学术英语上课用How to Write an Outline论文提纲怎么写
教你学术论文 毕业论文的写作教程 outline
what is an outline of a writing?An outline is a general plan of what you are going to write. You can compare making an outline to drawing plans to build a house. Before one begins to build a house, it is best to draw up plans to make sure that a house is built in the way you want.So an outline functions as a map or a coordinate for your later writing. It gives the writer definite directions to keep the writer on the scheduled ways to finish the paper writing and avoid deviating.However, it d oesn’t mean an outline can’t be changed. Actually, with research going on, researchers may often have new ideas and then they need to modify their outline.Formation, Justification and optimization of macro-structureBefore you start developing the draft, the best is to optimize and refine your macro-structure or outline. It helps a lot in paving the way for your easy and sound draft writing. In fact, the outline is being modified all over the whole course until the paper is finally submitted.For that, you can ask the following questions about the outline. some questions to be consideredDoes the outline include the common necessary components: introduction, main body and conclusion?2. Do the given parts reasonably and sufficiently support the thesis in different levels?3. Are there some gaps or flaws of concern or some other important points not covered in the outline?4. Are the given parts of the same level overlapping or contradictory in their function and tasks? Or do they have their obviously different but related emphases?5. Do the subtitles and their senior title have clear logical relations?6. Are the subtitles of a same level arranged in a reasonable logical order?7. Does the outline reflect the focus and emphasis of the study regarding to the proportion and elaboration of different parts?Sample outline: Application of Task-based Learning to English Teaching • 1 Introduction• 2 The Development of the Task-Based Learning• 2.1 The History of the TBL• 2.2 The Comparison between TBL and the PPP Approach• 3 The Practical Implementation of TBL• 3.1 Three Stages of TBL• 3.1.1 Pre-task - Introduction to the Topic and Task• 3.1.2 Task cycle - Doing the Task, Planning and a Report • 3.1.3 Language Focus - Analysis and Practice• 3.2 Four Principles of the Tasks Design• 3.2.1 The Authentic Principle of Language and Situation • 3.2.2 The Combination Principle of Form and Function• 3.2.3 The Step by Step Principle• 3.2.4 The Learning by Doing Things Principle • 3.3 Concrete Types of TBL• 3.3.1 Prediction Tasks• 3.3.2 Memory Challenge Tasks• 3.3.3 Restoration Tasks• 3.3.4 Comparison Tasks• 3.3.5 Jumbles（杂乱）• 3.3.6 Jigsaw（交错）• 4 Conclusion。
如何撰写论文大纲(EssayOutline)
如何撰写论文大纲（EssayOutline）如果你正在准备做一个演讲、论文、故事或是研究计划，准备一份大纲可以很好地帮助整理你的想法和研究。
什么是大纲呢？大纲是一个用来思考和组织你的文章的一个比较正式的系统。
例如你可以通过大纲来检查你的各个想法是否相关，以什么顺序效果最好，或者你是否有足够的证据来支持你的每一个观点。
大纲对于任何类型的文章都有一定的帮助，可以帮您总揽全局。
大纲有以下两种类型：主题型大纲和句子型大纲主题型大纲由短语组成。
当你在处理一系列以不同方式组织文章的不同问题时是非常有用的。
句子型大纲是以完整的句子组成。
通常情况下，当你的文章着重描写一些比较复杂的细节时使用。
句子型大纲对于此类文章十分有用，因为句子本身可能就有很多细节性的因素。
句子型的大纲还可以将这些细节涵盖在句子中，而不是非要创造一个很多页的由许多短语组成的大纲。
主题型大纲和句子型大纲都会遵循严格的格式、使用罗马和阿拉伯数字以及开头使用大小写字母等。
这些有助于你以及任何读你大纲的人容易理解你的组织结构。
这种类型的大纲常用于课堂论文和演讲（请参见本文末尾的例子）。
没有规定哪种类型的大纲是最好的，只要选择一个最适合你文章的大纲就行。
准备写大纲1.确定主题。
你的论文主题是非常重要的。
试着用一句话或是短语来总结你论文的重点。
这将有助于保证你论文关注的重点。
2.识别主目录（主要章节论点）。
你的文章将涵盖哪些重点？介绍的部分通常会介绍你全部的要点，然后剩下的文章可以用来发展这些要点。
3.创建第一个章节（或者叫第一个论点）。
你的第一点想涵盖什么？如果文章是围绕着一个很复杂的术语，定义通常是一个很好地起点。
比如关于一个特定理论的文章，给出理论的大概背景知识也可能是一个很好的起点。
4.创建子论点。
在你确定所有章节重点内容（主要论点）之后，你需要创建一些观点来为你的重点内容提供支撑。
你使用的点取决于你将要涵盖的信息量，使用多少数量都是可以的。
按照惯例，每个章节至少包括两个条目。
作文英文提纲怎么写
