的附属或附产品,而非系统的介绍。
我国清末民初的科技翻译有哪些特点对我国的科学和文化发展有何作用此阶段是从19世纪开始,西方科技知识在中国广泛传播,并对中国的只是分子产生了普遍影响。
此时的各人文学科渐渐自成体系,而此时社会腐败,仅有少数有识之士注意到西学的优越之处,但仍不把它作为与中学对等的学术文化,其地位远不及中国的学术思想。
鸦片战争战败及一系列不平等条约的签订,激起思想先进者向西方学习的欲望,以达到“维新”之目的。
这就促成了西方科学技术再一次传入中国。
P118 清末译出的科学书籍的知识就内容而言,清末译出的书籍比较浅显。
数量上看,清末73年约2100种,而民国时期译出的有10700种左右,五四后,科技译着的数量是清末的十倍。
且质量较高。
林则徐设立译馆,翻译西方书刊报纸,积极搜集西方信息。
译出了中国第一部系统介绍世界历史,地理类知识的《四洲志》。
它是当时介绍最齐备,最新颖的世界地理,历史,风土人情的图书。
魏源在《海国图志》中大量介绍外国自然,地理,经济,科学,文化等方面的资料。
徐继畲通过采访来华传教士,商人等编着了《灜环志略》,第一本中国人全面介绍世界地理的书籍。
虽然他们不通外语,但是较早重视并组织翻译外国资料,为同时代的人了解外部世界做出了贡献。
梁启超等一批富有世界眼光的思想家向西方学习大量的自然科学和社会科学的知识,政治上也强烈要求改革。
此时的大量西方知识,也产生了广泛而深刻的影响。
各类翻译出版机构也先后翻译出版了大量科学技术文献和教科书。
传播了化学,医学,等各方面的知识。
汉学——精选推荐
汉学⼀、填空题(20分)1.欧洲汉学确⽴的标志(1814年,地点,⼈物)雷慕沙在法兰西学院1815年1⽉16⽇开设“汉学讲座”。
2.美国的中国学之⽗费正清,代表作品《美国与中国》3.《中国从报》由稗治⽂创办。
4.瑞典和北欧汉学开创者:⾼本汉第⼀位由现代科学⽅法从事中国研究的瑞典⼈:斯⽂·赫定5.德国现代⽂学奠基⼈(3个):硕特、克拉普罗特和普拉特6.20世纪初,德国中国研究的四⼤汉学中⼼:汉堡、柏林、莱⽐锡、法兰克福7.欧洲汉学”三⼤名著”:《通信集》、《中华帝国全志》、《中国丛刊》8.英国翟理斯关于中国⽂学史的著作:《中国⽂学史》9.世界洞悉中国⼈性格的三个范本:《东洋史说苑》、《中国⼈⽓质》、《中国⼈精神》10.汉籍外译的两个条件:①要有书籍;②要有通晓汉语的翻译⼈才⼆、连线题(作者连作品、国籍、最…的⼈、称谓,研究机构连刊物)20根线1.魁奈:法国,“欧洲的孔夫⼦”,《中华帝国的专制制度》,重农学派创始⼈2.卫三畏:美国汉学最有成就者之⼀,《中国总论》,其主持耶鲁⼤学⾸先开设中⽂课程,建⽴第⼀个汉语教研室和东⽅图书馆。
3.宋君荣:18世纪最伟⼤的汉学家、“耶酥会⼠最博学者” ,《成吉思汗及蒙古史》4.福兰阁:德国汉学史上第⼀位专职汉学教授,⽽且也是众多汉学家中第—位名符其实的历史学家,《中国通史》,《儒家史和中国国教史研究》5.德庇⼠:《中国概览》原名《中国⼈、中华帝国及其居民综述》,是⼀部资料丰富的⿍⼒之作,被公认为是19世纪对中国的最全⾯的报道。
6.巴赞:19世纪法国,《⽔浒》最早翻译的⽚段是巴赞的《(⽔济传)摘译》《官话语法》,被称为“欧洲第⼀个”把⽂⾔和⽩话区分开来的汉学家。
7.戴闻达:荷兰,莱顿⼤学汉学研究院院长,翻译《商君书》,《道德经》,并著有《中国对⾮洲的发现》。
8.李约瑟:英国,《中国科学技术史》9.汉堡亚洲研究所:《中国动态》,是迄今为⽌德国唯⼀⼀份关于当代中国研究的杂志10.法国远东学院:《法国汉学》、《法国远东学院学报》、《亚洲丛刊》、《远东亚洲丛刊》等。
西方文化导论课后题答案7-11章
1. Please give an account of the setting of the Enlightenment.The fact that the Enlightenment first occurred in France was ascribed to the deterioration in economic, political, social and cultural conditions in the 18th-century France. The French people strongly demanded that the declining situation be arrested and reforms be carried out. Under such circumstances, progressive intellectuals began to think more seriously about the solutions to the crises and tried to resort to intellectual and social means. This movement also asked for more political power to the people as the bourgeoisie joined in with its economic support and thus the cultural movement tinned with political colour as a bourgeois mark. On the other hand, the dissemination of scientific knowledge and the influences of British empiricism also immensely heightened intellectual and political awareness of the people in general. This prepared the political basis of the bourgeois revolution to follow.2. Briefly introduce one or two representative figures of the Enlightenment and their central ideas. V oltaire and Montesquieu are two of the representative figures of the Enlightenment. Voltaire exposed the dark side of France such as the corruption and injustice of Christianity by launching his theory on human nature. Also, he argued for the freedom and equality of ordinary people. What’s more, he strongly condemned feudal autocracy and put forward the theory of the enlightened monarchy.Montesquieu’s political theory developed the principle of dividing political power although the principle itself was not his invention. Montesquieu contributed significantly to the establishment of the modern Western state by exposing the nature of state and human beings in his great work Spirit of Law which has wide-ranging influence on the later generations of modern Western political thinking and practice.For Montesquieu, it was climate that contributed most to the formation of a society and he believed it was shown in national character, political system, marriage codes, religion, and the use of slavery. His geographical and environmental theory is of some progressive significance, but it exaggerates the geographical factor in social development.1. Say something about the origin and the major concerns of Romanticism. Give examples. Romanticism originated out of the craving for individual freedom by the young intellectuals who could not tolerate ideological and intellectual oppression derived from classicism and rationalism imposed by the ruling class and traditional culture, as was demonstrated in Germany where the Storm and Stress Movement occurred under Rousseau’s influence which attracted many followers including Goethe and Schiller.To some extent it was a reaction against the Enlightenment and the 18th-century rationalism and materialism in general. It demanded more reasonable attention to human passion and individuality as a way to reach real human emancipation and freedom.The major concerns of Romanticism comprised individualism, emotionalism, worship of nature, fascination with the alien aspects of foreign lands, enthusiasm for nationalism and often expressed an air of disillusionment.2. What do you think of the similarities and dissimilarities between realism and naturalism?The similarities of realism and naturalism lie in the fact that they both aim to describe real life and try to reveal the nature of social reality, especially the dark side of human society. But in the ways of representation, they differ in the following aspects: first, the naturalist writer does not focus on a typical environment or typical characters for representation of reality, and instead, they would attempt to depict real life as it is by sticking to the inherent factor which would usually lead to thecause or motivation of certain or behaviors; second, the naturalist writer emphasizes more of the influence of environment on human nature and behavior by exposing the dark and evil aspect of human society which is not just similar to social realism