世行报告《中国：2030》英文和中文对应翻译
世界银行：中国成为发达国家时间点在2030年
世界银行：中国成为发达国家时间点在2030年作者：斯蒂芬妮·弗兰德来源：《海外星云》2012年第24期在中国共产党第十八次全国代表大会召开后，国外媒体也纷纷表现出对中国发展的强烈关注，尤其是对中国经济的发展。
国外媒体专门分析了十八大后中国的经济的前景。
以下整理编译了部分相关报道。
“中国经济的挖掘潜力让人兴奋，在接下来的10年里，中国将开创与众不同的‘新’经济。
”——美国经济学家西蒙·科斯“中国的发展给世界经济带来了许多可能。
”——美国经济专业杂志评论员迈克尔·佩提斯“中国与发达国家的距离越来越近，已经表现出一些共同点，富有竞争和创新的劳动力是最大的相同之处。
”——世界银行许多西方国家对中国的内在发展动力了解不多，但他们都相信一件事情——中国正经历进入发达国家的关键时刻，不可否认中国的经济将变得更繁荣，物质资源更丰富。
中国一直坚持推进改革开放的步伐，坚持以经济发展为重要目标，重要的是中国选择了自己的方式致富，而不是一味模仿西方。
中国在进入发达国家行列后，将带来发达国家的独创性新模式。
当然，中国也存在1/3的可能性无法达到发达国家的标准。
几个世纪以来的全球经济发展史告诉我们，中国可能将一直卡在中间：优于贫困低于富有。
世界银行研究的中国2030年预期报告，提到了中国经济进入发达阶段值得注意的重点。
20世纪60年代“中等收入”的国家有101个，其中仅13个国家在2008年达到了发达国家标准。
更值得注意的是13个进入发达国家行列的国家里，仅有3个国家的人口超过2500万。
也就是说，从成功数据来看，发展中国家到发达国家不是必然，人口密集的发展中国家从发展中阶段进入发达阶段更是困难重重。
世界180个国家中少于1/5的国家被列入发达国家，其他国家被划分为低收入贫困国家或“新兴”发展中国家。
许多人认为发展中国家进入发达国家是早晚的事情，但其实存在一定变数。
大多数“新兴”国家，特别是拉丁美洲和中东的一些发展中国家，已经在“发达预备”阶段等待了超过40年。
世界银行采购指南
58668国际复兴开发银行贷款和国际开发协会信贷与赠款世界银行借款人货物、工程和非咨询服务采购指南2011 年1 月2011 年所有国家复兴开发银行/世界银行.DOC 版本.美国华盛顿特区西北区 H 街 1818 号邮政编码：204332011 年 1 月2012 年 3 月第一次印刷说明本文为世界银行 2011 年 1 月出版的《世界银行借款人货物、工程和非咨询服务采购指南》的中译文，仅供参考。
中译文如有与英文不一致之处，请以英文为准。
目 录一、概述 ............................................................................................................................. (1)1.1 目的.......................................................................................................................................... 1 1.2 一般考虑因素 .................................................................................................................... (1)1.5 指南的适用性 .................................................................................................................... (2)1.6 利益冲突 .................................................................................................................... (2)1.8 合格性 ........................................................................................................................ (3)1.11 提前签订合同与追溯贷款 .................................................................................................... 3 1.12 联营体 ........................................................................................................................ (3)1.13世行的审查 .................................................................................................................. (4)1.14错误采购 ................................................................................................................................. 4 1.15 对世行的提法 .................................................................................................................. (4)1.16 欺诈和腐败 ........................................................................................................................ (4)1.18 采购计划 .............................................................. ................................................................ ... 6 二、国际竞争性招标 ............................................................. .. (7)(一)总则 ........................................................................................................................ (7).DOC 版本.2.1 概述 .................................................................................................................... (7)2.2 合同的类型和规模 .................................................................................................................. 7 2.6 两阶段招标 .................................................................................................................... (7)2.7 招标通知和公告 ........................................................... (8)2.9 对投标人的资格预审 .............................................................................................................. 8 (二)招标文件 .................................................................................................................................. 9 2.11 总则 .................................................................................................................... (9)2.13 投标有效期和投标保证金 ........................................................... (9)2.15 语言.................................................................................................................. (9)2.16 招标文件的明晰性 ........................................................ (10)2.19 标准 .................................................................................................................. (10)2.20品牌的使用 ................................................................................................................ (10)2.21报价 ....................................................................................................................................... 11 2.24 调价 ................................................................................................................ (11)2.26 运输和保险 ........................................................... ................................................................ 11 2.28 货币规定 ........................................................... .................................................................... 12 2.29 投标货币 ........................................................... ............................................................. (12)2.31为比较投标价格进行的货币转换 ........................................................ (12)2.32付款货币 .................................................................................................................. (13)2.34 付款条件和方法 ........................................................... .. (13)2.37 备选方案投标 ........................................................... ............................................................13 2.38 合同条款 ........................................................... ............................................................. (13).DOC 版本.2.39 履约保证金和保留金 ........................................................... (13)2.41 罚款和奖励条款 (14)2.42 不可抗力 .................................................................................................................. (14)2.43 适用的法律和争端的解决 ................................................................................................... 14 (三)开标、评标和授标 . (14)2.44 投标书的准备时间 (14)2.45 开标程序 .................................................................................................................. (14)2.46 对投标书的澄清或修正 ....................................................................................................... 15 2.47 XX 性 .................................................................................................................. (15)2.48 投标书的核查 .............................................................................................................. (15)2.49对投标书的评审和比较 ...................................................... (15)2.55 国内优惠 ............................................................................................................................... 16 2.57 投标有效期的延长 ............................................................................................................... 162.58 对投标人的资格后审 ........................................................................................................... 16 2.59 授标 ....................................................................................................................................... 16 2.60 公示授标结果 .................................................................................................................... (16)2.61 所有投标被废标 ........................................................... (17)2.65 废标原因通报会 ........................................................... (17)(四)简化的国际竞争性招标 ........................................................................................................ 17 2.66 单纯进口 ........................................................................................................................ (17)2.68 农产品和矿产品的采购 .............................................................. ......................................... 18 三、其它采购方式............................................................... . (19).DOC 版本.3.1 总则 ........................................................................................................................................ 19 3.2 有限国际招标 (19)3.3 国内竞争性招标 ........................................................... (19)3.5 询价采购 .................................................................................................................... (20)3.6 框架协议 .................................................................................................................... (20)3.7 直采........................................................................................................................................ 20 3.9 自营 .................................................................................................................... (21)3.10 从联合国机构采购 .............................................................................................................. 