作文英文提纲怎么写英文：When it comes to writing an outline for an essay, there are a few key things to keep in mind. First and foremost, you want to make sure that your outline is organized and easy to follow. This means breaking your essay down into sections and sub-sections, and clearly outlining the main points you want to make in each section.Another important thing to consider is the tone and style of your essay. Are you writing a formal academic paper, or a more casual personal essay? Depending on the style and tone you're going for, your outline may need to be adjusted accordingly.Additionally, it's important to think about your audience and what they're looking for in your essay. Are you writing for a general audience, or a specific group of people with a particular interest or expertise?Understanding your audience can help you tailor youroutline and your writing style to better meet their needs.Finally, don't be afraid to revise and refine your outline as you go. As you start writing your essay, you may find that certain sections or ideas need to be expanded or reorganized. By staying flexible and open to change, youcan create an outline that truly serves as a roadmap for your writing process.中文：谈到写作英文提纲，有几个关键的要点需要注意。
学术英语上课用How to Write an Outline论文提纲怎么写
II. The procedure of preparing an outline
A. Having a satisfactory thesis statement; B. Reviewing all your note cards and bringing
related materials together under some general headings; C. Arranging these headings according to the development of your thought; D. Forming a logical preliminary outline; E. Discussing your preliminary outline with your advisor.
III. Rasputin's desire for peace in Russia A…. B. …
IV. The principles for writing an outline
A. There must be at least three layers of development in your outline: the thesis statement, the headings and the subheadings and always begin your outline with a thesis statement;
II. Rasputin had intense religious feelings. A. He had a rich nature. B. He had a simple peasant faith in God.
III. Rasputin's passionate desire for peace in Russia revealed itself in several ways. A. … B. …
如何写英语文章的Outline即提纲
C. Don’t carry too many things into the interview. A notebook, pens, and/or laptop computer should be carried in a briefcase.
D. Hair and nails should be clean and neat.
Body Paragraph #2- Topic Sentence: ____________ A. supporting idea B. supporting idea
Body Paragraph #3- Topic Sentence: ____________ A. supporting idea B. supporting idea
An outline saves time for writers. Preparing an outline can take time, but when you are finished, you will be able to write the rough draft of your essay more quickly than if you didn’t have an outline.
Example
Outline
Here is an example of how a blank outline might look:
Essay Outline
I. Introduction
Thesis: _____________________
II. III. IV. V.
Body Paragraph #1- Topic Sentence: _____________ A. supporting idea B. supporting idea
英文作文提纲写法
英文作文提纲写法英文：Writing an essay outline is an important step in the writing process. It helps to organize your thoughts and ideas, and provides a clear roadmap for your essay. There are several key components to include in an essay outline.First, you should start with an introduction. This should include a thesis statement, which is the main point of your essay. It should also provide some background information on the topic.Next, you should include several body paragraphs. Each paragraph should focus on a single idea or point that supports your thesis statement. You should also provide evidence or examples to support your points.Finally, you should end with a conclusion. This should summarize your main points and restate your thesisstatement in a new way.Overall, an essay outline is an essential tool for any writer. It helps to ensure that your essay is well-organized and easy to follow.中文：写作提纲是写作过程中的重要步骤。
How to wri an outlinet
An Example for Steps of Writing a Composition 1st step: Choose a topic or given a topicE.g. Title: A Teacher2nd step: Determine the theme--think about the title–A familiar teacher –Professor LiMake a list in note form on a separate sheet of paper of what you want to write, like the following:Very knowledgeableExplains his points fullySpeaks loudly and clearlyGives full attention to students’ questionsAnswers students’ questions patientlyTells jokes to hold students’ attentionAlways gives assignment schedules ahead of timeLends books to studentsAlways punctual to classReturns papers and tests promptlyAt times criticize students severelyExample for an OutlineTopic: A teacherTheme: Professor Li is a capable teacher.