but even more violent and barbarous and emotional.1.2. Choose one representative character from German classical philosophers and make a brief remark on his contribution to the later social or cultural development.Immanuel Kant was an 18th-century German classical philosopher. He is regarded as one of the most influential thinkers of modern Europe and of the late Enlightenment. Kant created a new widespread perspective in philosophy which influenced European philosophy through and after his lifetime. He also published important works of epistemology, as well as works relevant to religion, law, and history. His most important works is the Critique of Pure Reason, an investigation into the limitations and structure of reason itself. It encompasses an attack on traditional metaphysics and e pistemology, and highlights Kant’s own contribution to these areas. Kant’s great contribution lies in his interpretation of human epistemology: the ultimate nature of reality of the “things in themselves” remains forever unaccessible to the human mind and what we can know is only its phenomena. The mind impresses its forms of sensibility via space and time or the original data of the senses and orders them according to the categories of thought.1. Say something you know about Modernism, including its performance and features. Modernism, in its broadest sense, is modern thought, character, or practice. More specifically, the term describes both a set of cultural tendencies and an array of associated cultural schools, originally arising from wide-scale and far-reaching changes in Western society in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. The term encompasses the activities and output of those who felt the “traditional” forms of art, architecture, literature, religious faith, social conventions and daily life were becoming outdated in the new conditions of economic, social and political developments under the influence of industrialization and colonization.Modernism —despite its complexity and multiplicity in terms of ideological tendencies and representation modes, could be regarded basically to be irrational, that is, in opposition to rational tradition of the Western culture and civilization. History has repeatedly proved that any radical drive or trend could not last long and so did modernism which, with all its justifications, only survived a few decades since its beginning and had to decline and finally disappeared as a movement though some of its ideas and forms or techniques still maintained. The reason is simple — no one could reject all the inheritances his ancestors have passed on to him no matter whether these inheritances are valuable enough for him to benefit from. In that sense people after modernism, particularly the cultural people or intellectuals, have to take a lesson from Modernist Movement, which they should be cautious about the way to handle cultural heritage and need to try to make use of the positive elements from tradition.2. Describe one or two modernist writers focused on his work.James Joyce is one of most prominent modernist writers in the early 20th century whose reputation mainly rests upon his masterful use of the Stream of Consciousness technique in his writing. He is best known for his landmark novel Ulysses (1922) and its controversial successor Finnegans Wake(1939), as well as the short story collection Dubliners(1914) and the semi-autobiographical novellet A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man (1916). Ulysses is one of the most important works of Modernist literature. The action of novel, which takes place in asingle day, 16 June 1904, sets the characters and incidents of the Odyssey of Homer in modern Dublin and bases his three protagonists, Leopold Bloom, Molly Bloom and Stephen Dedalus, on the triangular relationship in parallel with the construction of Odysseus, Penelope and Telemachus. Ulysses’ stream-of-consciousness technique, symbolic structure, and experimental prose style—full of puns, parodies, and allusions—as well as its rich characterization in close association with serious thematic concerns, such as Irish nationalism, sympathy for the Jew and women, and protest against Catholicism, therefore renders the book a highly recognized status in Modernist literature.1. Tell some ideological Representative Figures of the Modern age and their main ideas..(1) Marx’s Marxism, its main ideas include scientific socialism, political economics, and dialectic materialism.(2) Darwin’s theory of Evolution by Natural Selection, Its main idea as follow:i. Species have developed or evolved by a series of small variations.ii. All animals and plants are descended from a single prototype.iii. Natural selection or survival of the fittest ensures that only those variations which improve the chances of survival of species are ultimately significant.iv. Only inherited characteristics can be passed on to later generations.Comet’s Positivism, including Theory of Three Stages:i. Man wanted to acquire absolute knowledge and explain the observed phenomena of the outside world with the help of supernatural theological influences.ii. Man used instead a kind of personified abstraction, i.e. metaphysical nature and “natural force”. iii. Rational sciences dominated everything.Bergson’s Intuitional Ideas:i. He was opposed to the monism of both materialism and idealism and sought a return to philosophical dualism.ii. The functions of intuition and intellect and their differences.Freud’s Theory of Psychoanalysis:i. deep-level psychology: the human unconscious was like the submerged part of an iceberg, hiding many instinctive impulses and repressed desires;ii. Three concepts: the id, the ego, the superego (choose two or three)。