21 3.11 采购代理和代建方 ............................................................................................................... 22 3.12 商检代理 .............................................................................................................. (22)3.13 向中间金融机构和实体提供贷款的采购 ........................................................................... 22 3.14 公私合作模式的采购 ...................................................... (23)3.16 基于结果的采购 .............................................................................................................. (23)3.18由世行提供担保的贷款项下的采购 .......................................................... . (24)3.19社区参与的采购 ........................................................... .. (24)3.20采用借款国自己的采购程序 ........................................................... .................................... 24 附录一：世行对采购的审查以及授标公示 ........................................................... .. (25)1.采购计划与安排 .......................................................... .............................................................252.事前审查 .......................................................... ............................................................ . (25)5.事后审查 ........................................................... ............................................................. .. (26)6.从事后审查变为事前审查 ........................................................... .. (26)7.公示授标结果 ........................................................... ............................................................. (26).DOC版本. 8.对被世行制裁的公司或个人参加投标或正在履行现有合同的处理办法............................ 26 附录二：国内优惠.........................................................................................................................281. 对于国内制造货物的优惠 .......................................................... (28)8. 对国内承包商的优惠 ............................................................. .................................................. 29 附录三：投标人指南 ............................................................. .. (30)1.目的 ...................................................................................................................... (30)2.采购的责任方 ...................................................................................................................... (30)3.世行的角色 ...................................................................................................................... (30)5.招标标讯 ...................................................................................................................... (30)6.投标人的角色 ...................................................................................................................... (30)10.XX性 .................................................................................................................... (31)11.世行采取的行动 .....................................................................................................................3115. 废标情况通报会 ........................................................... (33)缩写词英文缩写英文全称中文全称BOO Build, own, operate 建设－拥有－经营BOOT Build, own, operate, transfer 建设－拥有－经营－转让BOT Build, own, transfer建设－拥有－转让CDD munity Driven Development 社区主导型发展CIF Cost, Insurance, and Freight 到岸价CIP Carriage andInsurance Paid (placeof destination)运费及保险费付至(目的地)CPT Carriage Paid to(named place of destination)运费付至(指定目的地)DDP Delivered Duty Paid 完税后交货EXW Ex works, Ex factory, or Offthe Shelf 工厂交货价FA Framework Agreements 框架协议FCA Free Carrier (named place) 货交承运人(指定地点).DOC 版本.FPA Fiduciary Principles Accord 信用原则协议 GNP Gross National Product国民生产总值IBRD International Bank forReconstruction and Development (World Bank) 国际复兴开发银行 (世界银行) ICB International petitive Bidding 国际竞争性招标 ICC International Chamber of merce 国际商会 ICSID International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes解决投资争端国际中心 IDAInternational Development Association国际开发协会IFC International Finance Corporation国际金融公司LIB Limited International Bidding 有限国际招标 MDTF Multi Donor Trust Fund 多方捐赠者信托基金MIGA Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency多边投资担保机构NCB National petitive Bidding 国内竞争性招标 NGO Nongovernmental organization 非政府组织 PAD Project Appraisal Document 项目评估文件 PPA Project Preparation Advance 项目准备基金 PPP Public Private Partnership 公私合作 PPR Procurement Post Review 采购后审 SA Special Account专用账户 SBDsStandard Bidding Documents标准招标文件SWAp Sector Wide Approach 行业贷款UCS Use of Country Systems 使用借款国自己的采购程序UN United Nations 联合国UNDB United Nations DevelopmentBusiness 联合国发展商业报.DOC版本. 一、概述目的1.1 本指南的目的在于使项目实施人员了解项目所需货物、工程和非咨询服务的采购政策，而这些项目是全部或部分地由国际复兴开发银行(简称 IBRD)贷款、国际开发协会(简称IDA)1 ( PPA)信贷或赠款、项目筹备垫款简称、世行赠款或由世行管理由受益人实施的信托基2 3金资助的。
白皮书中国的能源状况与政策中英文对照
罗兰德在中国城镇化报告宣讲会上的讲话中英对照
罗兰德在中国城镇化报告宣讲会上的讲话emarks by World Bank Country Director for China Klaus Rohland: Building More Efficient Cities in China世界银行中国局局长罗兰德在中国城镇化报告宣讲会上的讲话——“中国构建更高效城市”ECOSOC Integration Segment联合国总部经社理事会会议厅New York, United States纽约，美国May 28, 20142014年5月28日Thank you, Dr. Clos, Ambassador Wang, Dr. Ba, for this wonderful event. As Dr. Ba has mentioned, our report, Urban China, was jointly produced by the Development Research Center and the World Bank over the last year. It follows on the heels of the China 2030 Report that DRC and the World Bank did two years ago. Both reports were done at the request of China’s leaders and we are proud of the excellent relationship and, dare I say, the friendship developed between the team members of the DRC and the World Bank over these years.感谢克洛斯博士、王民大使、巴博士组织了此次宣讲会。
正如巴博士所言，《中国：推进高效、包容、可持续的城镇化》报告由国务院发展研究中心（国研中心）和世行在过去一年中联合编制。
2030年的中国经济
2030年中国经济展望及对应的统一问题讨论“2030年中国将超越美国成为全球第一大经济体！”——美国国家情报委员会在《全球趋势2030：可能的世界》中提出其对十五年后世界经济形势的总体预测报告预测，中国经济发展总体趋势向好，经济总量可能在2030年前几年就成为世界第一大经济体。
如果按照平价购买力计算，中国经济总量在2022年就会超过美国。
在中国经济实力不断强大的同时，欧洲、日本和俄罗斯等经济体将出现相对的经济下滑。
而到2030年时，中国的GDP总量将是日本的2.4倍。
报告认为，随着中国在世界经济中的贡献增多，由西方主导的如联合国安理会、世界银行、世界基金组织等全球体系到2030年将会随着新经济体的崛起而改变，中国将会在新的体系中拥有更多的发言权。
“到2025年，中国对世界经济增长的贡献会占到全球的三分之一，大大超过世界上任何经济体。
”中国在过去30多年的所取得的经济绩效，无论以何种标准衡量都令人印象深刻，数据显示，30年的发展和两次历史性的蜕变，中国从一个农村、农业社会成为一个城市、工业大国。
从共产经济成为基于市场的经济体，这些转变给中国带来举世瞩目的成就。
不仅仅是经济发展迅速，贫困率也从65%下降到不到10%，使5 亿多人口脱贫，并且已经实现千年发展目标。
虽然中国不同地区的经济增长率存在差异，但各地的经济都飞速发展。
的确，如果把中国31个省市和自治区作为一个独立的经济体来看，中国是全球发展最快的32个经济体之一。
中国也取得了举世瞩目的成就：例如世界最大的10 家银行当中有2 家是中国的；有61 家企业上榜全球500 强；公路里程数全球第二；海岸线全球第三；全球最大的10 个集装箱码头有6 个位于中国。
中国在卫生、教育、科技领域都取得重大进步，与世界领先国家水平差距不断缩小。
到目前为止中国已成为世界最大出口国和制造国，通风同时也是仅次于世界霸主美国的第二大经济体。
按照之前的发展态势，在未来十五年内，即使考虑由于世界经济在未来几年将可能发生的种种不利变化而导致的经济增速放缓，在目前国内政治稳定、世界局势相对和平未来几年不会有大的战争发生的情况下中国只要保持一个相对不低的经济增长，意味着中国跻身高收入行列并成为世界第一大经济体，将仅仅是时间问题。
世行报告—2030年的中国：建设现代、和谐、有创造力的高收入社会(ANBOUND智库译)
目录第一章中国发展之路：1978－2030 (7)第二章 2030年的新发展战略 (18)第三章在坚实基础上向市场经济的结构改革 (27)第四章加快创新步伐 (36)第五章抓住“绿色”机遇 (42)第六章使所有人享有均等机会和基本社会保障 (50)第七章巩固财政系统并使其与政府职能统一 (58)第八章与世界其他国家建立互惠关系 (64)第九章克服困难执行改革 (69)图表目录图1：中国举世瞩目的经济成就 (8)图2：中国的储蓄与其他国家比较 (15)图3：2008年以来我国城镇固定资产投资同比增速 (17)图4：城市用地扩张速度高于城市人口增长 (33)图5：中国的大学教育质量正在迅速提高 (40)图6：中国不同省份早期教育开支情况 (56)图7：21世纪中期各国劳动适龄人口养老金覆盖率 (58)图8：地方政府支出责任大、税收收入不足 (62)图9：人民币越来越多地用于跨境贸易结算 (68)表1：假设改革稳定且无重大冲击情况下中国增长模式预测 (12)2030年的中国：建设现代、和谐、有创造力的高收入社会按：2月末，世界银行在北京发布了该行与中国国务院发展研究中心联合完成的中国展望报告——《2030年的中国：建设现代、和谐、有创造力的高收入社会》。
这份选在“两会”之前敏感时间发布的报告，对中国发展与改革问题的分析和建议，在国内外引起了不小的反响。
该报告的核心思想是什么？对中国有何政策建议？安邦研究部翻译了本报告的主报告，以飨客户。
注：本报告仅供学习交流参考之用，报告版权归原作者单位所有。
摘要：中国过去30多年的经济绩效，无论以何种标准衡量都令人印象深刻。
GDP年均增速高达10%，5亿多人口脱贫。
中国目前是世界最大出口国和制造国，也是第二大经济体。
中国即使经济增速放缓，也将可能在2030年前跻身高收入行列，并成为世界第一大经济体。
当然，届时人均收入水平与发达国家相比仍有较大差距。
不过，这里涉及两个问题。
高考英语热点素材：政府工作报告里提到的“碳达峰”“碳中和”如何翻译？等4则
高考英语热点素材：政府工作报告里提到的“碳达峰”“碳中和”如何翻译？等4则政府工作报告里提到的“碳达峰”“碳中和”如何翻译？在环境保护意识越来越强的今天，小伙伴们时常会遇到环保相关议题的翻译，比如碳排放、碳达峰、碳中和等等。
今天Yee君就和大家分享一下常在时政新闻中出现的“碳达峰”和“碳中和”相关的英语表达。
emission peak 碳达峰Emission peak refers to an inflection point of greenhouse gas emissions.碳达峰，是指二氧化碳排放总量达到历史最高值，由增转降的历史拐点。
carbon neutrality 碳中和Carbon neutrality refers to achieving net-zero carbon dioxide emissions.碳中和，即设法减少二氧化碳排放，最终实现净零排放的目标。
例句：The Paris Agreement on climate change charts the course for the world to transition to green and low-carbon development. It outlines the minimum steps to be taken to protect the Earth, our shared homeland, and all countries must take decisive steps to honor this Agreement. China will scale up its Intended Nationally Determined Contributions by adopting more vigorous policies and measures. We aim to have carbon dioxide emissions peak before 2030 and achieve carbon neutrality before 2060.应对气候变化《巴黎协定》代表了全球绿色低碳转型的大方向，是保护地球家园需要采取的最低限度行动，各国必须迈出决定性步伐。
国新办公布61个重大国家战略常用关键词英文译法
国新办公布61个重大国家战略常用关键词英文译法新华社北京6月23日电近日，国务院新闻办公室会同有关方面，围绕京津冀协同发展、长江经济带发展、粤港澳大湾区建设、海南全面深化改革开放、长三角一体化发展、黄河流域生态保护和高质量发展等重大国家战略，规范了61个常用关键词的英文翻译和其中11个关键词的英文简称。