Ⅰ. Introduction Professor Li, a capable teacherⅡ. DevelopmentA. He is patient.1. He explains his points fully2. He listens willingly to all students’questionsB. He expresses himself clearly1. He speaks slowly and loudly2. He talks logicallyC. He organizes his class well.1. He gives schedules of assignments ahead of time2. He returns papers and tests promptlyD. He has a good sense of humor.1. He tells jokes2. He tells storiesⅢ.Conclusion Professor Li succeeds as a college instructor.A Capable TeacherLike most of Professor Li’s students, I think of him as a capable teacher. He has many of the qualities that students appreciate in an instructor.First, he is patient. When introducing new material, he tries to explain it fully. Even more important, he gives serious attention to all the students’ questions. In his class, students are never made to feel embarrassed if they ask a weak or irrelevant question.Second, Professor Li expresses himself clearly. He does not speak too rapidly, and his voice is loud enough so that it can be heard by everyone in the classroom.Third, he organizes his classes well. Students particularly welcome the schedules of assignments that he gives them at the beginning of a term. Having an idea of an entire semester’s work in advance allows them to budget their time more efficiently. Moreover, Professor Li promptly corrects and returns papers and tests. This permits students to learn from their mistakes and to produce better work in their next assignments.Finally, this instructor keeps the attention to his classes through his sense of humor. To emphasize important points in a lecture, he often tells witty stories.A thoughtful and dedicated man, Professor Li is generally recognized as a successful college instructor.Topic:Advantages and Disadvantages of Examination Introduction1. Examination is a commonly used way to…Development2. The advantages of examinationA. the method to test how much the examinees have mastereda. to check how much they have achievedb. to help find out what problems exist in their studyB. the way to inspire and stimulate one to learn furthera. to inspire them to make great effort in their studyb. to help improve their learning method, etc.C. The measurement for examiners to choose qualified persons3. Disadvantages of examinationA. to make people nervousB. to be a burden for examineesC. to fail to test the practical ability of a person, etc. Conclusion4. There are more advantages than disadvantages.A. to take advantage of examinationB. to avoid disadvantagesa. overcome nervousnessb. avoid too many examinations。
英语作文大纲怎么写
英语作文大纲怎么写英文回答：Outline: A Comprehensive Guide。
I. Introduction。
Define an outline and discuss its significance in academic writing.State the purpose and expected outcome of the outline.II. Creating an Outline。
A. Types of Outlines。
Topic Outline。
Sentence Outline。
Paragraph Outline。
B. Steps to Create an Outline。
1. Read the assignment carefully and identify the main topic.2. Brainstorm ideas and write down key points.3. Organize the ideas logically and hierarchically.4. Use Roman numerals, letters, and numbers to denote different levels.III. The Components of an Outline。
A. Main Idea。
The central argument or thesis statement.B. Supporting Points。
Major arguments that support the main idea.C. Evidence。
Specific examples, data, or quotations that support the supporting points.D. Transitions。
Words or phrases that connect ideas and ensure coherence.IV. Using an Outline Effectively。
高一英语写作writing：英语提纲及建议信How to write an outline课件
A. Vegetarians ingest less fat and
cholesterol and are therefore at less
risk for heart disease.
B. Vegetarians eat mostly fresh
vegetables and are therefore less
than buying it.
•
D. Vegetarianism causes less
damage to the environment.
•
1. Vegetables require less fuel
and
water than cattle.
•
2. Farmers could produce more
Example
Here is an example of how a blank outline might look: Essay Outline
I. Introduction
Thesis: _____________________
• Body Paragraph Topic Sentence: _____________ A. supporting idea a. sub-idea b. sub-idea B. supporting idea C. supporting idea