最新完美版 西方文明史复习概要 中英对照+重点+部分答案
西方文明史复习概要中英对照+重点+部分答案①考试题型:选择、填空各15分,共30分;英文简答题共4道,20分;中文论述题,三道共50分。
②复习策略:书本为主,所考内容为每一章开章引言,以及每张重点(下文会具体交代);PPT用来贯穿主线索,便于理解史实。
两者缺一不可,相辅相成。
考试不会太难,大家掌握必要常识和单词即可。
③下面是我对知识点的总结,如有纰漏,还望指正。
总目录:Part 1古希腊第一章:亚历山大和他的时代(古希腊文明)Part 2 古罗马第二章:古罗马共和国兴衰史(古罗马文明)第三章:凯撒与耶稣(早期基督教)第四章:罗马和平和帝国的衰亡(罗马后期,帝国时代)Part 3中世纪第五章:信仰之刃--中世纪的繁盛期(中世纪西方文明)Part 4 现代国家的滥觞第六章:“朕即国家”--英法两国君主专制的发展(资产阶级革命前夜)第七章:“勇于求索!”--科学革命(文艺复兴后的科技发展)第八章:启蒙运动第一章:本章讲述的是古希腊时期的民主制度和文化(哲学与神话),以及希腊化时代。
重点掌握古希腊著名哲学思想,以及亚历山大主要事迹。
引言:(此处只是简单概述翻译,具体内容还望大家读书。
下面几章的此部分内容亦是如此。
)公元前五世纪,雅典城邦(the Greek city-state Athens,城邦还可以称为 the polis)诞生了最早的民主制度,由此带来了社会文化的大繁荣,那个世纪便被称为古希腊的“黄金时代”(the Golden Age),堪称是西方文明的滥觞。
此后由于政治经济的最巨大差异,古希腊最强大的两个城邦——雅典和斯巴达(Sparta)陷入了长期的内战,直到公元前404年雅典战败才结束,史称“伯罗奔尼撒的战争”(Peloponnesian War)。
但是由于斯巴达自身政治制度的落后,它的盟主地位(hegemony,盟主权)终于在公元前371年被底比斯城邦取代(Thebes)。
在著名政治家Epaminondas的领导下,底比斯才得以统帅希腊,但随着他在公元前362年去世,一切都结束了。
2021年全国高等教育自学考试汉语言文学专业《外国文学作品选》真题及答案
2021年全国高等教育自学考试汉语言文学专业《外国文学作品选》真题及答案1. 【单项选择题】(江南博哥)在《永生的阿芙洛狄忒》中,紧接着“永生的阿芙洛狄忒,宝座上的女神”的下句是( )A. 宙斯的善用心计的女儿,求求你,女神啊,别再用痛苦和忧愁折磨我的心B. 求你像从前一样,只要远远听到我的声音在求告在呼唤,你就翩然降临C. 保佑我的一切心愿能够实现——请和我结盟D. 求你再度降临,亲爱的女神,求你解救我于万般痛苦之中正确答案:A参考解析:永生的阿芙洛狄忒,宝座上的女神,宙斯的善用心计的女儿,求求你,女神啊,别再用痛苦和忧愁折磨我的心!2. 【单项选择题】在《安提戈涅》中,安提戈涅坚持安葬自己的亲人,这一立场遵循的是( )A. 血缘伦理B. 城邦伦理C. 情感伦理D. 宗教伦理正确答案:A参考解析:安提戈涅坚持埋葬哥哥的尸体,遵循的是血缘伦理的信念,即亲人对死者必须安葬祭奠,绝不可曝尸荒野。
克瑞翁禁止埋葬波吕涅刻斯的尸体,遵循的则是城邦伦理的规定,即对城邦的叛徒应冷酷无情。
3. 【单项选择题】《新生》歌颂纯洁的爱情,表现出反禁欲主义的情绪,这部诗集的作者是( )A. 薄伽丘B. 但丁C. 萨福D. 拉伯雷正确答案:B参考解析:但丁少年时期曾经对邻居家的少女贝亚特丽采产生了爱情,贝亚特丽采早逝以后.但丁把在1283年以来所写的31首献给她的抒情诗用散文连缀起来,取名《新生》出版。
这部作品歌颂了男女之间纯洁的爱情,表现出了反对禁欲主义的情绪。
4. 【单项选择题】《十日谈》的故事起因是1348年佛罗伦萨爆发了( )A. 战乱B. 市民暴动C. 黑死病D. 大洪水正确答案:C参考解析:《十日谈》是一部短篇小说集,故事的起因是 1348 年佛罗伦萨爆发了黑死病。
5. 【单项选择题】在《巨人传》中,接受了人文主义教育,建立了“德廉美修道院”的是( )A. 庞大固埃B. 巴奴日C. 格朗古杰D. 高康大正确答案:D参考解析:《巨人传》共五部,第一部写高康大的经历,他早年接受经院教育,学成了书呆子,后来接受人文主义教育,才变得聪明起来。
西南大学西方文学与文化答案
第一批次阴谋与爱情》是哪位作家的作品A:歌德B:席勒C:司汤达D:雨果《少年维特之烦恼》的作者是A:席勒B:司汤达C:歌德D:雨果《浮士德》的作者是A:歌德B:席勒C:雨果D:莫泊桑英国“湖畔派”诗人不包括A:华兹华斯B:柯勒律治C:席勒D:骚塞长篇讽刺诗《唐璜》的作者是A:雪莱B:歌德C:拜伦D:华兹华斯《夜莺颂》是哪位诗人的作品A:华兹华斯B:骚塞C:雪莱D:济慈自传体长篇小说《世纪儿的忏悔》的作者是A:乔治•桑B:缪塞C:司各特D:雨果小说(中篇)《阿尔芒斯》的作者是A:司汤达B:雨果C:巴尔扎克D:歌德《马第奥•法尔奇纳》的作者是A:梅里美B:司汤达C:巴尔扎克D:雨果《基督山伯爵》的作者是A:梅里美B:司汤达C:大仲马D:小仲马第二批次:《巨人传》的作者是A:亚里士多德B:薄伽丘C:拉伯雷D:埃斯库罗题目:《十日谈》的作者是A:亚里士多德B:薄伽丘C:维吉尔D:埃斯库罗斯题目:《埃涅阿斯纪》的作者是A:亚里士多德B:但丁C:维吉尔D:埃斯库罗斯题目:《诗学》的作者是A:亚里士多德B:但丁C:索福克勒斯D:埃斯库罗斯题目:但丁的《神曲》不包括A:《地狱》B:《炼狱》C:《人间》D:《天堂》题目:下面哪部作品不是欧里庇得斯的A:《阿尔刻提斯》B:《美狄亚》C:《大力士的女儿》D:《波斯人》题目:下面哪部作品不是索福克勒斯的A:《埃阿斯》B:《俄狄浦斯王》C:《安提戈涅》D:《被缚的普罗米修斯》题目:下面那部作品不是埃斯库罗斯的A:《被缚的普罗米修斯》B:《波斯人》C:《祈援女》D:《俄狄浦斯王》题目:下面哪位不属于希腊三大悲剧家A:埃斯库罗斯B:索福克勒斯C:荷马D:欧里庇得斯题目:下面哪个属于荷马史诗A:《被缚的普罗米修斯》B:《美狄亚》C:《伊利昂纪》D:《俄狄浦斯》第三批次作业一、名词解释:1、世界文学答:"世界文学”这一概念最早是由歌德于1927年与爱克曼谈话时,说自己读了中国小说《好逑传》得到的启示。
欧洲文化参考答案
作业1.第1题The economic success of the early Roman Empire was mainly achieved by_____.A.small farmersB.slavesC.serfsD.Roman legions您的答案:B题目分数:1.0此题得分:1.02.第2题The wheel was invented by ancient ________.A.EgyptiansB.IndiansC.GreeksD.Sumerians您的答案:D题目分数:1.0此题得分:1.03.第3题In the early days of the Roman Republic, ______ had the most importantlaw making power.A.the Assembly of CenturyB.the Plebian CouncilC.the Assembly of CuriaeD.the Tribal Assembly您的答案:C题目分数:1.0此题得分:1.04.第4题Which description of Spartan women is incorrect?A.They enjoyed more political rights and domestic freedom that the restof the Greek world.B.They received physical training instead of literacy education.C.They could inherit property.D.They usually got married at 18.您的答案:B题目分数:1.0此题得分:1.05.第5题Which one of the following peoples first practiced monotheism?A.ancient EgyptiansB.ancient HebrewsC.ancient GreeksD.ancient Sumerians您的答案:B题目分数:1.0此题得分:1.06.第9题Major changes in Roman religious life were mainly a result of _____.A.foreign cultural invasionB.trade and commerceC.territorial expansion of RomeD.interest in spiritual matters您的答案:C题目分数:4.0此题得分:4.07.第10题Which of the following reform measures resulted in the moral decline of the Romans?A.limiting the amount of land owned by individual citizensB.selling grain at a low price to citizensC.distributing public land to landless citizensD.cutting down land taxes or rent您的答案:B题目分数:1.0此题得分:1.08.第11题Who is usually regarded as the “father of history”?A.HerodotusB.ThucydidesC.XenophonD.Polybius您的答案:A题目分数:1.0此题得分:1.09.第12题_____ is the longest river in the world.A.The TigrisB.The AmazonC.The MississippiD.The Nile您的答案:D题目分数:1.0此题得分:1.010.第13题The first city- builders in Italy were ________.A.the GreeksB.the LatinsC.the EtruscansD.the Italians您的答案:C题目分数:1.0此题得分:1.011.第14题Which of the following group of people did not constitute a class in Sparta?A.the native SpartansB.foreignersC.slavesD.nobles您的答案:D题目分数:1.0此题得分:1.012.第15题Which one of the following groups of people did not speak the Semitic language?A.HebrewsB.ArabsC.SumeriansD.Babylonians您的答案:D题目分数:1.0此题得分:1.013.第19题Which one of the following statements about the Sumerian economy is NOT true?A.The economy was mainly based on agriculture.B.The annual flood of the Tigris and the Euphrates played a vital role in its economy.C.The land was owned by the kings and the nobles.D.Sumerian businessmen helped develop an extensive trade network in the Persian Gulf region.您的答案:C题目分数:4.0此题得分:4.014.第20题The Roman Empire reached it largest territorial extent during the reign of _____.A.Julius Caesar (46-44B.C.)B.Octavian (27 B.C.-14 A.D.)C.Trajan (98-117 A.D.)D.Constantine the Great (306-337 A.D.)您的答案:C题目分数:1.0此题得分:1.015.