完整翻译如下:重大国家战略常用关键词英文译法一、京津冀协同发展1．京津冀协同发展Coordinated Development of the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Region缩写：BTH Coordinated Development2．京津冀协同发展领导小组Leading Group for Coordinated Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Development3．北京城市副中心Beijing Municipal Administrative Center缩写：Beijing MC4．北京非首都功能疏解to relieve Beijing of functions non-essential to its role as China's capital5．雄安新区Xiong'an New Area6．北京非首都功能集中承载地major recipient of functions relieved from Beijing that are non-essential to its role as China's capital7.创新发展示范区demonstration zone of innovation-driven development8.绿色生态宜居新城区new, green, eco-friendly and livable urban area9.创新驱动发展引领区pioneer zone of innovation-driven development10.协调发展示范区demonstration zone of coordinated development11.开放发展先行区pilot zone of opening up and development12.世界眼光、国际标准、中国特色、高点定位global vision, international standards, distinctive Chinese features, and future-oriented goals13.千年大计、国家大事national project of millennial significance二、长江经济带发展1．长江经济带Yangtze River Economic Belt缩写：YEB2．共抓大保护，不搞大开发to step up conservation of the Yangtze River and stop its over development3．水环境改善water environment improvement4．水生态修复water environment restoration5．水资源利用water resources utilization6．综合交通运输体系integrated transport system7．沿江高铁high-speed railways along the Yangtze River缩写：Yangtze HSR8．黄金水道golden waterway三、粤港澳大湾区建设1．粤港澳大湾区Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area缩写：the Greater Bay Area(GBA)2．粤港澳大湾区发展规划纲要Outline Development Plan for the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area3．港珠澳大桥Hong Kong-Zhuhai-Macao Bridge缩写：HZM Bridge4．国际科技创新中心international center for technology and innovation5．共建粤港澳合作发展平台to jointly develop platforms for Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao cooperation6．“一国两制”，依法办事to uphold the principle of "one country, two systems," act in accordance with the law7．深港科技创新合作区Shenzhen-Hong Kong cooperation zone for technology and innovation8．深圳前海深港现代服务业合作区Shenzhen-Hong Kong modern service industry cooperation zone in Qianhai, Shenzhen9．广州南沙粤港澳全面合作示范区demonstration zone of all-round cooperation among Guangdong, Hong Kong and Macao in Nansha, Guangzhou10．珠海横琴粤港澳深度合作示范区demonstration zone of in-depth cooperation among Guangdong, Hong Kong and Macao in Hengqin, Zhuhai四、海南全面深化改革开放1．关于支持海南全面深化改革开放的指导意见Guidelines on Supporting Hainan in Furthering All-Round Reform and Opening up2．“1+N”政策体系"1+N" policy framework3．中国特色自由贸易港free trade port with distinctive Chinese features缩写：Hainan >4．全面深化改革开放试验区pilot zone for furthering all-round reform and opening up5．国家生态文明试验区national pilot zone for ecological conservation6．国际旅游消费中心international tourism and consumption destination7．国家重大战略服务保障区service zone for implementing China's major strategies8．国际教育创新岛pacesetting island for international-oriented education9．国家南繁科研育种基地national seed breeding base in Hainan10．博鳌乐城国际医疗旅游先行区Boao Lecheng pilot zone of international medical tourism11．国家深海基地南方中心Southern Base of the National Deep Sea Center缩写：Southern Base of the NDSC五、长三角一体化发展1．长三角一体化发展战略strategy for integrated development of the Yangtze River Delta缩写：YD Integrated Development2．长三角生态绿色一体化发展示范区demonstration zone of green and integrated ecological development of the Yangtze River Delta3．中国（上海）自由贸易试验区临港新片区Lingang section of Shanghai Pilot Free Trade Zone缩写：Shanghai FTZ, Lingang4．全国发展强劲活跃增长极dynamic growth engine of China's development5．全国高质量发展样板区national pacesetter of high-quality development6．率先基本实现现代化引领区pioneer zone in basically achieving modernization7．区域一体化发展示范区demonstration zone of integrated regional development8．长三角科技创新共同体Yangtze River Delta munity of sci-tech innovation9．基础设施互联互通infrastructure connectivity10．生态环境共保联治to make coordinated efforts to protect and restore the environment11．公共服务便利共享to share access to public services六、黄河流域生态保护和高质量发展1．黄河流域生态保护和高质量发展ecological conservation and high-quality development of the Yellow River Basin缩写：YB Conservation and Development2．保护、传承、弘扬黄河文化to preserve, inherit and promote the Yellow River culture3．黄河安澜When the Yellow River is harnessed, China will enjoy tranquility.4．以水而定、量水而行to use Yellow River water resources as its capacity permits5．共同抓好大保护，协同推进大治理to work together to protect and harness the Yellow River6．黄河长治久安to keep the Yellow River harnessed7．宜水则水、宜山则山，宜粮则粮、宜农则农，宜工则工、宜商则商to make use of the water and mountain resources, grow crops, and develop agriculture, industry or business where conditions permit8．山水林田湖草综合治理、系统治理、源头治理to protect mountains, rivers, forests, farmlands, lakes and grasslands and address their degradation at the source in a coordinated way。
世行报告2030年的中国
佐利克与《2030年的中国》2030 年的中国：建设现代、和谐、有创造力的高收入社会（中文版） 2月末，世界银行在北京发布了该行与中国国务院发展研究中心联合完成的中国展望报告——《2030 年的中国：建设现代、和谐、有创造力的高收入社会》，对中国发展与改革问题做出了分析和建议，在国内外引起了不小的反响。
这份选在“两会”之前敏感时间发布的报告，对中国发展与改革问题的分析和建议，在国内外引起了不小的反响。
该报告的核心思想是什么？对中国有何政策建议？安邦研究部翻译了本报告的主报告，以飨客户。
注：本报告仅供学习交流参考之用，报告版权归原作者单位所有。
【摘 要】中国过去30多年的经济绩效，无论以何种标准衡量都令人印象深刻。
GDP 年均增速高达10%，5 亿多人口脱贫。
中国目前是世界最大出口国和制造国，也是第二大经济体。
中国即使经济增速放缓，也将可能在2030年前跻身高收入行列，并成为世界第一大经济体。
当然，届时人均收入水平与发达国家相比仍有较大差距。
不过，这里涉及两个问题。
首先，尽管与目前的水平相比会有所放缓，中国未来能否仍然以从全球角度看较快的速度持续增长？其次，这种增长能否在与国际社会、生态环境和自身社会结构相互适应而非严重冲突的情况下实现？ 本报告对这两个问题给出肯定的回答，也充分认识到相关风险。
中国有潜力到2030年成为现代、和谐、有创造力的高收入社会，但这并不会轻而易举地成为现实。
为抓住机遇、应对挑战，实现2030年的发展愿景，中国需要在下一阶段实施新发展战略。
邓小平先生倡导的改革使中国转向高速增长轨道，他在凝聚共识、推动根本性战略转变方面发挥了重要作用。
在经历30多年高速增长之后，中国已经到达另一个转折点，需要再一次进行根本性战略转变。
“十二五”规划是一个良好开端，在融汇其主要内容的基础上，本报告提出了直到2030 年的长期战略。
重要的是，本报告着重阐述“如何做”而不仅仅是“做什么”。
研究引出了如下六条重要结论。
摩根士丹利184页英文报告《中国消费2030》重点信息梳理
摩根士丹利184页英文报告《中国消费2030》重点信息梳理最近摩根士丹利发布了一篇关于未来10年中国大消费市场展望的报告——《中国消费2030》。
发现对于不少感兴趣的人来说，直接阅读原版工作量较大，故笔者在此将重点内容梳理出来，方便各位阅读。
本文尽量将重点的信息翻译并摘出，部分内容附带笔者个人的观察或思考等等，将以符号# 并跟以黄色斜体字显示，如 #这是一段笔者个人看法文本结构基本按照原版，部分原文觉得逻辑不是展现得很顺，也做了加工调整，但不影响大体结构，本文最终结构如下：中国消费2030一、宏观消费市场情况摘要二、未来10年消费增长的主要驱动力三、消费类公司的分类框架四、关于各行各业的未来10年预测1.汽车2.银行3.消费物联网4.酒店住宿5.教育6.保险7.互联网（电商）8.娱乐9.互联网（本地生活）10.物流11.地产12.澳门博彩13.旅游及旅游零售以下进入正文。
宏观消费市场情况摘要基本面预测•到2030年，平均每个家庭的可支配收入将从2020年的6000美元翻倍增长，达到12000美元 #也就是从大约4万人民币增长到大约8万人民币，同时也可以看出，国内的基本盘依然是大家普遍不富裕•2020-2030的10年间，我国的个人消费市场将会保持约7.9%的年化增长，世界最高o服务类消费年化增长率9.2%o商品类消费年化增长率4.5%o到2030年，对GDP的贡献，服务将超过商品（现在是45%，2030预计能达到52%） #但服务的供应，天然没有商品容易规模化，市场虽然更大了，但也可能会变得更散。
当然若有公司在某个领域内，能够很好解决服务规模化（比如海底捞那样）的困难，会非常有前景•到2030年，中国的消费市场将跟现在的美国一样大 #跟老大哥终究还是有差距，而且这样看，人均相比美国还是低得可怜，如果我国可以保持发展速度，20-30年之内的消费市场都有增长的后劲我国不同行业的产品与服务各自占消费市场的体量消费类公司四要素•品牌：与定价权、消费者接受度、潮流趋势有关，投资品牌意味着市场营销与广告•渠道：即商品的分发，传统的消费品公司依赖渠道来触达消费者，对渠道的强力掌控意味着竞争优势•技术：技术对于内外部效率的改造，将会是未来10年最重要的变量 #可以观察到现在不少新消费品牌，内部大部分业务系统都是自研，没有老牌消费巨头的传统IT建设历史包袱，所以通过技术对业务的加成效率相对很高•服务：消费来未来10年将会是增长驱动的重要部分基于本报告预测潜藏的风险•反垄断导致的服务退步•消费信用紧缩•社会保障措施不及预期•数据隐私保护加强•技术带来的社会负面效应未来10年消费增长的主要驱动力中国未来10年消费市场将翻一番，并且服务性消费占比将会提升，主要驱动力在于收入、人口结构、技术、政策、文化这五大因素。
中国应对气候变化的政策与行动度报告（中英文对照翻译）
中国应对气候变化的政策与行动2012年度报告（一）（中英对照）摘要: China’s Policies and Actions for Addressing Climate Change(2012)一、减缓气候变化I. Mitigating Climate Change控制温室气体排放是中国积极应对全球气候变化的重要任务，也是加快转变经济发展方式和推进产业转型升级的必然要求。
2011年中国政府发布了《“十二五”控制温室气体排放工作方案》，将“十二五”碳强度下降目标分解落实到各省（自治区、直辖市），优化产业结构和能源结构，大力开展节能降耗，努力增加碳汇，低碳发展取得积极成效。
Controlling greenhouse gas emissions is not only a key task in China’s efforts to address global climate change, but also an essential part of the country’s drive to accelerate the shift in its economic development mode and promote industrial transformation and upgrading. In 2011, the Chinese Government issued the Work Plan for Controlling Greenhouse Gas Emissions During the 12th Five-Year Plan Period, which assigns specific carbon intensity reduction targets to all provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the central government. China has achieved positive results in low-carbon development by optimizing industry and energy structures, vigorously conserving energy and reducing energy consumption, and increasing carbon sinks.（一）调整产业结构(I) Adjusting Industrial Structure 推动传统产业改造升级。
2014年白皮书中国的对外援助(中英文对照)