A. Care is needed to avoid protein and vitamin deficiencies.
1. Vegetarians may need vitamin supplements.
2. Vegetarians are at more risk for anemia than meat eaters.
英语提纲作文解题步骤
英语提纲作文解题步骤English Essay Outline Writing: Steps to Success。
Writing an essay outline in English can be a structured and methodical process that helps organize thoughts and ideas effectively. Here are the steps to guide you through crafting a comprehensive essay outline:1. Understanding the Essay Prompt。
Before diving into outlining your essay, it's crucial to thoroughly comprehend the essay prompt. Analyze the key requirements, identify the main topic, and determine the purpose of the essay.2. Brainstorming Ideas。
Once you have a clear understanding of the prompt, begin brainstorming ideas related to the topic. Consider different perspectives, arguments, examples, and relevantinformation that can support your thesis statement.3. Formulating a Thesis Statement。
Craft a concise and clear thesis statement that presents the main argument or central idea of your essay. Ensure that your thesis statement is specific, debatable, and reflective of the essay's purpose.4. Structuring the Outline。
How to Write an Outline
How to Write an OutlineWhat is it?An outline is a general plan of the material that is to be presented in a speech or a paper. The outline shows the order of the various topics, the relative importance of each, and the relationship between the various parts.Order in an OutlineThere are many ways to arrange the different parts of a subject. Sometimes, a chronological arrangement works well. At other times, a spatial arrangement is best suited to the material. The most common order in outlines is to go from the general to the specific. This means you begin with a general idea and then support it with specific examples.Thesis Statement of Summarizing SentenceAll outlines should begin with a thesis statement of summarizing sentence. This thesis sentence presents the central idea of the paper. It must always be a complete, grammatical sentence, specific and brief, which expresses the point of view you are taking towards the subject.Types of OutlinesThe two main types of outlines are the topic outline and the sentence outline. In the topic outline, the headings are given in single words or brief phrases. In the sentence outline, all the headings are expressed in complete sentences.Rules for Outlining1. Subdivide topics by a system of numbers and letters, followed by a period.Example:I.A.B.1.2.a.b.II.A.B.2. Each heading and subheading must have at least two parts.3. Headings for parts of the paper of speech such as, Introduction and Conclusion, should not be used.4. Be consistent. Do not mix up the two types of outlines. Use either whole sentences of brief phrases, but not both.ExamplesTopic OutlineChoices in College and AfterThesis: The decisions I have to make in choosing college courses, depend on larger questions I am beginning to ask myself about my life’s work.I. Two decisions describedA. Art history or chemistry1. Professional considerations2. Personal considerationsB. A third year of French?1. Practical advantages of knowing a foreign language2. Intellectual advantages3. The issue of necessityII. Definition of the problemA. Decisions about occupationB. Decisions about a kind of life to leadIII. Temporary resolution of the problemA. To hold open a professional possibility: chemistryB. To take advantage of cultural gains already made: French Sentence OutlineChoices in College and AfterThesis: The decisions I have to make in choosing college courses, depend on larger questions I am beginning to ask myse lf about my life’s work.I. I have two decisions to make with respect to choosing college coursesin the immediate future.A. One is whether to elect a course in art history or in chemistry.1. One time in my life, I planned to be a chemical engineerprofessionally.2. On the other hand, I enjoy art and plan to travel and see moreof it.B. The second decision is whether to continue a third year of Frenchbeyond the basic college requirement.1. French might be useful both in engineering and travel.2. Furthermore, I am eager to read good books which are written inFrench.3. How necessary are these considerations in the light of othercourses I might take instead?II. My problem can be put in the form of a dilemma involving larger questions about my whole future.A. On the one hand I want to hold a highly-trained position in alucrative profession.B. On the other hand I want to lead a certain kind of life, withcapacities for values not connected with the making of money. III. I will have to make a decision balancing the conflicting needs I have described.A. I will hold open the professional possibilities by electingchemistry.B. I will improve and solidify what cultural proficiency in anotherlanguage I have already gained, by electing French.Four Main Components for Effective OutlinesIdeally, you should follow the four suggestions presented here to create an effective outline. When creating a topic outline,follow these two rules for capitalization: For first-level heads,present the information using all upper-case letters; and forsecondary and tertiary items, use upper and lower-case letters.The examples are taken from the Sample Outline handout Parallelism—How do I accomplish this?Each heading and subheading should preserve parallel structure. If the first heading is a verb, the second heading should be a verb. Example:I.CHOOSE DESIRED COLLEGESII.PREPARE APPLICATION("Choose" and "Prepare" are both verbs. The present tense of the verb is usually the preferred form for an outline.) Coordination—How do I accomplish this?All the information contained in Heading 1 should have the same significance as the information contained in Heading 2. The samegoes for the subheadings (which should be less