第21题Which of the following statements about ancient Greek sculpture is NOT true?A.The beauty of human form was the most important subject.B.The archaic Greek artists created two sculptural human forms, the kouros and kore.C.The classical Greek sculptors represented human body less naturally or relaxed.D.The Hellenistic Greek sculptors liked to represent extreme emotions in the human face and figure.您的答案:C此题得分:1.016.第22题Which one of the following statements about the Code of Hammurabi was NOT true?A.The Code helped Hammurabi consolidate his rule in the Mesopotamia.B.The Code was based on the principle of retaliation.C.Everyone received equal punishment for the same crime committed.D.The Code was written in the Akhadian language.您的答案:C题目分数:1.0此题得分:1.017.第23题Which one of the following architectural constructions was not typical Roman?A.domeB.vaultC.archD.column您的答案:D题目分数:1.0此题得分:1.018.第24题Constantine the Great declared __.A.Christianity as the only religionB.toleration for all religionsC.the end of Imperial CultD.paganism illegal您的答案:B题目分数:1.0此题得分:1.019.第25题The founder of the Hebrew race was ____.A.JacobB.MosesC.AbrahamD.Joseph您的答案:C此题得分:1.020.第29题The government of the Roman Republic included all of the following branches EXCEPT ______.A.the executive branchB.the deliberative branchC.the legislative branchD.the judicial branch您的答案:D题目分数:4.0此题得分:4.021.第30题Of the following orders of columns, which one is more formal and dignified and mainly used in mainland Greece?A.DoricB.IonicC.Corinthianposite您的答案:A题目分数:1.0此题得分:1.022.第31题Starting from the reign of which Roman emperor such jobs as bakery and military service became hereditary?A.OctavianB.DiocletianC.ConstantineD.Theodosius您的答案:D题目分数:1.0此题得分:0.023.第32题Of the following philosophical schools, which one had perhaps the greatest influence on Roman laws and government?A.EpicureanismB.StoicismC.CynicismD.Neo- Platonism您的答案:C题目分数:1.0此题得分:0.024.第33题That Aeneid, the legendary founder of the city of Rome, was the prince of _____ suggests a certain link between the Roman civilization and ancient Near East.A.EtruriaB.GreeceC.TroyD.Phoenicia您的答案:C题目分数:1.0此题得分:1.025.第34题Who replaced the Council of 400 with the Council of 500?A.SolonB.PersistratusC.CleisthenesD.Pericles您的答案:C题目分数:1.0此题得分:1.026.第35题The Sumerian civilization had ______ cultural center(s).A.1B.2C.3D.4您的答案:B题目分数:1.0此题得分:1.027.第40题The Roman expansion had many consequences EXCEPT ______.A.Rome became the hegemony in the Mediterranean region.B.economic gains for all RomansC.social conflicts and slave uprisingsD.increased political power for military commanders您的答案:B题目分数:4.0此题得分:4.028.第41题The poetic creation of _____ glorifies Rome’s conquests and achievements.A.Virgil (70-19B.C.)B.Horace (65-8 B.C.)C.Ovid (43 B.C.-17 A.D.)D.Juvenal (55-130 A.D.)您的答案:A题目分数:1.0此题得分:1.029.第42题Which one of the countries below was not part of the ancient Near East?A.ArmeniaB.TurkeyC.IsraelD.Iraq您的答案:B题目分数:1.0此题得分:1.030.第43题Olive trees and grapevine were introduced into Italy by ______.A.EtruscansB.GreekstinsD.Egyptians您的答案:B题目分数:1.0此题得分:1.031.第44题Whose power was gradually reduced in the process of Athenian political reforms?A.People’s AssemblyB.People’s CourtC.Council of citizensD.Council of nobles您的答案:B题目分数:1.0此题得分:0.032.第45题All land in Sumer belonged to _____.A.the kingsB.godsC.the noblesD.free farmers您的答案:B题目分数:1.0此题得分:1.033.第49题Three of the following statements are true with the early experience of Christianity. Which one is the exception?A.Unlike the Jews, the early Christians of the Roman Empire suffered persecution.B.Christianity was not the official religion of the Roman Empire until the 4th century.C.Christianity spread in the cities of the empire, first in the east and later in the west.D.It was Constantine’s toleration for all religions that brought new life to Christianity.您的答案:A题目分数:4.0此题得分:4.034.第50题Which one of the following statements about ancient Egyptian religious belief is NOT true?A.The ancient Egyptians practised polytheism.B.All Egyptian gods had an animal head and a human body.C.Ancient Egyptians built temples to communicate with their gods.D.Egyptians believed in final judgement and resurrection.您的答案:B题目分数:4.0此题得分:4.035.第51题Egypt was conquered by ____ in 31 B.C. and renamed “Africa.”A.GreeksB.ArabsC.RomansD.Persians您的答案:C题目分数:1.0此题得分:1.036.第52题The ancient Egyptians divided a year into ___ seasons.A.2B.3C.4D.5您的答案:B题目分数:1.0此题得分:1.037.第53题The gladiator show indicated Romans’ love for _____.A.adventureB.funC.violenceD.entertainment您的答案:C题目分数:1.0此题得分:1.038.第54题In the year _____ Christianity became the official religion of the Roman Empire.A.311B.313C.324D.380您的答案:D题目分数:1.0此题得分:1.039.第55题The so-called Mesopotamia civilization included cultures developed bythe following groups of people EXCEPT _______.A.BabyloniansB.PersiansC.SumeriansD.Assyrians您的答案:B题目分数:1.0此题得分:1.040.第60题Which description of the Age of Pericles is NOT true?A.It is the Golden Age of classical Greece.B.It was when Athens secured its status as the capital of Hellenic civilization.C.It witnessed great developments in democracy, economy, art and science.D.It was when the nobles became a major force in politics.您的答案:D题目分数:4.0此题得分:4.041.第6题judaism instilled a sense of individualism and equality into the hebrew society.您的答案:错误题目分数:2.0此题得分:0.042.第7题Octavian kept the republican system in name in order to gain support. 您的答案:正确题目分数:2.0此题得分:2.043.第8题All Egyptian gods have a human body and an animal head.您的答案:错误题目分数:2.0此题得分:2.044.第16题The Hammurabi Code is the oldest known legal document in human history.您的答案:错误题目分数:2.0此题得分:2.045.第17题Out of great respect for traditions, the Romans were reluctant to make reforms.您的答案:正确题目分数:2.0此题得分:0.046.