PrefaceChina is the world’s largest developing country. In its development, it has endeavored to integrate the interests of the Chinese people with people of other countries, providing assistance to the best of its ability to other developing countries within the framework of South-South cooperation to support and help other developing countries, especially the least developed countries (LDCs), to reduce poverty and improve livelihood. China has proactively promoted international development and cooperation and played a constructive role in this aspect.When providing foreign assistance, China adheres to the principles of not imposing any political conditions, not interfering in the internal affairs of the recipient countries and fully respecting their right to independently choosing their own paths and models of development. The basic principles China upholds in providing foreign assistance are mutual respect, equality, keeping promise, mutual benefits and win-win.In recent years, China’s foreign assistance has kept growing. The following is an introduction of China’s foreign assistance from 2010 to 2012.I. Developing Foreign Assistance Cause SteadilyThe scale of China’s foreign assist ance kept expanding from 2010 to 2012. Besides complete projects and goods and materials, which were the main forms of China’s foreign assistance, technical cooperation and human resources development cooperation also saw remarkable increases. Asia and Africa were the major recipient areas of China’s foreign assistance. To promote the realization of Millennium Development Goals, China directed most of its assisting funds to low-income developing countries.1. Financial Resources for Foreign AssistanceFrom 2010 to 2012, China appropriated in total 89.34 billion yuan (14.41 billion U.S. dollars) for foreign assistance in three types: grant (aid gratis), interest-free loan and concessional loan.Grant is mainly offered to help recipient countries build small or medium-sized social welfare projects, and to fund human resources development cooperation, technical cooperation, material assistance and emergency humanitarian aid. In the three years, China provided 32.32 billion yuan of grants, accounting for 36.2 percent of the total assistance volume.Interest-free loan is mainly used to help recipient countries construct public facilities and launch projects to improve people’s livelihood. In the three years, China offered 7.26 billion yuan of interest-free loans, taking up 8.1 percent of its foreign assistance volume.Concessional loan is mainly used to help recipient countries undertake manufacturing projects and large and medium-sized infrastructure projects with economic and social benefits, or for the supply of complete plants, machinery and electronic products. In the three years, the concessional loans China provided to other countries amounted to 49.76 billion yuan, or 55.7 percent of its total assistance volume in the same period. Foreign assistance budget is put under the unified management of the Ministry of Finance in line with the budget and final accounts system. Concessional loans are raised by the Export-Import Bank of China on the market. As the loan interest islower than the benchmark interest releas ed by the People’s Bank of China, the difference is made up by the state as financial subsidies.2. Distribution of Foreign AssistanceFrom 2010 to 2012, China provided assistance to 121 countries, including 30 in Asia, 51 in Africa, nine in Oceania, 19 in Latin America and the Caribbean and 12 in Europe. Besides, China also provided assistance to regional organizations such as the African Union (AU).3. Forms of Foreign AssistanceFrom 2010 to 2012, China provided foreign assistance mainly in the following forms: undertaking complete projects, providing goods and materials, conducting technical cooperation and human resources development cooperation, dispatching medical teams and volunteers, offering emergency humanitarian aid, and reducing or exempting the debts of the recipient countries.Complete projects. In total, China undertook the construction of 580 such projects in 80 countries, with infrastructure and agriculture as the focus.Goods and materials. China provided 96 countries and regions with 424 batches of goods and materials, including mainly office supplies, mechanical equipment, inspection equipment, transport vehicles, articles for daily use, medicine and medical devices.Technical cooperation. China completed 170 technical cooperation projects in 61 countries and regions, mainly covering industrial production and management, agricultural planting and breeding, culture and education, sports and physical training, medical and health care, clean energy development, and planning and consultation. Human resources development cooperation. China held 1,951 training sessions for officials and technical personnel and on-the-job academic education programs in China, training a total of 49,148 people from other developing countries.Medical teams. China dispatched 55 teams composed of 3,600 medical personnel to 54 countries to provide stationed or touring medical services, treating nearly seven million patients.Volunteer programs. China sent about 7,000 young volunteers and volunteer Chinese language teachers to over 60 countries.Emergency humanitarian aid. China extended 1.5 billion yuan worth of materials and cash assistance in emergency humanitarian aid to more than 30 countries.Debt relief. China relieved nine LDCs and heavily indebted poor countries, namely, Tanzania, Zambia, Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea, Mali, Togo, Benin, Cote d’Ivoire and Sudan, from 16 mature interest-free loans totaling 1.42 billion yuan.II. Helping Improve People's LivelihoodOne of the important objectives of China's foreign assistance is to support other developing countries to reduce poverty and improve the livelihood of their peoples. China prioritizes supporting other developing countries to develop agriculture, enhance education level, improve medical and health services and build public welfare facilities, and provide emergency humanitarian aid when they suffer severe disasters.1. Promoting Agricultural DevelopmentAgricultural development is crucial to poverty reduction in developing countries. Through establishing agricultural technology demonstration centers, dispatching agricultural experts to provide consultations and conduct technical cooperation, and training technical and managerial personnel on agriculture in other developing countries, China has taken proactive efforts to help other developing countries raise their agricultural productivity to effectively cope with food crises. From 2010 to 2012, China assisted 49 agricultural projects, dispatched over 1,000 agricultural experts to recipient countries, and provided them with a great quantity of machinery, improved varieties of grain, fertilizers and other agricultural materials.Assisting the establishment of agricultural technology demonstration centers. Such centers provide an important platform for China's foreign assistance in agriculture. From 2010 to 2012, China-assisted agricultural demonstration centers were completed in 17 countries, including Benin, Mozambique, Sudan, Liberia, Rwanda, Laos, and East Timor. China passed on advanced and applicable production technologies to local farmers through experiment, demonstration and training. The demonstration center in Liberia promoted hybrid rice and corn planting in areas of nearly 1,000 hectares, and trained over 1,000 local agricultural researchers and farmers. The demonstration center in Rwanda researched, experimented on and demonstrated the adaptability of paddy rice and fungi in the context of the local traditional agriculture, and provided technical training to women's associations, paddy rice growers' associations and other organizations in Rwanda.Dispatching senior agricultural experts and expert teams. Chinese agricultural experts took an active part in the agricultural planning of the recipient countries. The expert team dispatched to Benin provided expertise to the drafting of the country's Agricultural Law and Agricultural Administration Law. The expert teams sent to Botswana and Guinea-Bissau participated in the formulation of the two countries' agricultural development plans. Chinese experts assisted recipient countries in promoting their agricultural development. The expert team helped Lesotho with its application to the World Health Organization for FMD (foot-and-mouth disease) free membership. The expert team to Mauritania assisted the country in drawing up the plan for building its central laboratory for agricultural comprehensive analysis and testing. Chinese experts actively disseminated easy-to-learn agricultural techniques suited to the conditions of recipient countries. The expert team to Botswana promoted the use of plastic mulch incrop production. The expert team to Mali devised and promoted the use of iron harrows as a means of intensive cultivation in the paddy fields.Training technical and managerial personnel on agriculture. Taking the characteristics and actual needs of agricultural development in developing countries into consideration, China provided nearly 300 research and training programs of various forms for almost 7,000 agricultural officials and technicians from the recipient countries. These programs covered a wide range of sectors, including management of crop cultivation, forestry, animal husbandry and fishery, national policymaking on rural development and poverty reduction, food security, and agricultural cooperation among developing countries, and issues concerning the agricultural chain, such astechnology dissemination and the processing, storage, marketing and distribution of agricultural products.2. Improving the Level of EducationFrom 2010 to 2012, China continuously intensified its efforts of foreign assistance in education by way of constructing and maintaining school buildings, providing