significant than the headings). Example:I.VISIT AND EV ALUATE COLLEGE CAMPUSESII.VISIT AND EV ALUATE COLLEGE WEBSITESA.Note important statisticsB.Look for interesting classes(Campus and Web sites visits are equally significant. They are part of the main tasks you would need to do. Finding statistics and classes found on college Web sites are parts of the process involved in carrying out the main heading topics.)Subordination—How do I accomplish this?The information in the headings should be more general, while the information in the subheadings should be more specific. Example:I.DESCRIBE AN INFLUENTIAL PERSON IN YOUR LIFEA.Favorite high school teacherB.Grandparent(A favorite teacher and grandparent are specific examples from the generalized category of influential people in your life.) Division—How do I accomplish this?Each heading should be divided into 2 or more parts. Example:PILE RÉSUMÉA.List relevant courseworkB.List work experienceC.List volunteer experience(The heading "Compile Résumé" is divided into 3 parts.) Technically, there is no limit to the number of subdivisions for your headings; however, if you seem to have a lot, it may be useful to see if some of the parts can be combined.Why and How to Create a Useful OutlineWhy create an outline? There are many reasons; but in general, it may be helpful to create an outline when you want to show the hierarchical relationship or logical ordering of information. For research papers, an outline may help you keep track of large amounts of information. For creative writing, an outline may help organize the various plot threads and help keep track of character traits. Many people find that organizing an oral report or presentation in outline form helps them speak more effectively in front of a crowd. Below are the primary reasons for creating an outline.•Aids in the process of writing•Helps you organize your ideas•Presents your material in a logicalform•Shows the relationships amongideas in your writing•Constructs an ordered overview ofyour writing•Defines boundaries and groups How do I create an outline?•Determine the purpose of yourpaper.•Determine the audience you arewriting for.•Develop the thesis of your paper. Then:•Brainstorm: List all the ideas thatyou want to include in your paper.•Organize: Group related ideastogether.•Order: Arrange material insubsections from general tospecific or from abstract toconcrete.•Label: Create main and subheadings.Remember: creating an outline before writing your paper will make organizing your thoughts a lot easier. Whether you follow the suggested guidelines is up to you, but making any kind of outline (even just some jotting down some main ideas) will be beneficial to your writing process.Types of Outlines and Samples Alphanumeric OutlinesThis is the most common type of outline and usually instantly recognizable to most people. The formatting follows these characters, in this order:•Roman Numerals•Capitalized Letters•Arabic Numerals•Lowercase LettersIf the outline needs to subdivide beyond these divisions, use Arabic numerals inside parentheses and then lowercase letters inside parentheses. Select the "Sample Outlines" PDF in the Media Box above to download the sample of this outline.The sample PDF in the Media Box above is an example of an outline that a student might create before writing an essay. In order to organize her thoughts and make sure that she has not forgotten any key points that she wants to address, she creates the outline as a framework for her essay.What is the assignment?Your instructor asks the class to write an expository (explanatory) essay on the typical steps a high school student would follow in order to apply to college.What is the purpose of this essay?To explain the process for applying to collegeWho is the intended audience for this essay?High school students intending to apply to college and their parentsWhat is the essay's thesis statement?When applying to college, a student follows a certain process which includes choosing the right schools and preparing the application materials.Full Sentence OutlinesThe full sentence outline format is essentially the same as the Alphanumeric outline. The main difference (as the title suggests) is that full sentences are required at each level of the outline. This outline is most often used when preparing a traditional essay. Select the "Sample Outlines" PDF in the Media Box above to download the sample of this outline.Decimal OutlinesThe decimal outline is similar in format to the alphanumeric outline. The added benefit is a system of decimal notation that clearly shows how every level of the outline relates to the larger whole. Select the "Sample Outlines" PDF in the Media Box above to download the sample of this outline.Reverse Outlining: An Exercise for Taking Notes and Revising Your WorkSome assignments ask you to read and analyze complex information. In these cases, reverse outlining can help you distill the main ideas into short, clear statements. You may also use reverse outlining to revise your own work. Reverse outlining follows a two-step, repeatable process:1.In the left-hand margin, write downthe topic of each paragraph. Try touse as few words as possible.When reading, these notes shouldwork as quick references for futurestudy or in-class discussion.When revising your own work,these notes should tell you if eachparagraph is focused and clear.2.In the right-hand margin, writedown how the paragraph topicadvances the overall argument ofthe text. Again, be brief.When reading, these notes allowyou to follow the logic of the essay,making it easier for you to analyzeor discuss later.When revising your own work,these notes should tell you if eachparagraph fits in the overallorganization of your paper. Youmay also notice that paragraphsshould be shifted after completingthis step.Be brief, particularly when rereading your own work. If you can't complete each step in 5-10 words, the paragraph may need to be altered. You should be able to summarize the topic and the manner of support quickly; if you can't, revise the paragraph until you can.This exercise can be expanded into an actual outline by rewriting/typing your notes, but writing in the margin might be sufficient.