第18题The Hammurabi Code ensured that every one is equal before the law.您的答案:错误题目分数:2.0此题得分:2.047.第26题Though the idea of democracy originated in Athens, the practice was very different from today’s western countries.您的答案:正确题目分数:2.0此题得分:2.048.第27题Although people from different regions in the Roman Empire spoke different mother tongues, they could always communicate with strangers either in Latin or in Greek, the official languages of the Empire.您的答案:正确题目分数:2.0此题得分:0.049.第28题The Minoan civilization is often regarded as the first advanced civilization of Europe.您的答案:正确题目分数:2.050.第36题Earlier Christian leaders all agreed that the gospel was intended for Jews and non-Jews as well to hear.您的答案:错误题目分数:2.0此题得分:2.051.第37题Athenian magistrate Solon devised the Council of 500 as a check to the power of the nobles.您的答案:错误题目分数:2.0此题得分:2.052.第38题Legends have it that the Garden of Eden situated on the Mesopotamian plain.您的答案:正确题目分数:2.0此题得分:2.053.第39题The Greek city-states varied greatly in their governmental structures.您的答案:错误题目分数:2.0此题得分:2.054.第46题It was the Sumerians who first started systematic agriculture.您的答案:正确题目分数:2.0此题得分:2.055.第47题According to Aristotle, Form (or Idea) exists as a higher reality than the material world.您的答案:正确题目分数:2.056.第48题The basic units of the first human civilization were city-states.您的答案:正确题目分数:2.0此题得分:2.057.第56题Lyric is a poetic form so called because it was originally sung by individuals or a chorus accompanied by a musical instrument called the lyre.您的答案:正确题目分数:1.0此题得分:1.058.第57题The word “tyranny” was just as derogative in ancient Greece as today.您的答案:错误题目分数:2.0此题得分:2.059.第58题The Roman government offered free food to the poor people to achieve greater harmony.您的答案:正确题目分数:2.0此题得分:0.060.第59题Acropolis is an open space or plaza that served both as a market and as a place where citizens could assemble.您的答案:错误题目分数:2.0此题得分:2.0作业总得分:87.0作业总批注:作业1.第2题The Hundred Years’ War arose from the following causes, EXCEPT,A.The territorial disputes between England and France.B.The clash of economic interest in Flanders.C.Famine, plague, economic turmoil, social upheaval.D.The dispute over the French royal succession.您的答案:C题目分数:2.0此题得分:2.02.第3题What one is a correct description of the western European feudalismin the Early Middle Ages?A.Feudalism was a product of the Carolingian world and it operated ontwo levels.B.A feudal king’s actual power depended on the number of his vassals.C.A vassal holding a fief must not divide it into smaller fiefs.D.Financial service was the main reason for the feudal system to exist.您的答案:A题目分数:2.0此题得分:2.03.第6题Which is the correct description of life in the Byzantine Empire?A.Peasants had a hard life due to the high tax on land.B.Scholars were skeptical of Greek tradition.C.Women were excluded from education.D.Soldiers received poor salaries.您的答案:A题目分数:2.0此题得分:2.04.第7题In Early Middle Ages, Western European civilization differed from theByzantine and Islamic Empires in the following aspects EXCEPT for_____.A.the influence from the Germanic and Romance vernacular languages.B.the unstable political situation and a lack of central powerC.the influence of ancient Greco-Roman civilizations.D.the lower level of intellectual and literary accomplishment您的答案:C题目分数:2.0此题得分:2.05.第8题During the Great Famine, starvation even drove some people to eat the following living creatures, EXCEPTA.catsB.ratsC.snakesD.dogs您的答案:A题目分数:2.0此题得分:0.06.第9题What were the three forms of vernacular Literature for nobles?A.epic poetry, romance poetry and dramasB.fabliaux, fables and romance poetryC.lyric poetry, epic poetry and romance poetryD.fabliaux, fables and dramas您的答案:C题目分数:2.0此题得分:2.07.第10题Which one of the following statements about the Black Death is NOT true?A.It is estimated to have killed 30% –60% of Europe’s population.B.The death rate in some larger cities in Italy may have been as high as 60 percent.C.In northern France, villages suffered mortality rates of 30 percent, and cities experienced losses as high as 40 percent.D.Death caused by the Black Death worsened the situation of surviving peasants and laborers.您的答案:D题目分数:2.0此题得分:2.08.第11题Which one of the following statements about the English Parliament in 1259 is NOT true?A.it included two knights from every countyB.it included two burgesses from every townC.it included the king’s Great Council (b arons, bishops, judges, advisors)D.it was a major check on royal authority您的答案:D题目分数:2.0此题得分:2.09.第16题During the Wat Tyler Rebellion, the rebels marched into London and executed the following important officials, EXCEPTA.Lord ChancellorB.Lord TreasurerC.magistrate of London, William TongeD.Archbishop of Canterbury您的答案:C题目分数:2.0此题得分:2.010.第17题Magna Carta in 1215 in England was significant in that it __.A.really weakened the power of the churchB.spoke for the common peopleC.really weakened the power of the kingD.spoke for the nobles您的答案:C题目分数:2.0此题得分:2.011.第18题Concerning the economy of the Byzantine Empire, Islamic Empire and western Europe during the Middle Ages, which statement is NOT true?A.Byzantine had the most powerful economy in the world before the 7th century.B.Islamic economy in the 7th century was already very prosperous.C.Islamic Empire had the world’s leading economy during the mid-8th and mid-13th century.D.Western Europe overtook Byzantine in economy in the late Middle Ages. 您的答案:A题目分数:2.0此题得分:0.012.第21题Which of the following statements about the Crusades is NOT true?A.On the way to the Holy Land, a crusader wore the white cross on his outfitB.The Crusades increased the power of the Papacy and the wealth of the ChurchC.The Crusades strengthened the power of national monarchies and undermined feudalismD.The Crusades set the first example of European expansionism您的答案:A题目分数:2.0此题得分:2.013.