第十一章公共政策

第十一章公共政策

1. It should also not be surprising，therefore，that understanding the role of policy analysis，implementation，evaluation，and the like also require some degree of care．

2. What gives rise to a public policy decision is what we term an issue．An issue is merely a problem on the public agenda．A policy is an answer to the problem．

3. Policy mixes are constructed from a variety of policy tools．These tools include the full range of possible responses that a government can take to a problem．

4.Thus，the contemporary policy world frowns on the use of regulation and encourages the use of market-oriented* tools such as incentive systems．

6.Policies emerge over time in different packages of policy mixes．At any given time there are many issues that are the subject of action in the public policy process in a given field．

7.A policy space is a field in which there are a variety of related issues and policies．

8. First，the policies in a given space are related in one way or another and often have important effects on one another．

9.Second，there are a variety of institutions，groups，and individuals who have interests in these kinds of issues and tend to remain involved with the policy process in that policy space over time．

10.These people tend to remain involved in the education policy space over time，are considerably more attentive to policy making in that field than the public at large or even other players in the general public policy arena，and consequently tend to be more knowledgeable about activities in the field．11. Policies may be directed at private behavior，like unacceptable business practices，or at the operation of public organizations，but they presumably are aimed at achieving the public interest.

第八章Public Economics

1、An externality is said to exist if an activity of one party （a household or firm）affects the utility or production possibilities of another party without being priced．

2、The fact that it is not priced implies that the “emitting”party has no incentive to take into consideration the effect，beneficial or detrimental，on the “affected”party．

3、That being the case，the emitting party may devote an inefficient amount of resources to pursuing the activity．

4、Throughout the analysis，there are a number of ways of classifying externalities to which we shall refer．

5、The most celebrated sort of the latter is the so-called internal-to-the-industry external diseconomy arising in the unpriced use of common property resources．

6、An external economy is said to be emitted when an activity undertaken by an individual or firm yields benefits to other individuals or firms in addition to the benefits accruing to the emitting party．

7、Each of these activities yields potential benefits to others which are not captured in the decision-making processes of firms or individuals．8、Analytically，the analysis of external economies is identical to that of public goods．

9、This difference accounts for the fact that，while typically the remedy