•Formal OutlinesSome teachers ask students to submit formal outlines with their papers. Here is a common format used in constructing a formal outline.Arrangement of Letters and Numbers in a Formal OutlineI. (main topic)A. (subtopics of I)B.1. (subtopics of B)2.a. (subtopics of 2)b.i. (subtopics of b)ii.II. (main topic)Note that subtopics are indented so that all letters or numbers of the same kind appear directly under one another. Whether phrases (in a topic outline) or complete sentences (ina sentence outline) are used, topics and subtopics should be parallel in form. Make surethat all items have at least two subtopics or none at all.•"To outline your material vertically, write your thesis at the head of the page and then use headings and indented subheadings:THESIS: Though many things make me want to score goals, I love scoring most of all because it momentarily gives me a sense of power.I. Common reasons for wanting to score goalsA. Help teamB. Gain gloryC. Hear cheers of crowdII. My reasons for wanting to score goalsA. Feel relaxed1. Know I'm going to score a goal2. Move smoothly, not awkwardly3. Get relief from pressure to do wellB. See world in freeze-frame1. See puck going into goal2. See other players and crowdC. Feel momentary sense of power1. Do better than goalie2. Take ultimate mind trip3. Conquer anxiety4. Return to earth after a momentBesides listing points in order of rising importance, this outline groups them underheadings that show their relation to each other and to the thesis."。
(英文)如何为研究论文撰写大纲
How to Write an Outline for a Research PaperThe structure of your outline will be similar regardless of whether you are writing a scientific paper or something more general. Interestingly, the structure of a research outline is nearly identical to that of a research paper template. In order to better acquaint yourself with the structure of an outline, check out sample research papers online. The USC Guide to Making an Outline will also help you.The chief components to an outline are:The IntroductionThe BodyThe ConclusionRelatively straightforward, right? However, the part to remember is that each part serves a specific purpose and how you arrange information in your outline will drive how your paper reads upon completion.The Introduction is one of the most important elements of any great research paper, and interestingly enough, often written LAST. This is because the purpose of the introduction is to grab the attention of the reader, this is done by presenting the reader with the topic, and using the thesis statement as an opportunity to ‘hook’ the attention of the reader.The Body is the heartiest part of the essay, it includes many fact-rich paragraphs or subsections and will allow you to build upon your thesis statement by providing facts to support your argument. This section should not only elaborate on your opening statement, but also provide insight into the methods used to conduct your research and include investigative points or answers to questions pondered.You will also want to consider using a literature overview. This is achieved by documenting the literary sources used to support your theories and hypothesis. The topic of your paper and the selected literature should be adjacent.If you used any sort of data validation, this will typically follow the methodology and literature sections. This is where you will highlight your results and mention other variables that you’ve uncovered in your research. You might choose to use graphs or tables, but remember to explain these to your readers.Lastly, you will write your Conclusion. The conclusion typically does not offer new information, but rather summarizes the main points addressed in the paper. It is mandatory to also reiterate the thesis statement and mention any future research.。
怎样写英文作文提纲
怎样写英文作文提纲提纲：I. Introduction。
A. Explanation of the topic。
B. Purpose of the essay。
C. Thesis statement。
英文，In this essay, I will be discussing how to write an outline for an English essay while incorporating both English and Chinese languages. The purpose of this essay is to provide a comprehensive guide for those who are struggling with writing outlines in English. 。
中文，在这篇文章中，我将讨论如何在英语作文中编写提纲，同时融合英文和中文语言。
本文的目的是为那些在写英语提纲时遇到困难的人提供一个全面的指南。
II. Benefits of Writing an Outline。
A. Saves time。
B. Helps organize thoughts。
C. Provides a clear structure for the essay。
英文，Writing an outline before starting an essay has many benefits. Firstly, it saves time as it allows you to structure your ideas and thoughts before starting to write. Secondly, it helps to organize your thoughts and ensurethat the essay flows logically. Lastly, it provides a clear structure for the essay which makes it easier for thereader to follow.中文，在开始写作之前编写提纲有很多好处。
lecture 5 How to Outline an Academic Paper