teaching facilities, training teachers, offering more government scholarships for foreign students to study in China, and assisting with the development of vocational and technical education, for the purpose of helping other developing countries improve their educational level and support their balanced and equitable development in education.Improving teaching and learning conditions. China assisted over 80 projects in relation to educational facilities, including the construction and maintenance of primary and secondary schools, universities and colleges as well as libraries, and has effectively improved the teaching and learning conditions in the recipient countries. China provided large amounts of free educational facilities and materials to the recipient countries, including computers, teaching tools, stationery and sports equipment, and established university online education networks and distance education systems. In this way, China facilitated the efforts of recipient countries to diversify their means and expand the coverage of education.Training teachers. In the three years, China trained over 1,000 educational officials, principals and faculty members from other developing countries by holding over 30 educational training programs, including those for senior administrators of colleges and universities, for higher education management, for vocational education management, for principals and teachers of primary and secondary schools, and for distance education.Supporting vocational and technical education. Thousands of local people have been trained in the China-assisted Friendship Vocational Training Center in Omdurman. To increase its enrolment, China started the upgrading and expansion project of the center. China took active steps to help the recipient countries develop vocational and technical education. From 2001 to 2012, China dispatched over 400 teachers to Ethiopia to train the local teachers working in agricultural vocational and technical education. A total of 1,800 teachers from agricultural vocational schools and 35,000 agricultural technicians received training.Increasing government scholarships to foreign students. From 2010 to 2012, the Chinese government assisted 76,845 foreign students to study in China. To promote regional development, China has continuously increased government scholarships to African students and augmented assistance for students from the ASEAN countries and the Pacific island countries to help under-developed countries in these regions develop their human resources.3. Improving Medical and Health ServicesMedical and health care is a major field where China directs its foreign assistance. From 2010 to 2012, China helped recipient countries improve their medical and health services, raise their disease control and prevention ability, and enhance their public health capacity by constructing hospitals, providing medicine and medicalequipment, dispatching medical teams, training medical workers and conducting exchanges and cooperation on disease prevention and treatment with other developing countries.Constructing medical facilities and providing free medical equipment. China assisted about 80 construction projects of medical facilities, including general hospitals, mobile hospitals, health centers, specialist clinics, and traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) centers, which have effectively alleviated the shortage of medical and health facilities in recipient countries. Moreover, China provided them with about 120 batches of medical equipment and medicine, including color Doppler ultrasound machines, CT scanners, automatic biochemical analyzers, maternal and infant monitors, critical surgical instruments, ICU monitors, and MRI scanners as well as drugs against diseases such as malaria and cholera.Dispatching medical teams. China dispatched 55 medical teams with 3,600 medical workers to nearly 120 medical centers in recipient countries. They trained tens of thousands of local medical staff, which has relieved to a certain extent the shortage of medical services in recipient countries. The training was carried out through demonstrations, lectures, technical courses and academic exchanges, covering such topics as the prevention and treatment of malaria, AIDS, schistosomiasis and other infectious diseases, patient care, the treatment of diabetes and rheumatism, as well as the TCM of acupuncture application, naprapathy, health care methods and Chinese medicines. From 2010 to 2012, more than 100 Chinese medical workers were conferred medals by the recipient countries for their outstanding contributions. Carrying out Brightness Trip activities. Brightness Trip program was actively carried out in both governmental and non-governmental channels to help other developing countries in the treatment of eye diseases. From 2003, China started to send medical teams to provide free surgery for patients with eye diseases in the Democratic People's Republic of Korea, Cambodia, Bangladesh, Vietnam, Pakistan and other Asian countries. In November 2010, a Chinese Brightness Trip medical team arrived in Africa for the first time and carried out operations for over 1,000 cataract patients in countries including Zimbabwe, Malawi, Mozambique and Sudan.Assisting the prevention and control of infectious diseases. From 2010 to 2012, China provided 60 batches of antimalarial medicine, H1N1 influenza vaccine and cholera vaccine free of charge to other developing countries and held training in the prevention and control of infectious diseases, the expenditure for this purpose accumulating to RMB200 million. In 2007, China and the Comoros launched a cooperation program of treating malaria with an artemisinin compound, an effective antimalarial drug, which helped the Comorian island of Moheli reduce its incidence of malaria by 90%. From 2010 to 2012, while making further progress in Moheli, China started promoting the program on the Comorian island of Anjoyan.4. Building Public Welfare FacilitiesTo support other developing countries in improving their people's livelihood and organizing public activities, China actively assisted the construction of urban and rural public welfare facilities, affordable housing and social activity venues, providedrelevant equipment and materials, and conducted technical cooperation on operation and management.Carrying out well-drilling and water-supply projects. China undertook 29 well-drilling and water-supply projects in other developing countries, and drilled over 600 wells. Despite tough natural conditions and the threat of epidemics and terrorism, senior hydrogeologists and engineering geologists from China helped the recipient countries drill wells and undertake water-supply projects. China helped drill 200 fresh water wells in Kara and Centrale of Togo respectively and 38 wells in Darfur, Sudan and Kator of Juba, South Sudan, all of which were equipped with submersible pumps and generator sets. The China-assisted water-supply project in Zinder, Niger has solved the problem of drinking water for hundreds of thousands of local residents. Improving people's living conditions. China assisted 80 residential housing and affordable housing projects in other developing countries, totaling about 600,000 square meters in floor space. China's architects and engineers gave full consideration to the living habits and environmental features of the recipient countries in both external and interior design, and exercised strict quality control while making efforts to reduce costs, for the purpose of providing comfortable and endurable houses to local residents.Assisting the construction of public facilities. China assisted 86 construction projects of public cultural venues, sports venues, office buildings and conference centers in other developing countries. These projects helped enrich local residents' cultural and recreational life, improve the working conditions of local governments, and create a better cityscape. China assisted the rehabilitation of Sri Lanka's Bandaranaike Memorial International Conference Hall, which was a gift from China in the 1970s and took on new dimensions four decades later. China funded the construction of Gabon's 40,000-seat stadium Stade d' Angondje, which hosted the competition final and closing ceremony of the 28th Africa Cup of Nations in 2012. China assisted the construction of the 20,000-square-meter Grand National Theater in Senegal, one of the largest theaters in Africa.5. Humanitarian AidOver the past few years, the world has been frequently hit by severe natural disasters caused by earthquakes, hurricanes, floods and droughts as well as humanitarian crises caused by wars, and many countries have suffered serious casualties and property losses. China has made