第22题The Black Death struck a serious blow to the Catholic Church in the following ways, EXCEPTA.The Church failed to explain why God willed this awful punishment on His followers.B.Many clergy stuck to their Christian duties and died.C.There was a severe shortage of clergy.D.Church was unable to cure the plague victims.您的答案:B题目分数:2.0此题得分:2.014.第23题Which one is not the factor that led to the disintegration of the Carolingian Empire after Charlemagne’s death?A.the regional and ethnic diversityB.the conflicts between different successors to the throneC.the destructive attacks of non-Christian invadersD.the emergence of feudalism您的答案:D题目分数:2.0此题得分:2.015.第24题Which of the following statements about Papacy at Avignon is NOT true?A.The reform measures of Avignon papacy turned the papacy into a more spiritual than political institution.B.Several popes were Frenchmen, and 113 out of the 134 new cardinals created by the popes were French.C.Papal influence in England and in Germany declined.D.This period in church history is called the Babylonian Captivity. 您的答案:A题目分数:2.0此题得分:2.016.第25题Pope Urban VI started to reform the church and wanted to abolish the following abuses, EXCEPTA.SimonyB.PluralismC.AbsenteeismD.homosexual您的答案:D题目分数:2.0此题得分:2.017.第26题Alcuin established ______ as the basis for education during the Carolingian renaissance.A.the Carolingian minusculeB.trivium and quadriviumC.medieval LatinD.biblical texts您的答案:B题目分数:2.0此题得分:2.018.第32题The following kings were called “new monarchs”, EXCEPTA.Louis XI of FranceB.Friedrich I of GermanyC.Henry VII of EnglandD.Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain您的答案:B题目分数:2.0此题得分:2.019.第33题1066 marked the__A.defeat of the VikingsB.Norman Conquest of EnglandC.death of William ID.death of Alfred the Great您的答案:B题目分数:2.0此题得分:2.020.第34题Which of the following statements is NOT true?A.The Hundred Years’ War harmed England more than France.B.The war stimulated the development of new weapons.C.The war speeded up the development of the English Parliament.D.The war promoted the growth of modern nationalism and awakened the national consciousness in the mind of their people.您的答案:A题目分数:2.0此题得分:2.021.第35题For some Muslims, Qur’an should not be translated because_____.A.it is impious to translate the very words of Allah.B.it is too difficult to translate the rhymed prose of Qur’an.C.the original meaning of Qur’an would be distorted.D.the beauty of Arabic language would be violated.您的答案:C题目分数:2.0此题得分:2.022.第36题Which one of the following statements about the Great Famine is NOT true?A.It was the worst famine in European history.B.It lasted for seven hard years.C.In cities alone, there was shortage of food supplies.D.By the time it ended, the Great Famine had wiped out 10 percent to15 percent of the entire European population.您的答案:C题目分数:2.0此题得分:2.023.第37题Which of the following statements about Western Schism is NOT true?A.France recognized the French antipope Clement.B.England recognized Pope Urban.C.Scotland followed the French.D.The emperor of Holy Roman Empire in Germany recognized Clement.您的答案:D题目分数:2.0此题得分:2.024.第38题The following statements about the English Peasants’ Revolt of 1381 are true EXCEPT ______.A.It accomplished its objectives.B.It received help from members of the noble classesC.It succeeded in showing the nobles what peasants were capable of when dissatisfied.D.It marked the beginning of the end of serfdom in medieval England.您的答案:A题目分数:2.0此题得分:2.025.第39题Which of the following statements about the development of science in the Central Middle Ages is NOT true?A.Translation of Greek and Arabic scientific works gave new impetus to the study of science.B.Arabic numbers were introduced by Italian mathematician Leonardo de Pisa.C.Robert Grosseteste, Roger Bacon and others made Cambridge University the center of scientific studies during the thirteenth century.D.Bacon wrote three important books, Great Work, Small Work and Third Work.您的答案:C题目分数:2.0此题得分:2.026.第40题Which description of the Islamic philosophy is true?A.Al-Farabi believed that philosophy and religion are notreconcilable.B.Al-Ghazali regarded Greek philosophy as corrupters of Islamic faith.C.Averro雜 believed that philosophical truth can not be tested.D.Averro雜 thought that philosophers can not truly comprehend theological truth.您的答案:B题目分数:2.0此题得分:2.027.第41题All the following statements about the medieval commune are true EXCEPT__.mune had its own local government, its own court, its owntax-collecting agencies and its own customs.B.Some communes gained their independence by paying lords to grant it to them, while others governed alongside their lord.C.No communes battled violently for rights of self-governance.munes in Italy gained the right not only to govern themselves but also to rule the farmland and villages around them.您的答案:C题目分数:2.0此题得分:2.028.第46题Which one of the following statements was NOT a factor that brought about the agricultural growth during the Central Middle Ages?A.The climate improved and the temperature was higher.B.More lands were under cultivated.C.Farming technology improved greatly.D.The food price dropped drastically.您的答案:D题目分数:2.0此题得分:2.029.第48题Which factor directly resulted in the first great split in Christianity in 1054?A.The rulers of most European peoples adopted Christianity for themselves and their subjectsB.The invasions from Vikings and Magyars not only destroyed many churches and monasteries but also greatly damaged the church institutionsC.There were few schools to train clergy, and many church officers were shallow and incompetentD.Pope Leo IX asserted the supreme authority of the papacy and clashed with the Patriarch of Constantinople Michael Cerularius您的答案:D题目分数:2.0此题得分:2.030.