Lecture 5How to Outline an Academic PaperWhat is an outline?An outline refers to the framework of the essay and the way the parts interconnect. Generally speaking, an outline may consist of three parts (or more), the introduction, the body and the conclusion. The beginning is the introduction containing your thesis statement; and the middle or body of the essay contains the argument, supported by evidence or example and designed to prove your thesis; the end is the conclusion.What are the advantages of an outline?Young scholars who fail often have not planned the work adequately, which may result in an incoherent text no matter how many references are included. Planning involves spending time thinking about the main points of the assignment and specific order by which you should follow, preventing you from wandering off into the tempting by ways of irrelevance. Planning provides the following advantages:●It helps you to produce a logical and orderly argument that your readerscan follow.●It helps you to produce an economical paper by allowing you to spotrepetition.●It helps you to produce a thorough paper by making it easier for you tonotice whether you have left anything out.How should you do with an outline?Before you start, consider the following questions:●What is the topic?●What is your thesis or purpose statement?●What you do in introduction, body and conclusion of the forthcoming paper?●What are major elements for the main part of your paper?●What kind of order (logical, chronological or something else) you shouldfollow to arrange these elements?Then construct your outline by listing all the important points you want to cover in your essay. You should provide one main point for each paragraph. Start with the introduction, under which you will write out your thesis statement and work through logically, point by point, until you reach the conclusion. Categorize your points according to their importance, keeping in mind the method of organization you intend to use. Group related ideas together under general headings and arrange them so they flow logically. It may be useful to number each point, giving more weight to major points and less to minor ones.What general format of outline can you employ?In MLA style, the sequence in each major section of the paper is as follows: Roman NumeralsCapital lettersArabic numeralsSmall lettersArabic numerals within bracketsSmall letters within bracketsE.g.: I. First main topicA. First supporting idea1. First supporting detail. a. First minor supporting detailb. Second minor supporting detail2. Second supporting detaila. First minor supporting detailb. Second minor supporting detailB. Second subordinate idea…II. Second main topic…In APA style, the sequence in each major section of the paper is as follows:!. First main topic1.1 First subordinate idea1.1.1 First supporting idea1.1.2 Second supporting detail1.2 Second subordinate idea1.2.1 First supporting detail1.2.2 Second supporting detail2. Second main topicWhat specific formats of outline can you adopt?Concerning the specific ways of wording your headings, usually you can have access to two distinctive outlines, a sentence outline or a topic one.A sentence outline is one in which each heading is worded in a full sentence. Several aspects must be considered in writing a sentence outline.If you have chosen to write a sentence outline, all headings and sub-headings must be in sentence form.For example, a sentence outline of the introduction part of a paper tiled as Negative Effects of Divorce on Adolescents is as follows:1. When family conflicts arise as a result of divorce, adolescents suffer.1.1 During the first year, these young people may be depressed due to conflicts between the custodial and non-custodial parents.1.2 Grandparents, aunts, and uncles are often restricted by visitation provisions.2…The topic outline consists of fragments rather than full sentences. Bear in mind that these fragments should be in a consistent format. If your employ nouns (or –ing) to express your topic, you shall stick to it till the end. Hence the sentence outline mentioned before can be adapted like the following:1. A dolescents’ suffering from family conflicts as a result of divorce1.1 young people’s depression due to conflicts between parents1.2 visitation restrictions suffered by grandparents, aunts, and unclesPracticeDirections: Outline a course paper entitled Disjustification of General Provision of English Course in China’s Primary School.1. Introduction1.1 Background of the study1.2 Significance of the study1.3 Purposes of the study2. Literature review2.1 Related studies abroad2.2 Related studies at home3. Factors resulting in the disjustification3.1 Financial factors3.2 Intellectual factors3.3 Psychological factors4. Solutions to the problems4.14.24.35. Conclusion。
如何写outline大纲
如何写outline大纲
Outline大纲是一种用于规划和组织写作内容的工具，它可以帮助作者梳理思路，减少写作过程中的冗余和混乱。
以下是如何写outline大纲的一些技巧：
1. 确定主题和目标：在写outline大纲之前，需要先确定文章的主题和目标，以便在大纲中围绕主题展开内容。
2. 列出主要内容：在大纲中列出主要内容，可以是一些要点、主要观点和论点，以及需要提供的证据和实例等。
3. 组织结构：根据文章内容的逻辑顺序和重要性，对大纲中的内容进行组织和排序。
可以采用数字、字母、罗马数字等不同方式进行层次结构的表示。
4. 添加细节：在大纲的每个主要部分下面，可以添加更具体的信息和细节，以便在后续的写作过程中有更具体的指导。
5. 检查和修改：在完成大纲后，需要检查和修改其结构和内容，以确保大纲的逻辑性和完整性。
总之，写outline大纲是写作过程中必不可少的步骤，它可以使写作更加高效和有条理，帮助作者更快地构思内容和组织结构。
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怎样写提纲 How to Write an Outline
What is it?An outline is a general plan of the material that is to be presented in a speech or a paper. The outline shows the order of the various topics, the relative importance of each, and the relationship between the various parts.Order in an OutlineThere are many ways to arrange the different parts of a subject. Sometimes, a chronological arrangement works well. At other times, a spatial arrangement is best suited to the material. The most common order in outlines is to go from the general to the specific. This means you begin with a general ideaand then support it with specific examples.Thesis Statement of Summarizing SentenceAll outlines should begin with a thesis statement of summarizing sentence. This thesis sentence presents the central idea of the paper. It must always be a complete, grammatical sentence, specific and brief, which expresses the point of view you are taking towards the subject.Types of OutlinesThe two main types of outlines are the topic outline and the sentence outline. In the topic outline, the headings are given in single words or brief phrases. In the sentence outline, all the headings are expressed in complete