quick response to the appeals of the international community by providing relief materials or cash aid and dispatching rescue and medical teams as needed, to help the victim countries with disaster relief and post-disaster reconstruction.Providing emergency relief materials or cash aid. From 2010 to 2012, the Chinese government provided RMB1.2 billion worth of emergency relief materials in some 50 batches, including tents, blankets, emergency lights, generators, fuel oil, food, medicine and water filters, to countries affected by natural disasters or humanitarian crises, such as the earthquake in Haiti, floods in Cambodia, earthquake in Myanmar, floods in Pakistan, hurricane in Cuba, the war in Libya, and the turmoil in Syria. In addition, China provided cash aid totaling RMB300 million.Assisting African countries in coping with the food crisis. In 2011 and 2012, the Horn of Africa and the Sahel were stricken by severe droughts and over 30 million people were faced with a serious food shortage. In 2011, the Chinese government provided on three occasions a total of RMB440 million worth of emergency food aid to the countries of the Horn of Africa, such as Ethiopia, Kenya, Djibouti and Somali. In 2012, the Chinese government provided RMB70 million worth of emergency food aid to Chad, Mali, Niger and other countries in the Sahel.Supporting post-disaster reconstruction. In 2010, Pakistan was hit by a severe flood rarely seen in history. The Chinese government promptly carried out rescue work in all aspects and through multiple channels, participated in post-flood reconstruction by helping the victims and rebuilding transportation infrastructure as the country requested. China also provided cash aid to support Pakistan government's compensation packages for victims, and undertook the restoration project of the340-kilometer national highway network destroyed in the flood-stricken areas, enabling 150 million people to have access to the traffic network. In March 2012, a series of blasts occurred in the north of Brazzaville, the capital of the Republic of Congo. China assisted the construction of settlements for people displaced from their homes and actively supported reconstruction after the explosions.Helping improve disaster prevention and relief capacity. China helped recipient countries enhance their emergency rescue, disaster prevention and relief capacity by ways of providing materials and training. Over the three years, China provided over 10 batches of rescue vehicles and equipment, and held 30 training programs on disaster prevention and relief for other developing countries, sharing experience with over 700 officials and technicians.III. Promoting Economic and Social DevelopmentChina has actively helped other developing countries in infrastructure construction, and assisted their efforts in strengthening capacity building and trade development. China has also increased the amount of foreign assistance in environmental protection, helping the recipient countries realize economic and social development.1. Improving InfrastructureIn light of the economic development of different countries, China arranges grants (aid gratis), interest-free loans and concessional loans in a well-proportioned manner to help recipient countries with the much needed infrastructure construction. From 2010 to 2012, China helped build 156 economic infrastructure projects. Exploring its advantages in technology, equipment and materials, and human resources, China effectively cut down investment costs for these projects while ensuring quality. Supporting development of transport system. During the three-year period, China assisted the construction of over 70 transport projects, including roads, bridges, airports and ports. For example, China helped build the third section of the Sika Highway that connects Kenya’s capital Nairobi to its economic hub Sika, thus making a contribution to the road network that links up Kenya, Ethiopia and Tanzania. Sri Lanka’s Mattala Rajapaksa International Airport, built with Chinese assistance, further improves the country’s all-dimensional transport network, and plays a positiverole in promoting links and communication between Sri Lanka and its neighboring areas.Increasing energy supply capacity. China assisted the construction of more than 20 energy projects, including hydropower stations, thermal power plants, power transmission, transformation and distribution grids, and geothermal drilling projects. The Bui Hydropower Station built by China in Ghana boasts the capacity of hydroelectricity generation, farmland irrigation, fisheries development and local tourism. Its completion has not only powered economic and social development in Ghana, but also benefited other areas in Western Africa. The China-assisted power transmission, transformation and distribution grids in Dakar, Senegal now provide power to 150,000 local residents, effectively ensuring power supply to the city, which had been troubled by its ageing grid and sudden blackouts until recently.Promoting the development of information-based societies. China assisted the building of over 60 IT-related projects, including optical cable telecommunication networks, e-government websites, and radio and television frequency modulation transmitters. The telecommunication projects assisted by China in Turkmenistan, Togo and Eritrea provide high-quality and steady telecommunication systems to these countries, and the number of users has grown exponentially. The optical cable transmission networks assisted by China in Cameroon and Tanzania have effectively promoted the application of fiber cables in African nations.2. Strengthening Capacity BuildingBelieving in the ancient Chinese wisdom that “teaching one to fish rather than giving one fish,” China shares its experience and technology with other developing countries through human resources and technical cooperation, as well as through volunteer service, to help other developing countries build their own professional teams and enhance their capacity for independent development.Fast development in human resources cooperation. From 2010 to 2012, China held 1,579 seminars for foreign officials, inviting nearly 40,000 officials from the governments of other developing countries to China. The topics of the seminars covered economics and management, multilateral trade negotiation, politics and diplomacy, public administration, vocational education, and non-governmental organizations. China also held 357 training sessions for about 10,000 technical personnel from other developing countries in the areas of agriculture, health care, telecommunications, industry, environmental protection, disaster relief and prevention, and culture and sports. To help other developing countries improve the ability of their senior management personnel in the public sector, China organized, during the three years, 15 on-the-job academic education programs. Master’s degrees in public administration, education, international relations and international media were granted to 359 officials from 75 developing countries.Extensive technical cooperation. During the three-year period, China sent over 2,000 experts to more than 50 countries to conduct technical cooperation, transfer applicable technique, and help improve these countries’ technical management capacity in agriculture, handcrafts, radio and television, clean energy, and culture and sports. China also dispatched senior planning and consulting experts to other developingcountries to help with the planning of land exploitation, clean energy utilization, river regulation, and economic cooperation. In a technical cooperation program, Chinese experts taught 500 Liberians to weave bamboo and rattan into marketable products. This program has not only created jobs, brought the locals more income and lifted them out of poverty, but also boosted the bamboo and rattan industry in the country. The active role of volunteers. China continued to send volunteers to other developing countries to provide services in language teaching, physical education, computer training, traditional Chinese medicine treatment, agricultural technology, art training, industrial technology, social development and international relief for schools, hospitals, government agencies, farms, and research institutes. A Chinese volunteer to Liberia successfully rescued a newborn with gastroschisis, and was awarded the African Star medal. Volunteers to Ethiopia improved the planting method for melons, and local fruit farmers harvested much more than usual that year; the volunteers also taught the locals to build biogas pits so that they could use clean energy more efficiently.3. Promoting Trade DevelopmentAs an active response to the WTO’s Aid for Trade initiative, China