第50题Which of the following statements about The Hundred Years’ War is NO T true?A.The most famous weapons were the longbow and cannon used by the English.B.Firearms played a significant role in the battles.C.Horse-riding knights became more important army force than infantry.D.Europeans relied more and more on cannon for defensive wars.您的答案:C题目分数:2.0此题得分:2.031.第1题Hagia Sophia was the perfect representation of Byzantine civilization, which is a mixture of Greek, Roman and Persian cultural elements.您的答案:正确题目分数:2.0此题得分:2.032.第4题The official language of Byzantine Empire was Latin.您的答案:错误题目分数:2.0此题得分:2.033.第5题The Late Middle Ages are often described as a period of crisis and decline.您的答案:正确题目分数:2.0此题得分:2.034.第12题Universities served only a limited sector of the medieval population, only for men and the wealthy; women and the poor were kept out of education.您的答案:正确题目分数:2.0此题得分:2.035.第13题Among the Byzantine Empire, the Islamic Empire and the Frankish Empire, only the first one received continuing influence from the Roman intellectual and legal tradition.您的答案:错误题目分数:2.0此题得分:2.036.第14题The Vikings originated from the Scandinavian Peninsula and included Danes, Norwegians, Swedes and Magyars.您的答案:错误题目分数:2.0此题得分:2.037.第15题Seven Sacraments are recognized by Catholic Church, Orthodox Churches and Protestant Churches.您的答案:错误题目分数:2.0此题得分:2.038.第19题Before the Carolingian renaissance, cultural and educational standards in Western Europe had already surpassed those of the Byzantine Empire or Muslim world.您的答案:错误题目分数:2.0此题得分:2.039.第20题The new monarchs of late 15th century Germany, Italy and Spain laid the foundation for three of the great nation-states of modern Europe.您的答案:错误题目分数:2.0此题得分:2.040.第27题Romanesque architecture was known by its massive quality, round arches, barrel vaults, thick walls, sturdy pillars, small windows, large towers and decorative arcading.您的答案:正确题目分数:2.0此题得分:2.041.第28题Since the 3rd century the eastern half of the Roman Empire was more prosperous than the western half.您的答案:正确题目分数:2.0此题得分:2.042.第29题The Islamic Golden Age is a period of cultural and intellectual growth and activity that persisted throughout the Islamic world between the 8th and 13th centuries.您的答案:正确题目分数:2.0此题得分:2.043.第30题The characteristic features of the Gothic style included pointed arches, ribbed vaults, flying buttresses, thinner walls, large and stained-glass windows.您的答案:正确题目分数:2.0此题得分:2.044.第31题When creating their own kingdoms, the Germanic tribes rejected all Roman institutions.您的答案:错误题目分数:2.0此题得分:2.045.第42题Romance combined features of both vernacular epic and vernacular lyric.您的答案:正确题目分数:2.0此题得分:2.046.第43题Before the rise of Islam, Arabs did not believe in Allah.您的答案:错误题目分数:2.0此题得分:2.047.第44题During the 12th and 13th centuries, Romanesque style gradually took the place of Gothic style in architecture.您的答案:错误题目分数:2.0此题得分:2.048.第45题An important product of vernacular romance literature was the Romance of the Rose.您的答案:正确题目分数:2.0此题得分:2.049.第47题Muhammad was not only a prophet, but also a political and military leader.您的答案:正确题目分数:2.0此题得分:2.050.第49题What really triggered off the English Peasants’ Revolt of 1381 wa s an attempt to collect a new type of national tax to pay for the failing war with France.您的答案:正确题目分数:2.0此题得分:2.0作业总得分:96.0作业总批注:作业1.第1题Which of the following statements is NOT true with the text?A.Martin Luther was a German missionary.B.Martin was declared an outlaw in the Empire.C.The Pope condemned Martin Luther’s beliefs.D.The Pope ordered Luther to change his beliefs.您的答案:D题目分数:1.0此题得分:1.02.第2题Which is not one of the things that the Viscontis, the Sforzas and theMedicis had in common?A.They were wealthy and powerful families in Italy.B.They were rulers of Milan during the Renaissance.C.They ordered the construction of great architectures.D.They were generous patrons of artists and intellectuals.您的答案:B题目分数:1.0此题得分:1.03.第3题Which is not one of the three great achievements of Italian Renaissanceart?A.the revival of classical textsB.the discovery of linear perspectiveC.the knowledge of anatomyD.the knowledge of the classical forms您的答案:A题目分数:1.0此题得分:1.04.第4题Which categories of publication does Erasmus’s The Praise of Folly belong to?A.clever satires to expose people’s errorsB.serious moral books to offer people Christian guidanceC.scholarly editions of basic Christian textsD.collection of stories to amuse people您的答案:A题目分数:1.0此题得分:1.05.第5题In terms of science, what was the significant shift in thinking during the Renaissance Age?A.the inclusion of science in the educational programB.the emphasis on how things happened in natureC.the development of new scientific methodsD.the acceptance of heliocentric theory您的答案:B题目分数:1.0此题得分:1.06.第6题Luther attacked the belief that the sacramental system was the only means to salvation and called for the reform of monasticism in________________.A.The Liberty of the Christian ManB.Address to the Nobility of the German NationC.The Babylonian Captivity of the ChurchD.the Ninety-Five Theses您的答案:C题目分数:1.0此题得分:1.07.第7题Like Luther, Calvin ____________A.believed man, from birth, is predestined by God for salvation or damnation.B.believed that the order and discipline of the early church should。
西方理论问题与答案
西方翻译理论习题一、选择题1、把_____什么上升为理论就是翻译理论。
A知识B规律C技巧D经验2、下列技巧,不属于翻译技巧设计的内容是______。
A 用词不当B语言结构不同C词的搭配不同D语言不当3、翻译不是____。
A技巧B科学C知识D艺术4、要使译文读者得到与原文读者大致相同的感受,不需要注意哪个方面_____。