sentences.Rules for Outlining1. Subdivide topics by a system of numbers and letters, followed by a period.Example:I.A.B.1.2.a.b.II.A.B.2. Each heading and subheading must have at least two parts.3. Headings for parts of the paper of speech such as, Introduction and Conclusion, should not be used.4. Be consistent. Do not mix up the two types of outlines. Use eitherwhole sentences of brief phrases, but not both.ExamplesTopic OutlineChoices in College and After Thesis: The decisions I have to make in choosing college courses, depend on larger questions I am beginning to ask myself about my life’s work.I. Two decisions describedA. Art history or chemistry1. Professional considerations2. Personal considerationsB. A third year of French?1. Practical advantages of knowing a foreign language2. Intellectual advantages3. The issue of necessityII. Definition of the problemA. Decisions about occupationB. Decisions about a kind of life to leadIII. Temporary resolution of the problemA. To hold open a professional possibility: chemistryB. To take advantage of cultural gains already made: FrenchSentence OutlineChoices in College and AfterThesis: The decisions I have to make in choosing college courses, depend on larger questions I am beginni ng to ask myself about my life’s work.I. I have two decisions to make with respect to choosing college courses in the immediate future.A. One is whether to elect a course in art history or in chemistry.1. One time in my life, I planned to be a chemical engineer professionally.2. On the other hand, I enjoy art and plan to travel and see more of it.B. The second decision is whether to continue a third year of French beyond the basic college requirement.1. French might be useful both in engineering and travel.2. Furthermore, I am eager to read good books which are written in French.3. How necessary are these considerations in the light of other coursesI might take instead?II. My problem can be put in the form of a dilemma involving larger questions about my whole future.A. On the one hand I want to hold a highly-trained position in a lucrative profession.B. On the other hand I want to lead a certain kind of life, with capacities for values not connected with the making of money.III. I will have to make a decision balancing the conflicting needs I have described.A. I will hold open the professional possibilities by electing chemistry.B. I will improve and solidify what cultural proficiency in another language I have already gained, by electing French./library/outline.htmHow to Write an OutlineAn outline breaks down the parts of your thesis in a clear, hierarchical manner. Most students find that writing an outline before beginning the paper is most helpful in organizing one's thoughts. If your outline is good, your paper should be easy to write.The basic format for an outline uses an alternating series of numbers and letters, indented accordingly, to indicate levels of importance. Here is an example of an outline on a paper about the development of Japanese theater:∙Undergraduate Admissions ∙Graduate Admissions∙Visit UAlbany∙Campus Maps∙Calendars & Schedules∙UAlbany Libraries∙Contact UAlbany/eas/170/outline.htm。
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? A thesis statement is usually put in front of your outline in a declarative form that summarizes the central idea of the paper you will write.
Samples of thesis statement
III. The general contents of an outline
IV. The principles for writing an outline
What is an outline ?
An outline is a basic writing plan which consists of a series of phrases or sentences and shows the main points that the paper will cover and the order in which these points will be mentioned.
II. The reasons against…
Sample of the decimal system
1.The two reasons for… 1.1 The first reason… 1.1.1 The women… 1.1.1.1They would… 1.1.1.2They could… 1.1.2 The men… 1.2 The second reason…
Sample 2
Topic : Naturalism in Dreiser's Sister Carrie
Thesis statement : Influenced by naturalism, Sister Carrie
typically reflects Dreiser's view of nature and man in the social environment of his time.
Sample 1 Topic : Pair work Design and Learners'
Interest Thesis statement :
Learners' interest in pair work is increased by well designed pair work exercises.
论文提纲的编写是论文写作过程 中基本的十分重要的一步,是在论文写 作之前对全文的整体构思, 它帮助我们 大致确定论文的基本结构和各部分之 间的逻辑关系。因此，它是一种尝试 性的构建论文框架的过程。
I. The definition and function of an outline
II. The procedure of preparing an outline
II. The procedure of preparing an outline
A. Having a satisfactory thesis statement; B. Reviewing all your note cards and bringing
related materials together under some general headings; C. Arranging these headings according to the development of your thought; D. Forming a logical preliminary outline; E. Discussing your preliminary outline with your advisor.
What is the function of an outline ?
An outline gives the writer a specific guidance as to what kind of supporting details you should look for in your further research and where you can fit them into the context of your paper. The readers, on the other hand, benefit from the outline as a complete and detailed table of contents.
III. The general contents of an outline
A. Two major formats of outline;
B. Two major types of outline
What are the two major formats of outline ?
? The standard outline system
What is a thesis statement? （主题陈述）
? A thesis statement is usually a single sentence that wiltion of your paper.
Topic 5 How to Write an Outline for Research
Paper
When you build a house
you should have a ground plan first and an outline is your ground plan for “building” your research paper.
? The decimal outline system
Sample of the standard system
I. The two reasons for … A. The first reason… 1. The women… a. They would… (1)The time… (a)The technology… (b)The public… (2)The place… b. They could… 2. The men… B. The second reason…