strengthened its assistance in infrastructure construction and production capacity building for other developing countries. China also stepped up zero tariff treatment to these countries, supported their involvement in the multilateral trading system, and provided training for their economic and trade professionals so as to promote the trade development of these countries.Improving trade-related infrastructure. During the three-year period, China assisted the construction of 90 large and medium-sized, trade-related infrastructure projects, effectively improving transportation for foreign trade in the recipient countries and reinforcing their connectivity with other areas. China also provided commodity inspection equipment, transport vehicles and other trade-related supplies and equipment to other developing countries. For example, it provided container inspection equipment to Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar, Ethiopia, Egypt, Chad, Cape Verde, Zambia and Serbia, which has helped these countries improve their commodity inspection capacity and customs clearance ability, as well as effectively combat against smuggling.Improving trade-related production capacity. China assisted the construction of a number of trade-related production programs, which have helped improve to a certain degree the production capacity of the recipient countries, so that they can better meet the needs of the market and improve the import-export mix. In December 2011, during the eighth ministerial conference of the WTO, China reached agreement with Benin, Mali, Chad and Burkina Faso – the Cotton-4 countries – on a cooperation program in which China provides cotton seeds, farm machinery and fertilizers, shares planting technologies, provides training, and supports local companies for technological upgrading and the expansion of industrial chain, so as to promote the development of the fo ur countries’ cotton industries and foreign trade.Promoting export to China. In an effort to effectively boost export to China from other developing countries, in 2005 China decided to offer zero tariff treatment on。
中国－东盟战略伙伴关系2030年愿景（全文）
中国－东盟战略伙伴关系2030年愿景（全文）文章属性•【缔约国】中国与东盟领导人会议•【条约领域】政治,经济,文化教育•【公布日期】2018.11.15•【条约类别】其他•【签订地点】新加坡正文中国－东盟战略伙伴关系2030年愿景（全文）我们，中华人民共和国和东盟成员国国家元首/政府首脑于2018年11月14日齐聚新加坡，出席第21次中国－东盟领导人会议暨中国－东盟建立面向和平与繁荣的战略伙伴关系15周年纪念峰会；忆及我们2003年10月8日在印尼发表的《中国和东盟国家领导人关于面向和平与繁荣的战略伙伴关系的联合宣言》和2013年10月9日在文莱发表的《第16次中国－东盟领导人会议暨纪念中国－东盟战略伙伴关系10周年联合声明》，致力于促进中国－东盟的睦邻友好和互利合作；认识到中国与东盟建立战略伙伴关系15年来为地区和平、稳定与繁荣作出了巨大贡献，进一步拓展了中国－东盟合作，强化了中国－东盟关系，使之成为最具实质性、最具活力和互利共赢的关系之一；认识到东盟成立50年来不断发展，并在2015年建成东盟共同体，中国改革开放40年取得伟大成就，中国－东盟关系已迈入新时代；忆及2017年11月13日在菲律宾马尼拉举行的第20次中国－东盟领导人会议同意发表《中国－东盟战略伙伴关系2030年愿景》，以规划双方关系未来方向，为建设开放包容、持久和平、普遍安全、共同繁荣和可持续发展的世界作出贡献；进一步重申依据国际法相互尊重彼此独立、主权和领土完整，及不干涉他国内政原则。
东盟国家重申坚持一个中国政策；认识到当前地区和平稳定来之不易，增进中国和东盟间互信和信心、提升合作水平非常重要；兹同意以下内容：中国－东盟总体关系一、全面有效执行《落实中国－东盟面向和平与繁荣的战略伙伴关系联合宣言行动计划（2016－2020）》及其后续文件等举措，开展更紧密的合作，打造更高水平的中国－东盟战略伙伴关系，实现双方互利共赢的美好未来。
健康中国2030规划纲要英文PPT
良好的行 为习惯的方法，获得在思想政治学科实施分层递进教学的经验。
实验过程
一、
分析情况，确定目标阶段
第一步，根据教学大纲，分析教材，制定总目标。
我们课题组
根据把学生培养成“四有”公民这个中学阶段的教育总目标
01 02 03 04 05
第1章 行 动 背 景
行动背景
行动背景
新中国成立后特别是改革开放以来， 我国卫生健康事业获得了长足发展， 居民主要健康指标总体优于中高收入
总体要求
普及知识、提升素养。把提升健康素 养作为增进全民健康的前提，根据不 同人群特点有针对性地加强健康教育 与促进，让健康知识、
B 总体 要求
A 总体
要求
自主自律、健康生活。倡导每个人是 自己健康第一责任人的理念，激发居 民热爱健康、追求健康的热情，养成 符合自身和家庭特点的健康生活方式，
C 总体
第2章 总
体
要
求
总体要求
总体 要求
A B
全面贯彻党的十九大和十九届二中、三中全会精神，坚 持以人民为中心的发展思想，坚持改革创新，贯彻新时 代卫生与健康工作方针，
强化政府、社会、个人责任，加快推动卫生健康工作理 念、服务方式从以治病为中心转变为以人民健康为中心，
C 建立健全健康教育体系，普及健康知识，引导 群众建立正确健康观，
指导服务。
主要任务
努力打造百姓身边健身组织和“15分钟 健身圈”。推进公共体育设施免费或低
收费开放。
主要任务
推动形成体医结合的疾病管理和健康服 务模式。把高校学生体质健康状况纳入
对高校的考核评价
主要任务
生命在于运动，运动需要科学。为不同人群 提供针对性的运动健身方案或运动指导服务。
欧乐思阅读2030年中国将面临用水危机
2030年中国将面临用水危机After each Presidential election, The National Intelligence Council (NIC), the Washington, D.C., agency that provides long-term strategic analysis to America's intelligence community, releases a report on security risks. Its newest report, issued on December 10th and called Global Trends 2030: Alternative Worlds, covers many topics from cross-border conflict to terrorism to regional economic collapse.每次总统大选结束后，位于华盛顿特区的美国国家情报委员会（The National Intelligence Council，NIC）都会发布一份关于安全风险的报告，为美国情报界提供长期战略分析。
该委员会于12月10日发布了最新报告《2030年全球趋势：不一样的世界》（Global Trends 2030: Alternative Worlds），其中涉及跨边境冲突、恐怖主义和区域经济崩溃等诸多话题。
One theme in particular that stands out this year is the coming food and water crisis in China. According to the report, climate change coupled with China's move toward urbanization and middle class lifestyles will create huge water demand and therefore crop shortages by 2030. As the report states: "Water may become a more significant source of contention than energy or minerals out to 2030."其中有一个主题尤为引人注意，即中国可能面临的粮食与水资源危机。
china 2030
391
392 ntroduction and Main Messages
After an absence of two centuries, China has returned to center stage of the global economy. Domestic reforms and integration into global markets have resulted in thirty years of unprecedented growth, making China the world’s second-largest economy and premier creditor. The integration of China in the world economy has yielded huge benefits, both for China and the rest of the world. In China, poverty has been reduced dramatically and new employment opportunities have been created for hundreds of millions of people. Substantial FDI inflows into China have helped drive productivity in domestic firms with new technologies, training on the job and intensified competition. China has imported foreign practices in a host of areas ranging from banking regulation to product standards. For the rest of the world, manufactured products have become more affordable, while the FDI flows into China represented new investment opportunities for foreign firms and the efficiency of global production networks has sharply risen. This remarkable story is set to continue. China has the potential to reach high-income status and to become the world’s largest economy within the next 20 year. However, wide-ranging transformations in the relation between China and the rest of the world are required in order to avoid the “middle-income trap”. The next 20 years will radically differ from the previous 20 years in case of a successful transition to high-income status. • In recent decades, China’s growth has been exceptionally high and driven by manufacturing sectors. In coming decades, growth will likely be lower and will depend more on the services sectors. In the past, the main concern was about the impact of sustained high growth. The focus was on bottlenecks in the fast growing export-oriented manufacturing sectors: limited availability of necessary natural resources; adverse environmental impacts; and slow growing foreign markets. Those problems will not disappear, but in the future, an equally important concern could become the impact of decelerating growth. What tensions and imbalances, especially in China’s financial sector, will be revealed if growth slows? • In recent decades, FDI into China was instrumental in gaining access to global markets and global technologies. In coming decades, further access to markets and technologies will instead come more and more through globalization of Chinese firms (and thus FDI outflows). Through investments abroad globalizing Chinese companies can not only enter new markets and acquire new technologies, but they can take advantage of economies of scale and move production up the value chain. Large global companies are a prerequisite for the transition into high-income economy. • In recent decades, China’s presence in global financial markets has been limited. In coming decades, China will have to become a more dominant player. In the past, China has protected itself from volatility in international financial markets by restricting capital account transactions, by pegging the RMB to the dollar and by accumulating large foreign exchange reserves. In the future, that strategy will become less effective and stability should come from a more international and independent role of the RMB. • In recent decades, China has often approached international policy debates from a pure domestic perspective. In future decades, it is in the interest of both China and the rest of the world that China takes a more proactive approach and takes responsibility for proposing solutions to global governance problems and for the provision of global public goods. Such a successful transformation can create more win-win opportunities for China and the world, but the next 20 years will pose new challenges, and come with new uncertainties. In thinking about the challenges that China (and the world) will face over the next two decades, it is useful to consider three questions. The answers are not obvious, and the policy choices involved are difficult and in some cases risky.