A思想内容B表达方式C表现手法D语言文字5、____指翻译时光是指意思相同还是不够的,还要尽量保持原作风格,这是个更高的要求。
A 风格对等B灵活对等 C 形式对等D意义对等6、翻译有两个过程,一是理解,二是____A 表达B口头表达C书面表达D表述7、___翻译是考虑的不是词的对应,而着眼于句子甚至段落的对等。
A形式对等B意义对等C风格对等D灵活对等8、在同一语言内部进行交流的,叫___A个人交流B语际交流C语内交流D书面交流9、文字改革的主要原则是___。
A消亡和产生B引申C转化D简化10、死译也叫做___.A字字翻译B逐词翻译C词词翻译D死死翻译1-5BDCBA6-10ADCBD简答题1.什么是翻译的三原则?翻译的三原则也称为翻译三要素即:传译性、可接受性及相似性。
2.根据对语言形式的不同处理方式,翻译可以合成几类?死译与活译,直译与意译四种。
3.对等问题包括哪些对等?对等问题包括词的对等,短语和句子的对等,形式对等,灵活对等,意义对等,风格对等。
4.翻译的过程包括哪些?阅读--理解--表达--检验5.解释一下什么是综合学派?“综合”学派的代表人物是斯奈尔-杭贝,她强调翻译是个综合性的跨文化学科,除了语言学和文学之外,作为面向文化的学科,它还必须吸收进心理学、人种学和哲学的内容,是一个独立的学科。
6.西方翻译理论界主要多少流派?90年代至今,西方翻译理论界主要有六大流派,他们分别是“多元系统”学派、“描写”或“常规”学派、文化学派、“综合”学派、“解构”学派或译者中心学派以及“后殖民主义”学派或政治学派。
中西文化比较考试答案
一、单选题(题数:40,共40.0 分)1“中国实现了圣君与良臣政治”这句话出自()。
(1.0分)1.0 分A、尼采B、亚里士多德C、黑格尔D、柏拉图正确答案:C 我的答案:C2“嫂溺而不援之以手,是豺狼也”是()之言。
(1.0分)1.0 分A、老子B、孟子C、庄子D、墨子正确答案:B 我的答案:B3索绪尔在其语言学教程中提到“必须承认语言文字的(),这是一切语言学的根本”。
(1.0分)1.0 分A、必然性B、文字性C、任意性D、情境性正确答案:C 我的答案:C4从某种程度上讲,中国受到()思想的影响,所以没有产生大量奴隶。
(1.0分)1.0 分A、安居乐业B、个人主义C、天下太平D、家族主义正确答案:D 我的答案:D5五四时期,中国的全盘西化派提倡()类型的诗歌。
(1.0分)1.0 分A、B、白话诗C、二者都是D、二者都不是正确答案:B 我的答案:B6西方国家的民主政治其实就是()。
(1.0分)1.0 分A、精英政治B、帮主政治C、阶级政治D、人民政治正确答案:B 我的答案:B7与庄子的思想最为接近的是()的思想。
(1.0分)1.0 分A、康德B、叔本华C、法耶尔阿本德D、黑格尔正确答案:C 我的答案:C8中国古代社会能够产生最好的统治者的原因是()。
(1.0分)1.0 分A、科举制度的合理运用B、大家族社会结构的影响C、集权制度发展完善D、官本位思想的极端发展正确答案:B 我的答案:B9就中国来说,古代文化主要的边缘地是在()。
(1.0分)1.0 分A、中原B、高原C、D、山地正确答案:A 我的答案:A10印欧语系语言受到语法的影响,具有()的特点。
(1.0分)1.0 分A、直观综合,一语中的B、定位功能,比类条分C、用词严谨,使用灵活D、活用功能,词达理清正确答案:B 我的答案:B11得武力者得天下是()的主流文化逻辑。
(1.0分)1.0 分A、中国B、西方C、以上都不是D、以上都是正确答案:B 我的答案:B12“政府是人类智慧为了满足人类需要而建立的一种聪明的设置”是()的思想。
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发表了论述古代中国工艺生产的专著:《唐代的金银器》、《宋代的瓷器设计》
3.高本汉,搜集材料对中国24种方言作音位描述,发表了博士论文《中国音韵学研究》,最大成就是对古代汉语语音的构拟,他运用欧洲研究的比较音位学原理,以及吸收中国学者的研究成果,为这些汉字拟定了一套比过去精确得多的语音系统。
2.开拓了中国语法的研究范围
意大利来华传教士卫匡国(1641-1661)的手稿《中国文法》在西方流传,并引起一些西方学者的注意。
佛朗西斯科·瓦罗(万济国)用西班牙语编写的《华语官话语法》,1703年在广州木刻出版。但他对中国文献、语法资料的了解十分有限。 全书没有一个汉字。在中国方面几乎没有任何影响。
西班牙:
门多萨——《中华大帝国史》
高母羡——翻译《明心宝鉴》
万济国——《华语官话语法》
意大利:
马可波罗——《马可波罗游记》
白佐良、马西尼——《意大利与中国》
利玛窦——《天主教传入中国史》
利玛窦、徐光启——《几何原本》
利玛窦、罗明坚——《葡汉词典》
马国贤——那不勒斯东方学院(原名:中华学院)
德国:
贾柏连孜——《汉文经纬》
三、西方来华传教士汉语研究的主要成就
1.开创了汉欧双语词典的编纂工作
中国的双语词典历史悠久,佛教僧人曾编纂汉语和梵语的双语词典。
明末耶稣会入华以后,最早的双语词典是罗明坚和利玛窦编纂的《葡汉词典》。
《葡汉词典》的学术地位:
第一,它是最早的汉语-西方语言对照词典之一。事实上,真正的汉语与欧洲语言对照的双语词典应从《葡汉词典》开始。
马礼逊——《华英词典》
傅兰雅——《格致汇编》期刊
理雅各——儒莲汉籍国际翻译奖,被誉为“英国汉学界的玄奘”
瑞典:
高本汉——《中国音韵学研究》
美国:
卫三畏——《中国总论》、《中文丛报》
裨志文——《中文丛报》
费正清——《美国与中国》,刺激回应理论
高本汉从1945到1965年在斯德哥尔摩大学教授汉语,培养出了一批批学生,为北欧的汉学发展起了决定性作用。
⑤当代瑞典汉学:
1.马跃然,斯德哥尔摩大学教授,瑞典文学院院士,诺贝尔文学奖评委
他是继承高本汉传统的古典汉学家,用英语和瑞典语向世界介绍和翻译中国文学。
研究范围:
方言学,1948-1950 在四川调查方言,发表了《简释两种四川方言》、《四川方言的固定句式》
1、马可波罗游记的意义
《马可波罗游记》的思想文化意义:
《马可波罗游记》无疑是西方东方学中最重要的历史文献。它是第一部全面、深入介绍中国的游记,是中世纪西方对中国认识的顶峰。在本质上,它是西方知识体系中的一部分,是西方文化进展中的一个环节。
1.《马可波罗游记》拓宽了欧洲人的世界观念。马可波罗这个威尼斯富商的契丹之行,一下子把西方人的眼光拉到了大陆的最东端,欧洲以往那种地中海世界观念被突破,罗马不再是世界的中心。它拜托了中世纪地图学的幻象,构成了欧洲思想文化史上的重要里程碑。
2.《马可波罗游记》激发了欧洲的世俗观念。文艺复兴造就了意大利人新的性格,人们对于世俗生活的渴望,对财富的迷恋,对爱情的追求被调动起来。《马可波罗游记》成为一种意大利梦幻新生活的象征,成为一切世俗追求的理想王国。
3.《马可波罗游记》催生了近代的地理大发现。全球化的序幕开启于15世纪的地理大发现,第一个驾着三桅帆船驶向大西洋的是一位意大利人——哥伦布,他正是《马可波罗游记》的忠实读者。他对契丹的向往使他对契丹财富渴望的西班牙国王一拍而合。
第一,对这批双语词典进行梳理和研究,有助于我们了解西方人汉语学习的特点和规律。对于我们编写汉语教材有较大意义。
第二,这批双语词典对于研究中国外语教育史具有极为重要的学术意义。
第三,这批词典对于汉语发展的历史具有重要的学术价值。它们不仅保留了明清两代的语音材料和方言材料,还包含了西方文化的外来词,为中国近代文化思想史带来了新材料和新角度。
卫礼贤——翻译中国典籍
三足鼎立——汉堡学派(傅吾康),慕尼黑学派(傅海波),莱比锡学派(贾柏莲,孔好古,叶乃度)
法国:
伯希和——《敦煌图录》
马若瑟——《汉语札记》
白乐桑——《汉语语言文字启蒙》
法国早期汉学三大家——马若瑟,宋君荣,钱德明
“国王的数学家”
英国:
威妥玛——《语言自迩集》
李约瑟——《中国科技史》
马建忠1898年《马氏文通》是由中国本土、由中国学者所出的第一部中国语法书。它创立了中国人自己的语法学,打破了文字、音韵、训诂三分天下,使中国传统语言文字学向现代语言学迈出了坚实的一步。
甲柏连孜《汉文经纬》。甲柏连孜第一个摆脱了这种认为应该根据拉丁语的模式衡量每一语言、建立每一语法的成见,认识到了印度支那语言的特性。
1731年,瑞典成立了东印度公司,一些自然科学家,随船来到中国。
19世纪的汉学研究:
18世纪末,瑞典对中国的兴趣在消退。瑞典对中国研究的新篇章是从最早一批去中国的传教士开始的。
孟德斯鸠否定中国是一个理想国。
韩山文1885年在伦敦发表《中国的叛乱领袖洪秀全以及广西暴动的起源》
汉斯·爱米尔·拉尔松1894年《汉诗瑞译》,是第一本被译成瑞典文的中国诗。
马若瑟1728年《汉语札记》是西方第一部系统的中国语法学著作。
《汉语札记》的价值:
第一,《汉语札记》是西方第一部系统的中国语法学著作。
第二,首次把汉语分成白话文和文言两部分来研究。
第三,《汉语札记》是近代以来汉语语法的奠基石。这本书对欧洲本土、港澳与南洋一带和中国本土的中文语法研究都产生了影响。
马礼逊《通用汉言之法》1815年正式出版。按照英语的特点对汉语进行研究。
3.开启了中文拉丁拼音化的历程
利玛窦、罗明坚《葡汉词典》
利玛窦马礼逊的《英华字典》、麦都思的《英汉字典》,皆是用26个字母给汉字注音。未广泛流通,影响有限。
威妥玛式继承了马礼逊方案的一些特点,又简化了马礼逊方案的一些写法。
威妥玛式最大的优点是减少了音符的数量,力求各个音符的一致性并近似英语的发音,从而达到经济、一致的原则。
3.高本汉首开中国历史声韵学研究的先驱,也开始了瑞典大学系统教授汉语的先河。他训练出了一批对瑞典汉学发展产生巨大推动的学生,如马悦然、林西莉、汉斯、卜斯温等人。
4.高本汉一生著述达百部之多,研究范围包括汉语音韵学、方言学、词典学、文献学、考古学、文学、艺术和宗教。在中国历代学者研究成果的基础上,运用欧洲比较语言学的方法,探讨古今汉语语音和汉字的演变,创见颇多。
2、高本汉的成就
高本汉(1889—1978),歌德堡大学教授、校长,远东考古博物馆馆长。
1.高本汉是瑞典最有影响的汉学家,瑞典汉学作为一门专门学科的建立,他起了决定性的作用。
2.高本汉最大成就是对古代汉语语音的构拟。他运用欧洲研究的比较音位学原理,以及吸收中国学者的研究成果,为这些汉字拟定了一套比过去精确得多的语音系统。
20世纪瑞典汉学研究的发展:
两位考古学家与瑞典专业汉学的兴起:
1.斯文·赫定,三次在中亚地区探险,足迹到达帕米尔、塔克拉玛干、塔里木盆地、罗布泊等地。1899年发现了楼兰古城遗址。
2.约翰·古纳·安特生,1924年参与了北京郊外周口店遗址的发掘。1921年,在河南省仰韶村附近找到一处遗址,发掘出大量的石器和彩陶。1923-1924年在甘肃考察,发掘了50多处史前遗址。实物被带到北京,后又被带到瑞典进一步研究。
四、你所熟悉的国家的汉学研究概况:瑞典
第一个访问中国的瑞典人:尼尔森·马森·席欧平,1654年跟随一荷兰商人兼外交官航海来到中国沿海地区,发表旅行报告,认为这里是一个居住着聪明而快乐的人的国度。
17世纪末到18世纪瑞典汉学研究:
乌普萨拉大学三篇关于中国的博士论文,《长城简述》《论中华大帝国》《略论中国哲学家孔子》
安特生任远东博物馆馆长一直到退休。
④瑞典远东博物馆与汉学家:
1926年远东博物馆(国家博物馆远东部)建立
1.喜仁龙,芬兰人,曾在赫尔辛基大学求学。早年研究瑞典和意大利艺术。斯德哥尔摩国家博物馆远东部负责人、斯德哥尔摩大学教授,开创了中国艺术研究的先河。
发表作品:《早期中国艺术史》、《三千年的中国艺术》、《中国园艺及其对18世纪欧洲的意义》、《中国人论绘画艺术》
现当代文学,文学翻译:陶渊明《桃花源记》,老舍作品,《水浒传》,沈从文《边城》,《毛泽东诗词》38首,20世纪中国诗歌和散文选集,由他翻译成瑞文的中国作家现当代文学作品不计其数,包括台湾作家在内,近八十人。和中国作家关系密切,不仅把中国作家介绍到国外,也把外国的作家介绍到国内。
2. 罗多弼,斯德哥尔摩大学中文系教授
特长:汉语教育,著作《汉字王国》《古琴》
5.沈迈克 隆德大学东亚与东南亚研究中心
以中国政治问题和社会研究著称
《跃进的社会主义——毛泽东与1958年大跃进》
《中国政治术语的研究》
6.盖玛雅 斯德哥尔摩东亚学院
主要研究相声、曲艺等通俗文学
《笑的宣传——作为说教娱乐形式的现代相声》
客观题:
游记汉学——传教士汉学——专业汉学,专业汉学从法国开始1814年
其次,对后来的词典编纂者具有启发作用。《华英字典》对日本英日字典的编纂产生了很大影响。
另外,在《华英字典》中已包含许多现代汉语语词,对现代汉语新词的创制和中国近代文学从文言向白话的过渡也产生了很大影响。
马礼逊《华英词典》代表着1840年以前新教传教士在双语词典方面的努力与成就。
西方人汉外双语词典的学术价值:
研究范围:
现代文学史,鲁迅、胡适、陈独秀等
古代哲学,翻译戴震《孟子字义疏证》
社会政治文化现象 《从毛崇拜到金钱崇拜》1998
3.罗斯,马跃然的弟子,隆德大学教授
研究范围:中国文学和社会,《作为文学批评家和理论家的姚文元——中国日丹诺夫的出现》