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世行报告：《中国：2030》一份468页的报告，本人粗略看了一遍，主要是用提高效率之类的理由要求国企改革和金融系统改革，改革的方法包括降低国有持股比率和金融系统开放，利率市场化等，但是这样的一份报告实在没有新意，因为它忽略了最重要的两条，第一是效率：所谓效率，并不是只有私有化才能达到的，第二是公平：这正是西方国家无法解决的问题，这份报告也语焉不详甚至一笔带过。
我所关注的并不是这份报告本身真的是否有价值，而是担心部分既得利益集团以改革之名行掠夺之实，利用这份漏洞百出的报告来试探人民的底线而已。
改革，该怎么改，我认为官员公布个人财产是前提，提高ZF工作效率和透明度，降低行政成本才是如今改革的重点，说句简单的，一个官员公开财产制度，这么简单的改革，到现在也没有实行到位。
报告分两部分第一部分是总括，第二部分是支持性报告，其中比较关键的是第二和第三部分，大量涉及私有化的问题，我会慢慢发出来总括Part I OverviewChina 2030: Building a Modern, Harmonious, and CreativeHigh-Income Society.1 China’s Path: 1978–2030 . 4 中国之路1978-20302 A New Development Strategy for 2030 . . 15 2030之前的发展战略3 Structural Reforms for a Market-Based Economy with Sound Foundations. . . . 25市场经济为基础的结构改革4 Increasing the Pace of Innovation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34创新之路5 Seizing the Opportunity of Green Development. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39抓住绿色发展的机遇6 Equal Opportunity and Basic Security for All. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46平等机会和社会保障7 Strengthening the Fiscal System and Aligning It with the EvolvingRole of Government. . . . . . . . . 55政府职能改进和财政系统的加强8 Achieving Mutually Beneficial Relations with the Rest of World. . 60与世界保持互动良好关系9 Overcoming Obstacles to Implementing Reforms . . 65改革的主要障碍Part II Supporting Reports 支持报告1 China: Structural Reforms for a Modern, Harmonius,Creative High-Income Society. 77结构改革：现代、和谐、高收入社会2 China’s Growth through T echnological Convergenceand Innovation . 161中国的经济增长与技术、创新3 Seizing the Opportunity of Green Development in China . 229绿色机会4 Equality of Opportunity and Basic Security for All. 293平等机会和基础社会保障5 Reaching ―Win-Win‖ Solutions with the Rest of the World . 391与世界的双赢结果第一部分Background to This Research研究背景The research was organized by China’s Ministry of Finance, the Development Research Center of the State Council (DRC), and the World Bank. The research work and report writing was undertaken by a joint team from the World Bank and the DRC.中国财政部和国务院发展研究中心以及世界银行然后就BLABLA一大堆，主要是搞了一些讲座之类的，第一部分概览：Chapter 1 China’s Path: 1978 to 2030这段我就不翻译了，都是废话，主要是介绍取得的成就之类Chapter 2 A New Development Strategy for 2030第二章：新发展战略In a recent landmark study, the Commission on Growth and Development (2008) identified five common features in countries that sustained rapid growth and development for extended periods: They exploited opportunities in the world economy by maintaining open trade and investment policies; they maintained macroeconomic stability; they enjoyed high savings and investment rates; they allowed markets to allocate resources; and they were led by committed and credible governments.最近的一个研究指出，高速发展的国家具有5个一般性特质：第一是利用开放的世界贸易和投资机会，第二是保持宏观经济稳定，第三是保持高储蓄率和投资率，第四是允许市场分配资源，第五是可信任和有承诺的政府。
继续翻译，是摘录，就当是帮大家看一遍吧。
The 2030 vision: T o build a modern, harmonious, and creativehigh-income society接着是对现代社会，和谐社会，创造性社会，高收入社会轮番解释一遍The case for a new strategyRealizing China’s vision for 2030 will demand a new development strategy. The development strategy it pursued over the past three decades was directed at meeting the challenges of a different era. Not only have the challenges changed, so have China’s capabilities. No strategy lasts forever. Successful strategies must be flexible and adjust in accordance with changing conditions. Middle-income countries unable to make such adjustments have stumbled into he middle-income trap. China’s top decision makers recognize this and have made transforming the economic development pattern the country’s most important economic policy priority.Changing the development model is urgent because, as an economy approaches the technology frontier and exhausts the potential for acquiring and applying technology from abroad, the role of the government needs to change fundamentally. Initiating this change early helps smooth the transition from importing new technologies to innovating and creating new technologies.这段的大概意思就是中国已经到了中等收入国家的水平，需要从中等跨越到高收入国家中国需要改革，改革很必要，当经济发展到技术的前沿时，政府需要转变职能，越早改变就能够帮助从进口技术到发明和创新。
后面是说发展中国家具有后发优势，例如东亚的一些国家日本，韩国，香港，新加坡But when a developing country reaches the technology frontier, the correct development strategy ceases to be so straightforward. Direct government intervention may actually retard growth, not help it. Instead, the policy emphasis needs to shift even more toward private sector development, ensuring that markets are mature enough to allocate resources efficiently and that firms are strong and innovative enough to compete internationally in technologically advanced sectors.但是当发展中国家遇到技术前沿时，发展策略就需要调整了，直接政府干预可能妨碍发展，政策应适当倾斜私有化经济，保证市场的资源有效分配，公司能够有强的创造力在高技术领域参与国际竞争-------------------这一段就很有问题，倾斜向私有化本身就不公平，而且目前的政策私营的公司并没有很多高科技公司，如果一个公司在高技术领域发展，国家肯定会支持，所以是拿现实当策略来说The role of the private sector is critical because innovation at the technology frontier is quite different in nature from simply catching up technologically. The process becomes essentially one of trial and error, with the chances of success highly uncertain. Innovation is not something that can be achieved through government planning. Indeed, the more enterprises are involved in the trial-anderror process of innovation, the greater are the chances for technological breakthroughs, and the more likely that new discoveries willbe translated into commercially viable products.As enterprises take a leading role, the government needs to adopt a more supportive and facilitating role.这段说高技术领域需要试错，越多公司参加越好，云云，政府应大力支持等等下面一段说的是政府转变职能，比如人力资本的提高，然后来一段政府应该减少对市场的干预之类，这些都是做铺垫的Key characteristics of the new strategyThe first is improvement in the quality of growth while continuing to increase incomes.The second is to achieve balanced and sustainable growth, consistent with market forces.The third is to strengthen innovation and creativity.The fourth is unleashing China’s full human potential.The fifth (and last) values the role of the market, rule of law, social values, and high moral standards.The first new strategic direction is the role of the state and the private sector.The second new strategic direction is encouraging systemwide innovation and adopting an ―open‖ innovation system with links to global R&D networks.The third new strategic direction is that China should ―grow green.‖The fourth new strategic direction is to promote equality of opportunity and social protection for all.The fifth new strategic direction is to build a sustainable fiscal system that will meet expected public finance challenges over the next two decades.The sixth new strategic direction is to develop mutually beneficial relations for the rest of the world。